Student’s name: .............................................................................Class: 9A ....... Date: ................

LESSON 5 GRAMMAR

LEXICO - GRAMMAR
Part 1: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence. Write your answer
(A, B, C, or D) in the space provided.
1 The VCTV try to ..... for all tastes with its 4 national programs.
A suit B furnish C cater D regard

2 Many road accidents occur because motorists cannot ...... the speed of approaching
vehicles.
A assume B count C assess D value

3 It's hard to believe that anyone would purposely harm a child, ..... of all its own
mother.
A first B least C worst D best

4. You’ve been overworking recently, and would find a holiday .....

A benevolent B essential C beneficial D profitable

5 Tax ..... deprives the state of several million pounds a year.

A retention B desertion C escapism D evasion

6 This travel guide is very useful, but it does not ..... to cover every aspect of the
country.
A claim B announce C state D expect

7 I can’t write that kind of letter unless I’m in the right ..... of mind.
A frame B way C set D turn

8 A managing director cannot expect to have much time to ..... to purely personal
matters.
A reserve B devote C concentrate D spare

9 Many local authorities realise there is a need to make ..... for disabled people in their
housing programmes.
A assistance B conditions C admittance D provision

10 I’m afraid we haven't got a spare bed. Can you ..... with a mattress on the floor?
A make do B make by C make over D make up

11 The early railroads were ..... the existing arteries of transportation: roads, turnpikes,
canals, and other waterways.
A those short lines connected B short lines that connected
C connected by short lines D short connecting lines

12 ..... as a masterpiece, a work of art must transcend the ideals of the period in which it
was created.
A Ranking B To be ranked
C Being ranked D In order to be ranking

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13 The discovery of the halftone process in photography in 1881 made it ......
photographs in books and newspapers.
A the possible reproduction B possible to reproduce
C the possibility of reproducing D possibly reproduced

14 When wood, natural gas, oil, or any other fuel burns, ...... with oxygen in the air to
produce heat.
A combining substances in the fuel B substances in the fuel that combine
C substances in the fuel combine D a combination of substances in the fuel

15 In bacteria and in other organisms, ...... is the nucleic acid DNA that provides the
genetic information.
A it B which C there D what

Part 2: The passage below contains 10 errors. Identify and correct them. Write your
answer in the space provided on the right. Number 0 has been done as an example.
The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as ever 0. ever → never
before. Countries all across the world are active promoting 16 .....................................
their 'wilderness' regions - such as mountains, Arctic lands,
deserts, small islands and wetlands - to highly spending
tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by defining, 17 .....................................
wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But 18 .....................................
that does not mean that there is no cost. Like the 1992 UN 19 .....................................
Conference on Environment and Development recognized,
these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable of abnormal
pressures) not just in terms of the culture of their inhabitation. 20 .....................................
The three most significant types of fragile environment in 21 .....................................
these respects are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An 22 .....................................
important character is their marked seasonality. 23 .....................................
Consequently, most human acts, including tourism, are
limited to clearly defined parts of the year.
Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural beauty
and the unique culture of its people. And poor governments in 24 .....................................
these areas have welcomed the ‘adventure tourists’, grateful
for the currency they bring. For several years, tourism is the
prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan.
Tourism is also a key element in the economics of Arctic 25 .....................................
zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such
as Ayres Rocks in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.

Part 3: Write the correct form of the words in brackets in the spaces provided to finish
the following passage.
Since the world has become (26. INDUSTRY) ......................................................., there has
been an increase in the number of animal species that have either become extinct or have
neared (27. EXTINCT) ....................................................... Bengal tigers, for instance, which
once roamed the jungles in vast numbers, now (28. NUMBER)

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....................................................... only about 2,300 and by the year 2025 their population is
estimated to be down to zero. What is (29. ALARM) ....................................................... about
the case of the Bengal tiger is that this extinction will have been caused almost entirely by (30.
POACH) ....................................................... who, according to some sources, are not interested
in material gain but in personal (31. GRATIFY) ....................................................... This is an
example of the (32. CALLOUS) ....................................................... that is part of what is
causing the problem of extinction. Animals like the Bengal tiger, as well as other (33. DANGER)
....................................................... species, are a valuable part of the world's ecosystem.
International laws (34. PROTECT) ....................................................... these animals must (35.
ACT) ....................................................... to ensure their survival, and the survival of our planet.

