Professional Documents
Culture Documents
compiled,produced
and editedby
Ankara2003
Middle EastTechnicalUniversity
Departmentof BasicEnglish
TABLE,OF CONTENTS
2. PRONOUNS
2.1 Personal
Dronouns 59
4. QUESTTONS
4.1 Yes/ no. 'wh-', subject/ objectandinformationquestions B8
l0t
lil
6. N,IODALS
6 . 1 A b i l i t y( C a n/ C o a l d/ B e a b l et o ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. .2. 3
6 . 2 P e r m i s s i o(nM a y/ C o u l d/ C a n1 . . . ). . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . 1. 2 5
6.3 Requests (Would/ Will/ Could/ Canyou...) ............. 126
6.4 Suggestions (Let's/ why don't / shall we/ could / How-whatabout)..... r2i
6.5 Offers(ShallI /I'll / Wouldyou like).......... . ...... 128
6.6 Obligationandnecessity(Must/ Haveto / Should/ Oughtto /
6.1
6 . 8 Lack of necessity (Don't have to / Needn't / Don't need to /
Didn't have to / Didn't needto ) ................ I -1-1
7 . THE PASSIVE
7.1 Simplepresent andcontinuous ............ ... 157
7 . 2 S i m p l ep a s ta n dc o n t i n u o u s . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .5. .8
7.3 Present perfectsimple ........160
7.4 Pastperfectsimple ....... ...... I 6 I
7.5 Future . . . . ... . . . 1 6 3
7.6 Modals .............164
-7
. 7 R e v i e wo f a c t i v ea n dp a s s i vveo i c e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .6. 5
9. NOUN CLAUSES
9 . 1 R e p o r t e ds p e e c h ............ 184
9.2 Indirectquestions . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .9.0
9.3 Noun clausesbeginningwith questionwords ..........192
9 . 4 N o u nc l a u s eb s e g i n n i n gw i t h t h a t . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ..... .. 193
9 . 5 U s i n g- e v e r w o r d s . . . . . . . . . . . 1. .9. 6
9 . 6 U s i n gt h e s u b j u n c t i vien n o u nc l a u s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..196
1V
IO. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
l0.l Non-defining................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' .1. .9.8. . .
10.2 Defining .....'200
10.3 Omission . . . . .2 0 6
10.4 Reduction ....207
10.5 Usingexpressions of quantity ........... 208
10.6 N o u n + o ; f w h i c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
10.7 Pronouns usedastheobjectof the prepositions ..-.209
1 0 . 8 R e v i e wo f a d i e c t i vcel a u s e s ......--......210
1 3 . CONNECTIVES
238
causeandeffectusingso/ such...that................
13.1 Expressing
purposeusingso that,in orderto andbecause
13.2 Expressing ....239
1 5 . GENERAL REVISION
15.1 Clozetests........... ........--.250
1 5 . 2 M u l t i p l ec h o i c et e s t s. . . . . . . . . . . ........---...265
Bridget Damon is a housewife.She doesn'twork so she has a lot of free time. Bridget
(l) getting up early so she gets up at 6:30 every morning. Then, she
(2) breakfast. After breakfast, she (3) the dishes.
Bridget (4) for a walk in the park every day. In the afternoons. she
(s) physicalexercisesbecauseshe wants to (6) weight.
On weekendsBridget sometimes(7) solf with her friends.
***
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
Bob and Cindy ( l) (be) married. They live in London but they
(2) (be) from England. They are from Australia. They
(3) (have) a son. His name (4) (be) Peter. He
(s) (have) blue eyes and black hair. Peter (6) (be).r
student.He is just two yearsold.
twenties.Jayawas born in Madras,India, but his family moved to the U.S.A. when he was
two He (9) (live) in a house in New York with his parents and his
younser brother.His fatheris a doctor.Jaya(10) (havegot) any friends.
He never (1 I ) (go) out in the evenings, but he sometimes
(12) (watch) TV. He says, "I live for one thing - I
(13) (want) to be a doctor beforeI'm seventeen.Other children of my
age are not lnterestlng T h e y ( 1 4 ) (understand)me. so I don't
usuallytalk to them."
sausagesand potatoes. His dog. Lance. is always by his side. At the momel.)r, he
(le) (make)coffee for himself. There are birds (20) 1f1y)
i n t h es k y .a n dL a n c e ( 2 l ) (watch)them.
Dear Sir,
lappear)on TV 4's "You Talk" programmeon Friday night to make people aware of the
importance of this issue. It's time for us to start doine somethins before it
Yourssincerely.
And Archer
Rupert Hi Nigel! How are you?
Nigel Fine. fine. It's beena long time, hasn'tit? So tell me about yourself.
Rupert : Chris... oh. he's OK. He is married with two children and as usual he
(44) (stop) telling me that I should settle
down and get married.Thesedayshe (45) (play)a
lot of football.I (46) (guess)he wants to
get fir!
***
A : W h y( 5 1 ) you (wear) a suit and a tie?
***
***
x**
Hi. Teresa!
I (64) (write) this letter from Berlin. It's a very big city
Thereare a lot of interestingpeoplehere.School is greatl
school. The food very good and quite cheap there. In the afternoon we
(61) (often/visit) a museum, but this afternoon w e
(68) (go) swimming in the big swimming pool
HeidelbergPark.
Hope to hear from you soon.
Love, Hugo
in my balcony to get somefresh air now. It's a warm night and the streetsare crowded.ln
>k>kt
***
C. Ask questions.
Linda and Mark Nelson are from Canada.They have two children - a girl and a boy.
big. There are five bedrooms,three bathrooms,a living room, a dining room and a hrig
l. ?
No, shedoesn't.Sheis onlv 3 vearsold.
2.
It's in Toronto.
3.
Five.
Yes.thereis.It'sbehindthehouse.
Completethe questions.
ClarissaandRobertaretalking:
Robert SeltonSportsCentre?
ll. A
B I boughtit tenyearsago.
One.It's an old Volkswagen.
12. A in thrscity?
B No. They live in Cambridge.
Alice (14)
(1 6 ) Italian food?
Marco Yes. i am
***
Brenda That'sLisa.
Alberto (20) friend?
Brenda : She'sseventeen.
Alberto : (22)
Mary Linda is a new studentin our class.She is stayingat the school dormrtory.
Her mother I see.Why don't you invite Linda over for dinner?I really want to meet her.
Martin I want to go to the library tomorrow morning. I need to get some information
about new computerprograms.
A : Where is John?
The album I bought fbr Jenny (6) (hold) more than 100
photographs.She can put all her holidayphotographsin it.
***
x>F>r
*>k*
I 0. When you are travellingby underground,you have to be quick and get off as soon as
ll (stop).
11. Tell me what you (think) aboutin front of that fire place.
I6. Why (still / think / you) about what has happened?Let's forget
all about it and try to cheerup.
2 5 .O i r (float) on water.
l0
30. She hasn't decidedwhich bar of soap to buy yet; she lsmelll the
nink one.
'k I wonder about the bowl which you (32) (hold).How much
sugar(33) (it/contain)?
**r.
5:55p.m.and7:30p.m.on December
Between (l)
20th,somebody Mrs
Haan'sorecious diamond necklacefrom her room in the Excelsior Hotel. At the time.
Mrs. Haan was in her room. She (2) a bath. The police think Sandy, the
I. a) stole 2. a) had
b) is stolen b) has beenhaving
c) has stolen c) has had
d) stealing d) was having
ll
usingeitherthe 'past simple'or 'past continuous'.
B. Completethe sentences
1. Theyhaven'tgot a caranymore.
it lastmonth
(sell)
3. A: (he/buy)this car?
B: Threemonthsago.
Bruno and his family arrivedin the United Stateson March 1, 1999.In the beginning,they
stayedat their relatives'house becausetheir money was not enough to rent a house. Two
months later, Bruno s father found a well-paid job. Today, he earns $2000 a month and the
family is very happy but they say they miss Italy a lot.
9.
$2000.
11. Look at the sun! Can you believethat this time yesterdaywe (make)
a snowman?
13. When his father (swear)at the other drivers, the little boy told
his fatherthat swearinswas a bad habit
12
C. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
I.
Detective Thank you very much for your cooperation.I will let you know as soon
as I learn something.
the visa? Had someoneput diamonds in my bag? I turned to look at the other people
aroundme. None of them seemedto be worried.Thev (15) (walt)
hard until I went through the customs. When everything was over, I
(11) (take) a deep breath.
***:
DearAnna.
I'M sorry about taking so long to write my first letter. As you know. I
(18) (move) to Long Beach two months ago. At the moment, I
(1 e ) (stay) with my cousin Jefferson until I find a flat at a
t3
reasonableprice. Jeffersonand I (20) (attend) English classesat a
communitycollegethesedays.In Long Beach,it usually(21) (raln)
At 10:30 last Saturdaynight, there was a power failure in the city. Ian Jones,a barman,i s
describinghis experience:
"At l0:30 last Saturdav nieht the pub was full of customers. All the people
(21\ (talk) at the same time. Some students (28) (sing)a
. nd
out a drink for someone when the lights (31) (go) out. I
t *>k
It was a beautiful Sundaymorning. While Mark and Paul (36) (walk) along
the beach carrying their surfboards,they (37) (come) to a sign which read
"No Swimming - Sharks". They (38) (pay) attention to the sign and
safe on the beach, they (43) (look) at each other. Both of them
A : Mum, do you rememberthe blue hat that Lauren gave me for my birthday?
B : Yes. your favouriteone.
A Well, the wind (45) (blow) it away while Jack and I
(46) (try) out his new speedboat. We returned to look for it,
but with no luck
14
: I'm sorrv to hear that.
>k**
TI.
T h e d e t e c t i v e s( l ) (wait) for flight SA 140 from Johannesburg,
South Afiica. The plane was late and with every passing minute they
a valuableparcelof diamonds.A few hours earlier,someonehad told the oolice that some
(1) (take) the parcel off the plane. After they (8) (carry)lt
in the shade of a kiawe tree. In the center of this circle, two birds
time watching the fieht. After a few minutes, one of the mynah birds
icleaabout the reasonfor the fight betweenthe two mynah birds, but the behaviourof the
other birds clearly proved that human beings are not the only members of the animal
t -)
Linda is talking abouthow she startedher job at the 'Your House' magazine.
interview a week \ater. I (23) (arrive) there half an houl: before the
(21) (sit) there in silence.waiting for our turn to go in. More than an
hope of getting the job, but to my surprise,I (31) (tell) to start the
following Monday. That was five years ago. I am the editor of the magazine now. It
earthquakeor not.
you about the experiencethat I had as I believeeveryoneshould give blood at leastonce in his
or her lif-etime.The idea of donatingblood didn't come to me suddenly.I had had the intention
t6
Lasr night, while I (43) (drive) home from work, I
As the blood tvpe mentioned was the same as mine, I drove to the hospital
iuice and had to rest for a while. When I (48) (get) home, I was a
little tired, but it was worth it sinceI (49) (feel) very happy.
1. Theyarenot marriedanymore.
last month
(get divorced)
(while)
(when)
1.3FUTURE
A. Complete the sentences.Use be going to.
t'7
5. Larry is thirsty.He
6. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are going to the swimming pool. They
-1.
It's late at night. I feel tired and sleepy.I
8. It's freezinsoutside.He
June,12th Monday
9:30 playtennis
I l:00 meetDavid
13:15 h a v el u n c hw i t hS a l l y
15:00 go to a party
19:30 meethusband in his office
t8
Next Monday at 9:30 I am
'presentcontinuous','presentsimple' or
E . Complete the sentencesusing the
going to.
2 . A: What'sthe weatherreport?
B: It (rarn)tomorrow.
're
1. a) havebeen 2. a) flying
've
b) go b) flown
'd
c) are going c) like
d) havegone d) like flying
Galatasarayis 3-2 ahead,and there is only five minutes left. Milan -(3)- the
game.In that case,they _(1)_ attendthe UEFA championship.
19
The new tunnel will -(5)- by a Japanesefirm. In 5 years'time, they _(6)_ it and
thousandsof drivers-(1)- it during the rush hours.
We are writing to confirm your travel arrangementsfrom London to Ankara. The plane
_(10)_ the Heathrow airport at 10 a.m. so you have to check in at 9 a.m. When you get to
istanbul, you _(11)_ change planes becausethere is no direct flight to Ankara. Your
journey to Ankara is on flight OA 512 at 4 p.m. local time if there -(12)- no delay.We
exDectvou ( 13) in Ankara at about5 o'clock.
One of your guides _( 14)_ for you when you get there.It is a good idea to confirm your
return flight before you leave the airport becauseby the time you get to the city centre,the
travelagency_(15)-.
20
17. I've found a job in Italy. I've alreadyrented a flat there. I on the 22nd.
've moved c) going to move
a)
b) am moving d) was moving
G. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
so you (10)
conference, (be able to / see)him then. However, he
A : Haveyou got any ideawhat You(11) (do) this time next year?
by next month.
21
: Really?I didn'tknow that you wereplanningto move.
1 9 "A Do you think you can get away with what you have done?
B I'm sorry. I know that I shouldn't have cheated during the exatn. I
promise, I (do / never)it again.Please,don't sendme to rhe
principal.
Joe Oh, great!Is it OK with you if I come and get the car keys?
Bill : Don't come now. I have to take the childrento schoolbut it won't take lons. Whv
don't you come round at about8:30?I (21) (drive)the childrenro
schoolby then.
Joe : B:30! But that's too late. The meeting startsat 8:30. If I don't get there on time. I
\221 (look for) anotherjob pretty soon.
B : Don't worry! I (wait) for you at the station when your trarn
arrives.
22
24. Please,hurryup. By thetime you finishgerringready,we ( m l s s)
thetrain.
My husbanclis an ambulanceman. I wish * r.r""', I want him to be fit and well when
he (25) (retire) but he (26) (probably / be) so,
becausethe pressureof doing such a stressfuljob may ruin his health.
32. I'm looking forward to reading his new book. people say
they (publish)it by the end of this month.
33. It looks like everyoneis againstus. I doubt if we
(give) anotherchanceto completethe project.
34. I (watch) my favourite TV programmefrom nine to
ten tomorrow evening,so pleasecall rne beforethat.
ktr*
H. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
L-1
24. Please,hurry up. By the time you finish getting ready,we (miss)
the train.
My husbandis an ambulanceman. I wish he weren't.I want him to be fit and well when
he (25) (retire)but he (26) (probably / be) so,
becausethe pressureof doing such a stressfuljob may ruin his health.
x**
32. I'm looking forward to reading his new book. people say
they (publish)it by the end of this month.
33. It looks like everyoneis againstus. I doubt if we
(give) anotherchanceto completethe project.
34. I (watch) my favourite TV programmefrom nine ro
ten tomorrow evening,so pleasecall me befbrethat.
>lt<*
H. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
23
Judy : Well, I (have) lunch with a group of businessmenfrom
Turkey then, but I don't have anythingelse to do after 2 o'clock. Is it all right
if we meet some time after 2 o'clock?
Sharon : Sure.I'll come to your office around2:30.
3. I'm gettingold. I ( b e )5 6 n e x tM o n d a y .
i. Sam and Linda are at Mr. Brown, J;:" talking about the yearly budget of the
company.
Sam : Linda, look at Mr. Brown. He looks awfully pale. I think he
(faint).
Linda: Well, I guessyou are right. Sorry,Mr. Brown, are you feeling OK?
4,4
I. Rewrite the following.
I. The plane takesoff in forty minutes and it'll take us an hour to set to the airnort.
By the time we get to the airport,
A. Use the list and write down what you have done or what you haven't done so far
today.
25
B. You have come across an old school friend. Read the information given in the
'present perfect simple' tense.
bubbles and tell her the latest news by using the
I/gotothe
Far East.
4.
5.
6.
C. Tom is a doctor in Los Angeles. His life was different 2 years ago. Study the
table and write about the changesin his life.
2 vearsa Now
/o
3.
4.
5.
6.
A: ever/do/rockclimbing?
B: yes.
A: what/be/like?
B: exciting.
3 . A: ever/write/story?
B: yes.
A: when?
B: 2 yearsago.
1. A: ever/plant/tree?
B: yes.
A: when?
B: lastspring.
B. There will be a party at Mary's flat at the weekend. Today is Friday and she is
at home. She is making the preparations. Look at her list and make sentences
using jusf, yet and,already.
)-l
Eg. She hosn't decoroted the flot yet.
1
2.
J.
1.
5.
6.
1.
2. Oh, hello Jim! I was looking for you. Where have you _?
4. There isn't anybodyat home.I think they've away for the meeting.
5.PeterknowsalotaboutLosAngeles.He'S-theremanytimes.
'Have you
6. ever to Miami?' 'No, never.'
G. Read the dialogue and complete the sentencesusing the given information and the
clues. Usejrsf, yet or already.
Jim has invrtedhis girlfriend to meet his parents.They are going to have dinner at Jim's house.
Jim Where are my trousers,Mum?
Mum I took them to the dry cleaner'stwo days ago. I called him today and he said, "You can
-qetyour trousers.They are ready."But I didn't have enoughtirne to go and get them.
Jirn O h . w e l l . I h a r e l . ow e a rm y j e a n s .
Mum I ironed them this morning.I put them on your bed.
Jim Thanks.Mum.
Mum Can you make the salad,Jim?
Jim Of course,I czrn.I'll makeit in a few minutes.Don't worry. Where'sDad? He is late.
Mum I think he is still at work. Oh, wait! Listenl I think that is your father'scar.
Jim Yes. I think that'shim.
28
l. Jim'sparents
(meet )
3. Jim'smum
(iron)
4. Jim
(make)
5. Jim's father
(arrive)
(never.)
1. Samis hungry
Sam dinner yet.
(for)
2L)
I l. He has stoppedplaying cards
any more.
(slnce)
30
24. She hasn'tridden a bike sinceshewas at high school.
The lasttime
to drink?
2. A: Wouldyou like something
B: No. thanks. (ust / have / sometea).
J. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
3l
with the 'presentperfect'or 'simplepast'.
K. Completethe sentences
6. The children (feel) ill before the New Year, but they
(be) bettersincethen.
32
L. Read the situation and ask a question.
I. Mary bought a winter housein the Alps in 1981. Jack asksHelen about it.
..)
Jack :
H e l e n : S i n c e1 9 8 1 .
3. You are at a cafd with your friend. He wantsto go to Spain and he asksyou about it.
Tom ?
You : Yes. I have.I was therelast summer.
1. Nicky and Victor are talking about their old classmateJohn. Nicky asks Victor trbout
John.
Nicky :
Victor : Yes,I have.I phonedhim yesterday.
B :' .'(cry)
'You look hot.'
6.A :
' (play
B / tennis)
-) l)
B. Rewrite or complete the following using the clues if given.
(since)
3. A : Is Tommy still in front of the computer?
5. A: TV?
(watch)
B:No t for very long. Jack and T turnedit on only 10 minutesago.
6. A: on that report?
(work)
B : Since9 this morning,and I haven'tfinishedyet.
Alex : Tom, you're wet all over. You're going to catch a cold.
(wait) here in the rain'J
34
C. Write what these people have been doing using since.
eg. The workers got a pay rise a month ago.
l. Janestarteduniversitythreemonthsago.
4. The Baileyswon a large amountof money on the football pools six months ago.
D. Write two sentencesfor each situation using the 'present perfect simple' and
'continuous'.
2. Hay Campbell, the famous heart- surgeon,becamea doctor 40 years ago. A lot of
natientsrememberhim with his successfuloperations.
3. Andy smokesa lot when he is working. He openeda packet of cigarettesand lit the
first one a few hours ago and now there is an empty packet in front of him.
35
4. The room was in a terrible mess when Bill started cleaning an hour ago. He hasn't
finishedyet but now at leastthe floor is cleanand the bookcaseis tidv.
3. John,break,leg / October
Walk on crutches/ severalweeks
36
4. be ill / a long time
becomeill / a long time
F. Ask two questions for each situation, in the 'present perfect' and 'simple past'
and give short answers as in the example.
eg. Dan Riley was born in India and lived there until he was twenty. Then he went to
England. He k thirty now and is still living there.
1. It startedraining early this morning and hasn't stoppedyet. It also rained yesterday.
but only for half an hour.
2. Mary got a job as a translator5 yearsago. She left the job only last week and started
teachingin a school.
3'7
3. John Graine travelledall over the world as a pilot for 40 years.He retired two yearsago
and bought a housein the country.Now he enjoys living there.
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Kathy Oh, hi, Nancyl Where are you? I (1) (phone) you or.)
Tuesday,Wednesdayand last night, but you (2) (be) at
home.
Kathy (8) (you / visit) the Topkapr Palaceand the Blue Mosque
yet?
38
Kathy (1 s ) (you/ like) it?
Kathy (16) (Tom / be) with you now? I'd like to talk to him. too.
B.
CharlesringsPeterat J a . m .
C.
In spiteof the forty years she has spent on stage,the 58-year-oldactressRaga Woods
(lt (affect) bv time so far. Althoush she is in her fifties. she
(2) (look) about 35. "Oh yes," she says. "Some people
(3) (think) it is genetic,but it may be the vegetarianism.I
(4) (eat) any red meat since I had a heart attack." Right now
Mrs.Woods(5) (appear)in a new play by Samuel Dawson.
S h e( 6 ) (expect)this play to continuefor a long time
D.
39
E.
Dear Peter,
Hello from Hotel Talya in Antalyal What is the weatherlike in London? It is hot and
sunnyhere.Our hotel (1) (be) near the beach, but it has gor a big
swimming pool. There are also three tennis courts. We (2)
(play/usually)tennisin the morning.
Seeyou soon.
Love
Jud
F.
(6) (go) for long walks in the beautifulcountryside.I always tell them to
come to London and live with me, but they say rhey (7) (want) to leave
G.
M r s . S i m m s1 l ) (do) her shopping with her husband. Mr.Simms, on
Saturdaymornings. They go to the bazaar.Mr. Simms never enjoys these visits, but Mrs.
Simms comes to the bazaarto buy fresh fruit and vegetables.The fruit and vegetablesin the
bazaar are very fresh becausethey (2) (grow) by the farmers in the area.
Last Saturdaythe bazaar(3) (be) very crowdedso Mr. Simms said."I don't
40
want (4) (come) with you. I (5) (wait) for you
wife (9) (finish / just) shopping,but her bags are very heavy. She is
"I
asking you to carry them home for her." Mr. Simms was very angry. He said.
(l 0 ) (stand)herefor two hours and I am very tired. She can carry the
H.
Andrew Pollard IS successful 3O-year-old journalist from London. He
(4) (pass)his final exams yet. His boss at the newspaperis very
several different cities, including Los Angeles, Boston and Denver. Last summer' he
(8) (spend)a weekend in San Franciscoand he wants to go there
,11
II.
3. She (lay) the table long before the guestsarrived but she
forgot
the salt and pepper
There was nobody at home when I came back from work. Jrm's wardrobe
was empty. h i s
clothes were gone. However, he (14) (leave) me a note on the
kitchen table. After reading it, I realizedt h a t h e ( 1 5 )
(want) to see
me any more.
*x*
42
newspaperabouttwo thieveswho (18) (stop) a train and stolen
immediately.The police soon arrived on the scene.They questionedthe men but neither of
them was able to speakEnglish.The men tried hard to resist the arrest.When they arrived at
(21) (make)! The men were French onion-sellersand their bass were
full of onionsl
The first man to jump out of an aeroplanewhen travelling at a speedgreaterthan sound was
(regard)as impossiblebut this outstandingUnited StatesNavy pilot proved the world that
suchjumps(23) (be)possible.
entirely new, type of plane when, at 40,000 feet, the nose of the plane
up very fast. A few minutes later it reached a speed faster than sound.
I2gl (be able / press) the button that would put the plane on
aulomaticpilot. Near him. however,there was anotherbutton which was to be used only in
timesof greatdanger.Hawk pressedit, the glassshell abovehis head openedup and he was
thrown up into the air. Then he went down with great speed,
(30) (try) to pull the ribbon which would open his parachute.He
failed in his attempt.He was fortunate becauseif his parachutehad opened, at that rate of
29,000 feet, Hawk managedto open his parachute.Soon afterwards,he landed safely in a
field of cotton.
Last week I (32) (have) the strangest experience when I
r33) (take) my poodle, Suzettefor a walk on the 5th Avenue. We
(34) (geVjust) to the corner when
r15t (notice) a man a few houses behind me. He
(3 6 ) (walk) with his large Doberman pinscher. so I quickly
(37) (move) to the other side of the street to let them
(38) (pass).Suzene(39) (have) a fight and
she (40) (bite) by another dog the week before so I
(41) (want) her to get into trouble. I (42)
(start)walking really fast in order to keep far aheadof them. Suddenly,the man called out and
askedme to stop. He said that his dog really (43) (like) poodles.
He also added that he was hopine our doss could meet! I told him that I
(44) (allow/never)my dog to make friends with strangerstill that
time and that I (45) (be) glad if he left us alone. Without savins
anything,the man walkedaway with his dog.
