Computer Applications in Power Systems

Year 5
Power stream
Section 1 and 2

July 23, 2021 1

 Computer Applications in Power Systems

Course Contents

 SCADA Systems

 On-line and real-time applications of computers for automatic

generation control and voltage control

 Economic dispatch control, Computer aided protection

 Automation: Monitoring, protection and control, Intelligent

Electronic Devices.

July 23, 2021 2

 Introduction to SCADA Fundamentals and
Implementation

Supervisory control and data acquisition

July 23, 2021 3

Electric power generation, Buildings, facilities and
transmission and distribution: environments: Facility
Electric utilities detect current flow and managers use SCADA to
line voltage, to monitor the operation of control HVAC, refrigeration
circuit breakers, and to take sections of units, lighting and entry
the power grid online or offline. systems.

Manufacturing: manage parts

inventories for just-in-time
manufacturing, regulate industrial
automation and robots, and monitor
process and quality control.

Mass transit: regulate electricity to

subways, trams and trolley buses; to
automate traffic signals for rail
systems; to track and locate trains
and buses; and to control railroad
crossing gates.

Water and sewage: State and

municipal water utilities use
SCADA to monitor and regulate
water flow, reservoir levels, pipe
pressure and other factors.

Traffic signals: regulates

July 23, 2021 traffic lights, controls traffic
flow and detects out-of-
SCADA control 4
order signals.
 POWER
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

Remote Telemetry Unit (RTU)

WATER
DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM

SCADA MASTER UNITS

HUMAN COMPUTER INTERFACE

Remote Telemetry Unit (RTU)

PROCESS
PLANT
July 23, 2021 5
TRANSPORT SYSTEM PETROCHEMICAL PLANT
 16 Digital i/o SITE monitoring Pager
Time Sync Notification
2 Analogue inputs
2 control outputs
1 RS232 port 10 RouteT LAN

Remote
Telemetry Sites
Units 1-8
(RTU)

Rs232

SNMP
monitoring
Dial-up remote
Access
Alarms from remote DPS TELECOM SCADA
July 23, 2021 equipment SYSTEMS 6
 A SCADA system performs four functions:
1. Data acquisition
2. Networked data communication
3. Data presentation
4. Control

July 23, 2021 7

These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA
components:
 Sensors (either digital or analogue) and control relays that
directly interface with the managed system.
 Remote telemetry units (RTUs). These are small computerized
units deployed in the field at specific sites and locations.
RTUs serve as local collection points for gathering reports from
sensors and delivering commands to control relays.

July 23, 2021 8

  SCADA master units. These are larger computer consoles that
serve as the central processor for the SCADA system. Master
units provide a human interface to the system and
automatically regulate the managed system in response to
sensor inputs.
 The communications network that connects the SCADA
master unit to the RTUs in the field.

July 23, 2021 9

Data Acquisition
SCADA system needs to monitor hundreds or thousands of
sensors.
Sensors measure:
1. Inputs and outputs e.g. water flowing into a reservoir (input),
valve pressure as water is released from the reservoir (output).
2. Discrete inputs (or digital input) e.g. whether equipment is on
or off, or tripwire alarms, like a power failure at a critical facility.
3. Analogue inputs: where exact measurement is important e.g. to
detect continuous changes in a voltage or current input, to
track fluid levels in tanks, voltage levels in batteries, temperature
and other factors that can be measured in a continuous range
of input.

July 23, 2021 10

 For most analogue factors, there is a normal range defined
by a bottom and top level e.g. temperature in a server room
between 15 and 25 degrees Centigrade. If the temperature
goes outside this range, it will trigger a threshold alarm.
 In more advanced systems, there are four threshold alarms
for analogue sensors, defining Major Under, Minor Under,
Minor Over and Major Over alarms.

July 23, 2021 11

Data Communication
A communications network is required to monitor multiple
systems from a central location.
 TREND: put SCADA data on Ethernet and IP over SONET.
 SECURITY: Keep data on closed LAN/WANs without
exposing sensitive data to the open Internet.
 Encode data in protocol format (use open, standard protocols
and protocol mediation)

July 23, 2021 12

 Sensors and control relays can’t generate or interpret protocol
communication - a remote telemetry unit (RTU) is needed to
provide an interface between the sensors and the SCADA
network.
 RTU encodes sensor inputs into protocol format and forwards
them to the SCADA master;
 RTU receives control commands in protocol format from the
master and transmits electrical signals to the appropriate
control relays.

