SCHOOL OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

WATER RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT CLUSTER

NAME

VALERIO, STEVEN C.
STUDENT NO. COURSE & YEAR SUBJECT & SECTION

2016141805 CE / 3 CE175P-5W / B2
MODULE ASSESSMENT SIGNATURE

MODULE 1 CW5

Hydraulic Model: Function, applicability, and advantages and disadvantages

(http://www.appsolutelydigital.com/ModelPrimer/index.html)

1. EPANET is a software application used throughout the world to model water distribution systems.
It was developed as a tool for understanding the movement and fate of drinking water constituents
within distribution systems and can be used for many different types of applications in distribution
systems analysis.
Applicability: Today, engineers and consultants use EPANET to design and size new water
infrastructure, retrofit existing aging infrastructure, optimize operations of tanks and pumps,
reduce energy usage, investigate water quality problems, and prepare for emergencies. It can also
be used to model contamination threats and evaluate resilience to security threats or natural
disasters.
Advantages:
• Ability to use pressure dependent demands in hydraulic analyses.
• System operation based on both simple tank level or timer controls and on complex rule-
based controls.
• No limit on the size of the network that can be analyzed.
• Computes friction headloss using the Hazen-Williams, Darcy-Weisbach, or Chezy-
Manning formulas.
• Includes minor head losses for bends, fittings, etc.
• Models constant or variable speed pumps.
• Computes pumping energy and cost.
• Models various types of valves, including shutoff, check, pressure regulating, and flow
control.
• Allows storage tanks to have any shape (i.e., diameter can vary with height).
• Considers multiple demand categories at nodes, each with its own pattern of time variation.
• Models pressure-dependent flow issuing from emitters (sprinkler heads).
• Provides robust results for hydraulic convergence and low/zero flow conditions.
Disadvantages:
• It can supply erroneous results
• Several files cannot be read properly when using EPANET

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2. WaterGEMS provides you with a comprehensive yet easy-to-use decision-support tool for water
distribution networks. The software helps improve your knowledge of how infrastructure behaves
as a system, how it reacts to operational strategies, and how it should grow as population and
demands increase.
Applicability: From fire flow and water quality simulations to criticality and energy cost
analysis, OpenFlows WaterGEMS has everything you need in a flexible multiplatform
environment.
Advantages:
• Intelligent planning for system reliability.
• Optimized operations for system efficiency
• Reliable asset renewal decision support for system sustainability
• Increase your profitability and productivity by designing smarter and faster
• Powerful modeling commands
• Exceptionally fast solvers
• Vast file format interoperability
Disadvantages:
• No disadvantages provided

3. MIKE 11, first released in XXX, is a model that simulates water flows levels, water quality, and
sediment transport in rivers, flood plains, irrigation canals, and reservoirs. MIKE 11 includes
components for rainfall-runoff modeling, hydrodynamic modeling, hydraulic structure operations,
and sediment transport and water quality modeling, with calculations conducted under unsteady
or quasi steady state. MIKE 11 can be used for a wide variety of applications, including real-time
flood forecasting, flood studies, dam break analysis, optimization of reservoir/canal operations,
and sediment transport, water quality and ecological modeling. Although applications are of
multidimensional nature, the software's solutions involve one-dimensional calculations.
Applicability: Key features of the MIKE 11 model include a Graphical User Interface (GUI),
result reporting tools, GIS capabilities, auto calibration, and control structure operations. The
software is open MI complaint and is linkable to other MIKE modules.
Advantages:
• Used extensively around the world
• Auto calibration option
• Detailed technical report and users' manual
• Availability of training and customer support via vendor
• Open MI compliant and linkable to other MIKE software tools
Disadvantages:
• 2D effects such as cross-channel momentum are not possible
• Model assumes channel bed slope is negligible
• Tiered-based pricing
• Hydraulic structures can’t be sufficiently skewed
• Does not account for urban drainage

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4. 3Di is a dynamic water model that simulates flooding in urban, river and estuary environments.
The program models flow in 1D and 2D using the Saint Venant equation. Groundwater flow is
estimated using Darcy’s law equation. 3Di is useful for disaster risk management, as it can evaluate
various flood management decisions such as raising dikes and potential closures. 3Di can also be
used to evaluate dike breaches, for 2D modeling of rivers and estuaries, and in spatial flood
planning and the design of urban flood drainage systems.
Applicability: Key features of the 3Di model include cloud computing, which allows the model
to have 1 billion cells, visualization tools, and the ability to process geospatial data.
Advantages:
• Cloud-based computing
• Ability to process 1 billion cells
• Couples 1D, 2D, urban drainage models and groundwater flow models
• Software will be open source
• Analysis can be performed on any device connected to the internet
Disadvantages:
• Subscription-based licensing and tiered base
• Requires reliable internet connection to create initial model
• Cannot estimate damages from a flood event
• Sensitive data files would be loaded in the cloud

5. FLO-2D is a 2D flood routing model that combines hydrology and hydraulics. The hydrological
component is a rainfall-runoff model, with an overland flow model that simulates the movement
of the flood volume around the grid. Flow conveyed into the channel is routed using the 1D Saint
Venant wave equation. FLO-2D is useable for a wide variety of applications, for example, flood
mitigation studies, storm drain modeling, dam breach analysis, surface and ground water
interactions, mud flows, and sediment transport.
Applicability: Key features of the FLO-2D model include a Graphical User Interface (GUI), Grid
Developer System (GDS), and Mapper. The features allow the user to process and edit the grid
data, graphically edit hydraulic structures, and create flood risk and flood hazard maps. FLO-2D
is capable of processing different types of topographical data and can be coupled with the third-
party software SWMM.
Advantages:
• Ability to integrate different types of geospatial data e.g., LiDAR, aerial images, shape
files, contour maps and DEM
• Import HEC-RAS geometry cross-sections
• Webinars are provided frequently
• Software can be coupled with SWMM and MODFLOW
• Model storm surge and tsunami impacts
• Detailed technical report and users' manual
• Training and customer support is available via vendor
Disadvantages:
• Grid element represents single elevation, Manning’s n value, and flow depth
• Hydraulic structures and rating table are developed outside of the model

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• Rapidly variable flow, i.e., a dam breach, is not simulated
• 1D channel flow (no secondary currents, or vertical velocity distributions)