***
Lata was upset as she was sure she (53) (do) badly in the exam but
when she saw her boyfriend who (54) (wait) for her for two hours
Let tell you what happened today at the store where I work. It
(551 (be) the end of the day about 7.00 pm. We
(s6) (sefYe) customers for more than eight hours. t
(s7) (think) of going home and taking a nice hot shower when I
noticedJulie, one of the cashiers,(58) (put) a bundle of hundred-
dollarnotesin her purse.She(59) (take) the bills from the open till
44
in front of her. As the girl (60) (always/be)nice to me before,I
( 6 1) - (know) what to do - report her to the manageror ignore
passportwith him.
the first day of the sales.I (73) (reach)the store half an hour
before the opening time and saw that hundredsof people (14)
(wait) outside the doors. The crowd was quite impatient to get in. I could see why our
Why?What(81) (happen)?
A: Well, I overslepIbecause
I 182.; (forget) to set the alarm clock the
nightbefore.Not surprisingly,
I waslate for the mid-term.When I got to the classroom,the
teacher (83) (let) me in as she (84)
(start)readingthe listeningsection.I waited until ...
***
+t)
3. The police suppliedevidence.The man was convicted.
C. Put the verbs in brackets into their 'simple past' or 'past perfect simple /
continuous'forms.
3. Most of the guestswe (invite) came,but the one who was supposed
to give a speech (appear).
1"7
1.6REVIEW OF TENSES
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
A.
Mike and Anna (I ) (get) married next month. They
(2) (already/buy)a fridge, a sofa, a bed and some armchairsbut they
(3) (find) a flat yet. They (4) (look) at the
now. Mike (5)
newspaperadvertisements (ust/read) about a f-latin Elm
Street.It's in a busy street.but they don'tmind living in the city center.
B.
I'm BernardLesling. I ( 1 ) (work) in the Los AngelesZoo.I'n
the managerthere. It's one of the largestzoos in the world. There are all kinds of animals:
kangaroos, crocodiles, tigers, penguins and even chameleons. Last month. I
\2) (receive) a letter from the zoo in Peking, China. The letter was
about a female baby panda called Ling Ling. My assistant,Mrs. Parker, and I immediately
(3) (fly) to Peking to seeit.
We're in Peking now. We (4) (stay)at a hotel near the Peking Zoo.
I can't forget the moment I saw Ling Ling. It (5) (sleep)on her mother's
s t o m a c h . L i n g L i n g i s very healthy, and we're very happy about that. Pandas
(6) (eat) bamboo, but Ling Ling is too young to eat it. She
(1) (probably/ start)eatingbamboonext month.
Mrs. Parker is very busy today. She (8) (organize) a press
conference.We (9) (have) the conf'erencetomorrow. I expect there
(l0) (be) lots of journalists. Some of the reporters
(ll) There is one taking photosin front of Ling Ling's
(already/arrive).
cageright now.
C.
TonightI ( l ) (go) to a Beethoven concert. I want to tell you about
Beethoven He is a famous composer. He was born l n B o n n , i n 1110. He
(2) (work) as a pianist there. In 1792, he ( 3 ) (go) to
Vienna.He (a) (study) with Haydn. He (5) (die) in
Vienna,in 1827.
D.
I r hought everythingwas ready for the party and steppedinto the gardento have a final look.
Just then I realized that there were no sandwiches left for,quests. I
our
(1) (prepare) them myself and put them on the tables in the
garden, but they were not there. Obviously, our neighbour's dogs
(l )_ (eat) theml I was mad and immediately
(3) (ring) their door to complain aboutthe situation
48
"Mrs. Meyer," I shouted angrily, "You'd better start preparing some sandwiches
before this place (4) (get) crowded becauseI believe your dogs
havefinished all of them, leavingnot even one to our guests."Mrs. Meyer respondedvery
calmly. "If I were you, I would ask your children and their friends before accusingmy
dogs. becauseI (5 ) (see) them running away with the
"
sandwiches.
E.
B: I'm afraid he (1) (sleep)at the moment. Jane also wanted to talk to
him but I didn't want to wake him up when I (2)- (see) him sleepingon
the couch. He must have been very tired when he came in from school.I'll tell him
that you've called as soon as he ( 3 ) (wake) up.
A: Thanks,Mrs. Meadows.
F.
Last Saturdayan old friend from abroad. whom I was expectrngto stay wltn me,
telephonedfrom the airportto tell m e t h a lh e ( l ) (arrive).I was still
at the office at the time, but I (2) (make) arrangementsfor his
arrival. After I (3) (explain) where my flat was, I told him that the
key was under the door-mat.
Trvo hours later, my friend phoned me from the flat. He said that at that moment he
\4) (listen) to some of mv records.When I asked him i1' he had
reachedthe flat without difficulty, he answeredthat he hadn't been able to find the key
under the door-mat,but luckily the living-room window just by the apple tree had been
left open and he had climbed in. I realizedthat he (5) (enter) the
wrong flat. He was lucky becausemy neighbours(6) (be) away for
the weekend.If they had beenat home,they would have calledthe police.
G.
have pen-friend in England. His name ls Ken Roberts. I
(1) (know) him very well, but I
()\ (never/meet)him. We often write to each other. Ken i s
in 1992.He (3)
a writer. His first book was published (be) a very
popularwriter sincethen.
H.
CarlosSantoya(l) (come) to the United Stares fiom Mexico six
months ago. He (2) (live) with his aunt and uncle in Burbank.
Californiasincethen.When he (3) (be) in High Schoolin Mexico City,
Carlos(4) (study)English and computerscienceso after his arrival in
California,he (5) (get) a job as an office assistantfor a small companv
that sellsbusinessmachines.Then one day, while he (6) (chat)with his
friendsfrom work, Carlos(7) (hear)about GlendaleCommunitv Collese.
which has a good data processingprogram to train studentsfor future employment.Althoush
Carlosenjoys working as an office assistant,h e ( 8 ) (plan) to apply for the
program to improve his computer skills because he believes that he will have better
employmentopportunitiesif he successfullycompletesthe dataprocessingprogram at Glenclale
Community College.
I.
Dear Julie,
As you know. I (1) (arrive) in Paris a week ago but there was a
problem with mv suitcases.Unfortunatelv. thev had been sent to Madrid instead
of Paris.
Yesterday,they (2) (call) me from the airport in the afternoon to go
there and pick them up. That's why I (3) (be) at home when you
(4) (phone). At the time, I (5) (tryt to find my suitcuscs
amongthosewhich had arrived at HeathrowAirport frorn Madrid. You know what? It took me
the whole afternoonto do that. Well, I'm sure you are curious about what's going on here in
Paris.
The family who I (6) (stay) with now are very nice. Thev treat rne
exactly Iike one of the family. They (7) (introduce/already)me to all
their fiiends. I share a room with Penny, the dauehter of the family. who is my age. It is
amazing...Every morning her mother (8) (wake) us up with a cup of teal
Mr. Phillips, Penny'sfather. is also very nice. He (9) (let) Penny and me do
everythingwe want. He even allows us to borrow his car if we needto go somewherefar.
Tomorrow will be my first day at the languageschool and I'm really looking forward to lt.
They told me to be there at 9 o'clock. I (10) (take) a placementtest i n
the morning.I expectthey (11) (announce)the results by the end of
the day. As soon as I learn which level I'm a r ,I ( 1 2 ) (give) you a call.
Well. that'sall from me now. Pleasewrite soon.I really would like to know what's goin_e
on there.
Love, Claire
50
J.
The day after the big marathon,I was still in bed, trying to relieve the pains in my legs."
What a close race," I thought to myself and turned to have a look at my beautiful trophy
sparklingon the top shelf of my bookcase.My family and I ( I )
(put) it there hoping that others would follow it. The pride and joy that I felt each trme I
looked at it was indescribable.Realizing that I (2) (spend)too
much time resting, I decided to get some exercisebecauseI knew that a short workout
would do my legs good. The sun (3) (shine), so I thoughtit
would be a good idea to ride my bike aroundthe block for a while.
| (4) t c y c l e )d o w n t h e h i l l w h e nI ( 5 ) ( s e e )a c a r
travelling towards me at top speed.I hoped it would slow down, but it didn't. I didn't have
enoughtime to escapeand it (6) (crash)right into me, knocking
me off rny bike. There was no sign of the driver after the accident. The police are still
searching. They (1) (look) for him everywhere since the
accident. Unfortunately, they (8) (can/find) him yet. The
doctorstold me that I (9) (never/ableto/run) again.And. I guess
this trophy will be the only one I'll ever have on my shelf.
K.
The first man to jump out of an aeroplanewhen travelling at a speedgreaterthan sound was
Arthur Ray Hawk. Up to that time, jumps of this sort had beenregardedas impossiblebut this
outstanding United States Navy pilot proved the world that such jumps
(1) (be)possible.
During an air show over Mississippiin 1954,Hawk (2) (fly) an
entirely new type of plane when, at 40,000 feet, the nose of the PrqrlL
automaticpilot. Near him, however,there was anotherbutton which was to be used only in
times of greardanger.Hawk pressedit, the glassshell above his head openedup and he was
thrown up into the air. Then he went down with great speed,trying to pull the ribbon which
would open his parachute.However,he (6) (fail) in his attempt.He was
fortunatebecauseif his parachutehad opened,at that rate of speed,it would have beentorn to
piecesby such a strong wind. At about 29,000 feet, Hawk managedto open his parachute.
Soon afterwards,he landedsafelyin a field of cotton.
5r
L.
JunkoTabei,a Japanese
frornHokkaido,wasthefirst womanto climb Mount Everest.In 1975.a
Tokyo newspaper-televisioncompany (i7 (choose) fifteen women
snow, ten of the women (3) (want) to continue the climb. Arnong the
otherfive, only
Mrs. Tabei was able to climb the last 70 meters. Today, 24 years after her worldwide success.
Mrs. Tabei still (4) (go) mountain climbing every year. Her husband
Mrs. Tabei is very busy these days. She (7)_ (work) on her rhird book.
which includes her experiencesof her latest adventures.She expects that her third book
M.
Matt is talking to Mary, a memberof the police force.
Matt Well, that'sgood,I guess.lt meansI don't have to disguisemyself in order not to be
recognized.
Matt Well, my interestin detectivesand their storiesbeganwhen I was ten yearsold. one
day, I (4) (wander) around the bookstore lookins for
somethinginterestingto read. An old man holding an Agatha Christie book in his
hand (5) (approach)me. He advised that I should buy
one of Agatha Christie'sdetectivestories.Taking his advice into consideration,I
bought my first Agatha Christiebook that day.
1Z
Mary : I see. Well. as far as I know, you (6) (attend) law
schoolthesedays.
Mary : I understand.By the way, have you had any luck yet with thosecounterf-eiters'l
N.
(l) (save) Gotham City from evil, in a comic book in 1939 and
(2) (fight) crime with his partner,Robin, for the past fifty-eight years.
1.7TI]VIEEXPRESSIONS
A. Mark the bestchoice.
l. The shopkeeperwaited all the customershad left the shop.He then
put up a'closed'sign and startedcleaningup the shop.
a) before b) as soonas c) until d) when
5. a) of which 6. a) until
b) when b) during
c) for
d) where d) on
10. It wasn't she left college that she realized how much she had enjoyed her time
there.
a) as soonas b) meanwhile until d) when
12. The teacherwill not begin the lesson ail the studenrsare qulet.
a) until b) when c) by d) after
B.
I. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. use them onlv ONCE.
il. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them onlv ONCE.
Emma was having a shower ( l ) the telephonerang, so she didn't hear it.
The telephonerang again (2) she was getting out of the shower.This time
Emma heardit. She quickly put on her bathrobe13) she ran to the living
room to answerthe phone.It was her friend,Sally.This is their telephoneconversation:
54
Sally Let's go to the cinema(4) schooltoday.
Emma I can't.I have to so to the librarv to do mv sciencehomework.
Sally You can go to the library (5) the lunch break.
Emma That'sa good idea.I'll do that.
Sally OK. Seeyou later.
Emma Bye.
III. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. You can use the words more
than ONCE.
house. The food and the drinks were (3) good and we had
dawn. The sun was about to rise (6) we sot into our cars and drove
to drink four cups of coffee before I was able to really wake up and get ready to catch
friend.
IV. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.
4. I'm afraid you can't seeMr. Brian on Monday. He's on a businesstrip and won't be
back Wednesday
5. I'm sorry for making you wait. It won't take long. I'll be ready in ten minutes
, you can make yourself a cup of coffee or watch TV.
55
I r a n i n t o J a c k i n r pub the other day. We hadn't seen each other for twelve yeiirs.
, I didn't recognizehim. He had grown a beardand lost most of his
hair. What made me rememberhim, however,was the look in his eyes.It hadn'tchangedat
all.
V. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.
Scrabbleis a very popular game all around the world. You need a Scrabbleboard.a set of
tileswith lettersof the alphabeton them.a pencil and somepaper(l) play
scrabble.
(2) each person takes one tile from the bag and the person with the
numberon his tile will startthe game.(3)
hi-qhest each person takes S I X
more lettersfiom the bag becauseeveryonein the gamemust have sevenletters.
The first player startsby making a word which covers the star in the centre of the board
(4) the next player makes another word by either creating a new word
w h i c h crosses the original word or by adding more letters to the original word.
(s) players make a word, they must take more letters from the ba-l
(6) they always have sevenletters.All the playerscontinue making words
in this way (7) thereare no more lettersin the bas and one Dersonhas used
a l l h i st i l e s .
(B) playing, players try to cover the coloured squaresbecausethese
the numberof pointson the tile. (9)
increase the game.one personkeepsthc
scoreby adding up all the numbersin each word played.(10) , when the
gameis over. eachplayer addsup the numberof pointson his remainin-g
tiles and subtractsit
from the total.
It should be rememberedthat Scrabblecan take a long time if the players are really keen
and.of course.playersget betterwith practice.
VI. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.
56
becauses h e h a d ( 2 ) sgen him on TV. The man wils busy goin-e
(4) the man had left the living room. He was walking througtr the
but (6) she decidedto hide behind the kitchen door. A few minutes
(7) the rnan enteredthe kitchen.(8) turnln-g
the light o n , h e went straightto the refrigeratorand helped himself to somefood. Mina was
relievedrvhen she heard the sound of police sirens.They had (9)
arrived.( 1 0 ) _ Mina learntthat the man was sentto Brixton Prison to
VU. t'ill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE.
VIII. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. Use them only ONCE,.
2. I can't give you an exacttime, but I'll call you in the lrftcrnoon.
2. The orchestrahad played for severalhours. The embassyprovided the musicians with
refreshments.
(after)
(when)
(until)
3. Mary boughtnicepresents
_ Christmas.
58
2. PRONOUNS
2.1PERSONALPRONOUNS
A. Usethe table to fill in the blanks.You can usethem more than once.
M v brother gave me and my sister, Felicia, two very nice Chinese blouses.
(1\ blouse is more colorful than Felicia'sblouse. I think the best and
(l5) were very good. At the end of the dinner, Janet opened
(l6) bag and took out a small package.
*>k*
59
Our son. Tom, broke ( 17) arrn last night. My rvife and I took
(1 B ) to the hospital right away. All the doctors \ /ere very busy when
(l 9 ; gor (20) . Fortunately,a beautiful young nurse saw us
( 2 1) was very helpful and took us to the emergency roolr.t.
(22) was quite a largeroom with cupboardsfull of medicine.
60
8. I d i d n ' ts e e there.
Fill in the blanks with the suitable reflexive pronouns myself, yourself, himself,
yourselves.
ourselves,
herself, itself,themselves,
6. He went to Eneland
8. Alice startedsingingto
l. There are many kinds of insects in the world. Ant is one kind. The wasp is
3. He had a really seriousaccident.He is alright but his car is badly damaged.He needs
to get car.
5. There are many kinds of trees in the world. The oak is one kind. Some
are pine trees,willows, sycamores.
6. There are many kinds of treesin the world. The oak is one kind. Some
kinds are willows. svcamores.
6l
1. It snoweda lot this morning, and from the looks of thosedark clouds,there is going to be
snowstorm.
1 0 . There are many tourists from different countries. Many of them are from Japan
are from Germany.Enelandand the U.S.A.
1 1 . Mr. And Mrs. Miller are a happily married couple. They love ver)
much.
13. One of the two countriesI would like to visit is Tibet. is India. Of
course,besidesthesetwo , thereare mysticalplacesI would like to see.
oz
3. NOUNS
3.1 SUBJECT.VERB AGREEMENT
Choose the correct answers in parentheses.
1. There (isn't, aren't) any lettersin the mail for you today.
9. There (is, are) a blue pen and a yellow notebookon Sue's desk
31. Mary and Tim were on time for the meeting,but the rest of us (was, were) late.
34. Not only her family but also her relatives(was,were) at the conferenceto listen to her.
l. city and it
Denveris an interesting lots of theatresand art salleries.
64
A: Excuseme, (4) a chemist in the town?
B : Y e s ,( 5 ) one in Elm Street,oppositethe bank.
Sam and Mark are talking aboutthe hotel they are planningto stay at during their holiday.
Mark Of course,they have.Don't worry. The hotel has all kinds of facilities.
Jack doesn'tknow much about Wilmington becausehe hasjust moved there.He has a lot
of questionsaboutthe town. He is talking to his neighbour,Peter.
Peter Yes, the Lincoln Library is in Olden Street.It's a very big library with many
books and also a nice selectionof magazines.
Jack What aboutpubs?When I was in London, my friends and I went to a pub every
weekend.(9) any good onesin Wilmington?
Peter Fine, but I'm very hungry right now. Let's eat something.
65
We live in a small,old housein Guilford. Ir (12) two bedrooms.a living
room. a dining room. a kitchen and a bathroom, of course. In the livins rooln.
(1 3 ) two blue armchairsand a red sofa.We also ( l4)
television,a video and a radio.In the evenings,we sit in the living room and watchtelevision
or listen to music. ln the dining room, (15) a table and four chairs. The
kitchenis new.We havebreakfast
in the kitchen,but we havelunchanddinnerin the tlinine
room.
3.3ARTICLES
Put a, an, the or X in exercises
A, B, C, D and E.
A.
We were so tired when we arrived in New York that we wanted to go straislrt to
(l) bed.We rook (2) taxi from the airport to the celttre of town.
(-l) taxi-driverwho took us to our hotel told us that (zl) streetso{'
Manhattanwere not crowded becausemost people do not go to work on (5)______
Saturdays.
B.
2 . D i a n ai s very nlceperson.
6 . I'm sureit won't be long beforepeopleare living and working in ___ sp.rce
1 . Have you alreadyhad lunch?
8 . I spoketo severalpeopleat the cocktailparty. Was John one with the red
hair?
oo
14. When you come out of the lift, you'll see two doors, red one and
blue one.My door is red one.
1 7 . I ' m l o o k i n gf o r newjob.
18. I saw man going into the office. I don't know who
man was.
C.
l. Watchoutl Therets pollceman comlng.
>k*)k
If you are pl anning to get therebefore (14) sunset,you haveto sel otf
e a r l yi n ( 1 5 ) mornlng.
(l6) tea Sam brewed from different herbs for (17)
breakfastwas extremelydelicious.
D.
Many common objects are named after (l) famous people who used or
'Wellington'
inventedthem. One of (2) most famous examplesof these are
'Wellington' got its name from (4)
boots. (3) Duke ol
Waterloo in 1 8 1 5W
. e l l i n s t owanted
n (8) specialpair of boots made for him.
they would be both comfortable as well as waterproof. Wellington was very pleased with
for much of the time. Today ( 16) British still use Wellington boots, or
wellies'.
RogerSpentthreemonthsin(17)-Himalayas.Hetriedclimbing(lB)-
MountEverest,butwithnoluck.Hewascaughtin(19)-SnowStormandhadto
SuppoSehe'llnevergiveupbeing(21)-adventurousperSon.
E.
1. I come home on 8.30 train every evening.If I miss it, I either have to
wait for two hours or take a taxi. which costsa fortune.
68
Lasr Sundaymy friends and I decidedto go to Kartalkaya.We set off at (3)
sunriseso that we could get thereearly in (4) morning and spendthe whole
day skiing but becauseof the bad weather,we were not able to reach the mountain until
(5) noon.
t<>k*
Sally : What lovely (6) earringslWhere did you get them from?
8. As Bob Golden was sentencedto life-long imprisonmentfor killing his wife and her
lover, he is going to spendthe rest of his life in pnson.
*>F>*
20. dinner we had with my sister'sfriends was very nice. We really enjoyedit.
69
3.4 PREPOSITIONS
A. Mark the best choice.
6. It's 7:00 now. The train leavesat 8:00. We must hurry or we will never set to the station
time to catchthe train.
a) at b) in c) by d) on
70
B.
I. Look at the map and fill in the blanks using the words in the box.
I go thereby bus every day. The bus stop is (3) the museum.
When I needmoney, I go to the bank. It's (4) lny house.
(8) the videos. cassettesand CDs there are books for older
children.There are puzzles(9) the opposite corner. There are
lots ( l 0 ) puzzles here. The counter is (l 1)
the puzzlesand the shopwindow. The shopassistant sits(12) the
counter.
1l
III. Study the pictures and fill in eachblank with ONE WORD ONLY to complete
the texts.
*#a
tffi= +
'
|]--1
f- ('
I live in a small town called Saxborrow.It's a quiet little town. There ( I ) any
big cinemas,restaurantsor crowded pubs there.I live in a flat (2) the post
newspapersand magazinesthere.
72
IV. Martin is giving a party at his housethis evening.He gavehis friends a map to help
them find his house more easily. Look at the map and complete the following
directionsto Martin's house.Fill in eachblank with ONE word only.
Martints House
CITY PARK
,' i:rl- 'rnjI-l'
#ru.
r---JH------ldL-J
r-::-::---1
M
ilffi ffit
w
I
ffi N
A
II
I
I
I
BRowN STREET
G
carlton -tsrl
S
T
R.
T,AKE COLLEGB
DORMITORY
EI
T
I
.G
rO out of the Lake College dormitory. W a l k ( l ) Main Street and so under
Citv Park.You will see my house (6) your right. It is at the end of the
'73
V. Study the picture and fill in the blanks with the words in the box.
Oak Hill
SPORTSCENTRE
aA
vI.
Look at the picture and fill in the blanks with a suitable word/phrase from the
box. Use each only once. Be careful! There are more words than you need.
SUPBRMARKET
i n a t o y s h o p .I t i s ( 7 ) the caf6.
l5
C. Fill in the blanks using the words in the boxes.
I.
Jamesis in the train station.He is talkins to the man at the information desk.
James : Excuseme, can you tell me the way to the public library?
II.
by with to on
for at between in
l. She'sstill going out the sameboy. I think they are going to get
married.
2 . I'd like to invite you the concertat the exhibition center.
J. Preo School studentsset to class 8:40 everyday.
+. I usuallyhave salad lunch.
5 . In Turkey planes never leave or arrive time.
III.
by with to on between
for at in from off
I. As soon as I get the car. I fastenmv seatbelt
2. Chicken d la Basque is a kind of casserole.It's made
chicken.wine. tomatoesand sarlic.
3. If you catchthe 8 o'clock bus you can get school on time
4. Nowadays a lot of people have toast and tea or coffee
breakfast.
5. The train to istanbulleaves 9:30 from olatform4. We'd
betterhurrvun or we'llmissit
76
IV.
working efficiently. They also add that they came up againstsimilar problems with the
previousmanager.who wasjust as uncompromising.
***
Two days ago, we went to the Italian restaurantthat my wife and I had been to several
times previously. We were planning to spend a pleasantevening and at the same time
celebrateour tenth wedding anniversarybut thingsdid not go as we had expected.You just
cannot imagine how furious we were (5) the waiter
He seemedto be fed up (8) what he was doing. That may be the reason
why he servedthe food so casuallyand at the end collectedthe plates in a most messy
fashion.In addition to the low quality of the service,the food was not good, either. It did
not live (9) to our expectationsat all. On the menu it was statedthat
that they had charged us $10 for the coffee we had had after dinner. I immediatelycalled
the waiter over and tried to explain it to him but he didn't seem to catch
(11) so I gave up and paid $10 for the coffee. As I was extremely
'71
D. Fill in the blanks with suitableprepositionswhere necessary.
I.
5 . T h eb o yw h os i t s my rightis Spain.
10. Contrary all advice, he didn't quit smoking and had another heart
attack.
78
2 1 .A When did they get married?
B January,1976.
TI.
We've got a cafe near Lake Bismark. It's open from May to October, but it's closed
(l) the winter. It's (2) a lovelv oosition.It looks out
(3) a park and has got a wonderful view (4) the
forest. It's a family business.We opened it three years ago, (5) May.
(6) Last Tuesday, a group of Japanesetourists came. They sat in the
garden,ate cheesecake and took hundredsof photographs.
1 . I don't think Sue will get thatjob. She has no experience computerwork
8.Wi1liamcanhelpyourepairyourcar.Hehasagoodknowledge-car
engines.
***
1c)
17. Is it too late for the 8.45 train?
Oh. ves. its 8.50 now and the train left 5 minutes
27. Is he aware how lons we have been waitine for the tour to start?
38. Sorry the delay.We should still get to the museumbefore it closes.
80
III.