July 23, 2021 13

Data Presentation
SCADA systems report to human operators over a master
station, HMI (Human-Machine Interface) or HCI (Human-
Computer Interface).
SCADA master station has several different functions:
 continuously monitors all sensors and alerts the operator
when there is an “alarm”
 presents a comprehensive view of the entire managed
system,
 presents more detail in response to user requests
 performs data processing on information gathered from
sensors
 maintains report logs and summarizes historical trends.

July 23, 2021 14

Selection of RTU’s
RTUs need to:
 communicate with all on-site equipment
 survive an industrial environment. Rugged construction and
ability to withstand extremes of temperature and
humidity (it needs to be the most reliable element in your
facility).
 have sufficient capacity to support the equipment at a site
(though should support expected growth over a reasonable
period of time).
 have a secure, redundant power supply for 24/7 working,
support battery power and, ideally, two power inputs.

July 23, 2021 15

 have redundant communication ports e.g. secondary
serial port or internal modem to keep the RTU online even if
the LAN fails (multiple communication ports easily support a
LAN migration strategy)
 have non-volatile memory (NVRAM) for storing
software and/or firmware. New firmware downloadable over
LAN to keep RTU capabilities up to date without excessive
site visits
 control local systems by themselves (Intelligent control)
according to programmed responses to sensor inputs
 have a real-time clock to accurately date/time stamp
reports
 have a watchdog timer to ensure that the RTU restarts
after a power failure.
July 23, 2021 16
 Selection of SCADA Master
 A SCADA master should display information in the most
useful ways to human operators and intelligently regulate
managed systems. It should :
 have flexible, programmable soft controls to respond to
sensor inputs
 allow programming for soft alarms (reports of complex
events that track combinations of sensor inputs and
date/time statements).
 automatically page or email directly to repair technicians and
provide detailed information display in plain English, with a
complete description of what activity is happening and how
to manage it.

July 23, 2021 17

 have tools to filter out nuisance alarms (to prevents
operators from loosing confidence and stop responding even
to critical alarms)
 support multiple backup masters, in separate locations
(primary SCADA master fails, a second master on the
network automatically takes over, with no interruption of
monitoring and control functions)
 support multiple open protocols to safeguard the SCADA
system against unplanned obsolescence.

July 23, 2021 18

 CHAPTER 2:
On-line and real-time applications of computers for
(AGC) and voltage control

 AGC major objectives

 Tie-Line Control
 Two areas systems
 area control error (ACE)
 Tie-line bias supplementary control for two areas
 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) Implementation
 AGC Features

July 23, 2021 19

 AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL

Automatic generation control (ÁGC) is the name given to a

control system having three major objectives:
1. To hold system frequency at or very close to a
specified nominal value (e.g.,50 Hz).
2. To maintain the correct value of interchange
power between control areas.
3. To maintain each generation at the most economic value.

July 23, 2021 20

 AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL system

• The Generation Control system contains real-time processes

that regulate the generation of power in accordance with
operational and economic constraints
• The Automatic Generation Control (AGC) regulates the output
of electric generating units in order to maintain the power
system frequency and/or control area net interchange to their
scheduled values.
• AGC can also regulate the power output of electric generating
units to ensure compliance with the current system production
schedule.

July 23, 2021 21

 Cont’d

Maintains system frequency and control area net interchange at

their scheduled values.
Divided into the following sections:
• Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
• Economic Dispatch (ED)

July 23, 2021 22

 Economic Dispatch (ED)

• The Economic Dispatch (ED) function calculates the optimum

basepoints for in-service economically dispatch able generating
units
• The economically dispatch able generating units are controlled
generating units that can be modeled as thermal units or hydro
units.

July 23, 2021 23

 Supplementary control

July 23, 2021 24

 Cont’d

 we may start out assuming that we are studying a single

generating unit supplying load to an isolated power system.
 A load change will produce a frequency change with a
magnitude that depends on the droop characteristics of the
governor and the frequency characteristics of the system
load.

