GIS For Wastewater and Stormwater Systems: Presented By: Steven C. Valerio CE175-5W - B2

GIS for Wastewater and
Stormwater Systems
Presented by: Steven C. Valerio
CE175-5W | B2
Contents
• Wastewater and Stormwater Systems
Planning and Design
• Wastewater and Stormwater Systems
Components
• Wastewater and Stormwater Collection
System Design Procedures
• GIS Applications for Wastewater and
Stormwater Systems
• Planning and Design
• Operations and Maintenance
• Finance and Administration
GIS for Wastewater and Stormwater Systems 2

Contents
• GIS Database Development for
Wastewater and Stormwater Systems
• GIS Database Development
• Wastewater and Stormwater
Geodatabases
• Impervious Surface Mapping
• GIS-based Wastewater Collection
System Design and Management
Applications
• GIS-based Estimation of Sanitary
Wastewater Demands

Contents
• GIS-based Hydrologic and Hydraulic
Modelling
• GIS-based Wastewater and Stormwater
System Modelling
• GIS-based Decision-Support Systems
for Wastewater and Stormwater
Systems

Wastewater and Stormwater Systems Planning and
Design

Wastewater and Stormwater
Systems Components
• Wastewater and stormwater systems are major
components of urban water resources systems, having the
purposes of positive control of contaminated effluent,
avoidance of off-site environmental contamination, and
flooding.
• Sewage, or wastewater, is carried by sewer pipes and
channels and may originate from domestic and industrial
sources, storm runoff, infiltration, and inflow.
• Storm sewage results from runoff from precipitation
events and includes wash-off of litter and wastes from
roadways and the land surface (e.g., soil erosion).
• Infiltration is water that enters sewers from the ground
through leaks; it can represent drainage of groundwater
and is typically greater during periods of high-water levels.

Systems Components
• Inflow is stormwater that enters sewers through leaks, broken
pipes, connected roof drains, and sump pumps during storm
runoff events.
• The primary elements of a sanitary wastewater collection
system are:
• lateral collection pipes,
• pumps and force mains,
• interceptor sewers,
• detention basins,
• treatment plants, and
• effluent disposal facilities
• Customers are usually connected to the laterals, although
some users may be connected to mains.
• Sanitary sewage collected from each service connection flows
by gravity toward the treatment plant.

Wastewater and Stormwater Collection
• The wastewater collection system is designed to operate
mostly as a gravity flow system.
• The sewer pipes, although secure from the environment,
generally serve as circular open channels and are seldom
designed to flow full.
• A tentative sewerage layout is made by locating lines along
streets, rights of way, or utility easements and following
the natural slope of the land to the extent possible.
• The main sewer leaves the service area at the lowest
point, with submains and laterals radiating from outlying
areas.
• The vertical profile of the sewer is limited by the need to
provide minimum cover and service to basement sanitary
facilities and the desire to minimize excavation.

Wastewater and Stormwater Collection
• The design is based on hydraulic grade line principles which
represent elevation profiles and energy.
• Sewage and stormwater flows are computed from the
connected service area tributary to a given sewer pipe section.
• The land-use method and/or connected services for complete
buildout are used to determine the average flows and peaking
factors.
• Manning’s equation is used to determine the required size of
a pipe given the slope.
• In the design of the collection network, the design is begun at
the top of the system, and the engineer works downstream,
collecting additional flows until the outlet of the system.
• The results of the sewer design program include sizes, slopes,
and depths for the pipes; minimum scour velocities; volumes
of excavation required; and the total cost of the resulting
sewer network.

GIS Applications for Wastewater and Stormwater
Systems

Planning and Design
• Planning and engineering tasks that can be accomplished
easily using GIS software include
• automated mapping,
• watershed modeling,
• population and demand projections,
• water flow analyses, and
• collection system master planning
• The GIS can integrate data on the current or planned
network, formulate the spatial and attribute data for the
various models, and display the model results in map
formats.
• Dynamic segmentation can also be used to derive a
generalized network that combines hydraulically similar
sections into larger strips to make flow-analysis algorithms
run more efficiently.