1. BernhardGoetzwasconvicted illegal gun possession.
2.Hewasfined$5,000-hiscrime,andhewaSSentenced-six
monthsin jail.
3. He was acquitted attemptedmurder.
4. In bad weather,we can't rely public transportation.
5. Bus driversin New York are sometimesrude passengers.
8l
26. The governmentis trying hard to cope the high ratesof inflation.
21. He'snot conscious his bad mannersand keepscomplainingthatpeople
do not undersrand
him at all.
28. She is verv easygoingso shegets well rvithpeoplc-.
29. The town councildecidedto turn the old school a musellm.
30. They usu:illygo out Saturdayevenin-qs,
but tonight thev rvill
stayin.
31. What kind musrc ale children ntost intcrestccl
82
Peter '. Why don't you mLrveto anotherf'lat?
Paula '. I can't afford a betterflat.
B. Chooseone expressionfrom Column A and one from B and fill in the blanks.
COLUMN A COLUMN N
wasn't
weren't anv
isn't ennrroh
aren't much
was many
are quite a lot
is
were
I looked at lhe menu and wanted some tomato soutl The waiter said: "I'm afiaid. there
(2a) (lb) tomato soup". so I askcd for thcir
mushroom soup. It w:is O.K., br"rt t( hr o
r L' ol L i i,. r
\-,q,
(either...or)
5. I feel miserableand tired.
(notonly...but
also)
D. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the box. You can use them more than
once.
84
E. Mark the best choice.
5,Thereare-newfilmsshowingatthenewmovietheatre,but
appealsto me.
a) several... none b) many ... all c) few ... neither d) a lot of ... either
F. Fill in the blanks using the words given in the boxes below. You can use them
more than once.
I.
85
6 . Jennydoesn'twant to inviteTom or Billy. Shelikes of them.
II.
One day, my father finally declared,"I have decidedthat you are matureenoughto have your
own car." Oh, what joy! Though we actuallyhave two family cars, (1) fi ts
within mv modest studentbudeet in terms of running costs.So I immediatelv sat down to
call the car dealersin town and carefullv iotted down (2) the information
they had to offer. My father and I then went over (3) detail and. after
long discussions,agreedon a make that was (4) sporty ano lnexpenslve.
The next stepwas to visit the dealerclosestto our house.As soon as we arrived,I noticedthe
two carsin the window, one bright red, the other British racing green.(5)-----
would have been all right with me. My father, who is not easily impressedby attractive
colors,startedaskingendlessquestions.While he got a patientand thorough answerfrom the
dealer to (6) one, my father looked as if (7) of the
answerssatisfiedhim. After half an hour, I was really getting anxious,thinking we were not
going to buy the car today. How was I to know that my father was just enjoying the
occasion?I am now the proud owner of a beautifulsportscar.
86
H. Fill in the blanks with quantity expressions.
3. I take my dog out for a walk a day - before I leave for work. and
after I come back home.
87
4. QUESTTONS
4.1 YES/NO,'\ryH-" SUBJECT/OBJECTAND INFORMATION QUESTIONS
Tom Susan
iob doctor secretarv
so runntns Tuesday
,|
1.
No. he isn't. He's a doctor.
,)
2.
On Tuesdays.
5. in an office'?
Yes, she does.
4. A lunch?
B My husband?At the restaurantnext to his office.
5. A in this city?
B No. They live in Cambridge.
6. A after dinner ?
B Well. we usually watch TV. And when the weatheris good, we go out for a walk.
***
Pamela aL.
88
Jasminis a waitress.She works in a night club. She startswork at 6 p.m. and finishesat 2
a.m. She goesto work by bus, but shedoesn'tlike it. She wants to buy a car.
Jasmin usually gets up at about 1 p.m. The night club is closed on Sundays, so she
usuallygoesout with herboyfriend,George.
You : (ll) ?
Jasmin : At aboutone o'clock in the afternoon.
You : (12)
Jasmin : No, I haven't. I go to work by bus.
You :(13)
Jasmin No, I don't. The club is closed.
**x
David is a reporter. He is writing an article about sparetime activities.Now, he is talking
to Mary.
David (t4) in your sparetime, Mary?
Mary Listeningto rock music.In fact, I was at the Rolling Stonesconcertin New
York last month.
20. A suitcases?
B They'reours.
89
22. A : How therein Selton?
B : Restaurants?
Three.One in Main Streetand two in Elm Street.
26. Bill and Janeown a restaurant.Before they go shopping,they always check the food and
the drinks in the kitchen.
Bilt : there?
Jane : Oil? Not much.
Bill : What aboutpotatoes?
Jane : It's O.K. We havea lot.
>F**
90
Tourist : (33)
David : Less than 15 minutes.
Tourist : Thank you.
***
Jack and Paul were at a party last night. They are talking about it.
Paul (36) (see)Maria at the
party last night?
Jack No. Who's Maria?
Paul She'sPatrick'snew girlfriend. She's not English.
Jack (311 she?
Paul She'sFrench
Jack (38) (live)in London'l
Paul Yes.She'sa studentat Patrick'sschool.
Jack (3e) (meet)?
Paul Patrick and Maria? Three weeksaso.
Jack (40) (be) happy in England?
Mr. And Mrs. Wilson have been married for 30 years.Mr. Wilson met his wife when
they were studentsat university.They live in a house in Oxford. They have got three
sons and one daughter.They are all married. Mrs. Wilson is a housewife. She likes
reading in her sparetime. She has got more than five hundred books. Mr. Wilson is a
professorat Oxford University. He is going to retire next month. The Wilsons want to
move to a warmer country - Italy or Spain - becausethey do not like the weather in
England,but they haven't decidedyet.
41.
30 yearsago
42. hrswife?
At university.
,)
43.
More than five hundred
9l
44. whenMr. Wilsonretires?
They'll probablylive abroad.
45. A
B I boughtit tenyearsago.
One.It's an old Volkswagen.
41. A
B 39. (shoes/wear)
***
54. Martin is talking to his girlfriend abouthis plans for the future.
His girlfriend : afier you complete
yourmaster's?
Martin : Well, I'm not sure.MaybeI'll work in my father'sbusiness.
My fatherand
I discussedit last nisht and he offered me a position in the Sales
Department.
His girlfriend : That'sa goodidea.
92
Anna My brotherhas hurt his back. He's in hospitalnow.
Grace oh! (ss) (be) in hospital?
Anna Sincelast month.
Grace That's a long time. Do you visit him every day?
Anna Yes, I do.
Grace (s6) (go) to the hospital
tomorrow?
Anna At 2 p.m.
Grace I'd like to go with you.
68. Helen is talking to Maria. Maria is Spanish and she is studying Science at London
University.
Helen : a studentat London University?
Maria: Forayear.
15. The burglars broke into an old woman's flat while she was watching TV in her
bedroom.A policemanasksa neighbouraboutthe old woman.
Policeman : What
Neighbour : She was watchingTV in her bedroomthen.
16. Leila is looking at a jug in a shop and she wants to know about its exact capacity.
Leila : Excuseme. How much liquid
Shopkeeper: 2liters,madam.
94
77. Alex : (invitations/ send)so far?
Bill : About sixty. I'm going to sendthe rest this afternoon.
9-5
It's Mary's mother's birthday tomorrow and she wants to give her a nice birthday present.
She wants her friend Janeto help her.
Jane ( 9t ; doesyour mother listen to?
Mary Sheusuallylistensto classical
music.
Jane Why (92) her a CD of Beethoven's 9th
Concerto?
Mary That's a good idea.
(SUBJECT+OBJECTQUESTIONS)
a few minutesago.
1. Bill shoutedat someone
6. He knows something.
96
7. Somethinghappenedlast month.
l. The farmers of Northwick village have come to the market place for a competition.
Mr. Brick, a memberof the jury, is tastingsomeof the tomatoes.
Mr. Brick : Hmm... thesetomatoesare delicious. (grow)
them?
M r s . M e a d o w s: I d i d .
Mr. Brick thefirst prize.
: Well, I thinktheydeserve
4.A
B person.
My brother?He is a verysociable
5.A that beautiful sweater vou are
wearing?
B My friend, Alicia, did. It was a birthdaypresent.
1. My motherbrought 3 up.
a) Who did my motherbringup? c) Who broughtup my mother?
b) Who did I bringup? d) Who broughtme up?
2. Shewaswritins ? to Susan.
a) What was she writing to Susan? c) When was she writing to Susan?
b) Who was she writing to? d) What was she doing?
3. I live in igloos.
a) Who live in igloos? c) Who lives in igloos?
b) Wheredo theylive? d) Do they live in igloos?
***
91
Last night (4) Z calledMary and said that he wantedto seeher. Together,they wenr ro
(5) ? at 5 o'clock. It was a very lovely place and not very crowded. They had a
wonderful meal there. After dinner, he gave her a (6) I . She opened it and saw a
pretty ring in it.
4. a) Who calledher? 5. a) What did they do? 6. a) Which did shegive him?
b) What did he call? b) Who did they go with? b) What did he give her?
c) Who calledhim? c) Who did they go to? c) What did he do?
d) Who did shecall? d) Where did they go? d) Who did he eive it to?
l,
2.
4. ')
5.
il.
SisterWendy was (example) yearsold when she becamea nun (a religious woman).
She lives in a caravanin the grounds of a monasteryin Norfolk but she leavesher caravan
-( 1)- a year to travel round Europe.She visits the world's most famous art treasures
and presents an arts programme for BBC. _(2)_ like her clear and plain
explanationsof art. That's why her programmesare very popular all around the world. Last
year Sister Wendy made _(3)_ programmesand she earned_(4)_ for the
first series of her programme. The money was used to provide shower rooms for the
monastery.Now, she wants to -(5)- so she is spending most of her time in her
caravanworking on it.
98
eg: How old wos Sister Wendy when she becomeo nun?
?
,|
2.
a
J. ?
,.!
A
,)
5.
III.
Mike is a tourist guide. He works during the summer and goes on tours -(1)- a
week. Last week, he took a group of British tourists to Urgiip during the first World Air
Games. There were _(2)_ pilots from different countries taking part in the
competitions. On the last day of the tour, he met -(3)-. He told Mlke that he had
becomea hot-air balloon pilot after leavingschooland offered to give the group a ride in his
balloon. That was very kind of him. The group enjoyedevery minute of that exciting ride.
Then, -(4)- took them to a pub. Mike drank only -(5)- wine becausehe
was still on duty. A few hours later,.....
,)
2.
a
J.
4. ?
,)
5.
IV.
99
J. ,,
A
+.
5.
v.
Laura is talking about her careeras a model.
I am (example) old now and modelling has always been a part of my life.
-(1)- introducedme to modelling when I was six months old, for a baby-clothes
catalogue.It's quite an excitingjob. I fly to Jamaica_(2)_ a yearto model summer
clothesand last year I made -(3)- television advertisements- more than I'd ever
done before. Now I want to -(4)-, so I'm doing a drama course at college at the
moment. of course,my appearanceis important. I'm very lucky there. I eat _(5)_
junk food but I never get fat.
l.
2.
a
J.
A
-,
vI.
JaneWebb is a widow and is (example) old. She lives alone in a small bungalow in a
very quiet street. She doesn'tlike going out much. _(l)_ she goes to the cinemato
watch a horror film. In the eveningsshe_(2)_.
At ll:00 p.m. on January7,1999, -(3)- calledthe Toronto police and reporteda
suicide.When the police arrived,shewas -(4)- at the door. Mrs. Webb rook rhe two
inspectorsto -_(5) There, in the study, they saw a man's dead body on the floor
nearthe desk.
100
eg : How old is Mrs. Webb?
I
.)
')
a
J.
')
4.
5.
4.2TAG QUESTIONS
A. Add the missingquestiontags.
1. Sheis a very clevergirl,
2. There are many absentstudentstoday,
5. Shehasn'thad dinneryet,
6. I paidyou,
7. You haven't ever beento Europe,
,|
8. Mary can help us,
t0t
B. Mark the best choice.
l. You are goin-eto come to the party,--?
a) do you b) aren'tyou c) will you d) won't you
1. Sheneverphoned,
8. There is no food.
9. Everybodymakesa mistake,
1 3 . T o m a n dB e n l i k e i a z z ,
14. A : It was the dog that ruined Mum's rose garden. but don't tell anyone
,
1 6 . G i v em e a h a n d . )
1 7 . L e t ' sg o o n a p i c n i c ,
102
19" Passme the sugar, ?
103
5. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
5.1ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Fill in the tllanks with the correct forms of the words given in brackets.
l. He alwaysdoeshis homework lcareful).
2. He is a very (careful)student.
As the plane circled over the airport, that somethingwas wrong. The plane
""".r":::"nsed
was moving (15) (unsteady) through the air, and although rhe
passengershad fastened their seat belts, they were (16) (sudden)
thrown forward. At that moment the air-hostessappeared.She looked pale but her voice was
quite (17) (calm). She informed everyonethat the pilot had fainted
and askedif anyonecould help. A man got up (18) (imrnediate)arrd
followed the hostess into the pilot's cabin. All the passengers were getting
(1e) (tense). The plane wzts now
(20) (dangerous)close to the ground. The worst moment of the flieht
came when they had to land. When the plane touchedthe ground, however, they only fclt a
(21) (slight)bump. It was a narrow escape.
104
22. I can'tput up with the chequebookjournalism. in which even criminals are paid
lots of money to tell their ( terrible) stories.
24. This is Saturdaynight so we can (hard) find any tickets for the
show.
*t<*
John went to the doctor becausehe had a pain in his chest.The doctor'scommentswere
(7) (frighten) before the doctor told him that the pain was just
heartburn.
'5.3
ADJECTIVES AND PREPOSITIONS
A. Fill the gaps with correct prepositions.
l. Wheneverwe went to the seaside.I used to spend my days on the beach collectrng
thingssuch as shclls.rock piecesand pebbles.I was very fond
doing that. Back home, I used to put the shellsand little stonesin a jar filled with
water and keep them in my room.
t0-5
2.A They lefi fbr the zoo withouttakingme. I'll nevertalk to them again.
She is an extremely efficient secretary and her employers are vcrv happt
her work.
I never use earlic when I cook because my children al'e not yery keen
it.
Jennyand Fred met when they were at university.They f-ell love with
each other and got married two years later. The couple had great financial dilficr-rlties
during the first yezrrsof their marriage.However,today Fred earnsmnch rnorethan he clrd
ten yearsago and they lead a comfortableand luxurious lif'e in their villa.
Jack used to be my best friend - at least I thought he was. He had always been lbncl
(l0) gambling,so he borrowed a considerablesum of rnoneyfrom
me. (ll) return for his debt, he promised to help me with the
painting of the house, but he didn't keep his promise. I was rather an-qry
(12) this, but I decidedto forget it all. Then he borrowed mv new
Tirnex watch and somehow managed to break it. Fortunately. it was srill
1l3r guarantee, so the shop repaired it fl-ee
(l4) charge. However. the worst thing he did was stealin-emy
girlfriend away from me. I was really upset ( 15) hint
(l6) doing sucha thing.With friendslike that,who needsenemies?
106
B. Circle the correct choice.
I was attracted_(1)_ the sight of the chocolate cake and ordered it.
However.it did not taste_(2)_.
l. a) at 2. a) well
b) with b) good
c) by c) better
d) for d) much
1. Last night my wife, Emma, and I decidedto try the new Italian Restaurantin Main
Street.The dinner we had in the restaurantwas good, but we were uot very pleased
the wine. It tastedhorrible and it was alsovery expensive.
a) with b) of c) in d) at
for of IN to
about under as with
throu b on
5.5ADJECTIVE ORDER
108
1. painting(oil, old)
8. bag (large,sports)
9. stone(round,small)
10. students(French,young)
L Thomas servedthe meal on a colourful plate which he had bought from China. It was
madeof porcelain.
Thomasservedthe meal on a plate.
2. I was given a small music box for my birthday.It is madeof wood and it is black in
colour.
I receiveda musicbox
for my birthda Y.
4. My brotherwas given a pair of new riding bootsfor his birthday.They are made of
leatherand they are black in colour'
My brothergot a pair of
riding boots for his birthdaY.
is worsethanmine'
3. His handwriting
My handwriting
109
8. Sheusedto eat morethanshedoesnow.
She sheusedto.
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets.
Mrs. Swanson : Bill, as you know, the Nile and the Amazon are the two best-knownr.ivcr-s
in the world. (1) (long1. the Nile or the
Amazon'l
Bill : The Nile. It is 6670 km long but the Amazonis 6440 krn.
(easy) for me to live alone, but in time I got used to it and now I flncl it
very time-consuming.There are good things about living on my own. though. I arn nor
110
One day the children in a kindergartenwere standing around in the playground and
'My
talking about thelr fathers. One little girl started a game and said : daddy is
'My
(e) ttall) your daddy Another said, daddv is
c o u l dd o ( 1 3 ) (good) other dads. There was one little girl who was very
others. She was obviously trying to think of somethinggood, but she was having some
trouble. The other childrencontinuedwith the game. Suddenlythe little girl's face lit up.
(17) (fat) any of your daddies'. The rest of the group were very
l.
The Krzrlrrmak. It is longerthan The Sakarya,
2.
Mauna Kena is. It is 1,000metreshigher than Everest.
The Italian Parliament.It has 615 memberswhereasthere are 550 members in the
Turkish Parliarnent.
D. Complete the sentenceswith a suitable adjective from the box below.Use each
adjective only ONCE. There are more than you need. Do not forget to make the
necessarychanges.
lll
3. The pollutiorrin Istanbulis the pollution in Ankara. There
isn't too much pollution in Ankara.
A. Complete / Rewrite the following without changing the meaning and use the words
in brackets, where given.
1. Thereare8 students
in my class,and l6 in yours.
Thereare in your classas in mine.
I l. Andrew is slightlyolderthanJohn.
John
t12
14. Travellingby bus is not (comfortable)
travellingby car. Besides.the busesare very slow.
1. The blue dress is f40 and the red one is f.42. I think I'll buy the red dress. It isn't
as cheapas the blue one, but it is prettier
a) slightly b) nearly c) quite d) a bit
2.PeoplesaythatIcansingaS-asBarbaraStreisand.
a) beautiful c) beautifully
b) more beautiful d) more beautifully
3. It costs nearly twice as much to join a private sports club it does tcr
join the universitysportscentre.
a) than c) as
b) for d) rather
il3
3. It is a very old castle.lt is in Britain.
B. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the words in the box. Add any word if
necessary.Use each only ONCE. There are more than you need.
5 . My uncle always wants to talk about himself. He neverlistensto other peopleand talks
about the same thing again and again. He is person in the
family.
C. Fill the gaps using the correct forms of the words in brackets.
S a o P a u l oi s ( 1 ) t r i c h ) a r e ai n S o u t hA m e r i c r . ( l ) (tast)
growing and the pride of all Brazilians.The city has (3) (popular;
restaurantsin Latin America. (4) (comfortable) theatres and some of
t5r (good) schools.E dificio Italia, (6) ( t a l l ) b L r i l d i n gi n
SouthAmerica,is locatedat (7) (high) point in Sao Paulo. IbirapueraPerrk
is(8) (big) and (9) (impressive)of its kind in the world
In the park's Pavillion Pereira, the world famous Bienal ;lrt exhibitiorrs.
(1 0 ) (great) show of contemporaryart in Latin America ar.eheld. Porto
Alegre is one of ( 1 I ) (modern) cities of Sao Paulo. (12)__
(-eood)
Brazilianwine is producedin this area.
114
How is your biochemistrycourse?
B It is really hard.In fact, it is one of (13) (difficult) coursesI have
ever taken.
A Really'?
B Yes, even someof (14) (clever)studentsin the classare havine
trouble.
A Men cannotcook.
B That is not true. (15) ( g o o d )c o o k si n t l 6 t t f i n ei
restaurantsin the world are men.
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in brackets. Do not forget
to make the necessarychanges.
accidents on roads than on railwavs. For this reason. I think bus travel is
$12, but a bus ticket costs$25 and a plane ticket costs$1001There is only one problem
when you travel by train. It is (5) (slow) the other kinds of'
transoortation.
It takestoo much time to get from one place to another.
*x*
115
B : Yes, but I want a quiet hotel, and the Paramountis (15) (peaceful)thc
other hotels.
*t<*
Peter : I'd like to buy an electricdrill, but there are so many of them. and the'y'reall so
expensive.Could you help me chooseone?
Salesman : Of course.I understandyou don't want to spendtoo much on a drill. Look rt this
model- the TRX. It's (19) (expensive)one that we
have in the store, but that doesn't mean it is (20)
(bad) the rest. You see,the price does not always reflect quality. Actually. the
TRX is oneof (21) (reliabie)modelson the market.You
can alwaysdependon it. There is nothing (22) ( a n n o y r n ga)
tool that doesn'twork (23) (.proper)wnen vou want t()
use it. Here.take it and look atiL Q4) (close)
Peter : Thank you. You've beenvery helpful. I'll take the TRX.
Bill and Janeare going to Oxford next week. Uii, ;*,, to travel by car, but Jane doesn'ta-eree
with him. Here is the dialosuebetweenBill and Jane.
Jane : Bill, I don't want to travel by car. Why don't we travel by train instead'lWe can sit
\27) (comfortable)and enjoy the scenery.
Bill : You might be right,but the train isn'tnearly(28) (fast) the car.
116
Jane Listen to me. There are a lot of traffic accidentsevery day. And you drive very
Q9)_ (careless).If we travel by car, I will drive.
Biil I know you are a good driver, Jane, but I'm a good driver too. I drive
(30) (good) you do. Don't worry, I will drive very
( 3 1) (careful). Let's go by car because it is also
(32) (easy)way to get around.
the world when I go shopping becauseit really makes me feel relaxed. I always do rny
tll
Tommy : I agreemom, but I can ride the motorcycle(46) (good)most
of the other motorcyclistsand I promise that when I buy a motorcycle,I will be
(41) (slow) motorcyclistin New York. I will never
exceedthe speedlimit. Believeit or not mom, but (48)
(high) speedI will makewill be 50 milesper hour, not rrore. Besides.I can find a
parking place for it in the city far (49) ( e a s y )I c a n
for a car.
Mother : Tommy, I know all these and I do trust you, but still there is no wzty you can
convinceme. I still insistthatyou shouldbuy a car insteadof a motorcycle.
**r<
* >k >i:
Dear Mom.
Hi. How are you'?We're in New York. It's 42'C heretoday.According to weatherreports
i t ' s( 5 3 ) (hot) day this year. On our first night we stavedat a hotcl
called'The Central'.lt cost $150 a nisht so we found a much (54)
(cheap)hotel yesterday.
New York is far (55) (crowded)San Francisco.During
rush hours.vou can seehundredsof cars on Fifih Avenue. One thing I like aboutthe drivers
in New York is that they drive (56) (careful) the ones we have
in San Francisco"They all seemto obey the traffic rules.
Yesterdaywe went shopping with my friends. I think the shops on Fifth Avenue iire
(57) (expensive)the shops in San Francisco,but they are great to
look at! In the eveningour friendstook us to a pub in Soho.The music was great.but the
peopleat the pub were speakingvery (58) ( l o u d ) .w h i c h r n a d e
it quite difficult to enjoy the music.
Tomorrow, we are planning to visit the Museum of Modern Arts. I'm really lookin-e
forward to seeing the beautiful works of (59) (lamous)
paintersin the world like Van Gogh. Monet and Renoir.
Well, that'sall for now. I'm really enjoying rny tour around the States.As you knor.vour
next stop is Orlando.I'll sendyou a postcardfrom there,too.
Marian
r18
60. In your opinion, what (dreadful) thing that could
happento a student?
Mark : Thank God. the conferenceis over. I thought he would never stop talking.You
know what Lisa, that was (64) (boring)
conferenceI've ever attended.
Lisa : Come on Mark. it would be very unfair to say that the conferencewas a
(6s) (complete)failure. I have attendedconferences
that were(66) (bad) this one. I was really interested
in the subject and I think rhe presenter had dealt with it very
\67) (close).I guessthe problem was his heavy lrish
accent.I personallyfound it (68) (extreme)difficult
to follow.
*>k*
Fred Well. Mrs. Green,I'm doingmy best but as you know, I have a part-time
job at a restaurant
and I go (12) (straight) to work
after school.That'swhv I (73) (hard) find tin-reto do
my homework or study for my lessons.
Mrs. Green : I seebut you haveto find a solutionto this as soonas possrble
lt9
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the words in the box. Do not forget to
make the necessarychanges. Use each word ONCE. There are more than you
need.
2. Britain's m o u n t a i ni s B e n N e v i s( 1 3 4 3 m ) .
4. I'd love to go to the cinemawith you, but I'm afraid I've got
things to do. I haveto preparea reportfor the meetingtomorrow.
5. The rally team went far into the desert.They had little hope of finding warer.
The
120
2. The ferry companieshave built bigger ferries.They think that the
the happiertheir passengers
will be.
a) biggestferries are
b) more comfortable the ferries are
c) bigger are the ferries
d) more comfortably made ferries
Choose two words (one from each box) to complete the sentences.Use each only ONCE.
