1.

Basic grammatical categories… were lost by the adjective in Late Middle

English – number,gender,case,definiteness/indefiniteness
2. Most peculiar feature of the development… of English personal pronouns –
basis of different dialectal elements
3. d)
4. grammatical category of gender was ruined in Early – was largely ruined
because unstressed endings were lost
5. syntactical source of the present-day analytical form – verb to have
6. simplification of the grammatical forms of presentation of the category of
number of nouns – reduction of unstressed endings
7. irregular plural form of the noun child in Modern – comes back to Old
English vocalic stems
8. origin of the … they – it is Scandinavian borrowing
9. origin of the form of the Modern English possessive case – Old English
genitive case
10.origin of the gerund in Modern English – Old English verbal noun
11.origin of the present-day verbal ending of the third person singular –
Northern dialects of English
12.grammatical category of gender of nouns completely disappeared – the end
of the Middle English period
13.right explanation … of … definite article in English – demonstrative
pronoun
14.syntactical source of the present-day continuous – was the combination of
the verb beon / wesan and participle
15.why the word order became fixed in a Middle English simple sentence –
inflections were mostly lost in Middle English
16.grammatical changes as the result of which analytical forms have developed
in the history of English – Grammaticalization
17.analytical forms of the oblique moods in English – subjunctive forms were
lost as a result of the reduction
18.basic reason for the appearance of numerous formations by analogy in …
system of strong verbs Middle… Modern – result of the ruin of gradation
patterns
19.origin of the particle to before the infinitive in Modern English – a
preposition
20.syntactical source of the present-day analytical form of the future tense –
willan and the infinitive
21.origin of the grammatical form of the Modern English personal pronoun –
plural nominative form
22.adjective lost its inflectional forms – reduction of unstressed vowels in
inflections
23.part of speech … has acquired new grammatical categories – the verb
24.personal pronoun of the second person singular disappear from the every-
day literary language usage – seventeen-eighteen centuries
25.origin of the past ending –ed of … regular verbs- dental suffix of Old
Germanic
26.archaic form thou – personal pronoun of the second person singular
27.double negation – in Late Modern English
28.for the weakening of case endings in nouns in Middle English – action of
reduction of unstressed vowels
29.development of modal verbs in English – preterite-present verbs
30.the present day analytical form of the passive voice – basis of the compound
nominal predicate (the verb beon/wesan and participle ||)
31.irregular plural form of the noun ox (oxen) – Old English weak stems
32.feet, geese, men – English root-stems
33.disappearance of the dative case in Middle English – changes in the
semantic structure of the case
34.grammatical categories of the adjective – only the grammatical category of
degrees of comparison
35.deep in the phrase four feet deep - of the adverb
36.Modern English suffix of adverbs – combination of the Old English
adjectves… and … the Old English adverb
37.reason for the ruin of the gradation patterns – as a result of phonetic
changes
38.of the grammatical form hath + past participle – action performed in the
past and connected with the present
39.present-day English non-standard verbs – strong and weak
40.shall and will … in the times of Shakespeare – shall and will for the
persons was not yet fixed
41.grammatical forms …of the verbal paradigm – in Late Modern English
42.write-wrote-written and bite-bit-bitten – regular phonetic changes
43.new parts of speech in Middle and Early Modern English – Particles and
interjections
44.“when yellow leaves ,or none , or tew” – stylistically neutral grammatical
45.my and mine in the times of Shakespeare – grammatically conditioned
46. possessive pronoun its appeared – Early Modern English
47.indefinite article in Modern English – to the numeral
48.origin of the regular plural noun ending in Modern English – a stems
49.present subjunctives form
50.basic pattern of the development of Modern English regular verbs – class 1
(regular) and verbs of class 2
51.time of the appearance … first French loan-words in English – Benedictine
reform
52.functional character of Early Modern English French – widely used in oral
53.semantic spheres of use of Old English Latin loan-words do - spheres of use
in that period were religion , education , and learning
54.explains the appearance of the suffixes : -able, -age, -or, -ess – they are
borrowed suffixes from French
55.origin of the Modern English lexemes : cattle , to catch , to carry , carriage –
adopted from Old Norman French
56.the appearance of the lexemes : schools, priest, cheese, wine – from French
in Late Middle English
57.the main sources of loan-words in Middle English – the most part of