July 23, 2021 25

 Cont’d

 Once a load change has occurred, a supplementary control must

act to restore the frequency to nominal value.
 This can be accomplished by adding a reset (integral) control to
the governor, as shown in the above Figure.
 The reset control action of the supplementary controller will
force the frequency error to zero by adjustment of the speed
reference set point.
 For example, the error shown in the bottom diagram would be
forced to zero.

July 23, 2021 26

 Cont’d

July 23, 2021 27

 Complete block diagram representation of LFC of
an isolated power system:

• A Complete block diagram representation of an isolated

power system can be obtained by combining individual blocks
of speed governor, turbine, generator & load

July 23, 2021 28

 Tie-Line Control
When two utilities interconnect their systems, they do so for
several reasons.
 One is to be able to buy and sell power with neighboring
systems whose operating costs make such transactions
profitable.
 even if no power is being transmitted over ties to
neighboring systems, if one system has a sudden loss of a
generating unit, the units throughout all the interconnection
will experience a frequency change and can help in restoring
frequency.
 Interconnections present a very interesting control problem
with respect to allocation of generation to meet load.
July 23, 2021 29
 Two areas systems

July 23, 2021 30

 Cont’d

The hypothetical situation in Figure above will be used to illustrate

this problem.
Assume both systems in Figure have equal generation and load
characteristics (R1 = R2, D1 = D2) and, further, assume system 1
was sending 100 MW to system 2 under an interchange agreement
made between the operators of each system. Now, let system 2
experience a sudden load increase of 30 MW. Since both units have
equal generation characteristics, they will both experience a 15 MW
increase, and the tie line will experience an increase in flow from
100 MW to 115 MW

July 23, 2021 31

 Cont’d

 The 30 MW load increase in system 2 will have been satisfied by a

15 MW increase in generation in system 2, plus a 15 MW increase
in tie flow into system 2.
 This would be fine, except that system 1 contracted to sell only
100 MW, not 115 MW, and its generating costs have just gone up
without anyone to bill the
extra cost to, What is needed at this point is a control scheme
that recognizes the fact that the 30 MW load increase occurred in
system 2 and, therefore, would increase generation in system 2 by
30 MW while restoring frequency to nominal value. It would also
restore generation in system I to its output before the load
increase occurred.
July 23, 2021 32
 Cont’d

 Such a control system must use two pieces of information: the

system frequency and the net power flowing in or out over the
tie lines.
 Such a control scheme would, of necessity, have to recognize
the following.
1. If frequency decreased and net interchange power leaving
the system increased, a load increase has occurred outside the
system.
2. If frequency decreased and net interchange power leaving
the system decreased, a load increase has occurred inside the
system.

July 23, 2021 33

 Cont’d

This can be extended to cases where frequency increases

We will make the following definition
P net, int =total actual net interchange (+power leaving the
system - power entering )
P net, int schedule=scheduled or desired value

Pnet int = Pnet int- Pnet int scheduled

July 23, 2021 34

 Cont’d

July 23, 2021 35

 Cont’d

July 23, 2021 36

 Cont’d

 The required change in generation, historically called the

area control error or ACE, represents the shift in the
area & generation required to restore frequency and net
interchange to their desired values. The equations for ACE
for each area are

July 23, 2021 37

 Cont’d

July 23, 2021 38

 Cont’d

 Tie-line bias supplementary control for two areas, This

control can be carried out using the scheme outlined.
 Note: that the values of B1 and B2 would have to change each
time a unit was committed or decommitted, in order to have
the exact values as given above equation.
 Actually, the integral action of the supplementary controller
will guarantee a reset of ACE to zero even when B1 and B2
are in error.

July 23, 2021 39

 Tie-line bias supplementary control for two areas

July 23, 2021 40

 Automatic Generation Control (AGC) Implementation

Modern implementation of automatic generation control

(AGC) schemes usually consists of a central location where

information pertaining to the system is telemetered.

Control actions are determined in a digital computer and then

transmitted to the generation units via the same telemetry

channels.

July 23, 2021 41

 Cont’d

To implement an AGC system, one would require the following

information at the control center.