7 . He got when he fell off the tall tree in his sarden and was
takento hospitalimmediately.
8 . The doctors have been keeping Bill in hospital for a month. He must be
Choose two words (one from each box) to complete the sentences. Use each only
ONCE.
really fast
completely well
extremely slowly
incredibly correctly
rett ickl
I
l- She has a good memory so she can remember the telephone numbers
l2l
2 " The teacher learnt the names of the students in class
, which surprisedeverybody.
-). There is no doubt that they will
a
figure out how to operate the machine
becauseit is quite complicated.
4. I had fo warn him twice on the way to Istanbul because he was driving
t22
6. MODALS
6.1ABILITY
* PRESENT
can I be ableto
'/.
CAN(NOT)
A. Susanis 2 yearsold. Write down what shecan or cannotdo usingthe cluesgiven.
walk / ride a three-wheelbike / sing a song /
write / play computer games/ swim / have a
bath by herself/ comb her hair / read stories
7.
J.
4.
5.
6.
1.
8.
BE ABLE TO
B . Filf in the blanks using the correct forms of be able lo and the given clues'
l. The strike in the factory has been going on for two weeks. The workers
(make)their voice heardYet
3. My father when
(usedto / swim) acrossthe Bosphorus
he was young.
t23
* PAST
C. Jack is a prisoner. He has been in prison for two years. Write down what he coulcl clo
two years ago using the given clues.
4.
5.
121
6.2 PERMISSION
may/could/can
Manager Anyone over 65 and who doesnot wish to live alone at home.
Mrs.Andrews (l ) a singleroom?
Mrs.Andrews \L)
somefurniture?
Manager You would usually move into an unfurnishedroom, althoughit may have
a carpet and curtains.This means you can bring your own choice of
r25
6.3 REQUESTS
would / will /could / can
A' You are travelling on a train. It is a long journey and you are travelling
alone. There
is a stranger in the compartment. Make polite r.q.r"it, using would
ir will and the
given clues.
eg : open the window
Would / Will you open the window.pleose?
l. turn down the music
2. lendme yournewspaper
B. Angel broke her leg while she was climbing the stairs. Now she is at
home and she
can't walk. Her mother has just arrived. Use the given clues ancl could or
can to
make requests.
eg: call my teacher and learn about my
homework assignments
Angel: Could/con you coll my teacher ond leorn
obout my homework ossignments,
please?
l. fetch my schoolbagso that I can do my homework
5. stay with me
'l
126
6.4SUGGESTIONS
A. Completethe dialoguesusingthe clueswheregiven.
l" A How are you gettingon with your English classes?
B Fine, but I have difficulty in understandingthe meaningsof some words
A whv you get yourselfa good dictionary?
l. on TV tonisht.
Thereis nothineinterestins
3. I'm stayingat the dormitory this term and I find it very difficult to wash my clothes
without a washins machine.
r21
4. My parentsare going out tonight.
8. We haveguestsfor supper.
9. Our maths teacheris going to give a quiz tomorrow but I have difficulty in solving the
problems.
6.5OFFERS
A. Make offers usingshall L.. accordingto the given situations.
l. You are stayingat a friend's house.You are both very tired and are going to your
bedrooms.You seethata light is still on in theliving room.Whatdo you say?
,
2. The teacheris trying to talk but a lot of noise is coming from the street and the window is
open.You are next to it. What do you say?
t
3. You and your friend are on the motorway.Your friend is driving. He has been driving for a
long time so he is tired. What do you say?
4. The train is about to leave.Jack is going to get himself a magazine.He seeshis girlfiiend
has nothing to read.What doeshe say?
6. Two men are trying to push a car. Mike seesthat they are finding it very difficult. What
doeshe say to them?
128
7. Your old grandmotherhas a pain in her feet. You think she should rest her feet on a
stool.What do you say?
,)
2. Sally and her friend Carol are in a restaurant.They have askedfor the bill. Sally knows
her friend doesn'thave much money with her. What doesshe say?
3. Jonathanand his wife have had dinner at home. He seesthere are lots of dishesto be
washedand his wife is exhausted.What doeshe say?
C. Make offers using would you like ... according to the given situations.
l. Your friend has popped up to see you. It is lunch time and you think your friend is
hungry.What do you say?
2. You are driving along a road. You seeone of your colleagueswaiting for the bus at the
bus stop.What do you say?
3. Sam has beenjogging for some time so he's out of breath and thirsty. What does his
wife say?
2. "Since you're busy, I'll feed the cat", Alice said to her mother.What did she offer?
4. "If you like I can do someshoppingfor you mom", Terry said.What did he offer?
129
6.6OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
8 PRESENT
Must/should/hadbetterArave(got) tolneedtolought tolbe supposedto
A. Fill in the blanks usingrzzsl and suitableverbs from the box. Use eachonly ONCE.
wash take leave do keep
l. Ifyou want to get a good grade,you your homework properly
2. In the dormitory you your own clothes.
3. You now. It is getting dark. Otherwiseyou will miss the last
bus.
4. You cantell Tom whatI saidbut he it a secret.
5. In the Preparatory School all of the students who don't sit the proficiency exam
the placement.
B. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of have to and the verbs given in the box. Use
each only ONCE.
C. Fill in the blanks using should/ought to and,the correct verbs from the box. Use each
only ONCE.
130
D. Fill in the blanks using had better and the correct verbs from the box. Use each
only ONCE.
E. Filt in the blanks using needto and the verbs from the box. Use eachonly ONCE.
draw fill repair wash
F. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of be supposedto and the verbs given in
the box. Useeachonlv ONCE.
finish besin answer attend
G. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of be to and the verbs given in the box.
Useeachonly ONCE.
leave obey wear give pay
1. A prisoner a uniform.
131
2. Our teachers threeinstructor'squizzesthis term.
3. Soldiers the rules strictly in the army.
4. People additional taxes for their cars and housesbefore the end of
this month.
5. You your cameraif vou want to enter the museum.
* PAST
6.7PROHIBITION
* PRESENT
Fill in the blanks using mustn't / can't and the correct verbs from the box. Use each only
ONCE.
rk smoke wash use enter
I JZ
6.8LACK OF NECESSITY
* PRESENT
8 PAST
B. Fill in the blanks using didn't have to / didn't need to and the verbs from the box.
Use each only ONCE.
2. She last night as they were going to go out for dinner with
theirfriends.
musicconcert.Therewas a freecarpark behind
3. Lastweekendwe wentto a classical
the concerthall so we for our car.
C. Complete the sentencesaccording to the given situations and use needn't have in
your answers.
1. I had to walk home becauseI thought that I didn't have enough money with me but
when I arrivedhome I realisedthat I had somemoney in my pocket.
SoI
133
2. Before going on holiday I first wateredthe flowers becauseI didn't know that my husbandhad
already watered them.
SoI
So the students
4 . I had preparedsome sandwichesbefore going on the excursionbut during the trip they made a
stopoverfor lunch.
SoI
5. He went to the beachwith his umbrellabut when he got therehe saw the umbrellasaround.
So he
6.9ADVISABILITY
should,ought to, had better
Match the sentences.Chooseone sentencefrom the 'situation' box and one from the ,advice'
box. Make sentencesusingshould (x4), ought to (x4) and,had better(x4).
Situation A dvino
Janehas lost her credit card. Eat salty food
Paul has left school. Have a shave
There has beenan accidenton the main road. Book a table at the restaurant
My fatherhas got a terriblepain in his chest. Apply for a job
She has washedher clothes. Call the lost property office
He has a job interview. Have a warm shower
I can't get to sleep. Hire a maid to help with the housework
His blood pressureis very high. Put the children to bed
He wantsto go abroad. Call the police
She is very busy. She doesn'thave any free time. Iron them
I haveforgottenmy jacket on the plane. Savesomemoney
It is 9.00 o'clock. Seea doctor
Tomorrow is Tessa'sbirthda Call the bank immediatel
eg.Janehaslosther creditcard.
She should / ought to / had better call fhe bonk immediotely.
l^
134
1
J.
5.
6.
1.
8.
9.
t0.
11.
12.
6.10EXPECTATIONS
SHOULD
Match the situationsin the first box with the expectationsin the secondone and write
sentencesusing sh ould._
2.
J.
4.
5.
r35
6.1I CRITICISM AND REGRET
Look at the picture and then write down sentencesusingshouldhave V3 or ought to have V3.
2.
a
J.
/1
T.
5.
6.12DEGREESOF CERTAINTY
* PRESENT
must / may /might / could
3. Sam is in love with Sue but he can't tell it to her. Sue has invited him for a drink tonisht.
He
A
+- Look out of the window. The weatheris terrible.It is snowine.
It outside.
lJo
MAY/MIGHT/COULD
4
The doorbell is ringing. I'm not surebut it
8 NEGATIVE
can't / couldn't / may not / might not
C. Match the sentenceson the left with the ones on the right and then write sentences
using can't / couldn't and one of the suitable adjectivesbelow.
hungry/ short of money/ dirty / pleased/ thirsty / popular
eg :Her stomoch is growling. She hos just hod 2 sondwichesso she con't
be hungry.
2.
a
J.
/1
a"
5.
137
/ MAY NOT / MIGHT NOT
D. Readthe givendialoguesand completethem expressingnegativeweakpossibility'.
I. A: Is Jackat his office?
2. A: Is your brotherstudying?
:-
i be snolv cost move have
l. My sister'sengagelnent
ring is enormous.It a fortune.
1-. When we lvclke uD in the morning evervrvhere was covered u,ith suo\\,. it
hard all night.
5. The letterI sent to lny pen l'riendhas come back. He lllto il new
house.
eg:Her cor moy / might hove broken down on the woy to school.
i3.q
3.
T.
5.
.. COULD HAVE
expressingpossibilityin the past.
G. Completethe sentences
eg: Why did you carry all the furniture alone?
You could hove hurt your bock.
X NEGA'TIVE
eg: Yesterday, I gave your pocket noney. Why do you want money norv? You
con't/ couldn't hove spent oll vour money.
1. At the beginningo1'theterm, she bought all her textbooksbut now she hasn't got
thern.She . It is impossiblc.
'fhev
3. Tom and John made the s,rme rnistakes in the cxan.
becausethey didn't takethe exam in tlresameclass
139
1. Jim was in London and he sent me a postcard of Hilton but he
becausehe didn't have that much monev with him
2. Jim possiblyhasn'tarrivedyet.
* FUTURE
l. our football team have been preparing hard for a long time. They
England.
140
4. He is really interestedin football and there is a match on TV at 8 o'clock tonight. He
home before8 o'clock.
5. My mother has preparedand put the chicken in the oven. It has been cooking tor 25
minutes.It readyin 5 minutes,so try to be patient.
K. Read the given situations and answer the questions using may, might or could.Use
each at least once.
1. My sisteris going to get marriedto an Indian doctor next weekendand they are going
to move to New Delhi. I am worried about my sister becauseshe has never been
abroadbefore.What kind of problemscan be expected?
a)
b)
c)
2. Kevin has entereduniversitythis year.He has startedliving in the dormitory and has to
sharehis room with other students.What kind of problemscan he be faced with?
a)
b)
c)
6.13PREFERENCE
3. Your brother wants to invite his friends tonight, but you are studyingfor an important
exam.What do you say to him?
4. I'd prefer you to take off your shoesbefore you enter the house.
l4l
5. Your friend wants to smoke in the kitchen. You think she shouldn'tdo that. What do you
say to her?
t42
6.14PROGRESSIVEFORMS OF MODALS
Fill in the blanks using an appropriate modal (in the progressiveform) and a
suitableverb from the box.
l. When I arrived home. my mother didn't answerthe door. I knew that she was hotne,
she a shower'
3. I'm trying to talk to Mary but the line has been engagedfor more than an hour. She
the internet.It is her favouritepastime
6.15REVIEW OF MODALS
A. ABILITY
Fill in the blanks with can, could or be ableto'
l. Ali speak English very well because his nanny was from
Britain.
Z. Yesterday, the students sold their second hand books in the garden but I
buy any becauseI didn't haveany moneywith me.
B:Yes.afireman reachhim.
4, I Tim. I
understand never
understandhim in my life.
I43
7. A : Did the thief escape?
B : Yes. The police officer chasedthe thief but he run away.
13. Today's planes are longer, wider and heavier than they were in the past and they
also carry more passengers.
B. PERMISSIONAND REQUESTS
Ask for permission/ make requestsaccordingto the following situations.
2. You are at home and having dinner with your family. You want your brother to passyou
the salt.What do vou sav?
3. You are in the classroombut you don't feel well so you want to go out. What do you say to
your teacher?
4. You arein the cinemabut you arelateandthe film hasjust started.You cannotfind your
seatbecauseit is dark.Whatdo you sayto theusher?
144
5. You are very hungry but you haven't got anything to eat. This is your first day at
school.so you don't know where the canteenis. What do you say to your classmate?
?
6. You are at the doctor's office and you are going to have a minor operationtomorrow.
You want to learn if you can have breakfastin the morning. What do you say to your
doctor?
1. You havejust found a cat in the gardenand you want to bring it home. What do you
say to your mother?
')
8. You have called your dentist.You are talking to his secretaryand you want to make
an appointmentto seehim at 3.30 on Monday. What do you say to her?
9. You are invited to a party but you haven'tgot anything nice to wear. You know that
your older sisterhasjust bought a dress.What do you say to her?
')
10. You are in the library to do your homework. You need to take photocopiesbecause
you cannottake some of the books out. There is an elderly lady at the receptiondesk
and thereis also a photocopymachine.What do you say to her?
?
Mrs.Riggs Come Betty. I'd like to introduceyou to my children. This is Bob, and
that'sLucy.
Mrs. Riggs Listen, Betty. There are some things that I'd like you to remember.We
don't smokein the house.
Mrs. Riggs Please,give the children their dinner at 8 o'clock. Don't forget, Bob
(2) drink his milk beforehe goesto bed.
145
4. You can return the book later.
the book now.
lneed to)
Teacher : I'm afraid you do. You must alwayshave them with you.
1 5 .A Where have you been? I've beenwaiting out in the cold for almost an hour.
B Sorrv. but I had a f-lattvre on the wav so I changeit.
146
to book a room.
16. It is not necessary
There is
II. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the words in the box. Use them only
ONCE.
III. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box and the verbs in
brackets. Use them only ONCE.
IV. Complete the sentencesbelow by using the correct forms of the modals in the box
and the appropriate forms of the verbs in brackets. You can use a modal more
than once.
A
T. Hospitals have put new signs on their walls. According to these signs you
(use)mobile phoneswhen you arein a hospital.
5. It will be betterif vou don't mentionthe matterwhen Tom is aroundbecausehe reallv eets
angry.
TOM YOU
Wcll. you
Ycsterdaymy roomwasin a mess.
Everything was lying around.
When my mother came in, she
trippedandtell over.
148
Last weekend,I went to a disco
without telling mum and I met
a friend of aunt Sally's there.
Now. I'm worried and I have
nightmares.
III. Read the letter which was sentto Doctor Sun's health column in the paper and his
response.Then write down what the patient should/ ought (not) to do.
gum
Eg: You should / ought to see
dentist.
3.
A
a.
5.
Your friend wants to invite Tom to a party. You think he shouldn'tdo that. What do you
sayto him?
t49
3. Your uncle has beenill for such a long time. You think he should seea doctor right away.
What do vou sav to him?
4. You are going to drive to London. You think you shouldbuy somepetrol beforeyou go.
What do you say to yourself?
5. Mary wants to play the guitar late at night. You know that the neighboursnexr cloorwill be
annoyed.What do you say to Mary?
2. eatstoo much?
6. hasiustmissedthebus?
9. feelsterriblyill?
150
E. MISCELLANEOUS
2. The sky is grey and there are lots of clouds.It's going to rain tonight. In that case.we
have the party in the garden.
a) can't c) ought not
b) mustn't d) don't have to
3. The person you saw having dinner with Mary last night
Jack.
a) can't havebeen c) must be
b) can't be d) can be
4. I'm sure Sue was at home last night. You - her twin sister Sally at the
concert.They look very alike.
a) must have seen c) may see
b) shouldhave seen d) couldn't see
6. Ir was a big mistaketo leavethe children alonein the playground.Thank God they're
fine, but they hurt themselves.
a) can'thave c) might
b) could have d) mustn'thave
7. Last week in the final exam, our teachersaid she trustedus and left the classroom.
We easily,but we didn't as we are honeststudents.
a) could cheat c) were cheating
b) cheated d) could have cheated
8. I have had my hair cut weeksago but I just didn't have time.
a) must c) can
b) ought d) should
r51
Paul and Mary have heardsomenoise and they are looking out of the window.
Paul The smoke is coming from the third floor. The fire (15) there.
il. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box. You can use then.r
more than once.
the summermonths and it is very difficult to find a room in a short time. It is also a sood idea tcr
(3) enter a foreign country without one. When you arrive at a hotel. vor-r
(4) fill in a form. It is a rule. A hotel has many other rules; for exampre.
you (5) take your cat or dog with you to the hotel room so leave your pet
at home. Usually,you (6) pay for children under 5 and for children
pay after eachmeal. If you like, you (8) pay for your mealslater,when
152
ilI. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the modals in the box. Use each onlv
ONCE.
have to can must ought to
The following are someflight safetyrules.Each passengeris askedto obey them before the
planetakesoff. You (1) take hand luggagewith you on the plane. But
pleasedon't take more than one piece, becausethere is very little spacein the cabin for
extra baggage.There are cupboardsabove the seatsfor your hand luggage.However. ),ou
(2) put it there.You maypreferto usethespaceunderyour seats.
dutittc thc
We also have one piece of advice.As you know, we servealcoholic bevera-ees
flight. It is better if you don't drink too much. So, you (4) l i m i t the
number of your drinks. This wa.v you will be able to act more quickly in case of itn
emergency.
5. Today there isn't a cloud in the sky. I think it is going to be a beautiful day so you
your umbrella when you are going out.
1 . j5
V. Complete/Rewrite these sentencesusing modals.
l. You and your friends went to a popular restaurantand couldn't find a table as it was very
crowdedinside.Now you regretthe fact that you didn't reservea table.What do you say?
We a tablebeforecomin-qhere.
8. Fredahad a lot of money to buy a largehousebut she decidedto buy a small flat instead
Freda
154
| 2. Las't month, we went to Egypt. On the morning of our ilght when we woke up we
saw that everywherewas coveredwith snow. We couldn't take out our car so we had
to take a taxi to the airport not to miss the plane.It cost a fortune.When we arrived at
the airport we learnedthat our flight was cancelled.
We a taxl.
20. Bill neededsomemoney so he had to sell his car. A few dayslater he won a lot of
money from the lottery.He his car.
B Yes, I'm afraid so. It's the law and anywayit will protectyou in an accident.
r)-)
25. Secretary: early today? I sotne
money from my bank account.
Manager : I'm sorry.but that isn't possible.
156
7. THE PASSIVE
Change the following into passive.(Use the given clues or different verbs where
necessary)
l. Theysellfurniturein thisstore.
in this store.
3. in Britaineveryday.
They publish the nationalnewspapers
The nationalnewspapers
5. Theypublishthisjournal monthly.
This journal
9. In this part of the country , frequent storms damagemany buildings every year.
every year.
(get)
15'7
7.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS
B : While she was walking down the srreet.she ( I ) (run over) b1,
a car.
r58
verv seriouslyby the fall. They wanted to leave the car but they couldn't becausethe water
outsidewas too cold and too fast for safe swimming. Another driver who saw the accident
informed the police immediately. Special rescuers and a truck
(ll; (call) to pull the car out . It took two hours to pull Leslie
and her daughtersout of the water. Then, they (12) (fake) to
hospitalfor a check-up.
Leslie and her daughtersare at home now. They (13) (try) to
overcomethe shock of the accident.
Two days ago a robbery took place in * ,n" largestbranchesof a famous bank. The
"""
robbery(14) (deal) with successfullydue to the bank manager
who(15) (push) the alarm button under his desk calmly, while he
let one of the threerobbers(16) (open) the safe opposite him. At the
time, the other robbers( l7) (point) their guns at the customersthzrl
were extremelyfrightened.They didn't know that the police were on their way to the bank
and would arrivesoon.The robbers(18) (arrest;as soon as thcy
(l 9 ) (leave) the bank. In this w a y , all the money which they
(20) ( s t e a l () 2 1 ) (save).The
bravebank manager
r)1 t (reward) by the insurance company tney
(23) (lose) so many millions. Now many banks are planning to
Luckily, the drivers of the two cars (30) (kill). However, they
(31) (injure) badly. Today, two days after the accident.the two
drivers are still in hospitalunder medical observationand with the help of the doctors.they
(321 (try) to recoverfrom the shock of the accident.
159
Sixty-five million years ago a large meteor, about 10 kilometers wide,
(33) (drop) on earthat a speedof thousandsof kilornetersper hour.
Millions of tons of dust rose into the sky. The temperatureof the earth increasedabout 5 or 6
degreesCelsius.Becauseof the changein temperature,nearly seventypercentof life on E,arth
(34) (destroy).
35. This town has suffered a great tragedy.Ten people (kill) in a huge
explosionyesterdaymorning.
6. Have the membersof the football federation announcedthe exact time of the match?
by the membersof the footbali
federation?
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
'Good evening
ladiesand gentlemen.This is the 7 o'clock news:
valued by experts at about f.40 million. The police believe rhar the,v
160
(3) (take) early on Saturday evening. but for some reason the
museum's burglar alarm (4) (work) at the time and the thefi
The face of the earth (8) (shape)by man as well as the nature.In the
(12) (finish) in 1966, are two of the biggest in Africa. Thanks to these
homes.
square miles of trees in the South of France and the beautiful forests in the area
(l6) (destroy) completely. Last night, the fires
1. Theytold us thatthepolicehadcaughtthemurderer.
3. By the time Sue got here,we had sold all of the second-handbocks.
t6l
4. Before the GreenPeacemembersarrived,peoplehad cut down the pine trces.
6' The burglaropenedthe door and walkeclin silently as somebodyhad left rhe fronr door
unlocked.
7' By the time I got to class,the teacherhad alreadygiven the writing sectionof the
mid-terrn.
8. By the time she was 20, her parentshad given her every possibleadvanrage
q
she went to the post office afier her father had written the letter.
ts. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets.
pleasureto ride it to school.To cut a long story short,I (7) (ride) it for a couple
of days,trying ro be as carefulas I could when it (g) (steal).Gettingour of the
restauranr
where I worked, I couldn't find my bike. I seem to rememberhaving locked
it but
looking back, I really don't know. I mav have forgotten to lock it.
As soon as I
(9) (realize)it wasn'twhereit (10) (leave),I went to the nearest
police station to report the theft. The police officer who dealt with me
was very kincl and he
162
wrote a report and told rxe they would contact me if they ( I l) (have) any
news. No need to say. my bike was never found. At first I was in a completeshock but as the
time passed.naturally I forgot all about this incident. After a lO-year interval, when thev
(t2) (phone) from the police station,imagine what a surpriseit was to hear
(l6) (take) the police to the garagewhere he kept the stolen goods. Arnong
those was my bicycle. There was a srnall piece of paper on each item with the name and the
7.5 FUTURE
A. Change the following into passive.
163
B. Mark the best choice.
1. If vou interruDl"
asain.vou
a) will punish c) will have beenpunished
b) will be punished d) will havepunished
5.He-intojailunlessheproveshisinnocenSeSoon.
a) will be put c) will havebeenput
b) will put d) will be putting
7.6 MODALS
A. Fill the gaps with the correct forms of the verbs.
164
3. Peoplemustn't park their cars here.
4. Thevshouldn'tdismiss
Jim.
r65
On the corner of Kings Road and Elm Street.
B (2)
(anybody/ injure)
A Yes. one of the drivershit a ten-year-oldgirl who was crossingthe street
B Oh, poor little girl! (3)
(she/ take)
To the Royal Hospital. Luckily, her conditionis not very serious.
B Oh, good. (4) to leavethe hospital? (she/ allow;
In a f-ewdays.
B (s) to the police yet?
(accident/ report)
Yes, a patrol car arrivedat the sceneof the accidentimmediately.
B.
'Good
morning, this is the eight o'clock news. The public librarl,
Miss Wayne : My secretarydid. When she came early this morning, she saw that the vandals
(4\ (throw)all the booksout of their shelves.
Everythingwas on the floor.
C.
villages
Several (l)
in Scotland (cut) off for threediivs due to a snowstonl.
(4) (run) out quickly. It is predicted that they can only last a couple of
166
8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCESAND WISHES
8.1TYPE O
Fill in the blankswith the correctforms of the verbsin brackets.
8.2TYPE 1
A. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
l. S h ew i l l c a l l y o u i f s h e (need)any advice.
t6l
8. During the exam, don't spend too much time on a single question. Go on to the next
questionif you (be) sureof the answer
B: Because
if I (leave)home early, I ( b e ) l a t el o r
work.
l. Thereis a chancethatI will seehim today.In that caseI will tell him to call you.
