*

OTHER DISEASES
*
 *LEPROSY (HANSEN’S
DISEASE)

*chronic bacterial infection characterized

by the appearance of nodules in the skin
or mucous membrane; and by changes in
the nerves leading to anesthesia or
paralysis
*sporadic and occurs in tropical and
semitropical countries
LEPROSY
*
Mycobacterium
leprae
acid-fast bacilli

IP: varies from

one to several This was the first bacterium to be identified
as causing disease in humans.
years
* LEPROSY
 al secretions

*Droplet infection
*Prolon
ged
intimat
e skin
to skin
contac
t and
to
nasoph
arynge
LEPROSY
*
1. Early Stage: “CLUMP”
C- changes in skin color ( red or white)
L- lesion is hyposthetic and loss of sweating
U- ulcers that do not heal
M- muscle weakness or paralysis
P- painful and thickened nerves
2. Late Symptoms: “CLISM”
C- clawing of fingers and toes
L- leonine appearance (due to thickened skin of the forehead
and face)
I- inability to close eyelids (lagophthalmos)
S- sinking of nose bridge
M- madarosis ( loss of eyebrows)
3. Cardinal Symptoms “PPP”
P- presence of Hansen’s bacilli on skin biopsy
P- presence of localize areas of anesthesia
P- peripheral nerve enlargement
LEPROSY
*
*skin biopsy
*skin smear test
*Lepromin Test- (+)
test develops a
nodule on site of
inoculation ( 1st -3rd
week)
*Wassermann
Reaction
LEPROSY
*
-Sulfone therapy
-Multiple drug therapy (MDT)
Multibacillary-rifampicin,clofazimine,dapsone
-12 months
Paucibacillary-rifampicin,
dapsone
-6 months
*Rifampicin=most impt anti-leprosy drug
*Clofazimine=causes brownish black discoloration
and dryness of the skin;will disappear within a
few months after stopping treatment
LEPROSY
*
*full diet
*a daily cleansing bath and change of clothing
*skin care
*TSB for fever
Prevention:
separate infants from lepromatous
-

parents at birth
segregate and treat patients with
-

open lesions
-public health supervision
*
 *LEPTOSPIROSIS
(WEIL’S DISEASE)
*Is a zoonotic infectious
bacterial disease carried
by animals,both
domestic and wild,whose
urine contaminates
water or food which is
ingested or inoculated
through the skin
LEPTOSPIROSIS
*
*Canicola fever
*Hemorrhagic jaundice
*Mud fever
*Swine herd disease
SOURCES OF INFECTION
-contaminated food or water
-rats
-dogs
LEPTOSPIROSIS
*

Mode of Transmission :
*Skin contact
*Direct contact with urine or tissues of
infected animals
*Ingestion of food contaminated with urine
of rats
IP: 10 days
LEPTOSPIROSIS

*fever with sudden onset

*headache
*chills
*myalgia ( calves and thighs)
*conjunctival suffusion
*other manifestations: meningitis, rash,
hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage into skin
and mucous membranes, hepatorenal
failure, jaundice, mental confusion and
depression
*
LEPTOSPIROSIS
*
*Septic stage –febrile for 4 to 7 days
*Immune or toxic stage –with or without
jaundice
*Convalescence –relapse may occur during
the 4th-5th week
LEPTOSPIROSIS
*
*Rising titers in microscopic agglutination test
*Isolation of leptospires from blood or CSF
during acute illness
*BUN and urea
*Enzyme Link Immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA)
*Liver function tests
*Leptospira antigen-antibody test
*Leptospira antibody test
LEPTOSPIROSIS
*
*Penicillin G and Doxycycline
LEPTOSPIROSIS
*
*concurrent disinfection
*blood and body fluid precautions
*instruct patient to avoid swimming or
wading in potentially contaminated
waters
*Darken patient’s room(irritating to the
eyes)
*Encourage oral fluid intake
*
 *ANTHRAX
(MALIGNANT PUSTULE, MALIGNANT
EDEMA, WOOLSORTER DISEASE)
*an acute bacterial disease that usually affects
the skin, but which may very rarely involve the
oropharynx, mediastinum or intestinal tract
*head, forearms and hands are common sites of
infection
ANTHRAX
*
1. cutaneous anthrax,- itching of an exposed
skin surface occurs 1st, followed by a
lesion that becomes papular, then vesicular
and in 2-6 days develops into a depressed
black eschar

2. Inhalational, which affects the lungs-

through breathing in spores of bacteria

3. Gastrointestinal, which affects the digestive

system- by eating infected meat
 4.
ANTHRAX
*
*Bacillus anthracis, gram (+)
ANTHRAX
*
*- contact with tissues of animals (cattle,
sheep, goats, horses, pigs and others) dying of
the disease
*- contact with contaminated wool, hides
*- ingestion of contaminated undercooked meat
*-inhalation of spores in risky industrial
processes

IP: 1-7 days, up to 60 days

ANTHRAX
*
*fever
*malaise
*mild cough
*chest pain
*acute symptoms of
respiratory distress
*x-ray evidence of
mediastinal widening
ANTHRAX
*
*Anthrax is diagnosed by isolating B.
anthracis from the blood, skin lesions, or
respiratory secretions

*measuring specific antibodies in the

blood of persons with suspected cases
ANTHRAX
*
* treat with parenteral
penicillin G
* tetracyclines
 *
ANTHRAX
*
*thoroughly wash, disinfect and sterilize
hair, wool and bone meal or other feed of
animal origin prior to processing

*ISOLATION: standard precaution for the

duration of illness
*
 *PLAGUE
*Is a serious and potential highly
infectious disease caused by Yersinia
pestis by rodents

*Bubonic plague-cutaneously acquired

*Pneumonic plague-acquired by
respiratory spread
PLAGUE
*
*Yersinia pestis

*IP: 1 to 6 days bubonic

*IP: 10 – 15 days pneumonic
PLAGUE
*
*Bubonic plague is transmitted by the bite
of the infected rat fleas
*Pneumonic plague is aquired directly by
respiratory route(droplet)
PLAGUE
*
*Bubonic plague
-high fever, malaise,
delirium, petechial or purpuric
hemorrhages

*Pneumonic plague
-high fever, tachypnea,
restlessness and shortness of breath,
frothy blood tinge sputum
 -
PLAGUE
*
*Serology
*Antigen detection
*Culture from clinical
PLAGUE
*
*Streptomycin, tetracycline,
chloramphenicol are the drug of choice
PLAGUE
*
*Isolation in the hospital (if possible)
*Prevention and control
*Report to local and national
health authorities
*Decontaminate patient’s clothing
*TSB,encourage oral fluid intake
*Proper recording
*prophylaxis