1. Unit megawatt output for each committed unit,

2. Megawatt flow over each tie line to neighboring systems.

3. System frequency.

July 23, 2021 42

 Good AGC system

1. The ACE signal should ideally be kept from becoming too

large. Since ACE is directly influenced by random load
variations, this criterion can be treated statistically by saying
that the standard deviation of ACE should be small.
2. ACE should not be allowed to “drift.” This means that the
integral of ACE over an appropriate time should be small.
“Drift” in ACE has the effect of creating system time errors
or what are termed inadvertent interchange errors.
3. The amount of control action called for by the AGC
should be kept to a minimum. Many of the errors in ACE,
for example, are simply random load changes that need not
cause control action. Trying to “chase” these random load
variations will only wear out the unit speed-changing
hardware.

July 23, 2021 43

 AGC Features

This section will serve as a simple catalog of some of the features

that can be found in most AGC systems.
 Assist action: Often the incremental heat rate curves for
generating units will give trouble to an AGC when an excessive
ACE occurs.
 If one unit’s participation factor is dominant, it will take most of
the control action and the other units will remain relatively fixed.

July 23, 2021 44

 Cont’d
 Although it is the proper thing to do as far as economics are
concerned, the one unit that is taking all the action will not be
able to change its output fast enough when a large ACE calls for
a large change in generation.
 The assist logic then comes into action by moving more of the
units to correct ACE. When the ACE is corrected, the AGC
then restores the units back to economic output.

July 23, 2021 45

 Cont’d

 Filtering of ACE: As indicated earlier, much of the change in

ACE may be random noise that need not be “chased” by the
generating units.
 Most AGC programs use elaborate, adaptive nonlinear
filtering schemes to try to filter out random noise from true
ACE deviations that need control action.
 Telemetry failure logic: Logic must be provided to insure
that the AGC will not take wrong action when a telemetered
value it is using fails.
 The usual design is to suspend all AGC action when this
condition happens.
July 23, 2021 46
 Cont’d

 Unit control detection: Sometimes a generating unit will not

respond to raised lower pulses. For the sake of overall control,
the AGC ought to take this into account.
 Such logic will detect a unit that is not following raised/lower
pulses and suspend control to it, thereby causing the AGC to
reallocate control action among the other units on control.
 Ramp control: Special logic allows the AGC to ramp a unit
form one output to another at a specified rate of change in
output.
 This is most useful in bringing units on-line and up to full
output.

July 23, 2021 47

 Cont’d

 Rate limiting: All AGC designs must account for the fact that
units cannot change their output too rapidly.
 This is especially true of thermal units where mechanical and
thermal stresses are limiting. The AGC must limit the rate of
change such units will be called on to undergo during fast load
changes.
 Unit control modes: Many units in power systems are not
under full AGC control. Various special control modes must be
provided such as manual. base load, and base load and regulating.
 For example. base load and regulating units are held at their base
load value but are allowed to move as assist action dictates, and
are then restored to base-load value

July 23, 2021 48

 CHAPTER 3:
Economic dispatch control, Computer aided
protection

 What is System Protection

 Purpose of System Protection
 Computer aided protection
 Expected benefits of computer relaying
 What Components (Equipment) Do We Protect
 Comparison of Electro-Mechanical to Microprocessor-Based
Protective Relays

July 23, 2021 49

 What is System Protection?

System protection is the art and science of detecting problems

with power system components and isolating these
components.
 Problems on the power system include:
1.Short circuits
2.Abnormal conditions
3.Equipment failures
The protection system defines as:
Protective relays, associated communication systems,
voltage and current sensing devices, station batteries and
DC control circuitry.
July 23, 2021 50
 PROTECTIVE RELAYS

Relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of

the CB to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system.

7/23/2021 51
 Purpose of System Protection

 Protect the public

 Improve system stability
 Minimize damage to equipment
 Protect against overloads
 Employ relay techs and engineers

July 23, 2021 52

 Computer aided protection

 The field of computer relaying started with attempts to

investigate whether power system relaying functions could be
performed with a digital computer.
 The short circuit, load flow, and stability problems – whose
solution was the primary preoccupation of power system
planners – had already been converted to computer programs,
replacing the DC boards and the Network Analyzers.

July 23, 2021 53

 Cont’d

 Relaying was thought to be the next promising and exciting field

for computerization.
 It was clear from the outset that digital computers of that period
could not handle the technical needs of high speed relaying
functions.