If
fl
(happen)
2. There is a chancethat he will come here tomorrow; then I will give him your message.
'{h.rPPtt
,h.pp"t
r68
8.3 CONDITIONALS WITH UNLESS
Rewrite the follorving using unlesswithout changingtheir meanings.
12. You can return this productonly if you bring the receipt.
You unless
r69
6. Sheis packingsomeaspirins the sun gives her a headache
7. Don't forget to lock all the doors and windows as there rnay be burglars in the
neighbourhood.
n0
10. Arrange health insurancebefore you start working abroad. You might need medical
treatment.
1L Susanshouldtype the letter now becauseshemight not have enoughtime later on.
(provided)
(aslong as)
(provided)
(provided)
f or whatyou havedone
5. Your parentswon'tforgiveyou unlessyou apologize
(providing)
1. I will lend you my lap top but you shouldpromiseto use it carefully.
You can
(provided)
8. They won't take thejumper back unlessyou show them the receipt.
(aslong as)
171
9. You cannotimprove your techniqueas a violinist unlessyou attenda master'sclass.
(provided)
(providing)
8.6TYPE 2
A. Rewrite the sentenceswithout changingtheir meanings.
L Because
it is raining,we cannothavethepartyin thegarden.
If
5. I won't invite Sally to dinner becauseI don't know her well enough.
If
10. They won't interview you for thejob becauseyou don't speakEnglish.
If
If
li2
B. Write a pieceof adviceusing y'.
1. My advice to you is not to open the door to strangers.
IfI
4. My advice to you is to take notes during the lectures.
IfI
5. My advice to you is to keep the milk in the refrigerator.
IfI
6. My advice to you is to attendthe classesregularly.
TfI
IfI
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
I.
2. A: I hatemy job!
B: Well, why don't you changeit? If you really (hate) it,
(look for) anotherone.
113
II.
A I am going away to the seasidefor a few days. Would you like to join me?
8.7 TYPE 3
2. If thecarhadn'thada puncture,
we wouldhavecaughtthetrain.
3. If thatdresshadn'tbeenso cheap,Janewouldn'thaveboughtit.
4. I would have tidied the living room if I had known you were coming.
5. If Rosehadn't had a hole in her tooth, she wouldn't have seenthe dentist.
! Rose saw the dentist. n Sft" didn't have a hole in her tooth
174
without changingtheir meanings.
B. Rewrite the sentences
he didn'twakeup on time.
1. He missedhis planebecause
If his plane.
3. They gave you the job becauseyou got the highestscorein the exam.
If
1. Petercamehome very late last night. Thereforehis wife got angry with htm.
If
C. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Here is the story of a disaster.A ship sank in the Caribbeanbecauseof a storm
t15
8.8 MIXED CONDITIONALS
Rewrite these sentenceswithout changing their meanings.
L The studentsattendedall the classesand worked very hard so their English is much better
now.
If
2. He can go to school by car since he was given a car by his parentslast month.
If
3. Atattirk fought against the enemies and founded the Turkish Republic. Therefore we are
able to live in a democraticcountry.
If
4. He drank too much at the party and drove home. He is in hospital now becauseof a car
accident.
If
5. The villagers didn't use any fertilizers to enrich the soil. Now they don't have a sood
harvest.
If
10. You didn't set the alarm clock last night. That is why I am late to school.
If
8.9WISHES
A. Completethe sentencesusing the given clues.
* PRESENT
116
4. It is a pity Mary is not here.
I wish
6. My parentsaren't here.
I wish
* PAST
I l. You didn't wait for me yesterday
morning.
I wish
t'77
19. The telephoneis ringing. I am really exhausted.I want someoneto answerit.
I wish
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
3. Your friends have saved some money to go on holiday. You regret the fact that you have
spentall your savingson an expensivecomputer.What do you say?
I wishI (buy)thisexpensive
computer
4. I had a fight with my girlfriend Ann last week. I was wrong, but I didn't apologize.Ann
doesn'twant to seeme any more. I'm very sorry now.
I wish I (apologize)to Ann.
William : I know, but I have to work not only on the day of the New Year buf also the day
after that because there may be problems with the computer system of the
company.
178
C. Mark the best choice.
3.Mygradesareusuallyverypoor.IwishI-bettergrades.
a) would get c) could get
b) can get d) get
4. The conferenceroom is usually hot and humid; I wish the meeting lna
cooler room but the secretarvsavsit is the onlv availablenlace.
a) will be held c) would be held
b) could hold d) was holding
8.10REVIEW OF CONDITIONALS
5. If you don't clear the table away,I won't let you go out.
Unless
ll ()
8. She'supsetwith you becauseyou didn't phone her last night.
If
10. What wo uld you do if you win the lotterv on the New Year's eve?
Suppose
14. I am not tired today becauseI didn't go to bed late last night.
If
15. Tom feels sick becausehe ate too much last nisht.
If
17. The kidnapperswon't kill the hostageif you pay the ransom without informing the
police.
Providedthat
B.
I. Fill in each blank with an expressionfrom the box. Use each only ONCE.
There are more expressionsthan you need.
3. The sick cattle were kept separatefrom the herd preventthe disease
from spreading.
180
5. A : Don't wastetime looking for that map
B: we lose our way, do you know how much time we will
wastethen?
il. Filt in each blank with an expression from the box. You need to use them more
than once.
1. I don't mind your going out with Martin in the evenings you
come home before midnisht.
III. Fill in each blank with an expressionfrom the box. You need to use them more
than once.
unless as lonq as
Gemma : Hi, Martha. I'm going campingthis weekend.Would you like to come'l
Martha : That soundslovely! I'd love to come (3) you promlse not
to drive too fast.
r8l
C. Mark the best choice.
I live with somerelativesof mine. I can't say that we get on very well. They don't let me invite
my friends over, and don't really care aboutmy problems.SometimesI wish I _( 1)_ live
4, IfI about his intentions last week, I would have acted differenilv.
I didn't have time to study Chapter Two in ijn,rro., book. I -(5)- ihe p,ofessor
doesn'task questionsfrom that chapter._(6)_, I'll get a low grade.
5. a) hope 6. a) Otherwise
b) wish b) However
c) expect c) Therefore
d) want d) Moreover
D. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
xxx
Mary : It is 8.30.
t82
A Don't you live in Tokyo any more?
B No, I don't. I've come back to settledown in my hometown.It's been two months
already.
r83
9. NOUN CLAUSES
9.I REPORTED SPEECH
A. Change thesesentencesinto reported speech.
7. Bill to his mother: "I don't want to help vou with the housework."
Bill told
8. "I didn't have enoughtirne to take the book back to the library", said Robert.
Robert said
12. "If I were you, i would tell them the rruth."he saidto me.
Fle advised
lE.l
14. "We don't want a recentgraduzrte,"
said the interviewer
The interviewertold me that
16. Johnto his wife : "You never rememberto take a map when we set off on a journey."
Johncomplained on aJourney.
ll35
B. Completethe sentences
using the words in the boxes.
I.
Mary
II.
discouraged apologized provided
tulated confused ished
ilI.
threatened reminded advised invited
admitted denied comolained romised
1. " Linda, would you like to have dinner with me?" said Mike.
Mike
3. " Do not forget to bring the doctor'sreport tomorrow, Mary," said the teacher.
The teacher
2 . The secretaryto Mr. Dove: "Could you dictatea bit more slowly, please?"
The secretary
3. Tommy toLiz "You were the one who broke the vase!"
Tommy
she hadn't been feeling well recently.The doctor (2) her to roll
up her sleeveand took her blood pressure.He (3) that she hadn't
VI. Choosefrom the verbs in the box and report using he or she.Use eachverb only
ONCE.
187
5. "MissBrown,thisis MissWhite."
188
class?"
5. Susan: "Paul,is yoursisterin my brother's
SusanaskedPaul class.
8. Mary to Billy : "How often does your sister take you to the cinema?"
Mary wantedto know
15. Jill : "Are you going to wear your white dressto the party, Barbara?"
16. Interviewer: "How longdid you work for IBM, Mrs. Jackson?"
189
D. Put the following indirect sentencesinto the direct sentenceform.
l. Janediscovered
thatherbrotherwashidinga dog in thebasement.
Jane to her friends : " a dog in the
basement."
4. Robert said he was going to visit his friends in Italy in the summer.
Jerry told Mrs Atwood that he had On"nedthe managerand they were waiting for
"*"0,
the driver , then they would leave the office. She said that before the driver had left. he had
reportedenginetrouble,so he might be late.
The Dialosue:
Jerry : (5) the managerand (6) for the
driver. then (7) the office.
10. The teachertold us not to be discouragedand promisedto help us with our studies.
The teacherto us: "
," saidSamantha.
13. Mr. Wilson said that he and his wife had neverbeen abroad.
Mr. Wilson said "
9.2 TNDTRECTQUESTIONS
A. complete or rewrite the following. use the clueswhere given.
1. "Havetheyhaddinneryet?
I'm not sure dinner yet.
t90
3.A Have you seenmy keys?
B I have no idea (be).
5.A Excuse me. could vou tell me I can get to the zoo?
1. A : I've called Peter five times already.He seemsto be out. I wonder where
5.AlexhasgotlotSofthingstodo.Idoubtif-theworkintime.
a) will he finish c) he finishes
b) can he finish d) he can finish
t9l
9.3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH QUESTION WORDS
A. Rewrite the followingusingwhat.
eg. I needa good sleep.
Ll/hat f need is a good sleep.
1. Thechildrenlovebuildinesnowmen.
2. The mosquitosbotherme.
3. His strangeattitudesulprisesme.
6. I like spaghetti.
192
7. How manypeoplewerethereat the meeting?
She wants to know
l. Therewas very little petrolin the car. I was not awareof that,so on the way to Kansas
the car suddenly stopped.
I wasn't
193
10. Many people living in Antalya speakGermanquite well. When I first visited Antalya, I
was surprised by that.
When I
13. That automobile has the best brake system of any car manufacturedthis year. I am
impressedby that and would definitelyrecommendthat every body buy that make.
Iam
14. Janelost our tickets to the cinema.There is nothing we can do about it.
There is nothing
17. She didn't even apologisefor her late arrival.This mademe really angry.
a) The fact
b) What
194
22. Old- agepensionsarequite low. The opposingpartiesdeploreit at every occasion.
The opposingparties
23. She knows how to deal with such difficult situations.It indicates that she is quite
experienced.
The fact that
'fhe
24. fact that he didn't even apologisefor his rude behaviour really angeredthe teacher.
What
25. The child should be sent to a private school to get a good education.This was the
parents'point of view.
a) It was
b) The parents'
26. The politician says one thing in public. He does anotherthing in private. They never
coincidewith eachother.
What the politician
2. Your havins acceotedhis proposal means your having to settle down in a foreign
country.
4. The fact o.fhis having learned Enslish at the place where it was actually spoken doesn't
imply his beine able to speak the languageperfectly.
5. Before buying that dress,you shouldmake sureo-fits beins the rieht siz.e.
195
9.5 USING _EVER WORDS
Rewrite the following sentencesusing whoever, whatever, however, whenever, wherever or
whichever
4. People always want more. It doesn't matter how rich they are.
4.ThesfudentsrequestedthattheteSt-(postpone),buttheinstructordecided
againsta postponement.
196
5. It is essential that pollution (control) and eventually
(eliminate).
thathis father
7. It is imperative (return)homeimmediately.
9.MyfrienddemandedthatI-(allow;totakepartinthenegotiations.
191
10.ADJECTIVE CLAUSBS
10.1 NON-DEFINING
A. Rewrite / Join the following sentencesusing relative clausesand without changing the
meaning.
6" Doctor Jonesworks for the city hospital.He prescribedmedicinefor my sore throat.
Doctor Jones
7. This is Tom. I've beensharinga flat with him for two years.
This is Tom
8. My first model plane crashedinto a tree during its first flight. I hacl spent hundredsol-
dollarson it.
My first model plane
9. San Franciscois much saferthan New York. New York's crime rate is climbing ftrst
San Francisco
198
14. Marilyn Monroe's deathis still a mystery.She has never lost her popularity.
Marilyn Monroe
there.
15. Touristslike Turkey.There'splentyof sunshine
17. Dorothy Parker used to be my high school friend. Her novels are sold all over the
world.
Dorothy Parker
18. The party on Saturdaywill be at the studentcentre. There is a swimming pool in it.
The party on SaturdaY
B. Write a paragraph about Pablo Picasso by joining the following facts together
using relative clauses where necessary. Do not forget to mark the clauses with
commas.
l9L)
C . Below is a story in which all the relative clauses have been taken out. Fill the gaps
with suitable relative clauses using the sentencesgiven underneath the paragraph.
Last year, during our Februaryholiday, we went to Rio de Janeirowith Martin and his v,,if'e.
(r, . We stayed at 'Hotel Rio',
(2) We arrived at the hotel during
the Rio Carnival,(3) . On our arrival we had a
lot of problems.As there was a confusionabout our reservations,they had to put us in two
small rooms. (4)_ That night rve had
dinneratthehotel.Thefood'(5)--.upSetout-
stomachsso we spent the next day in our rooms without doing anything. Our vacation
becamemuch more pleasanton the third day. We moved to anotherhotel with larger rooms
and bettermeals.We alsojoined the carnivalparadeand had a lot of fun.
10.2 DEFINING
A. Mark the choice which best answers the given question:
l A Who cheatedyou?
B
a) The boy sold rne the fruit which cheatedme.
b) The fiuit which the boy sold cheatedme.
c,| The boy who cheatedme sold me the fruit.
d) The boy who sold me the fruit cheatedme.
200
4.A Who was the directorangry with?
B
a\
The directorwho spoketo the woman on the phonewas angry with her.
b ) The directorwas angry with the woman who spoketo him on the phone.
c ) The woman who spoketo the directoron the phone was angry with him.
d) The wonranwho was angry with the directorspoketo him on the phone.
B. Match the information given and define people and things using
relative clauses.
201
thermostat takespictures
thermometer heatsrooms
microscope showswhere North is
telescope measurestemperature
speedometer showswhat the daters
radiator controlstemperature
compass measuresspeed
camera helpsyou seedistantobjectsnearer
calendar makessnrallthings look big
Example : CharlesDickens
ChorlesDickenswos the outhor who wrote 'Oliver Twist'.
Example : thermostat
A thermostot is somethingthal / which controls temperoture.
I.
2.
-t.
4.
1.
u
9.
r0.
11.
12.
t -).
14.
C. Rewrite / Join the following sentencesusing relative clauses and without changing
the meaning.
1. Jim has chosena topic. I wantedthe sametopic for my researchpaper.
3. The report causeda greatdeal of discussion.She gave the report at the meeting.
202
4. we stoppedour car at a place.we could seethe coming cars well there.
8. Do you know the man?The jury gave the first prize to him'
11. The book is missingfrom the library. I found that questionin it.
12. I did not have any knowledge of computers until I took the new course. The
departmentoffered the coursethis term.
203
19. Theprofessor
giveshardtests.I'm takinghis course.
D. Write definitions of the following words using the information given. The first one
is done for you.
l. chemistry studycharacteristics+composition
of substances
2. a consumer buy or useanyserviceor product
3. a hospital ill peoplelookedafterby nurses+doctors
4. a paring knife peelvegetables
5. a hammer fix nails
204
Write your definitionshere.
l.
of substonces.
2.
a
-)-
A
+.
5.
E. Read the text and answer the questions using relative clauses.
like cigarettesmoke
Now Debra is better.She takesmedicineand she avoidsmany things
sharesher housewith
and chemicalsin food, becausethey make her ill. Fortunately.she
some friends. They understandher problem and try to help her.
205
6. Why doesshe want to live in London?
Becausethejobs
10.3OMISSION
Rewrite/.Iointhe following sentences
leaving out the relative pronouns if possible.Do not
changetheir meanings.
206
14. I had a good time on the trip. I took it to GlacierNational Park.
16. The personshould help you with your problem.He is sitting at that desk.
20. The police arrestedthe girl yesterday.I usedto work in the sameoffice with her.
10.4 REDUCTION
Rewrite/Join the following sentences using reduced relative clauses. Use the given
clues.
3. The members of Green Peace are standing on the bridge. It cotrnectsthe two
continents.
The mernbersof GreenPeace
201
7. The paintingshave beenexhibitedin the Louvre. They really attractedrhe attentionof the
public.
Thepaintings
10. The capital city of Turkey has always been the centre of Anatolian civilisations.lt has
beenknownfor centuries
for its history.
The capital
12. Turkish rugs are valued throughoutthe world. They are made by hand over a long period
of time.
Turkishrugs
15. Many desertshave some geographicalformations.They range from soft hills tojag-eed
cliffs.
Many deserts
10.susrNc ExpREssroNS
oF QUANTTTY
Rewrite/Join the pairs of sentencesbelow using relative clauses.Do not change the
meaning.
1. He boughthis daughter
somebooks.Most of themwereaboutgardening.
He
10. Last summerwe went to the village to visit my friend's family. All of the membersof
the family welcomed us.
Last summer
10.6NOUN+OF WHICH
below using relative clauses.Do not changethe meaning.
Join the pairs of sentences
Theflashof it is portable.
1. I haveboughta camera.
in the
5. She is smokinga cigarette.The smokeof it disturbsthe other passengers
compartment.
209
2. I will neverforget the day. You proposedto me then.
A. Read the text and complete the sentencesusing who, whose, which, where. Use each
only once.
The marathonis the most famous race in the Olympic Games.Its name comes from a small
village in Greece.There was a war betweenthe Greeksand the Persiansthere in the ye:rr490
B.C. When the Greeks won the battle, a soldier ran all the way from Marathon to Arhens ro
tell the good news. When the modern Olympic Games startedin 1896, the or-qanisers knew
this story.
In the Olympic Games today, the finest amateursin the world come togetherand complcte.
An amateuris a sportsman.He doesn'tearn any money from sports.Amateurs,however.have
to spend a lot of time preparingfor the games.That's why their governrnenrspay fbr their
preparation,travel and pocket money.Theseusually cost a lot.
3. An amateuris a soortsman
4. The governments pay for the athletes' preparation, travel and pocket money.
B. Read the sentencesbelow, underline the relative clause and put commas lvhere
necessary.If possibleomit the relative pronouns.
l. Star Trek which is a popularTV serialmade in the 1960's is about the adventuresol'a
spaceship and its crew.
210
2. The University of California conducteda study that tested22 smellslike vanillin and
vinesaron volunteersfrom different countries.
'Four
7. Nigel Kennedyis one of the few classicalmusicianswho interpretVivaldi's
Seasons'which hassold more then250.000copiessuccessfully.
8. Alexandria which is the second largest city in Egypt was built by Alexander the
Great on the site of an old fishing village which had a small harbour that was
shelteredby the islandof Pharos.
I 2. The studentswho the administrationhave chosenfor the quiz show are excusedfrorr
classestoday.
C. Rewrite/Join the following using relative clausesand the clues if given. Put
commaswherenecessary. If possibleyou can omit the relativepronounsor use
the reducedform . Do not changethe meaning.
2ll
2. The man was takento hospital.His househad been vandalised.
The man
6. During his lifetime.Picassocreateda lot of paintings. Art critics highly value rhose
paintingstoday.
During his lifetime,
7. The secretary
cantype70 wordsperminute.Mr. Baileyhiredheryesterday.
The secretary
10. There are paintingson exhibition at the Louvre Museum. Some of them are worth
millionsof dollars.
There are
12. The oceansare full of plankton.Most of the plankton are consumedby fish.
The oceans
212
D. Fill in each blank with an item from the box below. Do not use all item more than
ONCE.
l. on their fourth wedding anniversary,Rod gave a diamond ring to his wife, Beth.
madeher very happy.
2 . Mr. Brown is thinking of firing two of the accountantsin the sales department.
keep making lots of errorsin the calculations'
A
This islandis a place you will like very much.
6. The two men were about to rob the National Bank when the police found out abottt
their plans and caughtthem in the cottage they were hiding.
7. "Mary. I want you to meet Mr. Simpson.He is the man on your father
operatedyesterday.Mr. Simpson,this is my daughter,Mary'
Martha Toclclersis one of the people(l)--_- don't like city lif'e.She left London
to come back last
Vearsago. complaining about the crowd and noise. However, she had
week to live in the flat (2)- she had left years ago becauseher house in the
country,(3)_ she lived for all thoseyears,completelyburnt down in a fire.
in order to reclaim her loss due to the fire. They have agreedto meet her claim in full- ln
addition,if shebuys any new furniture in London, they will transport it free of charge.
for use ns an art studio,so she'sgoing to redecoratethesepartsfor rent as a studio with the
help of an old friencl.Martha is keen on art so this will help her feel betteruntil her housein
the coulltly is rebuilt.
213
F. Mark the best choice.
l. She got a letter from the man househer parentsvisited last week.
a) who c) whom
b) whose d) that
214
13. Do you know the woman
a) who is marriedto c) John is marriedto
b) that marriedto d) she is married to John
17. One of the reasons many people move to urban areas is better
educationalfacilities.
a) which c) when
b) where d) why
Mark Twain is a writer (20) popular all over the world. His
real name was SamuelClemens.Later when he becamea writer. he used the name Mark
T w a i n ,( 2 1 ) a term used by river boatmentravelling along the
River.Mark Twain(22)
Mississippi in a small town besidethe
(27)
townbesidetheMississippi,
2r5
20. a) who are books and stories 21. a') that it was
b) where he has books and stories b) which was
c) whosebooks and storiesare c) who he was
d) which has books and stories d) it was
216
ll.PARTICIPLES
A.
I. Fill in the blanks with the participlesin the box. UseeachONCE.
l. Mondays at work are the most days of the week. That's why I prefer
to go home right after work on Mondays and spend the evening in front of the
televisiondoins nothine.
5. When Sam learnedthat he could not win a scholarshipto Harvard University, you can
irnaginehow he was. He had been working to get it for years.
8. O u r n e i g h b o u r 'ns o i s ei s v e r y downstairs.
9. When she told the children a story, they all got _ and
didn't want to go to sleep.
2t'7
III. Usethe words in the box to form presentor past participles.
IV. Match the words in columns A and B and fill in the blanks with the correct
participles. Use each ONCE.
A B
freshly done
widely drawn
recently known
terribly opened
welltimed
4. Thisprojectis . Congratulations!
B.
I. Mark the best choice.
2. the curtains,I was shockedto see that my front yard was a mess.A car had
crashed into the garbagebins and therewas trasheverywhere.
a) Being opened c) Having to open
b) Opening d) By opening
218
[I. Rewrite the following using the correct participle forms.
3. She finished all the houseworkand then went to her neighbourfor a cup of coffee.
5. He tripped and broke his leg as he was going down the stairs.
6. We had booked our seatsfor the concert,so we didn't have to standin a queuefor hours.
,we didn't haveto
standin a queuefor hours.
7. His lawyer warned Jim about the high taxes, which changed his mind about buying
anothervilla.
, Jim changedhis mind aboutbuying another
villa.
10. He didn't have a chanceof winning the tennis tournamentbecausehe wasn't a good
player.
12. I was not interestedto seewhat would happen so I left the meetingearly.
2lL)
14. Tourists who intend to spend their holiday in Malta are advised to make earl\
reservations.
1
(reserve)a table a week in advance,we were seatedimmediately
by the headwaiter.
A
Martin has startedto work for a company.However, _ (have) his
own business for many years, he now finds it hard to accept orders frclm another
authority.
Last Friday, our teacher took us to the Natural History Museum. First. we toureci the
(8) (fascinate)displaysof prehistoricanimals.Then, wc-wenr
into the next room, where there were some fossils of the earliest
(e) (know) plants. As we went on, ir wus
(10) (amaze)to seethe displaysof Homo Sapiens.Althou-ehmy
friendsand I were extremely(l l) (exhaust)at the end of the dav,
we all appreciatedthe knowledgewe had gained.
220
12.GERUNDSAND INFINITIVES
I2.I ALLOW - MAKE - LET
Complete or rewrite the sentencesusing the words given in the box in their
correct forms.
5. I c o u l d n ' vt i s i t J o h ni n P r i s o n .
John in prison.
6. Tom can only go out to play with his friends after he doeshis homework.
His mother always before he goes out to
play with hi s friends.
221
12. when I was a teenager,my parentsdidn't let me stay out after midnight.
When I was a teenager,my parents
beforemidnisht.
15. You can't work abroadif you don't have a work permit.
You abroad if you don't have a work
permit.
19. Police officer : You have exceededthe speedlimit. you must pay a fine
Driver : Okav. I am verv sorrv
The police officer
222
4. A : Why did they cancelthe board meeting?
B : There weren't peopleto hold the meeting.
Mrs. Henson Well, it's a detachedhouseand the gardenis lovely, but it's on a main road.
(l) cars.This can be dangerous
(too)
for the children.And also (2) nolse.
(too)
C. Rewrite the following using the given clues. Do not change the meaning.
(enough)
't
3. The problem wasn easyenoughfor me to solve.
The problem was
(too)
(enough)
(too)
!-!-)
7 . Jeremyeatstoo muchjunk food.
Jeremy healthyfood
(enough)
(enough)
(too)
(too)
(enough)
IA
| .+. The story is short.We can read it in one lesson.