Operations and Maintenance
• Water and wastewater organizations are often responsible
for constructing or overseeing the development of new
facilities and replacement of old facilities.
• GIS aids in tracking information related to projects,
permits, construction work order management,
inspections, and as-built drawings.
• Maps, drawings, and pictures can also be associated with
valves, manholes, drop inlets, and other features to
provide valuable information to the user.
• The topological characteristics of a GIS database can
support network tracing and can be used to analyze
specific properties or services that may be impacted by
such events as stoppages, main breaks, drainage defects,
and so forth.

Finance and Administration
• Finance and administration provides the central
administrative oversight to support the planning and
operational activities of the organization.
• Budget forecasting, facility inventory analysis, customer
billing, and other key administrative functions can be
enhanced through the implementation of an integrated,
enterprise-wide GIS solution.
• Administrative activities can be streamlined for rate
justifications, complaint tracking, development review and
approval, right-of-way engineering, capital improvement
project tracking, and redistricting.

GIS Database Development for Wastewater
and Stormwater Systems

GIS Database Development
• Wastewater and stormwater systems are characterized as
networks typically having a dendritic structure of collectors
draining to interceptors and trunk mains in the downstream
direction.
• Typically, cities and utilities have gathered geospatial data in
various data formats over time.
• Commonly used formats include
• CAD design and as-built drawings (as DXF, DWG,
and/or shapefiles),
• geometric networks,
• land-use maps and master plans,
• parcel files,
• spreadsheets,
• geodatabases, and
• various databases of alphanumeric attribute data
keyed to location.

• Field data collections are often required to determine the
current waste- and stormwater system configuration, and GIS
tools play an important role for these activities.
• Procedures for wastewater demand estimations rely on land-
use data of various types.
• GIS applications are used to convert and validate sewer data,
process population, land use, and topographic data and
export the data to model format.
• Data sets and processing typically include:
• Extensive land base information such as digital
orthophotos, address-coded streets, political
boundaries, parcel boundaries, and topographic
contours.
• Sewer system facilities data covering the pipe
collection system, including pipe diameters, invert
and ground elevations, and materials.

• Population, employment, and land-use
information (existing and projected) by
geographic units as small as a parcel and city
block.
• Major industrial dischargers’ estimated
wastewater flows and other discharge
characteristics.
• These data are typically maintained by the
industrial permitting agency.
• Flow monitoring sites, as digitized and
maintained by the public works flow monitoring
group and modeling team.

• Some good practices for creating GIS data for later use in
a model include:
a) “snapping” pipe ends to other element types;
b) standardized element labeling conventions;
c) customer service lines in separate features
classes from system pipes; and
d) wet wells, pumps, and other system
components as separate feature classes.
• GIS tools provide the functionality for performing network
connectivity tracing and junction isolations, which aid in
creating an error-free database.
• Parcel, zoning, and traffic coverages are primary data
sources to be used in the development of the land-use
plan for sewer master plan development.

• Land-use zones for the general plan are in gross areas
that include street rights-of-way, while the zoning coverage
uses net land use where rights-of-way and other areas
have been zoned separately.
• There may be defined sewer plan land-use categories as
part of the master plan.
• Traffic analysis zone (TAZ) coverages are commonly used
to identify planning areas having similar growth
characteristics.
• A lookup table can be developed to define the anticipated
land-use growth rate for each TAZ planning area and to
define the expected year when development in currently
undeveloped areas will commence.

Geodatabases
• There are many reasons for consolidation of GIS and
related attribute data sets into a single system to
manage and store spatial and tabular infrastructure
data and support engineering and construction,
operations and maintenance, and financial and
administrative applications.
• Typical requirements of municipal utilities are to:
• Update GIS databases with as-built data
• Produce standard and custom map products
• Integrate computer-aided design (CAD) drawings
into the GIS environment

Geodatabases
• Integrate with other enterprise systems, such as
work management systems (WMSs), document
management systems (DMSs), infrastructure
management systems (IMSs), materials
management systems (MMSs), and customer
information systems (CISs)
• Analyze installed network for capacity planning
and capital improvement projects
• Manage operations activities, such as leaks,
repairs, and inspections
• Water infrastructure data models have been developed by
ESRI, and these provide a guide for the development of
customized data models for a particular application.