July 23, 2021 54

 Expected benefits of computer relaying

 It would be well to summarize the advantages offered by

computer relays, and some of the features of this technology
which have required new operational considerations.
Among the benefits flowing from computer relays are:
 Cost
 Self-checking and reliability
 System integration and digital environment
 Functional flexibility and adaptive relaying

July 23, 2021 55

 What Components (Equipment) Do we Protect?

 Generators
 Transformers
 Reactors(components of electric ckt used to create
reactance)
 Lines
 Buses
 Capacitors

July 23, 2021 56

 Differential protection of power equipment (generator)

• Obviously, the short circuit currents caused by these faults can

cause damage to the generator winding & core.
• Hence, these faults should be cleared by high speed
instantaneous relays.
• Faults between conductors can sometimes be repaired by re-
tapping or replacing the conductor,
• Figure below shows the simplified scheme of differential
protection.

July 23, 2021 57

 Cont’d

July 23, 2021 58

 Cont’d

 For the generator differential protection, identical CTs & relay

connection should fulfill the basic requirement.
 But ideally identical CTs & equal lead lengths (from CT1 to
relay & CT2 to relay) can not be obtained in practice.
 If the lead lengths are not equal, adjustable extra resistances
can be connected in series with pilot wires so that the relay
coil is connected to the equipotential points (or for non
identical CTs, a biased differential relay can be used).

July 23, 2021 59

 Cont’d

 Another way to solve the problem of non-identical CTs &

unequal lead lengths is by the use of stabilizing resistance in
series with the relay coil.
 The value of the stabilizing resistance can be find out by
considering the worst case i.e. absolute saturation of one of
CT while other is working in its linear range.
 This is the simple way of assessing the criteria of stability
against through faults, since if the relay setting is greater than
the spill current calculated by this method, stability is assured.

July 23, 2021 60

 Cont’d

Referring figure below & for the worst condition…..

Lm1, Lm2 – Magnetizing Inductances of CT1 & CT2
RCT – CT secondary resistance
RL – lead resistance
RR – relay resistance
LR – relay inductance
RSTAB – stabilizing resistance.

July 23, 2021 61

 Cont’d

 Figure below shows the equivalent circuit of figure above.

 From figure, voltage across the relay VR,
VR = IR (RR + XR) = if (RCT + RL)
Normally LR is small & hence XR << RR

July 23, 2021 62

 Cont’d

• The current through relay IR as given in above equation

can be limited by connecting extra stabilizing resistance
Rstab in series with the relay coil. IR will then reduced to
….

• The desired value of stabilizing resistance can be

calculated from the expression….
• where IS = pick up setting of the relay

July 23, 2021 63

Example

A generator having rated current equal to 1000 A is to be

protected by circulating current differential relay using stabilizing
resistor.
The through fault stability is required up to 10 times full load
current.
Assuming one set of CTs at one end completely saturated. CT
ratio is 1000/1 amp. CT secondary resistance = 0.05 ohm and
total lead burden = 1 ohm (from CT to relay), determine the
required stabilizing resistance.
Relay picks up at 0.1 A and relay has resistive burden of 50 ohm.

July 23, 2021 64

 Solution:
Using equation… VR = if (RCT + RL)
= 10x1 (0.05 + 1)
= 10 (1.05) = 10.5 volts

Using equation Rstab = VR/ Is – RR

= ((10.5 / 0.1 )- 50)ohm

(105-50 )ohm
= 55 ohm
Thus…
stabilizing resistance should have a value less than 55 ohm.

July 23, 2021 65

Cont’d

July 23, 2021 66

 Cont’d

July 23, 2021 67

Example

July 23, 2021 68

 Cont’d

July 23, 2021 69

 Example 2
• A generator is provided with restricted e/f protection. The
ratings are 11 kV, 5000 KVA. The percentage of winding
protected against phase to ground fault is 80%. The relay
setting such that it trips for 25% out of balance. Calculate the
resistance to be added in neutral to ground connection.
Solution:
V = 11 x 103 / √3 = 6340 V

I = KVA / √3 kV = 5000 / √3 x 11 = 262 A

Io = 262 x 25% = 262 x 25 / 100 = 65.5 A

7/23/2021 70
 Continued…
% of winding unprotected = (R x Io / V) x 100
20 = (R x 65.5 / 6340) x 100

hence, resistance to be added in neutral to ground

connection is…….