Middle…Scandinavian, French, Latin
58.basic reason for the development of… the Scandinavian loan-words into
English – the settlement of the Danes and the Norwegians in Anglo-
Saxon England
59.historical and social background to the French influence on the English
language – after the Norman Conquest
60.the dominant semantic fields of French … before the thirteenth century –
government, administration, military, activity
61.shirt/skirt, shatter/scatter, to raise/to rise – they arose … as a result of
Scandinavian
62.to catch/to chase, cattle/chattel – borrowing from different dialects of
French: Central French, and Norman French
63.what suffixes – suffixes : -ance, -ment , -ous
64. the chronological frames of the less assimilated French – they mainly
came… seventeenth-eighteenth
65.the basic reason for the development of the … background to Latin loan-
words in the Modern English period – inflow of Latin … by the
Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution
66.dominant semantic fields of Italian loan-words in the history of English –
Finance, military, activity and cookery
67.Spanish loan-words in the history of English – the Great Geographical
Discoveries
68.Right explanation for the origin … sciences, the Humanities and technology
in Modern English – lexemes… from Latin
69.etymological doublets: strict/strait, feat/fact in English – dialects of French:
Central French and Norman French
70.historical and social background to Italian loan-words in the history of
English – the age of the Renaissance
71.Latin loan-words in the Old English period – the introduction of
Christianity
72.Set of the Modern English lexical units … only of Americanisms – Movies,
gasoline, fall, sidewalk.
73.set of… etymologically… only of Spanish loan-words – embargo, tornado
74.set of the Modern English lexical … only of Italian loan-words – soprano,
mafia
75.set of Modern English … only of German loan-words – Zinc,
semester,blitz,waltz
76.only of Dutch loan-words – landcapes,reef
77.word-formation devices… characterized by the highest level …English –
Suffixation
78.development of the English lexis – introduction of Christianity
79.tartan, kilt, dun, crag(rock), in Modern English – borrowing from Celtic
80.conversation … in the history of English – in Late Middle English
81.the most productive in old English – prefixation and suffixation
82.English… considerable in number – Latin and French loan-words
83.The basic reason for a quick assimilation of Scandinavian loan-words in the
English language – the Scandinavians was close to the Northern dialects
of the English people
84.About Old English native lexemes – fall into Indo-European, Common
Germanic , West-Germanic, and English proper
85.Modern English lexical… Indo-European words by origin –
blood,mouth,half,hand
86.Spanish loan-words – trade, flora,fauna,natural phenomena
87.Scandinavian loan-words – law,everyday,life,natural,phenomena
88.Modern English lexemes … navigation and shipbuildings – these lexemes
were mostly adopted from Dutch
89.the indirect way – Latin and Greek loan-words came into English – through
French
90.fields of German loan-words.. of English – Philosohy, specific
91.fields of Dutch loan-words… of Eng. – shipbuildings, nagigation
92.Latin loan-words in Late Middle Eng. And Modern Eng. – natural sciences
93.Dept, doupt, subtle be – the spelling … latinized under the Latin influence
94.adjectives … to the noun son – Filial
 95.channel of communication – Greek lexemes
96.French… in Late Modern Eng. – Art and fashions, military, activity
97.Scandinavian lexemes by origin – window, leg, skirt, sky
98.When… was thr French influence on expnasion – after the Norman
Conquest in the 11-12 centuries
99.Explanation for the time … Scandinavian loan-words in Eng. – English-
period
100.Modern Eng. Lexical… French loan-words… from the Anglo-Norman
dialect – cattle, carpenter
101.remarkable feature… Middle Eng. … of the sound system – a growing
tendency for dialectal variation
102.burden, much – the Southern dialects
103.phonological result … Great Vowel Shift – phonetically long vowels and
diphthongs
104.result of the reduction … Eng. – Changes in the morphological system
105.what … process… was/were – action of a low of rhoticism
106.development of Middle Eng. vowel system – dialectical divercity
107.swallow water.. Modern Eng.- labialization after /w/
108.spelling … busy – dialectal forms
109.to bury – mixture of West-Southern and Northern dialectal forms
110.fricatives and … Great Vowel Shift
111.phonetic process… system vowels in Modern Eng. – of the Great Vowel
Shift
112.why the phonemic opposition open::close appeared in Middle Eng. – as
result of some quantitative and qualitative changes of vowels
113.lord, car, ball, tall- vocalization of liquids
114.phonological essence of the Great Vowel Shift – the correlation
checked/non-checked
115.one of phonological results of the Great Vowel Shift – long monophthongs
increased in number
116.champagne, machine, chief – process of borrowing from French in
Middle Eng.
