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Submission author: Ankit yadav

Assignment title: Literature Review
Submission title: Complex (WDS )water distribution system/network analysis a…
File name: CE788A_Literature_Review 21103017_Ankit_yadav.pdf
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Submission date: 29-Apr-2022 05:45PM (UTC+0530)
Submission ID: 1823680441

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 CE788A Literature Review
Ankit Yadav (21103017)

Problem Statement- Complex (WDS )water distribution system/network

analysis and optimization –Fast increase in development of cities and higher rate of increase
of population in cities where it is require to have complex piped water supply system there
leakages , burst and supply water pollution are major problem that need to be addressed which
make it necessary to design a more efficient water distribution systems (WDS) . If WDS is not
designed properly then it may cause High pressure and flow in some part of network that may
commonly result in bursts of pipe , degradation of water quality, loss of potable water, high cost
of maintenance , because of these reasons WDS is made to work as steady supply of water on the
continuous basis however, in fact, it is an assumption that does not occur. . water supply is not
constant but it fluctuate so , WDSs are prone to mistakes due to inaccurate estimates , stats, as
well as incorrect data input … leads to poor system design and configuration which further
increase losses.
WDS is an important part of infrastructure hence it should be planned, maintained, and operated
in a cost-effective way and in long-term manner. It has huge impact on environment if we are not
managing WDS in sustainable way. Recently we can see lot of area has issue of its water table
going down in fast manner like never before.
Summary of papers related to the application: The optimization of WDS is
done using linear programming. The main goal to perform this study is to understand and improve
the complex WDS by analyzing, modeling, and optimizing it . In research paper EPANET
software is used for modeling, analysis, and evaluation of WDS and also LINDO software used
for performing the modeling of optimization problem. It can be used for Integer, linear, non linear
programming and for global optimization models. LINGO software help to get solution of
optimization problem when the constraints are defined properly.
Optimization analysis is done by linear integer programming then it is applied to LINGO
optimization software which uses “binary branch and bound method” of integer programming for
optimization is used to find the best possible (optimum) region.
In other paper the “branch and bound integer-linear programming” is used get find best
optimized working condition for WDS to get best result with given constraints at situation of
single loading.
Fluid mechanics and optimization analysis is done to achieve the best solution for a WDS. The
continuity , head loss equation being solved using a network solver in the hydraulic analysis. The
hydraulic analysis is not included in optimization study analysis therefore the pipe flow discharges
need be known to perform the optimization analysis.
In another paper mixed integer real linear programming technique is performed to find optimum
condition for municipal water distribution network. The Fluid mechanics and optimization
assessments are connected and using (iterative) repetitive process to find the discharge first then
allowing for the design of WDS that meets all constraint at the lowest overall cost.

 DECISION VARIABLE :
1.Decision variables are Pipe diameters which are limited to commercially accessible sizes,
Reservoir head, type of valves and its efficiency, storage tank capacity, and reservoir
capacity, pump HP, number of pipe in network, number of pump & reservoir.
2.Decision variables used in other paper are cost of pipe and its installation cost which again
depends on diameter of pipe, expenses of pressure generating facilities which include
 reservoir and pump that depends on reservoir height and pump dynamic pressure head , cost
of pipe which further depends on diameter of pipe .
3.Decision variable in last paper are the cost of pipe which include its transportation &
installation cost which again depends on the dia. of pipe , also include expenses on reservoir
and pumps characteristics which are function of pipe diameter and reservoir height
respectively, the length of pipe and its number based on its specification, unit cost of pipe
(function pipe diameter) , cost of reservoir (function of reservoir level) , pump cost which
includes its maintenance & operation cost which depends on the pump specification and its
characteristics , no of pump in network, no of reservoir and no . of pipe in network.

 OBJECTIVE FUNCTION:
1. Examining the water distribution system (WDS)-modelling flow condition i.e linear or
turbulent and its intensity, achive optimum average velocity of water in pipe , and head loss
for the WDS with respect to pipe length and its dia. using software known as EPANET &
LINGO.
2. The objective function is to min. total system cost. Cost associate has two components. one
is pipe cost and cost of installation while other components is cost of pressure generating
system like reservoir and motor pump etc. The second component is actually a function of
reservoir head.
3. To minimize the total cost WDS of municipal water sully system.