R = ( 20 x 6340 / 65.5 x 100 ) = 1.94 ohm

Therefore,
R = 1.94 ohm

7/23/2021 71
Transformer Protection
Why transformer protection ???
 To Protect the Transformer from severe damages.
 Time required to rectify the Transformer in case of damages is
more and it is very difficult.

 Operation of a power network when the power transformer is

out of service is always difficult.

7/23/2021 72
 What cause transformer failure?

Winding Bushing
 Insulation deterioration come Bushings deterioration come
from: from:
 Moisture  General aging
 Contamination
 Vibration
 Cracking
 Overheating  Internal moisture
 Voltage surge

7/23/2021 73
Transformer Protection Scheme

Mechanical Electrical
1. Bias Differential Protection
1. Buchholz relay 2. Over Fluxing
2. Sudden pressure 3. Over Voltage
4. Under Voltage
3. Pressure relief 5. Neutral Unbalance
4. Temperature 6. Restricted Earth Fault
protection 7. Back up O/C & E/F

7/23/2021 74
Comparison of Electro-Mechanical to Microprocessor-Based
Protective Relays

Advantages of Electromechanical
 Lower Cost
 Easier to Test
Disadvantages of Electromechanical
 Need three individual relays
 Maintain more often
 Moving Parts
 Usually performs only one protective function
 Slower operating than Micro-Processor Based

July 23, 2021 75

 Advantages of Micro-Processor Based

Performs hundreds of protective functions

 Only one relay needed for all phases
 Faster operating than Electromechanical
 Self-Monitoring
 Takes up less space
 Longer maintenance cycle(?adv or disad)
Disadvantages Micro-Processor Based
 Higher Cost
 Complex training for testing

July 23, 2021 76

 Cont’d

July 23, 2021 77

 End of chapter 3

July 23, 2021 78

 CHAPTER 4:
Automation: Monitoring, protection and control, Intelligent
Electronic Devices (IEDs)

 FACTS devices
 Power Flow Control on AC Systems
2

 FACTS Applications and Implementations

 FACTS Devices connection
0

 FACTS Technology - Possible Benefits 2

10 5 0 5 10

 FACTS + Energy Storage

 Enhanced Power Transfer and Stability
 Power Quality Issues
 Intelligent electronic device

July 23, 2021 79

 FACTS devices

FACTS devices (FACTS=flexible AC transmission system)

 FACTS are designed to remove constraints and to meet planners´,
investors´ and operators´ goals without their having to undertake
major system additions.
 This offers ways of attaining an increase of power transmission
capacity at optimum conditions, i.e. at maximum availability,
minimum transmission losses, and minimum environmental impact.
Plus, of course, at minimum investment cost and time expenditure.

July 23, 2021 80

 Cont’d

 The term ”FACTS” covers several power electronics based

systems used for AC power transmission.
 Given the nature of power electronics equipment, FACTS
solutions will be particularly justifiable in applications requiring one
or more of the following qualities:
 Rapid dynamic response
 Ability for frequent variations in output
 Smoothly adjustable output.

July 23, 2021 81

 Cont’d

 Important applications in power transmission involving FACTS

and Power Quality devices:
 SVC (Static Var Compensators)
 Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitors (TCSC) and Statcom.
 PST (Phase-shifting Transformers)
 IPC (Interphase Power Controllers)
 UPFC (Universal Power Flow Controllers), and
 DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorers).

July 23, 2021 82

 Power Flow Control on AC Systems

Radial
Parallel

Meshed

July 23, 2021 83

 Cont’d

July 23, 2021 84

 FACTS Applications and Implementations

Transmission Transfer Capacity Enhancement

Steady State Dynamic
Issues Traditional Solutions Issues
Voltage Limits Breaking Advanced Solutions Transient Stability
Thermal Limits Resistors Load Damping Power Swings
Angular Stability Limits FACTS
Loop Flows
Shedding Post-Contingency
Voltage Control
Fixed Energy Voltage Stability
Compensation Storage Subsynchronous Res.