117.discrepancy… Modern Eng. spelling and pronunciation – interaction of
different dialectal variant forms
118.dance, grass, grasp, plant – quantitative vowel changes
119.developments of the Old Eng. phoneme /a:/ in Early Middle Eng. -
/a:/became rounded and raised in the Northern dialects
120.development of the Modern Eng. phonemes /a:/ and /c:/ -
monophthongization … diphthongs and the vocalization … liquid /r/
121.sociolinguistic factor … sound changes in Early Middle Eng. – decrease in
the social function
122.phonemic contrast … in Middle Eng. – contrast voiced /voiceless
123.Modern Eng. assibilation – consonantal clusters with the palatal /j/ in
124.result of the assibilation of Modern Eng. period – a new phoneme /3/ arose
125.dialectal development of the Old Eng. front rounded phonemes – these
vowels split into /i/ /i:/ in North, East Midland , /u/ /u:/
126.most important phonetic process on Middle Eng. that speeded up the ruin of
the correlation … of vowel phonemes – the lengthening of vowels
127.to fill, king, bride, to hide – to the West-Midland dialects
128.to murder , rush, to blush – Southern dialects
129.left, evil, ten, yet, need – Kentish dialect
130.guilty , to build, to yield – mixture of Middle Eng. dialectal
131.development of Old Eng. diphthongs in Middle Eng. – diphthongs … were
monophthongized
132.result of the development of the Old Eng diphthongs – the rise of new
elements
133.system of Middle Eng. diphthongs from different the system of old Eng.
diphthongs – differed structurally
134.<ea> … to breathe and breath – quantitative changes in Modern Eng.
135.Doubt, debt, subtle – latinized in Early Modern Eng.
136.To see and sea – sound changes of the Great Vowel Shift
137.Middle Eng. diphthongs /au/,/ou/ in Early Modern Eng. – non-checked
phonetically
138.Girl,to turn – checked vowels
139.Phonological result of the established of the correlation voiced/voiceless in
the subsystem of fricative phonemes – the number of the forelingual
fricative phonemes increased
140.Phonological result of the vocalization of the liquid /r/ in the Modern Eng. –
centralized diphthongs
141.Liquid /r/ in the Literary English Language (British Englosh) – eighteenth
century
142.Correlation long/short in the consonant phonemic system of English was
ruined – ruined in the Old Eng.
143.Vowel phoneme /^/ arose Modern Eng. – in the 17 century in all dialects of
English but the Northern dialects
144.nasal sonorant consonant /n/ - in Early Modern Eng.
145.main reason for many changes in Middle Eng. spelling habits -
introduction of French spelling habits into the English
146.main reason for the introduction of the letter <o>… sound <u> … to come…
love – convenience of reading
147.new… contrast … vocalic system of Middle Eng. – contrast
rounded/nonrounded
148.origin of the diphthong /oi/ in Middle Eng. – French sound system
149.sounds … affected and subjected to different … in evolution… sound
system - in the accented syllables
150.origin of diphthongs in Middle Eng. – phonetic process of vocalization of
palatal and velar fricatives