Part 4: Give the correct form of the verbs given in brackets to complete the passage.
Write your answer in the space provided below.
In 1764 Dr. Johnson accepted the contract (36. PRODUCE) .......................................................
a dictionary. (37. RENT) ....................................................... a garret, he took on a number of
copying clerks, who (38. STAND) ....................................................... at a long central desk.
Johnson - (39. NOT HAVE) ....................................................... a library available to him, but
eventually produced definitions of 40,000 words (40. WRITE)
....................................................... down in 80 large notebooks. On publication, the Dictionary
immediately (41. HAIL) ....................................................... in many European countries as a
landmark. According to his biographer, James Boswell, Johnson’s principal achievement was
(42. BRING) ....................................................... stability to the English language: “It (43. BE)
....................................................... the cornerstone of Standard English, an achievement which
(44. CONFER) ....................................................... stability on the language of his country". As a
reward for his hard work, he (45. GRANT) ....................................................... a pension by the
king.

Part 5: Fill each of the blanks with a preposition. Write your answer in the space provided
below.
For many people, lack of sleep is rarely a matter of choice. Some have problems getting to
sleep, others (46) ..................................... staying asleep until the morning. Despite popular
belief that sleep is one long event, research shows that, (47) ..................................... an
average night, there are five stages of sleep and four cycles, (48) ..................................... which
the sequence of stages is repeated. (49) ..................................... the first light phase, the heart
rate and blood pressure go down and the muscles relax. In the next two stages, sleep gets
progressively deeper. In stage four, usually reached (50) ..................................... an hour, the
slumber is so deep that, if awoken, the sleeper would be confused and disorientated. It is in this
phase that sleep-walking can occur, (51) ..................................... an average episode lasting no
more than 15 minutes. In the fifth stage, the rapid eye movement (REM) stage, the heartbeat
quickly gets back (52) ..................................... normal levels, brain activities accelerates (53)
..................................... daytime heights and above and the eyes move constantly (54)
..................................... closed lids as if the sleeper is looking (55) .....................................
something. During this stage, the body is almost paralyzed. This REM phase is also the time
when we dream.

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Part 6: Insert a, an, the or nothing (0) in the numbered blanks. Write your answer in the
spaces below.
In Europe, modern science emerged at the same time as the nation state. At first, (56) ............
scientific language of choice remained Latin. It allowed scientists to communicate with (57)
............ other socially privileged thinkers while protecting their work from unwanted exploitation.
Sometimes (58) ............ desire to protect ideas seems to have been stronger than (59) ............
desire to communicate them, particularly in (60) ............ case of mathematicians and doctors. In
Britain, moreover, (61) ............ scientists worried that English had neither the technical
vocabulary nor the grammatical resources to express their ideas. This situation only changed
after 1660 when scientists associated with (62) ............ Royal Society set about developing
English. (63) ............ early scientific journal fostered (64) ............ new kind of writing based on
short descriptions of specific experiments. Although English was then overtaken by German, it
developed again in the 19"' century as (65) ............ direct result of the industrial revolution.

READING
Part 1: Choose the right option A, B, C, or D to fill each gap in the following passage.
THE NEW BRITISH LIBRARY

Originally commissioned years ago, the new British Library was supposed to open in 1990.
However, the project has been (66) ............ by political infighting, poor planning and financial
problems. The most recent (67) ............ came in June when inspectors discovered that 60 miles
of new metal shelving had started to (68) ............ and needs to be (69) ............ That would (70)
............ the opening of the project’s first phase for another two years. “Things has gone from
bad to worse.” Said Brian Lake, secretary of the Regular Readers, an association of writers and
scholars who are not happy with plans for the new library. “It is a grand national project that has
become a great national scandal.”
It sounded like a splendid idea when the government (71) ............ its $164 million project in
1978. Sophisticated electronic (72) ............ would help keep the library’s irreplaceable stock at
an optimal (73) ............ and humidity. A computer-controlled delivery system would provide
books to readers within minutes of a (74) ............ rather than days. And to (75) ............ other
needs of the reading public, the library would also include (76) ............ galleries, a restaurant
and a conference hall.
That was the plan, (77) ............ The start of construction was delayed until 1982 by arguments
about planning and by a (78) ............ of government. Four years later, members of cabinet
ordered a (79) ............ report and discovered that the committee responsible for (80) ............
the project hadn’t met in four years.