(enough)
(too)
(too)
(too)
(enough)
224
19. He hasn'tsot much courage. He can'tbe a mountaineer.
He isn't
(enough)
21. The mountainpath was verv steep. The old farmer couldn'tclimb it.
The mountainpath
(too)
(enough)
(enough)
(enough)
4.Whenwe|efttheparty'wewerestillhungrybecausethere-food.
a) wasn'tnearly as much c) wasn'tenough
b) was too bad d) was a bit
225
12.3 FORMS OF USED TO
A. The Black family have moved from Canada to Switzerland. How are their lives
different? Use used to or didn't use to.
Switzerland
e9 . The Block fomily used to live in o town, but now they live in o city"
1
z.
1
-).
A
T.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
l. Therewasn'tmuchair pollution15yearsago.
much air pollution 15 yearsago.
3. I dislikedwearinga uniform when I firstjoined the army,but I don't mind it any more
I a uniform
226
4. My sisterstarteddying her hair after she graduatedfrom university.
My sister when she was at university.
Z. Fred isn't married and he doesn'thave many friends but he doesn't mind it because he
alone.
3. My husbandstartedto travel a lot after he got a new job. At first I found this quite
difficult but now I away.
g. We f'elt very sad when our teacher changed at primary school, but soon we
the new one.
221
12.4CAUSATIVE VERBS
A. complete or rewrite the following sentences(usethe cluesif given).
Melanie : Yes, I have. I paid a lot of money to the decoratorsbut I guessit's worth it. I
really like the new look.
9. Your houseneedspainting.
You should
14. In mosthypermarkets,
theyentertain
yourchildrenwhile you'reshopping.
In most hypermarkets,you can while you're
shopping.
228
15. Ourteacher'dbetterexplainthecausativesagain.Someofuscouldn'tunderstandit.
We should
have
l. Father : Can you wash the car? I'll give you f 1 to do it.
Tom : Oh, all right.
Tom's father
12.5VERBS OF PERCEPTION
Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
4. It was a great pleasureto seemy uncle (win) the tennis match last
year.
'7. (playt
As I was running pastthe tenniscourt, I noticedsomechildren
tennis.
22r)
14. N{y cat 'Pussy'enjoyslisteningto me (sing) a song bcfore it titlls
asleep.
15. When I got home lateat night,I found my youngersister ( s l e e p) o l l
the sofa.
)F ,< t<
6- Jamesis very proud of his father,who was the first person frorn a universityin
his farnily.
a) -qraduating c) to -qraduate
b) that havegraduated cl) havin-eto graduate
230
1. Alrhough he had a fight with Michelle earlier,Joshis still hoping to her
barbecueparty.
a) he is invited c) for beinginvited
b) to havethe invitation d) to be invited
B. Fill in the blanks using either the gerund or the (to) + infinitive fbrms.
I.
1. I'll never forget (watch) the sunset over Lake Victoria. It rvas
wonderful.
stopped
i2. We decidedto sell the piano as my daughtc'r' ttake)piano
lessolts vcilrs ilgo.
TI.
I. I was told that the car wasn't wortlt (buy) becauseit was
verv old.
-1. Don't throw away thosegift wraps. You can use them for ( c o V e)r v ( ) u r
books.
out today.
B : That'sokal'.He canjoin us anothertime.
l3l
5. We'veboushta new house.It's in very good condition exceptfor the garage,which needs
(paint).
research that I'm doing. The biology professors at my university are all too busy
has encouragedme ( l2) (write) about the results in next month's issueof
ScienceMagaz,ine...
Many people must have dreamedof (13) (own) a small house in a foreisn
country. Others, with even bigger ideas and a lot more money, may even have consiclered
Some tourists, however, are so foolish that nothing can prevent them fiom
(l7) (buy) the Collosseumin Rome. His agentstold him rhar the buildine
***
232
Maria and Sally are talking on the phone.
Sally Oh, nol Not to that dreadfulman she was going out withl His nameis Peter,isn't it'l
Sally That's awful. What a huge mistake she's made! It's simply impossible for me
(20) (understand)what made her (21) (decide) to
do a crazy thing like that.Can you imaginehow terrible (22) (be)
marriedto him would be?
Sally I certainly do. You are not the only one who tried to save her from disaster.I
myself urged her severaltimes to considerat least(26) (put off)
(21) (get) married until they knew each other better. Now
it has turned out that I wasted my time. When Janet makes up her mind. it isn't
worth even (28) (try) to changeit.
**>k
Jack bought this lovely new housein the woods. Since he has refused(30) (cut)
down any trees,there are no paved roads going to his house.Therefore,visiting him means
(31) (hike) at leasttwo hours in the rugged country from the station.However.
I like Jack,so I finally made up my mind (32) (pay) him a visit. I didn't mind
(33) (walk) so far but I dreaded(34) (find/not) him at home. It
was no use (35) (call) him becausehe never answers the phone. I
relief I felt when I saw Jack with a glassof cold beer in his hand. Jack, as cheeky as ever,
said,"Hey buddy,I hopeyou didn't forget(39) (bring)somesnacks."
*>k*
233
Dear Maria,
I know you hate (40) (tell) what to do but I just can't help
(41) (give) you a few words of advice before you leave for
England.
I think the first thing for you to do when you get there is to find a nice family
(42) (stay)with. When I was in England,I realizedthat while some
families allow their guests (43) (do) more or less what they want,
othersmay insist on their (44) (do) all sortsof houseworkin addition
to (45) (look) after the kids. As the program of rhe English course
that you'regoing to attendwill probablybe very loaded,you won't be able to spenda lot
of time 146) (help) the family with the housework.
them. I really had a good time. Mrs. Jacksonwill help you a lot with your homework.
Roberto
**>k
I've beenon a diet for a week and I haven'tbeen able to lose any weight so farl
A Why don'tyou try (50) (take) some exercise? Your house is close to
a park so it's a good idea(51) (go) jogging thereevery morning.
LJ+
C. Complete the sentencesusing the clues if given.
2. Alice is unhappywith the room serviceat the hotel. She wants to complain about it to
the porter.You know that this won't solve the problem.What do you say to her?
It's no to the porter.
4. Barry is at a stationery.
Barry : I want to buy somethingwhose name I do not remember.It is a white
liquid in a small plasticbonle. We
mistakes.
The stationer : I see.I guessyou wantTipp-ex.Hereyou are.It is $3.
lJ)
14. He starteddrinking after he got the sack.
beforehe sot the sack.
(usedto)
(afford)
20. " Don'tforgetto lock thedoor, will you ?" Alice saidto Robert.
Alice
(remind)
D. Fill in the blanks using the words in the box. Don't forget to make the necessary
changes.
be do resign work
shout spend steal
However, when the real thief was caught, he felt sorry (2) at her
236
Being an assistant manager is a difficult job. I'm really tired
reports and dealing with customers. SometimesI even go to the office at weekends
Yesterday when my husband came home with two plane tickets to Hawaii, I couldn't
believeit. To tell the truth, it was the best surpriseI had ever had. You just cannot imagine
how much I'm looking forward (8) there.I'm happy that finally
231
13.CONNECTIVES
13.1EXPRESSINGCAUSEAND EFFECT USING SO / SUCH ... THAT
Rewrite the following without changingthe meaning.Use the clueswhere given.
(so/that)
(so/that)
238
13.2EXPRESSINGPURPOSEUSING SO THAT,IN ORDERTO AND BECAUSE
B. Complete/ Rewrite the following without changing the meaning. Use the clues
where given.
3. You should handle the saucepancarefully becauseotherwise your hand might get
burnt.
You burnt.
(sothat)
239
4. Mrs. Williams had a nervousbreakdownbecauseher husbanddied suddenlv.
Becauseof
6. I didn't tell him the rest of the story.I didn't want to causeanv trouble.
(so as to)
(soasto)
2. Last week Mary and Jane hired a baby-sitter.They wanted to be able to go to a dinner
party.
3. YesterdayI put the meat in the oven at 5:00. I wantedit to be ready by 6:30.
4. She casheda chequeyesterday.She wanted to make sure that she had enougli monev to
go shopping.
8. Standup. I cannotseeyou.
240
10. The governmentwantedto build new blocks of flats. Therefore,they pulled down the
old ones.
11. Anne tied a string around her finger becauseshe didn't want to forget to take the
books shehad borrowedback to the library.
thebabyis sleeping.
13. Turn downthemusicbecause
D. Completethe sentences.
1. Theyarrivedearlyin orderto
241
4. Joannestoppedsmoking
aAa
14.EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
14.1CLEFT SENTENCES
A. Rewrite eachremark as a cleft sentence.Usethe words given.
1. He wants to -qetmarried.
What
243
8. I saw somethingvery appealing.
What
9. His inconsistency
stopped
us.
What
I 8. I needa pen.
What
21. Joggingkeepsmefir
What
244
23. I first saw the film which won two Oscarsin London.
It
l4.2INVERSIONS
A. Agreewith the following.
'I 'Nor/Neifher
eg: wasn'f amazed-' was Harcy.'
l. Thechickenwasbad.and thewine.
Z. 'Marvlookstired.' you.
245
4. The childrenwill eo to bed early.
7. dustpansand brushes.
a) Hung on the ceiling b) The ceilinghung
b) On the ceiling hung d) Hung the ceiling
3. The police said that the man was extremelydangerousand that on no account
a) he shouldbe approached c) he shouldn't be approached
b) he be approached d) should he be approached
I would never again need to worry .0"", ;.;ture! -(6)- need to borrow rnoney
from friends on any account,and still less_(7)- on the favours of rich relatives!On the
contrary,under no circumstances
_(8)_ on any person.But _(9)_ at the time that
my luck was soon to change.
246
--(10)_ come into the money when the sharesfell drastically on the Stock
of poverty. I waited in vain for the shares to regain their former value' but never
_(12)_ that feeling of suddenfortune. -_(13)- that money alone does not
lead to happinessand success,and thinking back over this episodein my life, I rarely wish
that I were a miln of fortune.
6. If Bill had not droppedhis keys,he would have managedto enterthe house
247
E. Answer the following questions emphatically, making the necessary changes
in the sentences.
2. Is it possible
that you will investall your money in that companyagain?
Neveragain
5. Is it likely that such quantitiesof snow have often fallen here during winter months'J
Rarely
6. Do you think there were more rabiescasesin this part of the country than in that industrial
city?
Nowhere
7. Is it your opinion that we can save the factory by other means than rnaking rvolkers
redundant?
Onlyby
8. Would you say you have in any way encouragedpeopleto exhibit offensivebehaviour'l
In no rvay
9" Is it true that the colonel helpedto plan the curfew and did not supportedthe idea of coLrp
d'etat?
Not only
10. Do you think the prime ministerwill gain popularityby enactingnew laws and fieezing
prices?
Neitherby
ll. They had hardly finished their work when rhe visitorsarrived.
Hardly
13. She had no soonerenteredthe room than she was told aboutthe bad news.
No sooner
248
14. I realisedhis absenceonly after I was told aboutit.
Only after
19. Mary was not onlv late.but shehad also left all the documentsat home
Not only
24.)
15.GENERAL REVISION
I5.I CLOZE TESTS
Fill in eachblank with oNE word. contractionsare consideredas one word.
I
Bill: (1) you at the meetingyesterday?
Jim I don't know. They asked me a lot of questionsabout my neighbour Mr. West
(4)--- flats are on the samefloor. (5) flat is opposite
my flat.
Jirn "Do you know Mr. West?" "Has he got (6) sistersor brothersin thts
town?" "(7) visits him at the weekend?"You know. questionslike
that.
z
A Can you tell us aboutyour hobbies,Mr. Holmes?
I
A What do you ( l ) in your sparetime?
they are very interestingand help me to relax when I'm on the bus returnins honte iiom
work.
250
A : Do you PlaYa musical(4)
B : Yes, I do. I can play (5)-----_.-.---- piano' Actually' I'm quite good
(6)-playirrgit.We'vegotapianoinour|ivingroomandlpractise
wheneverI can.
!
(1) protect myself (2) the sun, I started
(3) lons-sleevedshirts ever since I read an afticle about the big hole in
the ozone layer. The article made me realize (4) seriousthe situationrs.
Mario : Yes, theY are a bit (9) . but I think the train is the cheapest.
safestand most comfortableway of travelling'
9.
He n e e d s( l ) pen and (2) paper,but he doesn'tneed
(3) books.
5. She'sgot too friends so she spendsall her time with them, which
meansshecan't studYat all
251
7
Adventuretravel is travelyou can experiencewith all your senses.The adventuretravelleris
a p e r s o n( l ) independentmodes of transport that enable
him/her to go where and when s/he pleases. The adventure traveller often
\2) travelling alone. If you travel alone. ,yoll
(3) to be very independent and self-sufl'icient. If yolr
(4) with another person, make sure you choose your l,r-iencl
carefully. In remote places you (5) probably be the focus of
interest. so make sure you are always patient with the local people. Travelling
(6) a guide will lead you inro a new excitin-g worlcl
(7) you might misson your own.
Dear Kate.
I finally have the information we need about our trip to Montreal. N o w w e h a v e t o
decideif we should take the train or the bus. The bus ( t ) at 8 : 3 0i n t h e
morning and it (2) in Montreal at 5:35 p.m. every day. The rrain
(3) to Montrealat 9 p.m..
A return ticket on the busis (4) than a train ticket. The bus ticket
(s) $ 105 and the train $ 120 but I expect the train
(6) be more comfortable.And also the food service on the trarn is
(7) thanit is on the bus.
We also have to decide where to stay in Montreal. There (8)
severalkinds of placesto stay in. We can stay at a bed and breakfast or at a hotel suchas
the Centre International.The Centre International(9) got 200 roorns
and 5 different restaurants.In fact, it is Montreal's (10) hotel with so
many rooms.
Pleasecall or write soon to let me know what you think.
Your friend.
Carla.
252
9
vinegar on the salad,so I askedthe waiter to bring some more oil and vinegar.For
dessert we had a wonderful piece of chocolate cake. There were too
(5) customersbut becauseit is a large restaurantwe found a table
by the window. It is (6) open so you can go there at any time of
the day. Also it's very convenient as it is near the city centre. You can go there
(7) foot. It (8)-_ only a few minutes.
l0
(4) Pizza Grotto and The Buttery Restaurant.In the center of the
town, (5) is a large departmentstore and some small shops lbr
253
l1
Before you buy a dressit is betterto (4) it on. The sizemay not be right and
in thatcaseit will not (5) you.
l2
Peoplespendtheirfreetime doingcertainactivities.
Theseactivitieschangedepending
on the
interestsof people.My brother,for example.enjoys (1) computerganres.He
spendsmost of his tirne in front of the computer trying to (2) the highest
points.I can'tunderstand
what is so interestingaboutcomputergames.I personallythink they
are very (3) . I prefer doing other things in my spare time. For instance.I
(4) a lot of reading.I also like (5) for a walk. especiallyat
theweekends.
l3
l4
15
MiddleEastTechnicalUniversityhasgot oneof the largestlibrariesin Ankara.Unlessyou
becomea member. you are not allowed to ( 1) books from the librtrry.
They let you keep a book for two weeks.If you don't (2) it after two
weeks.you are madeto (3) a fine.
If you want to make a call from a public phone box, all you need is a phone card or coins.
First you pick up the (4) and insert your card or coins. Therr
(5) the number and wait for the Dersonto answer.Sometimesthe line
may be (6) becausethe person is talking to somebodyelse. In that
case.you will have to try again.
t6
Tonight Linda and Tom are going to celebratetheir third anniversary.Linda wants to cook
somethingspecial.Her friend has given her a recipef or Lusagneul.fonto . At the mornent.
she is in the kitchen putting the ingredientstogether.She has flour, mushroorns,ground
meat and onions.Linda needsthreeeggsbut therearen't (l) eggs ln
the fridge so she has to go to the market.Lasagneal Jbrno is (2)
hot. That's why she'll prepareit an hour before Tom comes home Linda hooesit will be
deliciousand Tom will like it.
This morning therewas too (3) traffic on Main Streetso it took Bob
one hour to (4) to work. When he enteredhis office, Bob saw that
his bosswas angry
>kt<*
We (6) French salad and steak.The steak was delicious but there
wasn't(7) saucefor the salad so we asked the waiter to bringus
some more. Everythingwas greatuntil we askedfor the (8) . It was
too high. I don't think we'Il go there again. It was much (9)
expensivethan we had expected.
2.55
t7
I don't want to rememberthe days I spentat the boarding school.Every morning the teachers
(1) us get up at six and run five kilometres. Afterwards. all the pupils
(2) to take a shower. Although the teachersencouragedus to cliscussour
problemswith them (3) we wanted, we were never (4) to
complainabout anything.
18
wasborn(l)
CatStevens Iuly 21, 1948.in London. He was verv good
(2 ) music and in his adolescence
he becamemore and more attractedto
the rock and roll music. He beganto work in nightclubsin London as a singer.One day he
caughtthe attentionof a professionalmanager(3) worked for a very well-
known record company called 'Decca'. After a short time, Stevens sicned
(1) recording contractwith the company.Decca saw Stevensas a pop
artistand (5) him that he would be more popular if he recordedson-esfor
teenagers.
His first album.MatthewrLndSon,was releasedin 1967.(6)
becamevery popular and sold very well. (7) this was fbllowed bv more
successes.Stevens began to feel unhappy with his work. He wanted to record songs for
grown-ups,but his company wanted him to continuerecording songsfor teenagers"In 1968.
Stevenshad to stay in hospital(8) of tuberculosis.He stayedthereuntil
he was healthy(9) to leave.When he got out of hospital,he decidedto
stop performing as a musician,but two yearslater he reappeared.This time he had a diff'erent
style. His 1970 album, Tea for the Tillerman, became his first golden album.
(l0) includedthe classicsWild World andFather and Son. Critics wrore
t h a th e w a s ( 1 1 ) excellentsinger.A live radio concert in Los Angeles
increased(12) popularity in the United Srares. In the mid-1970's
Stevens'spersonal life startedto c h a n g e .( 1 3 ) h e w a s s w i m m i n g ,h e
n e a r l yd r o w n e d .( 1 4 ) this event, Steven.sdecided to serve God. His
older brother(15) him a copy of the Koran to read. ln l97l , Stevens
choseIslam as his religiona n dh e ( 1 6 ) a Muslim.
Today Cat Stevens is (11) Yusuf Islam. IS married
(l8) four children.He lives in London, (19) he
ownsa Muslim school.There he composesreligious (20) and writes
poemsfor thepupils.
256
L9
Melinda and Linda are perfect examplesfor middle-agedwomen who think it is too
late to start their own business.
Melinda Mercury used to be a housewife but now she owns one of the
(l ) successful businesses in England. Melinda had
(2) 20 yearsof her life on routine houseworkwhen she decidedto set
(3) her own business.She did not want to (4)
houseworkfor the rest of her life. She had an interest(5) cooki.ng,so
she decidedto open a restaurant.However, she neededa partnerbecauseshe did not have
enoughmoneyto do thisby (6) . She askedher friend Linda. who had
just retired,to work with her. At first Linda did not want to risk her pension monev. but
Melinda managedto (7) her friend to get into businesswith her. They
fbund a nice little place in the city centre and openedtheir restaurant.In the begrnning
Melinda did the cookins and Linda servedthe customers,but (8) the
news about the quality of the food servedin the restaurantgot round, the place became
filled with customers. Their restaurantwas a (9) -known place,and
they hired a waiter and a cook but after a (10) they needed more
peopleto work for them. Their little restaurantturned (11) to be a quite
profitable one, so they opened anotherrestaurantin the suburbs.Now their restaurants
headthe list of the most popular restaurantsin London. Melinda and Linda are very rich.
Both of them have bought expensivehousesand cars with their (12)
from the restaurant.(13) the enormous amount of monev they have
made,Melinda and Linda still continueto work in their first restaurant."We have many
peoplewho work for us, so we do not really(14) to work here.but I come
hereeveryday (15) I am away on holiday.I ( l6) betng
20
L a s tm o n t hI ( 1 ) a journey to Cyprus.I got on the boat from Mersin. I had
brought a good book with me and was looking forward to reading it (2)
the journey. Everythingwent fine (3) a woman and 6 childrencameand
25'l
sat next to me. The children were very noisy. I (4) my best to put Ltp
(s) all the noise,but after a (6) the children beganto fi-sht.I
looked at their mother and said "Could you pleasetell your children to stop making so much
noise?I cannotconcentrate (7) my book". The woman lookedat me anclsaid.
" I amnotresponsible
(8) their actionsbecausethey are uot mv childrenl'
2l
DearCarol.
Sorry for not writing earlier,but I was very busy at work. As you know, the company I work
with (l) a lot of businessin (2) Arab Ernirates.
so I travel a lot. I like my new job because I spend most of rny time out of
(3) . You know, as I was brought (4) on a tarm. I
don't like sitting in an office all day.
Not (5)- found a flat yet, I cannot give you a regular address.but mv
phonenumberat work is 8428190.You might have difficulty in reachingme becausethe line
is usually (6)_. I'll write againsoon.
Love,
Mike
22
Tropical rain forests are located around the equator,(1) temperiltures
are around 35"C all year round. The largestrain forestsare in Brazil. Zaire, and Indonesia.
Although it is not one of the largest. the rain forest in Sarawack is the
(2 ) one in the world. Accordins to what the botanistsestimated.
this rain forest is 10 million vearsold
Rain forests make a lot of things possible for mankind. They help us control the world's
climate. In the rain forests, it rains a (3) and the temperaturesare
always(4) . Becauseof the heat,the rainwaterevaDoftites
into the air-
this meansthe rainwateris recycled.Rain forestsalso provide shelterfor many tribal people
who have called the rain forests their home (5) hundredsand
thousandsof years.Furthermore.rain forests (6) a much wider variety of
plants and animalsthan anywhereelse in the world. There are even plants and animalstn the
rain foreststhat have not been discovered(7) Many of the plantsin the
rain forestsare used for makins medicine(8) t h e t r i b a lp e o p l ei n t h e l a i n
forestsand the scientiststhroushoutthe world. The tribal people living in rain foresrsknow
(e) to find and use wild plantsto make medicine.(10)
they have valuableknowledgeof the plantsin the rain forests,the tribal peoplehave taughtus
258
about many of t h e m e d i c i n e s( 1 1 ) use today. Most of the medicines
\12) are given to patientsto fight heartdiseaseand treatcancerare obtained
from rain tbrest plants.Aspirin originally came from the rain forests.A certaintype of flower.
'rosy periwinkle'.
(1 3 ) the helps treat children with Leukemia, a kind of
cancer.Rain forests also provide people (14) materialsfor hundredsof
otherproducts.For ( 15) , the glue on an envelopeand in shoescomesfiom
tropicalplantsin rain forests.
In the past,rain forests( I 6) to cover 147oof the Earth'sland but
now they cover less (17) 6 o/o.Most of the rain forests have been
destroyedin the last 50 years.In fact, rain forestsare disappearingat a frightening speed: I 50
acresper minute.There will be no rain forestsin the future ( 18) we
take precautionsto save them. If all the rain forests (19) destroyed.
many tribal people will have to move into cities.They will also be made to live in apartments
or flats, which are totally different from their own naturalenvironmentin the rain forests.As it
will probably be very difficult for these people to survive in cities, filost of
(20) mav die and if thev die. their valuablerain forest culture will be
lost forever.
23
About a year ago. I had a bad quarrelwith my father,and we have hardly spokento each other
0) then. It all began becausehe did not approve (2) my
goin-eout with Martin, who he thought was not suitable(3) me at all. I told
him that he had no right to interferewith my personallife, (4) madehim even
more furious. A few months (5) the quarrel, I discoveredthat Martin was
seeinghis ex-girl friend. As I was heartbrokenat not having been told about this, I decidedto
put an end to our relationship.No matter(6) hard he tried. Martin was unable
to persuademe (7) carry on seeingeach other. I (B) haven'ttold
my father about the break up even though I phonedhim recentlyto wish hirn a happy birthday.
I was planning to apologize(9) him for what I had said as I now realizethat
my relation with Martin was not worth breakine mv father'sheart. However. he soundedso
cool on the phone (10) I didn't feel like continuins the conversationauv
longer.
We had a lovely time touring the United Stateslast year. We landed at Kennedy Airport and
went first to Manhattan.(1 I ) we stayedin the Hilton Hotel on Sixth Avenue.
(12) our stay, we visited the MetropolitanMuseum. One day we took a boat
along the Hudson River and cruisedaroundthe ManhattanIsland.After we stavedin New York
i l3) a week, we flew to Denver to see the Rocky Mountains.
(l 4 ) wildernessfascinatedme.
259
24
Henry Adams is probably the luckiestpersonI know. I normally envy very few of my friends
job becauseI'm happy (l) what I do, but Henry Adams is one of those rare
people(2) job I would like to have myself. Henry had always been inreresred
(3) animals.That's why he studiedto be a vet. when he finished university.
he went to London, (4) he looked after domestic animals such
(s) cats and dogs. As the job did nor (6) up to his
expectations,he gave it up and found a better one in a game reserve in America
(7) the help of one of his professorsat university.Now he is responsibleIbr
the protectionof speciesthat are in dangerof extinction.
