THE DIGITAL SHIFT: A DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPENDITURES AND

PURCHASE PRACTICES OF UNO-R SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

STUDENTS DURING THE OBSERVANCE OF DISTANCE LEARNING

Independent Variables

Factors influencing the expenditure and purchase practices of students during distance learning.

Related Studies

Expenditures. The expenditures can be defined as the payment of cash for goods or services, or a charge
against the funds in settlement of an obligation as evidenced by an involve, receipts, vouchers, or other
document (WebFinance,2015). In other words, expenditure encompasses both the total amount of
money spent on goods and services and the act of spending money. The act of consuming or spending
energy, time, or money, according to Cambridge University Press (2015), is referred to as expenditure.
The average teenager spends $2,150 per year. That’s 42 million teens in America spending their money
on a variety of products (Lexington Law, 2021) Aside from that, education loans and other personal
expenses account for the majority of university students' spending.

Personal Factors. According to Kotler (2001), a buyer's age, occupation, financial condition, lifestyle,
personality, and self-concept all have a significant impact on their selection. Individuals' desire for
commodities fluctuates based on their job and financial circumstances, as well as the stage of their lives.
According to Armstrong and Kotler (2005), a person's lifestyle influences his or her activities, interests,
and thoughts, as well as product selection. Furthermore, all persons are unique individuals with a
singular personality comprised of disparate features that is frequently expressed through attributes such
as sociability, self-confidence, autonomy, defensiveness, adaptability, dominance, and aggression
(Blackwell, 2001).

Customers' purchases frequently change their lifecycles, and products such as food, clothing,
and furniture are age-related, with consumer preferences changing over time. Every individual who lives
in a given society and works in a specific class desires the product that corresponds to his surroundings.
Furthermore, an individual's financial situation has a considerable impact on his purchasing decisions.
The result discussion covers specific aspects, and it's worth noting that there's a conversation about
personal values, because every customer has life goals, and they buy things to achieve value that aligns
with those goals. Values are thought to define preference and propose a particular behavior among
appropriate and unsuitable behavior. A list of values (LOV) has been produced that contains a total of
nine internal and external values that are frequently impacted by consumers (Gutman et al., 1982).

Online Learning. It is also known as e-learning or electronic learning, and it relates to learning through
the use of a computer and the Internet. It is a learning approach that is based on structured teaching but
supplements it with electronic resources. Teaching and learning can take place in or out of the
classroom, however online learning relies heavily on the internet and computers. It also encourages the
electronic transmission of skills and knowledge, as well as the delivery of education to a large number of
learners at the same time or at different periods. As a result of the pandemic, the things teens are
spending on have shifted a little. 2021 is a big year for teens and we’ll be diving into how they earn and
spend money in addition to their needs and wants. Teens, according to one source, are aware of the
brands they want and the products they prefer to purchase. Below is a closer look into adolescent
purchasing habits.

 Food is the highest spending priority for teenage boys. (Source: Piper Sandler)
 84 percent of teens say they get their beauty tips from influencers. (Source: Piper Sandler)
 Spending on video games makes up 11 percent of teenage spending. (Source: Piper Sandler)
 Spending on skincare increased by 12 percent for males, while it decreased by 3 percent for
females. (Source: Piper Sandler)
 34 percent of teens purchase Netflix for their primary source of entertainment. (Source: Piper
Sandler)
 Shopping for clothing accounts for (on average) 20% of all teenager spending. (Source: Piper
Sandler)
 Video games take up 10 percent of teens’ total income. (Source: Piper Sandler)
 54 percent of teens prefer Amazon as their top shopping website. (Source: Piper Sandler)

Arjun Mittal (2013) described online shopping in India in order to understand the growth of
online shopping and its impact on consumer behavior. 'Informal learning,' on the other hand, occurs as a
result of web portal surfing, information exchange on social media sites, and so on. This shift began with
the introduction of computers, and as our reliance on smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices
grows, these devices are increasingly being used in classrooms for learning and further in online
spending of the students.

Gender differences in decision-making. Estes and Hosseini (1988) showed that gender was the most
important explanatory factor determining confidence in investment decisions in a study of expert and
common investors. Johnson and Powell (1994) argue in a review of the specific literature on gender
differences in business decision-making that research findings prior to 1980 were instrumental in
establishing a dominant view that significant gender trait differences exist in the nature and outcomes
of risk management decisions. These findings imply that when making risky judgments, women are more
cautious, less confident, less aggressive, more easily persuaded, and have worse leadership and
problem-solving ability than males, validating stereotypes that women are less capable managers. After
controlling for age, experience, education, knowledge, and wealth holdings, females were less confident
in their selections. Stinerock et al. (1991) discovered that women had a lower risk preference and a
higher level of anxiety in financial decisions than men, as well as a stronger willingness to engage
financial counselors, in a study of financially oriented individuals.
Consumer behavior. Studies investigate into how people make purchasing decisions, what they buy,
where they like to buy it, why they buy it, and when they buy it. It incorporates elements of psychology,
sociology, anthropology, and economics. It thrives on learning how buyers make decisions, both
individually and in groups. It focuses on individual consumer factors such as demographics,
psychographics, and behavioral components in order to better understand people's needs and desires.
There has been significant progress in defining the behavioral factors of buying, and a number of buying
theories have been proposed. However, little is known about what influences buying and consumption
habits. Consumer behavior is shaped by determinants such as cultural, social, personal, and
psychological aspects, according to Kotler and Armstrong (2006).