66 A delayed B bothered C infected D restricted

67 A comeback B setback C drawback D cutback
68 A fade B melt C mould D rust
69 A substituted B replaced C abandoned D rejected
70 A distract B destroy C postpone D postdate
71 A imposed B unveiled C claimed D manifested
72 A items B computers C equipment D tools
73 A heat B temperature C cold D warmth
74 A reservation B demand C wish D request
75 A fit B serve C bring D obey
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 76 A demonstration B exposition C exhibition D show
77 A especially B anyway C eventually D meanwhile
78 A variation B difference C shift D change
79 A progress B progression C progressive D progressing
80 A guarding B supervising C overlooking D watching

Part 2: Read the two passages carefully and choose the correct answer for each of the
questions.
Urban life has always involved a balancing of opportunities and rewards against dangers and
stress; its motivating force is, in the broadest sense, money. Opportunities to make money
mean competition and competition is stressful; it is often at its most intense in the largest cities,
where opportunities are greatest. The presence of huge numbers of people inevitably involves
more conflict, more travelling, the overloading of public services and exposure to those deviants
and criminals who are drawn to the rich pickings of great cities. Crime has always flourished in
the relative anonymity of urban life; but today’s ease of movement makes its control more
difficult than ever; there is much evidence that its extent has a direct relationship to the size of
communities. City dwellers may become trapped in their homes by the fear of crime around
them.
As a defence against these developments, city dwellers tend to use various strategies to try and
reduce the pressures upon themselves: contacts with other people are generally made brief and
impersonal; doors are kept locked; telephone numbers may be ex-directory; journeys outside
the home are usually hurried, rather than a source of pleasure. There are other strategies too
which are positively harmful to the individual; for example, reducing awareness through drugs or
alcohol. Furthermore, all these defensive forms of behaviour are harmful to society in general;
they cause widespread loneliness and destroy the community's concern for its members. Lack
of informal social contact and indifference to the misfortunes of others, if they are not personally
known to oneself, are amongst the major causes of urban crime.
Inner areas of cities tend to be abandoned by the more successful and left to those who have
done badly in the competitive struggle or who belong to minority groups; these people are then
geographically trapped because so much economic activity has migrated to the suburbs and
beyond.
Present-day architecture and planning have enormously worsened the human problems of
urban life. Old-established neighbourhoods have been ruthlessly swept away, by both public
and private organisations, usually to be replaced by huge, ugly, impersonal structures. People
have been forced to leave their familiar homes, usually to be rehoused in tower blocks which
are drab, inconvenient, and fail to provide any setting for human inter-action or support. This
destruction of established social structures is the worst possible approach to the difficulties of
living in a town or city. Instead, every effort should be made to conserve the human scale of the
environment, and to retain familiar landmarks.

81 According to the author, living in a city causes stress because there are so many
people who are .....
A anxious to succeed B in need of help
C naturally aggressive D likely to commit crime

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82 The author thinks that crime is increasing in cities because .....
A people do not communicate with their neighbours
B criminals are difficult to trace in large populations
C people feel anonymous there
D the trappings of success are attractive to criminals

83 The word “anonymity" as used in paragraph 1 can be replaced by

A calamity B vagueness C isolation D intensity

84 According to the article, what is the worst problem facing people living in cities?
A Crime B Finding somewhere to live
C Social isolation D Drugs and alcoholism

85 The majority of people who live in inner cities do so because they .....
A dislike having to travel far to work
B have been forced by circumstances to do so
C don’t like the idea of living in the suburbs
D have turned against society

86 Architectural changes have affected city life by .....

A dispersing long-established communities
B giving the individual a say in planning
C forcing people to live on top of each other
D making people move to the suburbs

87 The author’s general argument is that urban life would be improved by .....
A moving people out of tower blocks
B restoring old buildings
C building community centres
D preserving existing social systems