When Linda Brown's new Polo Classic broke down on D-10 Highway last week. she
immediatelycalled the car company. Since her car was (8) guarantee.she
was expectingto have it repairedfree (9) charge.The person on the other
side of the line couldn't understandwhat she was trying to say. Thinking that the breakdown
was partly due to Mrs. Brown's fault, the company representativerefuseclto nreet her clailn
(1 0 1 full and hung up without botheringto listen to further expranation.Mrs.
Brown was so furious (l l) the way she was treatedthat she wrote a letter to
the Polo Companyand complained(12) the representativeshe had talked to
on the phone.
)<
Euthanasia,the practiceof killing someonepainlesslyin order to relieve their suff'ering.is
actually one of the most difficult problems facing societiestoday. The worcl 'euthanersia'.
(l) comesfrom Greek,literally means'good death'.
Today a lot of people are in comas (2) to accidentsor incurable
diseases.(3) most of these patients have no chance ro recover
completely, doctors and nurses are trying to keep them alive because laws do pot
(4) doctorsto end the lives of such patients.However. the supportersof
euthanasiaclaim that patients(5) incurable diseasesshould have the
right to die for the fbllowing reasons:
The first and (6) importantreasonis that the patientshave no hope of
recovery.In other words, (7) can never lead normal lives. The second
reasonfor euthanasiais that patientsare in unbearablepain and euthanasiaseemsto be the
onlysolution(8) end their pain. In additionto this, the fact that the families
of the patients suffer from sadnessshould also be kept in mind. Thesefamilies try to do their
(e) to keep the patients alive but unfortunately (10)-..------------.-_-_-
260
can be done to help them recover from a fatal illness. Apart from these. the
(ll) of medical treatment of terminally ill patients is extremely high
and most familiescannot(12) to continue to pay for such a treatment
fbr long.
The caseof Karen Ann Quinland in 1975 in the United Statesdrew the attentionof the
This 2l-year-oldyoung woman (13)
whole world to euthanasia. somedrugs
with alcohol and slipped into a coma which she (14) never recover trom
Karen responded(15) to light nor to sound. She was beirig kept alive
(1 6 ) the help of a breathingmachine.Karen'sparentsvisited her every
day even though s h ew a s ( 1 7 ) to see or speak to them. It was verY
difficult for the Quinlands to see their beloved daughter in a coma. Three months
( 18 ) . Karen'sfather askedthe doctorsto turn off the machine.However.
rhe doctors refusedto do this, saying that such an act would be a kind of murder. The father
then askedthe court to (19) their daughterdie. After a long struggle,the
court gave permlsslon to turn off the breathingmachine.Karen did not die immediately.She
remainedin a coma (20) her deathin JulY 1985.
26
in the middleof a field.
appeared
Therewasgreatpublicinterestwhen a big holemysteriously
Army mechanics,geologistsand engineerswere called to explain (1)
it had got there. They offered various explanationsbut (2) of thern
was
was sure about the real cause.The field was an old battle field so oneof the possibilities
(3
that the hole might have been causedby the explosionof a bomb )------
had been buried under the ground for many years. However, it was not possibleto prove
(4)
A 'simple' but highly improbable explanation was offered by a man who
had come from the saucer.Even (12) small tree some wav off
appearedto have burnt slightly. The small piece of metal found tn the hole provided the man
261
(13) proof that a strangeobject had beenthere.According to the man.
it was quite clearthat creaturesfrom outer spacehad been
circling the Earth when (14) went wrong. They had been forced to
land in a field (15) that they could repair the damage.Therefbre.
(16) the hole and the strangemarks had been causedby the f-lvinc
saucer.The hole had been causedwhen the saucerstruck the earth, while the stran.qemarks
nearbyweremadewhen it took (17) again.This, saidthe man.was the
best explanation( 18) a betterone was found. The rnan'sexplanirtion
(1 e ) sound nonsense to you. However, there are a great
(20) peoplewho believethat flying saucersvisit our planetregularly.
27
Last Friday I was supposed(l) go to a wedding,but I spentthe whole
eveningtrappedin rny car instead.I started preparingfor the wecldingvery early that day. As
my only dressfor such an occasionhad worn (2) , I went shopping.I spent
a(n)(3) lot of money to buy a new dress.Then I went to the hairclresser's
when I arrived home, I put my new dresson and I lefi the house early (4)
the wedding was at a church in a nearbytown.
I was walking (5) the directionof my car when I saw a dog runningin the
street. It looked very threarening.It first knocked (6) s o r n eg a r b a g ec a n s a n d
then headedtowards me. Not knowing what to do, I stood there for a I'ew seconds.Thcn I
startedrunning to my car. I was aware(7) the dangerbehindrne.so I ctLrickll
got into the car and locked the doors. The dog was outsicle, looking ar me
(B)--. I waved at the angry dog and it backed away a few steps.so I thought I
was ready to set (9)- on my long drive. but unfortunately,althoueh l rriecl
severaltimes, I wasn't(10) t o s t a r tt h e c a r . ( 1 1 ; Ieft rnv
phonebook at home,I didn'thavethe mechanic's phonenumberwith rne.( l2)
I was trying to startthe car, the dog cameback. It was standingright next to rny door. so lt was
impossiblefor me to get back home to pick up my phonebook. (13) the dog
hadn'tbeenso near,I would have takenthe risk.
There wasn'ta singleperson(14) sight,and I sat in the car helplesslvfbr
some time. Then I rememberedthat I had my mobile phone with me. I imrnediatelycallecl
Chris.a good friend, and told him that my car had (15) down and that I had
been taken hostageby an angry dog. My frienclpromised to come and help rne. I waited and
waited for what seemedto be hours. When my fiiend (16) ltrnved, the ciotl
was still there. It started running towards rny friend as soon as he opeled his cloor
(t7) severalunsuccessfulatterxpts,he gave up. He called me and saicl.',1
don't want to let you (18) , but I cannothelp you (19) that
dog is taken away. You will (20) to wait until I find someonewho is briive
enoughto do this!"
262
28
Janesharesa housewith anothergirl. The housethey live in is (l)
hilltop,so it hasan excellentview of the city. Janeand her friend get on (2)
each other very well. The houseworkis sharedequally (3) the two girls.
Janeis very (4) ln trylng new reclpes,so she does the cooking. Her fl'iend
has to do the cleaning.She doesn't(5) sweepingand dusting the house
becauseshethinksthis is mucheasierthancooking."(6) hardltry,lcannot
cook," saysJane'sfriend.
YesterdayJane had to go to (7) hospital to visit her grandmother,so
she never got round to (8) dinner. When her friend arrived home. she wiis
disappointednot (9) find anything to eat. (10) her
hunger,she waited for Jane
29
I s w e a l t he s s e n t i a( l ) Well,as(2)
happiness? as I'm
'No'. (3) I suffer frorn a fatirl diseasc.
concerned,the answerts definitely
Of coursenot. ln my opinion happinessdepends
In that case,will moneybring me happiness?
m a i n l y( 4 ) health rather than wealth. When you are healthy. there ts ncr
reason get(5)
why you shouldn't the difficulties in lif-e.
After she broke (6) with her boyfriend, my daughterLiz got in the habit
(7) srnoking cigarettes.In the beginning, I thought it was her way of
coping(8) sadnessbut when I realized that she had become a chain
smoker.I decidednot to let her smokewhen she was with me. However, I knew that as soon as
I was out of (9) she would light a cigarette.No matter how hard I tried. I
couldn't persuadeher to cut (10) on smoking. Now. Liz is seein-9n
who I hopewill help her give up this bad habit.
psychologist
30
263
The typical supermomalso has a position of responsibilityat her place of work. She is often
requiredto spendlong hours and make importantdecisions.In (6)
theseresponsibilities.she managesto sparetime for some activities.These activitiescan be
(1) by playing tennis,taking coursesat the local communitycollege
and seeingher friends occasionally.(8) the work load she takesseents
almostimpossibleto deal with, the typical supermomhandlesit well.
3t
In the opinion of many Americansand Europeans,we only began to really explore our
world in the sixteenthcentury.According (l) these people. the sailors of
(2) ancientworld did not explore distant parts of the ( 3 ) - - - _ _ ,
they did not have the necessary knowledge (4)_ skills for lon-usea
(5) . However. the people who have this opinion (6)
forgettingtwo importantfactsof history.
264
15.2MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS
Mark the bestchoice.
I
Children can write the capital lettersmuch -(l)- than the small letters.At school they
_(2)_ to use pens; i.e., their teachersmake them -(3)-- pencils until they
becomereallygood at writing.
1. a) in case 5. a) weekends
b) so that b) too
c) otherwise c) then
d) therefore d) also
A: -(6)-?
B: Only while I'm at the office.
6. a) How often do you wear a tie c) When do you wear ties
b) When did you last wear a tie d) Were you wearing a tie at worK
A: I bought a tarantulayesterday.
B: Their'repoisonous.aren'tthey?
A: Not all of them. Most speciesare not dangerousto humans.Their poison is -(7)-
to kill anyone.
265
A: The most dangerousanimalsof the animal kingdom are mosquitoes.
B: You meanthosesmall insects?
A: Yes, -(11)_- that causemalaria- a terribleillness.About a rnillion peopledie
becauseof _( l2)_ every year.
Dear Alex.
I'm sorry that I won't be able to meet you at the airport on Tuesday I _( I 3 )___ ml,
car servicedthat day. I won't be at home either. as I have an importantrneetinsin the
afternoon.But it isn't difficult to reachmy housefrom the airport._(14)_ vou havc
too much luggage.you can take the underground.It's cheap,fast and reliable. But if you
have a lot of luggage, take a taxi. By the way, I haven't got a spare key. so I'll leave
_( I 5)_ under the doormatfor you.
Seeyou soon,
Robert
Nicholas says:" I rememberthe days -(20)_ worked at The Stmduy Telegraph.I was
up at 8:00 a.m., wore cleanclothesand smelledof aftershave,not of fish. What's more, I always
had the chanceto write a few lines -(21)- the coffee or lunch break. Now all that
-(22)-. I don't have any sparetime any longer. | _(23) up at six ro prepure
the fish for saleby 7:30. When I finish work at 8:00 p.m., I'm usually_(24)__ ro wrire
anything.I've done everythingI can to make the businessworkl but even now I'm earnin-eless
than half my salary as a journalist. Obviously, my decision to leave my job at The Sundut,
Telegraphwas a bad one."
266
r 6 . a) that t]. a) upset l8 a) was
bt . which b) is upset b) hasbeen
c) upsets c) is
d) which it d) will haveupset d) will be
'tA
22. a) was changed 1.J. a) have been a) as tired as
b ) have beenchanging b) will be b) very tired
has beenchanged c) was c) too tired
d ) haschanged d) must be d) tired enou-eh
The Yanomami Indians are a group of people living in the tropical rainforestsin northern
Brazil. They live in farnily groups in srnall cottages.They depend on zigriculturefor therr
survival.They use poisonousarrows,which are tools usedfor -(25)-_. They also catch
fish in the rivers. The Yanomami Indians -(26)- in theserainforestsfor over 10.000
Dr. JosePereirais a doctor with the Brazilian Indian agency.He is the only doctor in the area
Dr. Pereira : They -(27)- healthy people, happy and always smiling. before
stransers came to their land to look for gold. Today, there are people
-ittl- for gold everywhere and these people are poisoning the
Indians' rivers with Mercury (Hg). They are cutting down the trees in thc
malarial swiilllp-
rarnforests.Thus, more and more land is becomingdan-gerous
land. Illnessessuch as malariaand tuberculosis-(29)-- more often than
ever before.Their childrenare dying and this is not their fault.
Reporter : As a doctor,what kind of difficulties are you dealingwith?
Dr. Pereira : Our medical supplies are very limited. -(30)- quinine - rr specirl
medicineto cure malaria - we have no other medicine. The lack of proper
injectionsand pills causesmany unnecessarydeaths.
25. a) hunting 26. a) will be living 27. a) l-tavebeen
b) hunters b) are living b) used to be
c) to hunt c) lived c) are
d) to hunting d) have been living d) would be
261
Reporter : You work under very difficult conditions. Wouldn't you like to leave this
place and work in a clean,well-equippedhospitalinstead?
Dr. Pereira : Cases of violent crime were uncomtnon in this neighbourhoodbefore the
arrival of the gold-hunters.However, in nine months this year there have
alreadybeen 363 violent deaths.I -(33)-- this number will continue
to increasein the nearfuture.
Reporter : What do you think will happento the Yanomami Indians in the near future?
Dr. Pereira : Most Indians don't know what to do. Many have stoppedgrowing crops. so
food has become6carce.If there is no food, there is no reasonto stay here.of
course.Some are leaving their villages.It's sad to see that happening,but I
believe most families -(34)- their villages by the encl of next year.
Those who chooseto stay will suffer. If a solution _(35a)_ ro rhis
problem,the remaining Indians_(35b)_ very soon."
)
The holes in Swiss cheese-(l)- by bacteria.These are not the kind of bacreria
_(2)_ make you sick but they are safe_(3)_.
In the town where I live, it is very hot in the summerand in the eveningsnobody wants to stay
at home. We have a specialsummer cinema and we -(4)_ go there. Sometimesthe
film is not very good but we do not _(5)
268
4. a) might 5. a) mind
b) must b) watch
c) never c) enjoy
d) often d) hate
Mina Trenton ran away from home when she was about 16 because her parents did not
_(6)_ her to go out in the evenings.Mina is 18 yearsold now. After _(7)_
two years away from her parents, she thinks there is no place like home. She wishes she
_(8)_ there, but her parents are still angry with her. If they forgave her. she
_(9)_ back home.
6. a) make 7. a) spent
b) allow b) has spent
c) need c) spending
d) let d) has been spending
8. a) were 9. a) went
b) is b) will go
c) can be c) would go
d) has been d) wantsto go
Mrs. Mills spends too much money _(10)_ clothes. She does not really
_(11)_ new clothes but she _(12)_ them. Yesterdayshe saw a beautiful
coat in a shop window. She went in and _(13)_. It was just the right size but it was
very expensive.Mrs. Mills did not have_(14)_ money with her.
The great new year dinners that we -(15)- have are one of -(16)-
memories of my childhood. My mother started cooking early in the morning. All our
relativesjoined us that night. My sisterand I loved those family dinners becausewe could
so to bed (11) we liked.
269
There are -(18)- cars in Britain today than there were a few years ago. The total
number of cars in Britain is about 11,000,000.The traffic goes on increasingall the time and
the roads of most big cities _(19)_ by a slow moving procession of cars
_(20)_ the rush hours.
Joe Fortunate had a terrible day yesterday. He _(23)_ for work early but hrs car
_(24)_ on the way. He called a mechanicto _(25) He _(26)__ ro
wait for the mechanicfor 4 hours and he was late for work. In the evening,when he arrivecl
home, he couldn't find his keys so he decided to enter the house from the window. He
-(27)- into the house when a policeman saw him. He _(28)__ Joe fbr
breakinginto his own house.
Scientistspredict that therewill be big changesin the world's climatein the future. By the year
2030, all the ice at the poles -(29)- and the sealevel will be fifty centimetershigher.
For this reason,city planners are planning to build walls around the cities _(30)_
there are floods.
270
A: -(31)- lastweekend?
B: My grandmother.She is very old and shecan'tgo out.
A: -(32)-?
B: In Switzerland.
l
Julia is an 8-year-oldgirl with beautiful long straighthair, but she doesn'tlike her hair
becauseit is not curly. Shesays,"I wish I -(1)- curly hair".
1. a) have
b) would have
c) will have
d) had
In the UK young people -(2)- to work part time, but they -(3)- have
permissionfrom their parents.
Bob and I live in the sameblock of flats. My flat is on the sixth floor and Bob's is on the
secondfloor. Our flats are very convenient,but they are a bit noisy becausethey are on a
main street.Bob's flat is worse than -(4)-- becauseit is just -(5)- a pub
where thereis alwaysloud music.
2ll
4. a) mine 5. a) above
b) me b) between
c) I c) across
d) my d) along
There are two kinds of sleep; deep sleep and light sleep. People reach the state of deep sleep
very -(6)-. -(7)- the period of deep sleep,people do not dream. They dream
when they are in the period of light sleep.
6. a) easier 7. a) While
b) moreeasily b) During
c) quickly c) After that
d) quicker d) Then
Jane woke up with a terrible cold yesterdaymorning. Her doctor examined her and prescribed
some medicine. He told her to stay in bed for three days. Unfortunately, she has an important
meeting with her boss this afternoon.If she _(8a)_ a cold, she _(8b)_ the
meeting.She is going to call her boss and ask him to have the meeting next week. She hopes
thatshe_(9)_ by then.
The effects of stress on man _(10)_ for many years. The result of the studies
_(l 1)_ that our bodiesreactwhen stressfulsituationsoccur _(12)_
The town's -(13)- sportsclub closeddown last week. Six months ago, the owners of
the building wanted to increasethe rent. -(14)_ the managementof the club tried to
cover this increaseby putting up entrancefees, this was not successful,_(15)-- at a
specialmeeting last Friday they decided to close the club.
After retiring from the film industry, Howard Hughes, the American film producer,
_(16)_ completelyon his own. He _(17)_ all day in bed _(19)--
films. He didn't leavehis house_(19)_ his deathin 196l .
272
16. a; lived 17. a) was spending
b) lives b) used to spend
c) has lived c) spend
d) has beenliving d) had to spend
dangerous. First, they should be strong and healthy. Next, they should be good at
becausethey cannotcarry -(26)-food in thejungle' Finally,
_(zs)-food
they should know -(27)- in a team.
t
I
t. A group of peopleare visiting an art exhibition. Some people cannot see some of the
pictureson display. If they had hung the pictures lower, people able to see
themproperly.
a) wouldbe b) willbe c) would have been d) are
213
3. A woman who is overweightis visiting her doctor:
Woman : " Can I losefive kilos in one week?,'
Doctor : "In fact,I reallydon'tknow _ losethat much in one week.,'
a) whethercan you c) whetheryou can
b) that you can d) how much can you
I didn't listen to the lecturercarefully last week. Now I have to preparea proJect
on the same
subject and I don't have -(4)- notes because they are incomplete. I wish I
-(5)_- more attentionto the lecturer.
4. a) any 5. a) paid
b) enough b) was paid
c) much c) had paid
d) a lot d) was paying
'Scandal'is
an exciting film. It raisesinterestingquestionsabout a
_(6)--_ scandalin
politics. The film shows a seventeen-year-old showgirl. Christine Keeler. She begins her
relationshipwith the governmentminister,John Profumo. It is a(n)
_-_(7)-- terriflc film
and you _(8)-- irl
The driver swervedto avoid the car that pulled out of a side road, but he was
too late. If he
-(9)- quicker to swerve, he -(10)- straight into the back of rhe orher car.
-(l I )-, he _-(1 2)- his seatbelt and nothing happenedto him.
274
Spanishlanguageinterpreter."I got it for Christmaslast year. I just think it's handy to have it
there _(14)_ somebody says something in Spanish to me." Sue Moore had three
differentpursesinside her handbag."Al1 I really need is inside_(15)_ purse. The two
otherpursesare much smallerand can hold only money."
'My name is Jim Shelleyand I am an addict.' With thesewords I beganto solve the problem.
_(18)_, make calls, ring people up - talk, talk and talk. And it began to affect my
work. I was spendingall of my lunch time phoning. During the day I would disappearfor a
quick call. One night I found it impossibleto sleep,thinking I could hear the phone ringing
downstairs. I jumped out of bed and then discoveredit _( 19)_ at all. Things were so
bad I often rang people and asked_(20)_ to ring me. I had a businessand a private line
_(21)_. And one day I hit my supervisorwith the phone. Of course,I lost rny job.
Finally. the police caughtme destroyinga phone box _(22)_ my last f.l coin and I was
orderedto seea psychiatrist.It's severaldays sinceI used a telephone. I also try not to watch
TV becausethereare alwayspeopleon it -(23)- phonecalls.
215
22. a) which take 23. a) making
b) where it was taken b) made
c) that had taken c) make
d) that was taking d) was making
5
Good studentsusually have good study habits and know _(l)_ their time efficiently.
Some find it helpful to draw up a five or six-day programme each week. Of course, one
cannot always keep to such a plan; unexpectedthings often happen but still, such a plan
makes_(2)_ aboutwhat we ought to do during the week.
l. a) organizing 2. a) us think
b) how to organize b) think
c) to organize c) to think
d) how organized d) us to think
Although Maria has been attendingan English coursefor six months, she still has problems
expressing her opinions in the target language. She knows the grammar rules very
-(3)-, but she cannot speak -(4)- the other studentsin class.That's why her
teacheradvisedher to attenda conversationclub, which will enableher to practicespeaking.
Next week I'm planning to go to the village where I _(5)_ up. I _(6)-- my
good-old friends since I graduated from high school, so I wonder whether they will
recognizeme or not. I'm really looking forward to meetingthem again.
Despiteher busy life, Mrs. Weaver-(11)- severalinfluential books about the political
systemin Britain. These days she -(12)- on her latestbook, which is a collection of
her memories.
Sally : Well, I'm still working on my term paperwhich is due for tomorrow.
Lisa Actually, I have a few questionsto ask you about my own term paper but slnce
you are busy working on yours,I can ask someoneelse'
Sally Is it urgent?
Sally Why _( 14)_an hour later?I will -(15)- mine by then, so we can
spendthe rest of the evening working on yours.
battle
Last spring we rented an old manor house that had been built on the site of an ancient
ground where thousandsof men are supposedto have died. We didn't believethe ghost stories
which the housekeepertold us' on the Monday of the secondweek' I _-(16)- in the
middle of the night by the terrible screamsand moans coming from the basement.We went
downstairs where the screamswere even louder. Terrified, we ran all the way to the village
_(17)_ at a hotel. The next day the housekeepertold us that the screamswhich we
heardwere the ghostsof the soldierswho died fighting. We didn't sleepin the houseagain.It
was certainly-( 18)- experienceI had ever had'
211
16. a) had woken up 17. a) that the night was spent
b) woken up b) which we spentthe night
c) was woken up c) we spentthe night
d) had been woken up d) where we spentthe night
Sam and Linda are talking aboutthe receptionthat they have to attend.
Linda I really don't feel like going to the reception.
Sam -(19)-. I wish I -(20)- Mr. Brown aboutour plansfor this evening
earlier,but it is too late now.
Linda It's OK. Do you know how long _(21)_?
Sam Not more than two hours.Why?
Linda I thought maybe we could still go to Mark's party after the reception.
Sam That'sa good idea,but I think it will be tiring to go from one place to another,and
I have to get up early tomorrow morning. I'd rather_(zz)_back home after
the reception.
Somehow I always have problems when I go away on holiday. This year I got food
poisoning the day I arrived.It must have been the fish I ate at the hotel that evening. It
took me most of the first week to recover. By the time I felt better, the weather
218
25. a) colder 26. a) enjoyed
b) too cold b) could enjoy
c) very cold c) had enjoyed
d) cold enough d) would have enjoyed
6.
Luna is talking to her daughterEmma.
Luna Emma, you are spendingtoo much time -(3)- to beat the computer at
chess!I think you shouldbe awareof the fact that you have other responsibilities
both at home and at school.
would have to stop halfway up to take a rest. After I got married, my wife insisted that I
should give up smoking. She told me that I _(5)- long enough to see rny children
grow up so I quit smoking. That was twenty years ago and I -(6)- even a single
cisarettesincethen.
I have beenbusy with my examsover the last two weeks.They are over now, thank goodness,
and I can relax for a while and write lettersto all my friends.I -(7)- the resultsby
the time my parentscome back from Paris so I'm keepingmy fingers crossed.On their return
I want to give them the good news. I should get at least65 on all my finals -(8)- I
219
'1.
a) will have learned 8. a) otherwise
b) will be learning b) except that
c) am learning c) unless
d) will have been learned d) so that
Mary, w ho has just returned from her holiday in Greece, is talking to her friend Sally on the
phone.
Sally When did you come back from Greece?I called you severaltimes the other day but
there was no answer.
Mary To tell the truth it was a disaster.I wish I _(10) your advice. You
suggestedthat I shouldgo somewhereelsebut I insistedon going there.
Mary Actually it couldn't be worse. The hotel _(11)_ at was horrible. The
rooms were extremely small and there was no hot water so I had to take a shower
with cold water every single day. To make things worse, one of my suitcases
_(12)_ on my first day at the hotel.
Sally Oh really?
Mary Actually, I _(13)_ the hotel as soon as things startedgoing wrong but as I
_(14)_ all the money in advance,I didn't want it to go ro wasre.
Sally Well, I'm really sorry that your holiday was so bad. Anyway, althoughit was a bad
one,just put it down to experience.
280
Helen is talkingto her roommateCarol.
Carol : Well, it is thesamewith me,but we'lljust sit therefor half an houror so.