However, the disparities in the methodological approach of studies could explain gender
inequalities. Bromiley and Curley (1992) claim that the behavioral contexts of different genders, such as
financial choices or leisure choices, change with attitudes towards risk. Gender differences hence should
not, if they are context-specific, be construed as generic qualities.

Economic status. Social groupings, which are made up of small groups, social roles, and the same social
status, are the next important component influencing customer behavior. Few of these groups have a
direct impact on individual buyers, such as membership in certain groups, groups to which an individual
is connected (Kotler, 2005), and reference groups, which serve as direct or indirect sources of
comparison in the formation of a person's attitudes or beliefs (Armstrong and Kotler, 2005). This is an
attempt to generalize more realistic multi-dimensional customer clusters which are a sub-segment of a
specific product/brand. It responds to the deeper motivations and ambitions driving the purchase and
consumption of a product and service (Wansink, 2000). In a research survey, In general, the respondents
agree towards purchasing influence their perceived social status. The results showed that 47.5%, 64.1%
and 50.0% of the respondents agree for item one to three respectively. The study found that majority of
respondents (55.0%) had high level of perceived social status and 37.5% respondents had moderate
level of perceived social status. Only minority of respondents (7.5%) considered as low level of perceived
social status.

It was stated that consumers’ life-style is a part of inherited individual characteristics that are
molded and formed from the social interaction experience as consumers’ progress through the family
lifecycle (Hawkins et.al 1998). In an effort to distinguish their product/service range, international
organizations pay close attention to the dynamic global market segment that is assumed to drive the
market forward within the near future. It is suggested that the new globalization trend will grant success
for those who constantly make an effort to stay abreast of life-style trends.

REFERENCES:
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Powell, M., & Ansic, D. (1997). Gender differences in risk behaviour in financial decision-making: An
experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(6), 605–628. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-
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Muniady, R., Al- Mamun, A., Permarupan, P. Y., & Zainol, N. R. B. (2014). Factors Influencing Consumer
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Arjun Mittal (2013). E-commerce: It’s Impact on consumer Behavior. Global Journal of Management and
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Blackwell, R., P. Miniard, and Engel (2001). Consumer Behaviour. pp 123-128, The Dryden press, Ohio.
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In a study of expert and general investors, Estes and Hosseini (1988) found that gender was the most
important explanatory factor affecting confidence in investment decisions. Females were less confident
about their decisions after controlling for factors such as age, experience, education, knowledge, and
asset holdings. In a study of financially oriented savers, Stinerock et al. (1991) found that women had a
lower risk preference and a higher degree of anxiety in financial decisions than men, plus a stronger
desire to use financial advisers

To summarise, whilst there is little support for the view that male and female decision-makers have
different personality profiles or abilities, there is consistent evidence of gender differences in risk
preference in business and financial decision-making. Where this evidence and the evidence of more
general gender differences are interpreted as resulting from general traits, it lends support to
stereotypical attitudes about women as less able managers.

Gender differences, however, could be explained by differences in the methodological approach of the
studies. Bromiley and Curley (1992) argue that gender differences in behaviour and attitudes towards
risk vary with the behavioural context, such as financial decisions or leisure choice. Gender differences
hence should not, if they are context-specific, be construed as generic qualities. A feature is defined in
this context as a general tendency that is constant over time and settings. In the overall gender
difference literature, the lack of attention to context has also been utilized as a critique (Archer, 1996;
Eagly, 1995; Lott, 1996; Marecek, 1995). In addition, distinct examples create different risk behaviors in
each type of general context according to the nature of the instance. Where only one case is focused on
a study, contexts are more likely to be understood as responses to gender characteristics.

Arjun Mittal (2013), in their study described the shopping done through internet in India with regards to
explain the growth of shopping done through internet and its influence on behavior of consumer. The
paper build on the relevant literature and at the same time examines consumer behavior by
questionnaires. Furthermore, the future development of internet shopping will be measured and deep
comparison of consumer behavior between different countries. This paper support the research
questions that including recent trends and various issues in internet shopping, and principle factors for
consumer behavior. Also, the result of the study shows that internet consumer trust and perceived risk
have strong impacts on their purchasing decisions. Consumer`s trust, privacy concerns, security
concerns are the major factors for using internet for shopping, the trust on websites influence to the
purchasing decision of any consumer. More specifically, the empirical result suggests how the E-
commerce companies make marketing strategies according the research data and analyzing result.
 A payment for goods or services made using cash or credit is referred to as an expenditure. In
contrast to an expense that is reported in a period where it has been used up or expired, an
expenditure is recorded at a single point in time (the time of purchase).

Expenditure is a payment using cash or credit to purchase goods

Purchase Practices

distant learning.