 CONSTRAINTS:
1. Satisfying Water demand.
2. hydraulic criteria , continuity equation at nodes (nodal parameter)
3. Use of standard dia. available in market i.e commercially available dia & lengh of pipe, no
of links & joints of system.
4. Constraints in other paper was pipe size i.e diameter (limited commercially available pipe
size.)
5. Pressure head at a particular location in network is another and velocity at in the network
that should be within the limits of Vmin and Vmax.
6. The constraints in later paper used was pipe dia which is limited to availability, reservoir
head, pump HP, flow velocity in pipe , pressure at nodes

ASSUMPTIONS:
1. WDS is analysed by assuming the network as rigid & static .
2. Due to above assumption the system is not going through the actual condition , these
condition may arise in actual operation of WDS under varying water flow in network.
3. Above situation may cause failure of system during its operation when actual water demand
flow in network for which system is designed and assumed as safe.
4. “Branch and bound integer linear programming” is used to find the best optimal design of
WDS assuming a single loading scenario.
5. The actual non-linear functions (objective & constraint) are assumed as linear to solve using
the zero-unity variables
6. The objective function is non linear so in order to minimize the objective function non linear
method should be used which satisfy its constraints as well but the variables used can take
commercially available size like dia. so the above non linear problem is converted to simple
linear problem.

RESULT ANALYSIS / Discuss whether the optimization problem

and the solution approach can guarantee optimal solutions or not
1. During analysis system may indicate negative pressure while in operation depending on
flow parameters.
2. Analysis shows variation in pressure in some area therefore water supply is uncertain i.e
some area experience burst and leakages while some has water shortage (due to haphazard
water distribution network)
3. In actual scenario the objective function , constraint and it results in total cost of
Municipal pipe system are non linear and since we know that the solution for non linear
problem is not guaranteed while in linear optimum solution we can get easily.
4. So in paper objective function, total cost function & constraints are linearized by using
zero-unity variables.
5. So if we use integer – linear method of programming to solve given WDS probem we can
guaranteed obtain optimum soluntion.
6. In other paper iterative method is initially used to find the discharge then the objective
function is linearised therefore if feasible region is bounded then optimal solution can be
find whereas if it is unbounded then solution may not be possible.
7. Non-linear programming optimization methods are widely used to find the best solution
for water distribution networks but on the other hand non -linear does not guarantee that
the global optimum will be found.

POTENTIAL SHORTCOMINGS:
1. Since the WDS objective and constraints non linear so optimization model should be
developed such that it represent actual scenario (should not assume as linear)
2. Valve placement and reservoir optimization are two areas where further research is needed
to decrease processed water loss & increase efficiency of WDS.
3. Since static conditions standards that are not reliable to satisfy demand, WDS network
analysis is one improvement area is to do simulation, modeling, and optimization using
software to get more reliable and optimize result.
4. Pipe flow discharges in branching networks are computed simply by using the continuity
eqn at junction i.e nodes ,but these are erroneous because the flow of water is in looping
network so discharge can’t be calculated as first because they are dependent of unknown
dia of pipe and reservoir heads. So, repetitive (iterative) steps are followed , there is
scope to improve this method by eliminating the factor of iterative process.
REFRENCES:
 Awe, O. M., Okolie, S. T. A., & Fayomi, O. S. I. (2020). Analysis and optimization of water
distribution systems: A case study of Kurudu post service housing estate, Abuja,
Nigeria. Results in Engineering, 5, 100100.
 Samani, H. M., & Mottaghi, A. (2006). Optimization of water distribution networks using
integer linear programming. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 132(5), 501-509. )
 Samani, H. M., & Zanganeh, A. (2010, October). Optimisation of water networks using linear
programming. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-water management (Vol.
163, No. 9, pp. 475-485). Thomas Telford Ltd. )