Geodatabases
• A keystone of this water networks data model is
capturing the behavior of real-world water objects such
as valves and lines; object databases combine data
and application behavior modeling.
• As a result, the model not only includes an essential
set of water object classes and properties, it also
includes rules and relationships that define object
behaviors.
• Thematic groups in the Water/Sewer/Stormwater data
model include those for Lines, Equipment, and Facility.
• The WaterLine class was created as a general top level
class for any type of network line.
• The inherent behavior of complex edges is very
different than the traditional ArcGIS® topology model.

Impervious Surface Mapping
• Percent impervious area is a primary land attribute for
stormwater modeling.
• These data can be developed from analysis of high-
resolution aerial photography or satellite imagery.
• Impervious surfaces are mainly constructed surfaces—
rooftops, sidewalks, roads, and parking lots—covered
by impermeable materials such as asphalt, concrete,
brick, and stone.
• Development of a scientific basis for the relationship
between land use and impervious surface has been
the subject of considerable study beginning in the
1970s. In earlier studies, aerial photos were used.

• Lee and Heaney (2003) used five levels of measuring
and GIS-based analysis to measure Directly Connected
Impervious Area (DCIA) for a small residential
neighborhood.
• The GIS-only method overestimated DCIA by 1.5 times
the value obtained through field surveys, while field
methods required more labor resources.
• As high-resolution satellite imagery has become
available, and supervised classification procedures
have been adopted and are the norm today.
• Landcover and elevation models have been derived
from satellite imagery and LIDAR (Light Detection
• And Ranging) data.

• A recent study by Wang and Johnson (2007) was
directed to assessing the validity of the Table 8.3
values of impervious percentages for 20 land-use
classes at the Anderson Classification Levels II and III
(LU Code).
• The accuracy assessment for the entire Croton
Watershed region showed an overall accuracy of
97.5%.
• Research has shown that impervious-surface studies
to date report accuracies as high as 85% to 90% for
the overall classification in a watershed; these studies
were for impervious or urban classes within a
comprehensive land-cover classification.

GIS-Based Wastewater Collection System
Design and Management Applications

GIS-Based Estimation of Sanitary
Wastewater Demands
• The basic structure for estimating sanitary wastewater
flow demands is similar to the structure described for
estimating water demand; however, there are some
significant differences.
• A principal difference between the estimation of water
demand and wastewater flow is the definition of the
service area.
• In a water distribution system, the service area for a
subject node is often defined as the area around the
node that is not closer to another node in the system.
• In wastewater collection systems, the service area is
defined as the total area producing wastewater flow
that must be carried by the subject line.
• Another difference is in the estimation of peaking
factors.

Wastewater Demands
• In the wastewater flow estimation process, the selection of
the maximum-hour and minimum-hour peaking factor is
usually based on the total population served or the
average-day (AD) flow rate expected.
• Finally, the sanitary system estimation process involves
the addition of infiltration and inflow (II).
• Variations of the population and land-use methods are
used to estimate dry-weather wastewater flows for
medium-sized service areas that include residential,
commercial, and industrial developments and small
communities.
• GIS and related databases support the assignment of
flows from land-use-based flows, point-source flows such
as industrial flows, and wet-weather infiltration or storm-
related inflow and infiltration in addition to calibrating the
unit flow generation factors and infiltration and inflow
parameters.

Wastewater Demands
• Automated model-loading tools can take loading
information from a variety of GIS-based sources, such as
customer meter data, system flowmeter, or polygons with
known population or land use, and assign those flows to
elements.
• GIS tools provide automated model-loading tools oriented
to the types of data available to describe dry-weather
flows.
• Infiltration/inflow (I/I) is the term used to describe
groundwater infiltration and stormwater inflow into
wastewater collection systems through pipe or manhole
defects.
• The I/I enters the collection system through cracked clay
pipe and other forms of deteriorated pipe, tree root
damage, leaky manhole seals, cracked manhole lid
casings, and brick manholes.