Line Enhanced
Transmission Power Transfer
Reconfiguration
Link and Stability
Better
Protection SVC
FACTS STATCOM
Increased TCSC, SSSC
Devices UPFC
Inertia

July 23, 2021 85

 FACTS Devices Connection

Shunt Connected
Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Static Synchronous Generator - SSG
Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

Combined Series and Series-Shunt Connected

Static Synchronous Series Controllers (SSSC)
Thyristor Controlled Phase-Shifting Transformer or
Phase Angle Regulator (PAR)
Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC)
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)

July 23, 2021 86

 FACTS Technology - Possible Benefits

 Control of power flow as ordered.

 Increase the loading capability of lines to their thermal capabilities,
Increase the system security through raising the transient stability
limit, limiting short-circuit currents and overloads,
 Provide secure tie lines connections to neighboring utilities and
regions thereby decreasing overall generation reserve
requirements on both sides.
 Provide greater flexibility in siting new generation.
 Reduce reactive power flows, thus allowing the lines to carry
more active power.
 Reduce loop flows.
 Increase utilization of lowest cost generation.
July 23, 2021 87
Enhanced Power Transfer and Stability: Technologies’ Perspective

Compensation FACTS Devices

Devices Energy Storage

Fast
SMES Real Power Injection
and Absorption
P
TSSC
P TSSC
P
SSSC Additional
UPFC SSSC
UPFC
Stability
Margin
Electric Grid Electric Grid
2

Q STATCOM Q STATCOM
1.5
Acceleration
Area
Deceleration
Area

Power Transfer
1 Stability
Margin
Fast Fast 0.5

Reactive Power Injection Reactive Power Injection and

and Absorption Absorption 0
0 0.5 1 1.5
Phase Angle
2 2.5 3

July 23, 2021 88

 Q
FACTS + Energy Storage
The Role of Energy Storage: real
power compensation can
increase operating control and STATCOM
reduce capital costs Reactive Power Only
Operates in the
vertical axis only
MVA Reduction P P - Active Power
Q - Reactive Power

The Combination or Real

and Reactive Power will
typically reduce the Rating
of the Power Electronics
front end interface.
Real Power takes care of STATCOM + SMES
power oscillation, whereas Real and Reactive Power
reactive power controls Operates anywhere within the
voltage. PQ Plane / Circle (4-Quadrant)

July 23, 2021 89

 Enhanced Power Transfer and Stability:
Location and Configuration Type Sensitivity

No Compensation
60
.8

59
.2

time (sec)

2 STATCOMs 1 STATCOM + SMES

60 60
.8 .8

59 59
.2 .2

time (sec)
time (sec)
Voltage and Stability Control Enhanced Voltage and Stability Control
(2 x 80 MVA Inverters) ( 80 MVA Inverter + 100Mjs SMES)

July 23, 2021 90

 Power Quality Issues

The Need For An Integrated Perspective of PQ

 Harmonics
 Imbalance
 Voltage Fluctuations
 Voltage Sags
 Standards, Limits, Diagnostics, and Recommendations
Flexibility, Compatibility, Probabilistic Nature, Alternative
Indices
 Combined effects

July 23, 2021 91

 Intelligent electronic device

An Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) is a term used in the

electric power industry to describe microprocessor-based
controllers of power system equipment, such as circuit
breakers, transformers and capacitor banks
IEDs receive data from sensors and power equipment and can
issue control commands, such as tripping circuit breakers if they
sense voltage, current, or frequency anomalies, or raise/lower
voltage levels in order to maintain the desired level.
Common types of IEDs include protective relaying devices, On
Load Tap Changer controllers, circuit breaker controllers,
capacitor bank switches, recloser controllers, voltage regulators
etc
July 23, 2021 92
 Cont’d

 Digital protective relays are primarily IEDs, using a

microprocessor to perform several protective, control and
similar functions.
 A typical IED can contain around 5-12 protection functions, 5-8
control functions controlling separate devices, an auto reclose
function, self monitoring function, communication functions etc.
Hence, they are aptly named as Intelligent Electronic Devices.
 Some recent IEDs are designed to support
the IEC61850 standard for substation automation, which
provides interoperability and advanced communications
capabilities.

July 23, 2021 93

 Cont’d

Protective relay is an example of an Intelligent Electronic

Device

July 23, 2021 94