Parenting styles and practices

The physiological or biological basis of moral and intellectual development has been discussed earlier. One other factor w/c affect the individual‟s
development is environmental influence. This is the external forces outside of the individual person.

Parenting styles

It is known as the parent‟s strategies. According to Diana Baumrind, there are three parenting styles, namely authoritarian [parents
attempt to shape, control and evaluate the behaviors and attitudes of their children in accordance w/ an absolute or respected authorities, thus,
obedience becomes a virtue]; authoritative [parents direct their children‟s activities in a rational and intelligent way. They are supportive, loving and
committed; support a give and-take relationship; discuss their rules and policies w/ children and encourage children to present their viewpoints] and
permissive [parents are less controlling and behave with an accepting and non-punishing attitude towards their children‟s desires, actions and
impulses.]

The fourth style was introduced by Maccoby and Martin in 1983. They coined the term uninvolved or neglectful [parents who take on a
hands-off stand in the affairs of their children.]

However, most parents combine different styles in child –rearing.

Effects of Parenting Styles

Parenting styles influence the development of children‟s personality.

1. Authoritarian parents are demanding and their children have less behavioral problems w/c are easily prevented. However, studies show
that children reared under autocratic parents tends to become withdrawn, fearful, and dependent. Children may suffer from low self-esteem.
2. Authoritative parents have children who are independent, reliable, rational and confident. These children generally feel good about
themselves.
3. Permissive parents rarely impose rules and are non-punishing. Thus, they tend to have children who do not put structure and order in
things that they do. For these children, anything goes.
4. Uninvolved parents are detached and indifferent to the needs of their children. As such, children grow up feeling unloved and cannot follow
instructions. Some fall prey or sort to substance abuse as a form of distraction or a way to get attention.

It must be noted that the kinds of parenting styles represent the dominant practices applied by parents in dealing with their children. it is important
that when children misbehave, they are made to realized the consequences of their behavior. On the other hand, if they behave well, the corresponding
reward or motivation should be given.