GIS-Based Hydrologic and
Hydraulic Modeling
• Hydraulic models, GIS, and data-management tools
are routinely used to assist in the planning and design
of sewer systems.
• Often a GIS is used as a simple preprocessor of spatial
data in the modeling of urban stormwater. Here, the
GIS may simply store geographic information in a
database, or it may be used to calculate model-input
parameters from stored geographic data.
• Application of GIS in urban stormwater systems has
lagged that for more-natural watershed systems
because of the need for large and detailed spatial,
facility, and temporal databases.
• Integration of GIS with urban hydrologic and hydraulic
models was identified as an emerging trend

Hydraulic Modeling
• Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) is a dynamic
rainfall-runoff simulation model used for single-event
or long-term (continuous) simulation of runoff quantity
and quality from primarily urban areas.
• The routing portion of SWMM transports this runoff
through a system of pipes, channels,
storage/treatment devices, pumps, and regulators.
• SWMM tracks the quantity and quality of runoff
generated within each sub-catchment as well as the
flow rate, flow depth, and quality of water in each pipe
and channel during a simulation period comprising
multiple time steps.

Hydraulic Modeling
• Sub-catchments can be divided into pervious and impervious
subareas.
• Surface runoff can infiltrate into the upper soil zone of the
pervious subarea, but not through the impervious subarea.
• Infiltration of rainfall from the pervious area of a sub- catchment
into the unsaturated upper soil zone can be described using three
different models:
a) Horton infiltration,
b) Green-Ampt infiltration, and
c) SCS Curve Number infiltration
• Other principal input parameters for sub-catchments include
assigned rain gauge, outlet node or sub-catchment, assigned
land uses, tributary surface area, imperviousness, slope,
characteristic width of overland flow, Manning’s n for overland
flow on both pervious and impervious areas, depression storage
in both pervious and impervious areas, and percent of
impervious area with no depression storage.

GIS-Based Wastewater and
Stormwater System Modeling
• GIS supports a series of spatial-analysis functions that are ideally
suited for design of sewer systems.
• These spatial-analysis functions are used to preprocess the data
for use by the sewer design program.
• They include:
• identification of the desired locations for manholes,
• creation of buffers around prohibited areas,
• creation of a triangular irregular network (TIN) for
topographic information,
• determination of surface elevations for manholes and
vertices of buffers,
• creation of a preliminary sewer network as a TIN using
manhole locations and their elevations,
• identification of potential lines for the sewer network
through overlay operations that remove preliminary sewer
lines that cross prohibited areas, and
• a graphical display of results.

• The general interface of the GIS with the sewer system
design process involves an interactive sequence of
activities.
• For each manhole, two attributes are added to the
database:
a) the number of connections to the manhole and
b) whether the manhole is in an outfall location.
• An attribute value of 0 or 1 is used to indicate if the
location is unsuitable (0) or suitable (1) for an outfall.
• In selecting the locations for the manholes, the user must
meet the standards set by the ASCE and the Water
Pollution Control Federation (ASCE, 1970).
• Additional requirements may include the spacing and
maximum depths of manholes, minimum depth of cover
for sewer lines, and the maximum allowable infiltration.

• The following details the main hydraulic modeling process
tools used for constructing and calibrating the city’s sewer
model.
• Data Validation: Performs extensive data
validation checks based on specified rules
such as missing lengths, sizes, reverse slopes,
connectivity errors, etc. The results are
displayed on the plan view with error
descriptions “joined” to the attribute data.
• Network Trace Manager: Used to verify
connectivity errors, select profile views, define
model networks, and identify subarea basins.
• Profile Viewer: Creates a theme displaying a
profile of a selected pipe section. Node and
link data can be accessed from the profile
view.

• Model Export: Extracts a selected portion of
the city sewer system for reformatting and
export to the city’s modeling software package
(HydroWorks®). The routine has the capability
of exporting to various model formats.
• Model Results Import: Imports selected results
from the modeling program for graphical
viewing and analysis (e.g., highlighting of
problem areas on the sewer map).
• Hydrograph Viewer: Imports selected flow-
monitoring data and links those data to the
monitor symbols on the GIS map, for the
purpose of displaying flow and depth graphs
along with modeling-results graphs during the
model-calibration process.

GIS -Based Decision-Support Systems for
Wastewater and Stormwater Systems

THANK YOU!
Steven C. Valerio
Email
scvalerio@mymail.mapua.edu.ph

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