88 The word “drab" in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to .....

A inconsiderate B colourful C trapped D monotonous

SPORT AND TELEVISION IN THE 21ST CENTURY

“I wish to subscribe for the final of the football Championship which is being shown again this
evening.” “Fine, give me your personal code number.” A telephone, more likely, a computer
conversation which is short and direct. This will be the way of the sports consumer in the 21st
century.
Sport is heading for an indissoluble marriage with television and the passive spectator, the
voyeur of emotions and efforts by others, will enjoy a private paradise. All of this will be in the
future of sport. The spectator (the television audience) will be the priority and professional clubs
will have to readjust their structures to adapt to the new reality: sport as a business.
The new technologies will mean that spectators will no longer have to wait for broadcasts by the
conventional channels. They will be the ones who decide what to see. And they will have to pay
for it. In many parts of the world the system of the future has already started: Pay-as-you-view.
Everything will be offered by television and the spectator will only have to choose. The review
Sports Illustrated recently published a full profile of the life of the supporter at home in the

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middle of this century. It explained that the consumers would be able to select their view of the
match on a gigantic, flat screen occupying the whole of one wall, with images of a clarity which
can not be foreseen at present; they could watch from the trainer’s bench, from the stands just
behind the batter in a game of baseball or from the helmet of the star player in an American
football game. And at their disposal will be the same options the producer of the recorded
program has: to select replays, to choose which camera to use and to decide on the sound -
whether to hear the public, the players, the trainer and so on.
Many sports executives, largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new
technologies, still believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to
survive and ensure that spectators attend matches. They do not even accept the evidence
which contradicts their view: while there is more basketball 'than ever on television, for example,
it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever.
It is also the argument of these sports executives that television is harming the modest teams.
This is true, but the future of those teams is also modest. They have reached their ceiling. It is
the law of the market. The great events continually attract larger audiences.
The world is being constructed on new technologies so that people can make the utmost use of
their time and, in their home, have access to the greatest possible range of recreational
activities. Sport will have to adapt itself to the new world.
The most visionary executives go further. Their philosophy is: rather than see television take
over sport, why not have sport take over television? This is already the case in the US, where
there are plans for the baseball, American football, basketball and ice hockey leagues to create
their own television channels or share ownership in others. The events would be offered by the
many leagues and the benefits would accrue to those sports. A spectator could pay $1 to see a
major final. If the potential audience in the US is 30 million households, the organizing league
would receive $30 million for a single match. The leagues would benefit but so would the
athletes, converted into artistes capable of drawing the greatest audiences in the world.
The path will be traumatic but this will be the future. The new generation will call for sport in the
best conditions and as cheap as possible.

89 What is implied by the phrase “sports consumer”? (line 4)

A Sport is a commodity. B People like sport.
C Sport can't be bought. D Sport is only a form of recreation.

90 What does the writer mean by the use of the phrase “an indissoluble marriage” in line
5?
A Sport and TV are separate.
B Sport and TV will be linked permanently.
C Sport and TV will be more popular.
D Sport and TV will never change.

91 Who are "they” in line 11?

A Channels B Spectators C Broadcasts D Technologies

92 What is meant by the word “profile” in the line 15?

A a document B a painting C a file D a description

93 What is meant by the word “visionary” in line 37?

A can be seen B invisible
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C seeing far into the future D understandable

94 What, according to the writer, will be “traumatic"? (line 47)

A The change of sport to be controlled by TV.
B The way to the future.
C The change of TV technology.
D The future of sport and TV.

95 According to the passage, what do many sports executives believe about the new
technologies?
A Sport teams buy shares into existing television network.
B Sport must control the expansion of TV coverage.
C Sportsmen gain bigger fame and audience.
D Basketball is more popular than ever.

WRITING
Rewrite the following sentences, so that their meaning stay the same, using the exact
words given.

96 He stood no chance of passing his exams. INEVITABLE

...........................................................................................................
97 I am sure that he missed the eleven o’clock train. CAN’T
...........................................................................................................
98 It seems to be a foregone conclusion that Davis will win the gold DOUBT
medal.
...........................................................................................................
99 The film is similar to Shakespeare’s Hamlet in a number of ways. BEARS
...........................................................................................................
100 In all probability we will finish the project in December. CHANCES
...........................................................................................................
101 Most people regard him as being the best man for the job. WIDELY
...........................................................................................................
102 From the educational point of view his childhood years had been well IN
spent.
...........................................................................................................
103 You are wasting your time trying to make him change his mind. POINTLESS
...........................................................................................................
104 The thieves apparently got into the museum through the roof. SEEM
...........................................................................................................
105 Impressionist paintings are ridiculously expensive nowadays. PRICE
...........................................................................................................

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