Helen : Carol,thereis no way you canmakeme -(18)- the room evenfor half
an hour. I -(19)- here.I wantto startstudyingright away'
When I first met Nguyen, it was probably nine or ten weeks after his arrival in Los Angeles.
and he _(21)-- very lonely at the time. We immediately became friends but it was
difficult ro communicatewith him as his English wasn't-(22)- to have a long and
he likes spending such a lot of time with an old lady like me. Nguyen is kind and
considerate._(26)_ he comes from a culture that is so alien to ours, we can
understandeach other very well. And I love having a young person around; the excitement
and optimism is really heartening.
281
7
The best holiday of my life was a holidayI (1) in Turkey when I was twenty
Three of my friends from university (2) to Turkey and (3) me to
accompanythem. I had very little money so, beforeuniversityfinished for the summerbreak,I
worked every evening in a pub (4) I could earn (5) on the
holiday.
4. a) so as 5. a) money enoughto go
b) so that b) too much money to go
c) in order to c) enoughmoney to go
d) because d) so much money for going
Yesterdaymorning Sue parked her car on a road that didn't have any parking meterson it. To
by thetime she (6)
her surprise, to her car, there was a parking meter next to it.
Someone (7) a parking ticket on the windscreen and the wheels of her car
(8) ! Then she saw a policeman(9) the street. He came un to her
and askedif the car (10) to her. When she repliedthat it did, he told her rharshe
(11) her car therefor so long and that she had to pay the ticket...
It was a Friday night. Megan caught the nine o'clock train from Oxford to London. She sat
oppositea man (12) in gray. Since the man (i3)_ her, she was
able to see his face very clearly. The next morning Megan bought a newspaperand saw the
photographof the sameman on the front page. He was reported(14) a wofftan
on a train after stealingher money andjewellery!
282
1 2 . a) was dressing 13. a) was facing 14. a) h a v i n gk i l l e d
b) dressing b) was faced b) to havekilled
c) dressed c) faced c) to kill
d) was dressed d) facing d) killing
morning. He warned her a few times but she didn't listen. What's more, although she
should know that she mustn't use the office phone for her private calls, she called her
husbandfour times this morningl If she (17) a little bit more attentionto
theofficerules,Mr. Higgins(18) at her and she (19) f--l
now.
so ashamed
pollution. To illustrate, burning oil and coal in transport and factories often
(:22) air pollution, increasingthe level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
An increasein the proportionof carbondioxide in the atmospheremight in turn bring about a
rise in atmospheric temperature, and the ice at the north and south poles
(23) melt. If this (24) . the sealevel (25) , causlng
floods in many parts of the Earth. Therefore, it is necessary that urgent steps
(26)_ in industrialized countries to avoid the disastrous effects of global
warming.
')A
a) happens 2 5 . a) rose 26. a) be taken
b) happened b) have risen b) taken
c) will happen c) will rise c) will be taken
d) would happen d) would be rising d) must be taken
283
A: I read an article about mountaineering the other day. I'd no idea that it was
(27) popularsportor that(28) people were involved in it.
B: Yes. but on the other hand it requires a lot of strength and courage. Moreover. it's
(2e) for many people to take up as a hobby.
: Well, I don't think I'm (30) to climb mountains myself, but I wish I
( 3 1)
g
I'm not an irresponsiblegrandmother,but I want my grandchildrento have a good time with
me. We enjoy breaking the rules when we are together.For example, they _( I )_ sray
up as long as they wish when they are in my houseand they find it great._(2)_ there
is anyonewho wouldn't do suchfavoursto kids to seethem happy.
284
a) to be 7 . a) hardly any
b) that she had been b) very few
c) to have been c) nearly all
d) that she was d) so many
explosion would have been -(15)- powerful as the one that all of the U.S. nuclear
weaponscould produce.
Tricia and Andrew are the first peopleto sign up to -(16)- after their death,in a new
sciencecalled'cryonics'. They want --(17)- back to life in 2100 as they believe the
way of life -(18)- completelyby then. Andrew sayshe'd -(19)- to be around
I hate the popular press _(21)- people's privacy. In the last two weeks there
after he proved that a newspaperhad made untrue claims about his personallife. The singer is
2tt5
one of thoselucky peoplewho has-(24)- money to take the necessarystepsfor justice
to be done.Otherwise,he -(25)- the f30.000 neededto take the newspaperto colrrt.
The singersaid he --(26)- to get on well with the pressover the past f'ew years.bur rhe
news that appearedin the paper was the last straw. "I hope. from now on. press mernbers
_{27)_ people'sprivatelives," he added.
2
SandymeetsPauline.a friend fiom school,at a cinema :
sandy : Hi, Pauline.what are you doing here? I thoughtyou (1)__ ar rhrsrirne
of the day.
Pauline : Yes, but I've takenthe day off just to relax a bit. Actually, Im planningro tluii
soon.
Sandy : Really? Why?
Pauline : Well, I've beenhavinga difficult time at work recently. Last month they hired a
new secretary,
who is a real nuisance.To beginwith, she wasn,t(2)_
togetthejob.(3)-this,they-eaveherthejobsinceshe'sthenieceo1.
Mr. Johnson.the owner of the company. To make things worse. the director-s.
Mr. Trent and Mr. Swan,who are expectingto be promotedsoon,-qavetny of'fice
to her! They're (1)---_-.--- inconsiderate people that they off-erecl
(5)-uSethedarklittleofficeattheendofthecorridor|
Sandy : How awfull You must hatethe new secretary.
Pauline : well, she'sa bore. She'salways(6)___-.-_
about herself. what's more. she
speaksandlaughs(7)-feelyoureardrumswil1burst!idon'tthinkI'1l
be able to put up with all this any longer; (8)----_ I'm thinking about
quitting. I wish I (9)-_-_--- the job advertisementin the pirperlast vcar! Il'
I (10)-- collegero work in thisjob, I (11)-=--_ my degreeanclI
( l2)-=-- working in a much betrerjob now. If I ( I 3)______ born
a g a i n I, ( l 4 ) the samernistakes!
286
a
a) shouldhave worked 2 . a) qualified -l- a) Regardless
b) shouldn'twork b) enoughqualifications b) In spiteof
c) shouldwork c) much too qualified c) Becauseof
d) shouldbe working d) nearlyqualified enough d) With a view of
Llst Friday, Julia (15)--- at the shop windows to buy a new coat when she
(16)_ that she 61)_ all the money she had so she decidedto get some
rnoney frorn her bank account. When she got to the bank. there r.vereabout ten people
(18)--- in a queue, (19)_-- for their turn. All ol a suddetr,three men
(20)_ with shotgunsrushedinto the bank. Their faces (21)---- with black
281
A : Correct!Halfway throughthe class,therewas a loud knock on the door of the auditorium.
Prof. Brown, who had beenlecturingon cell division enthusiastically,
said "Come in". The
dooropenedandJackasked(22)-himin.Prof.BrowngotVeryangryandtold
(23)-outsidetilltheclassfinished.However,Jackinsistentlytriedtoexplain
thathiscar(24)-downonthewaytothecampuSandapologized
(25)-solate.Surprisingly,asympatheticsmileappearedonProf.Brown'sface
and sheurged (26)_ in.
22. a) the professorfor letting z ) . a) that he must wait 24. a') broke
b) the professorif shewould let b) him that he had waited b) hasbroken
c) to let c) him to wait c) was breakin-e
d) that the professorwould let d) to him that he should wait d) had broken
forms. Unfortunately, they are shrinking fast. Various factors like man's efforts to make fields
areknown(27)-theprocesscalleddesertificationquitealongtimeago'Certain
meaSureShavealreadybeentaken(28)-Stoporslowdownthisprocess.A|lthe
same, unless stricter regulations are introduced by governments, the Earth's forests
(29)-completelybytheendofthenextcentury.Therefore'it'sundeniablethatthis
10
I don't mind -(1)- to wait, but I hope shehas time to seeme after her meeting.
1. a) askingher
b) her asking
c) asking
d) being asked
288
cheap-
There is no doubt that supermarkets are very convenient. To begin with. they are
Productsin local grocery shopscan be twice -(z)-those in big supermarkets.Shoppers
It's true that money doesn't always bring happiness. My friend Jonathan -(5)-
whatever he wanted from his parents. He was lucky becausehe had a rich father and on his
eighteenthbirthday he -(6)- a car. He became-(7)- excited with his new
presentthat he decidedto go out and celebratein a bar. He got drunk and was on his way
home in his new car when the police stoppedhirn. Jonathanwas testedfor alcohol and he
had -(8)-. That was two years -_(9)-- and now he is still waiting to get his
licenceback.
_(13)_ early in the morning day after day in all kinds of weatheris especiallytiring.
Job satisfactionis not guaranteed. It depends-(14)- get on with their colleagues.
The rnodelling world is full of ambitious and selfish people. In an environment where
peopledon't help _-(15)-, life can be tough. The money is usually good. but it cannot
289
go on forever. Unless a model has earnedenoughto retire -_(16)-_ time she is thirty. she
-( I 7)- discoverthat she has financial worries. Some modelsfind that rhey _-(
I B)___
a differentjob for all thoseyearswith useful qualificationsand experienceat the end of it.
I 8. a) shoulddo
b) could havedone
c) needn'thave done
d) may be doing
290
19. a) to give 20. a) theYwork
b) that it gave b) that worked
c) to have given c) working
d) that it had given d) worked
27. a) originatein
b) be due to
c) lead to
d) be causedby
ll
There _(l)_ many road accidentssince yesterday'sheavy snow. Early last night two
motorists _(2)_ serious injuries in an accident involving three vehicles. Mr. Ray
Amberly from Newden -(3)- along Pyke Road at 90 kph when he -(4)- the van
behind his car driven by Mr. Joseph Brown, moving out to overtake him. Mr. Amberly
braked slightly in order to -(5)- the driver of the van -(6) but instead of
slowing down, his car skiddedon the slippery surfaceand crashedinto the van. -(7)-,
the van was knocked into a third vehicle, coming from the other direction, driven by Mr. Luke
Porter. All three vehicles_(8)_ in the collision and the drivers-(9)- be taken to
hospital. The police believe that the crash might -(10)- if the drivers -(11)-
more careful.
291
7. a) As a result 8. a) had damaged 9. a) could
b) However b) have damaged b) might
c) Although c) were damaged c) had to
d) On the contrary d) damaged d) should
A large British fishing boat, the Red Herring, sank yesterdaymorning after hitting rocks off
the southcoastof England. Six of the boat'screw members_( 12)_ swim ashoreanclget
help. The authoritieshad a lifeboat team -(13)- out to searchfor the rest of the crew.
When the lifeboat crew returned to shore after rescuing five survivors, they _(14)_ the
authoritiesthat there were still three missing crew members. The survivors of the shipwreck
-(15)- to hospitalin Southampton,where they -(16)- from the accidenr.Air and
searescueteamsare continuingto searchfor the missingcrew members.
The seasall over the world are in danger. They -(17)- with poison:industrial and
nuclearwaste,chemicalfertilisersand pesticides.The Mediterraneanis alreadynearly dead;
the North Sea is following. If nothing _(18)_ about it, one day soon norhing
_(19)_ live in the seas.
'rq)
A judge ordered a 65-year-old woman _(23)_ f4,000 damagesto a burglar who
-(24)- to break into her house. As soon as Mrs. Lewis heard the noises,picking up
her gun, she went downstairswhere she_(25)_ Michael Phillips in the hall with a bag
full of electricalequipmentand shot him. Fortunately,Phillips sufferedonly minor wounds
to his legs. If he had been seriouslywounded,he _(26)_ in hospitalnow. In the trial,
the judge explained that although Mrs. Lewis was defending her own property, she
_(21)_ Phillips.
t2
Ben Johnson,the Canadiansprinter,won and lost the 100 metresfinal in 1988 Olympics in
Seoul in 24 hours. _(l)_ the tests done after the race showed that he had taken a
prohibited drug before the race. This _(2)_ in his losing his title and the gold medal.
_(3)_ people believe that athletesshouldn't take drugs becausethese drugs improve
performanceunfairly. Some people said that Johnson_(4)_ have taken drugs because
he was an excellent athlete anyway and _(5)_ the race without them. Johnson was
bannedfrom competingfor three years. People who thought that he was _(6)_ to take
drugs also thought that this ban was -(7)- and that it would be better if theseathletes
were bannedfrom competing for life.
7. a) short enough
b) too short
c) shorterthan
d) not as short as
I like dogs very much, but I lead -(8)- a busy life that I don't think I could sparethe time
to look after one, so I have a cat. Cats are _(9)_ to keep becausethey don't demand
293
constantattention. If I -(10a)- a dog, I -(10b)_ worried becauseI couldn't get home
_(ll)_ to take it out for a walk. Dogs are believed_(12)_ good companions,but I
think that it all dependson _(13)_ sort of companionyou want, one that keepsyou on the
go all the time or one that helps you to relax. Some doctorsclaim that it is _(14)_ to keep
a cat if you suffer from stressbecauseit enables_(15)_ rid of all your tension.
Kilroy's secondday in the army was not much better than his first. Once again, the officers
made the recruits stand in the sun for severalhours. They had no idea _(16)_ it. They
were allowed neither to talk _(17)_ nor to sit down. Next, they were forced to run six
miles in the hot sun, which was twice _(18)_ the distancethey had run the previousday.
This, of course,was hard work for the recruits who _(19)_ to doing physical exercise.
Moreover,_(20)_ who couldn'trun fast were requiredto run an extra mile as punrshment.
Then, they were ordered to go to the medical building, where they had _(21)_ In the
afternoon,they were told to do lots of other trivial and tiring things. When, at last. they were
allowed to return to their barracks,Kilroy, who hated_(22)_ what to do, was sorry that
he _(23)_ to join the army.
16. a) why they had to do 11. a) one other 18. a) more than
b) why did they do b) by themselves b) as much as
c) how long do they have to do c) themselves c) longer than
d) how long they have been doing d) to each other d) length of
294
22. a) being told 23. a) was persuaded
b) telling b) persuaded
c) tellinghim c) had beenpersuaded
d) his telling d) had persuaded
13
It is very difficult to understandthe directionsfor use on medicines-(1)- they are
explainedby doctors.
1. a) in case c) unless
b) provided d) as long as
Parentsshould set limits on the amount of time their children spend watching television
because-(2)-. the more violencethey will probably see.
The rock band Avalon are giving a concert in London this Saturday.There is usually a
long queue for concert tickets and although I -(3a)- to get into one of their
concertsfor years,I _(3b)_ successfulso far. I hope I will be able to get a ticket
this time.
The local bank manager now regrets -(4)- to produce his play Bttsinessm
Business.As the first public performanceis not far off, he -(5)- nervous.He is
afraid he will have a difficult time becausethere are no professionalactors in the town's
theatregroup.
It was very hot in the classroomand everybodywas feeling -(6)-. After a tiring
morning,the studentswere anxious-(7)_- off to lunch.
6. a) asleep 7. a) getting
b) sleep b) by getting
c) sleepily c) to get
d) sleepy d) that theY get
295
8. a) so 9" a) or
b) such b) and
c) the c) also
d) these d) but
Most working women have the sameproblem; they have to work at their offices and also at
home. As they get-(12)- any help from their children or husbands,they often think
that they are treatedas if they _(13)_ maids.
Hunting -(16)- a matter of life and death since it was one of the main ways for our
ancestorsto provide -(17)- with food. However, in today'sworld of tinned, canned
and frozen foods, hunting has become _(l8a)_ a social acriviry _(l8b)_
anythingelse.
Bob was out for lunch when he saw his girlfriend with anotherman. He watched them
_(31)_ away together in a car. The next day Bob asked his girlfriend
_(32)_ at noon the day before. She said, "I was working in the office."
_(33)_ her with anotherman, Bob knew she was lying. When she realizedthis,
291
his girlfriend was very embarrassedand apologisedto him but -(34)-- she tried. she
couldn't change Bob's mind and they broke up. Now she feels sorry and wishes she
_(35)_ him the truth.
Last July Art Fidler left washington in his private jet to fly to Bermuda. ___(36)____.
everythingseemedunder control. He had the plane _(37)_ just before the llighr lnd
the weatherconditionswere favourable.However,he _(38)_ over the shinin-ewarersof
the Atlantic Ocean for about ten minutes when suddenlythe plane began to lose altrtude.It
was obvious that there was somethingwrong. Fortunately,he noticed an island nearby and
managedto land the plane there. "How lucky I am," he thought. "If I _(39a)__ this
island,I -(39b)- dead."He looked at the plane and found somefeathersstuck in one ot
the engines.It _(40) _ a bird that causedall the trouble.
14
As it is his daughter's
birthdaytomorrow,my bosswill take_(la)_ shoppingso that she
can choosesomethingfor _( I b)_.
l. a) his...hers c) she...her
b) her...herself d) him...herself
2 . a ) i s n ' ti t c) didn'twe
b) don'tI d) hasn'tit
298
It _(3)_ recentlythat doctorsdiscoveredthat the reasonfor the epileptic-likeselzure
in somechildren was viewing Pokemon,a cartoonseriesbasedon a computergame series
calledPocketMonsters.
3. a) was not until c) was not only
b) is still d) is so
_(4)_ restoringhis old American car, Sarah'sfather had grear difficulty in finding
someof thepartsastheyare_(5)_ manufacturedby Ford.
4. a) During 5. a) anyway
b) While b) any more
c) Since c) no longer
d) After d) by far
Over the past two decades,the Seychellians_(8)_ their peacefulisland. which was
consideredthe tropical paradiseon Earth by many, -(9)- into terrorism.corruptiort
and economicdecline.
8. a) saw 9. a) sink
b) had seen b) which sank
c) were to see c) to sink
d) have seen d) was sinking
Ronnie is one of the thousandsof boys and girls who have been arrestedfor senous.
violent crimes in recent years.He was arrestedlast week for attacking_(12)_ boy
with a knife. So now, he is appearingin court_(13)_playing with his friendsin the
schoolyard.
299
12. a) another 13. a) without
b) the other b) insteadof
c) the c) exceptwhen
d) that d) apart from
Teenagersimitate people they look up to, chiefly film stars and pop performers. For
example,when David Bowie put on eye shadow,so _(14)_ many of his fans. However,
this only -(15a)- if the pop star -(15b)- in tune with the way youth culture is
alreadygoing.
When Janearrived at the restaurant,she couldn'tfind a place to park her car, so she gave her
keys to the parking lot attendant_(16)_. On leaving the restaurantsome time later, she
began to look for the attendant she had given her keys to. As she couldn't find him, Jane
walked aroundthe parking lot, _(17)_ at all the parked cars.
In 1859. the English naturalistCharles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species.He said that
humansand monkeys _(18)_ from common ancestors.Many people later thought that
Darwin's ideas about evolution went againstreligious teachings.They reactedvery angrily
and tried _( l9)_ schoolsto stop teachingthe scienceof evolution.
Rose Joneshas spent20 of her 76 yearsin jail. Just a short while ago, she was caught again
practisingher trade in Harrods- a favourite hunting ground for the pickpocket.Her fingers
aren't as quick as they -(26)- and she was spotted by a sharp-eyedstore detective. Rose
blamesher life of crime on her childhood and harsh upbringing. She feels that if her mother
_(27a)_when she was a little child, she-(27b)-a different life today. As it was, her
father remarried and her stepmotherwas cruel to her. When she was only 15, she was offered
a job as a waitress at a nearby restaurant,but she turned it down. Now, she wishes she
_(28)_ that opportunity,which shebelieveswould have changedher life completely.
30t
-(33)- extremely generousof the people of France to give the American people the
Statue of Liberty, especiallyas the money was raised by donations from the public who
recognised-(34)- in common. After all, -(35)- nationshaclfought revolutionsto
securetheir nationhood.The gift was returned with interest with the foundation of Eurcr
Disney near Paris. Nevertheless, many Frenchpeopleare unhappywith this 'present',which
they_(36)_ a kind of 'culturalcolonialism'.
The number of seriouscrimes -(31)- in the last few years.These crimes are usually
committed for economic and social reasons.-(38)_ strict sentences.criminals are nor
afraid of -(39)-. They know that prisonsare overcrowdedand thar they will ___('10)_*_
for good behaviourin just a few years'time.
15
Temperatureson earth have never remained the same. There have been times when
as high as 58" C and as low as -89" C were recorded.Luckily. life on earth isn't
temperatures
affected very much by such temperatureextremes.Most organisms __( la)_ at such
extremesif they -(1b)- have the ability to keepconditionsinsicletheir bodiesrhe same.
What enables a living organism to maintain a constant bocly temperature _(2)___
conditionsin its environmentchangeis calledhomeostasis.
302
When Europeansfirst arrived,forestscovereda vast areain the easternUnited States.
Almost all the original forest was clearedto make room for farms and towns and to
harvest timber. Today. Earth's _(3)_ forests, namely the tropical rain forests.
_(4)_ for the samereasons.Scientistsfear that tropical forests-(5)- by the
end of this century. When the forest trees are cut, not only are the trees lost. but
thousandsof animalsthat live on or amongthe treesalso vanish.There'stoo much idle
talk about the matter and -(6)- action is taken. It's time that we -(1)-
seriouslyinvolved in the protectionof our environment.
To prove that it is necessaryto carry out researchon animals first, Dr. JosephWa-ener
showed some slides on a recentTV programme.One slide was of a cl-rildwho was born
damagedby a drug his mother_(10)_ while she was carryingthe baby. Obviously.
the drug _(11)_ testedmore thoroughly.In fact, some animal rights activistsare not
againstthe use of lab animals.They'd rather_(12)_
contpletelv- experimentsthat are
quite unnecessary.Peter Singer is one of those activists u'ho wish that animals
_(13)_ subjectedto pain for unimportantreasons."The differencebetweenhuman
and animal intelligence,"he points out, "does not mean that animals feel less pirin than
people".
I get -(14)- of lettersat this time of year from people _(15)_ that they have a
cold which won't go away. There are -(16)- many different stories about how to
preventor cure a cold that it's often difficult to know what to do. Of course,you can buy
medicineswhich will help to make your cold less unpleasant,but you must remember
that -(17)- can actually cure a cold or make it _(ls)_ away faster. Another
thing is that somemedicinesare dangerousif you are alreadytaking drugs for some other
illness.We adviseyou to check with your chemistor doctor first. Are they really all right
for you? And rememberthey can make you sleepy-please
don't try to drive if they dol
-(19)-, as regardsavoidingcolds,-(20)_ you may be told abourmagic foods
or drinks, the best answer is to keep strong and healthv - you'll have less chance of
catchinsa cold then.
Life can be unjust sometimes.I guessmy father and I have had our share of trouble, too.
Grandpa's sudden death put great responsibilitieson my father'sshouldersat a very early
age. When he was only 14, he -(21)- going to school in order to take over grandpa's
grocery shop. -(22)- the eldestson, he becamethe family's only provider. His dreams
of becominga pilot were shatteredand he was made to spendhis life amongstboxes of rice
and detergents,in a small grocery shop.
304
interview. How proud and self-confidentI was with my diploma in my briefcase-I soon
discoveredthat a diploma alone was not enough to get a good position. At the interview'
they asked me how much experience-(26)- in my field of study. The job involved
speakingat leastthreeforeign languagesand, of course,using a computer.
It's eight months since I -(21)- up looking for a'decent' job. If you drop by at our
grocery store, you can see me -(28)- in my father'schair at the cashier'sdesk. I
wasn't_(29)_ to take over dad's shop, but that'swhat's happenedafter all. Dad and I
becamegrocers-butfor differentreasons.
305
ANSWER
KEY
1. VERB TENSES
1.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS
A.
1. likes/ loves 8. looks
2. has 9. has
3. washes/ does 10. goes
4. goes 11- watches
5. does 12. listens
6. lose 13. plays
'7. 14. reads
plays
B.
l. are 29. belongs 57. is Bill trying
2. aren't 30. don't understand 58. gives
3. have 31. don't do / aren'tdoing 59. is working
4. is 32.am thinking 60. Is / Isn't "" conting
5. has 33. am aPPearing 61. earns
6" isn't 34. gets 62. doesn'tseem
7. doesn'tgo 35. am working 63. is ringing
8. are 36. find 64. am writing
g. lives 37. areyou doing 65. finish
10.hasn'tgot 38. am having 66. usuallyhave
I 1. goes 39. do you think 67' often visit
12. watches 40. usuallyteach 68. are going
13.want 41. don't go 69. don't often stay
14.don't understand 42. seem 70' have
15.is 43. leaves 71. am sitting
16.lives 44. doesn'tstop 72. selling
17.alwaysgetsup 45. is playing 7 3. is wearing
18.eats 46. guess 74. like
19.is making 47. is constantlycomplaining 75. nevergo
20. flying 48. understands 76. is visiting
21. is watching 49. belongs 77. ate takin-e
22. am writing 50. are exPecting
2 3 .s e e m s 5 l ' a r e . . .w e a r i n g
24. aretaking 52. want
25. arelosing 53. Do ... remember
26.live 54. arehaving
27. is changing 55. Is ... bathing
28. arebuilding 56. baths
C.
1. Does the Nelsons'/ their daughtergo to school
Does Sue go to school
2. Whereis the Nelsons'/their house
3. How many bedroomsare there I in the (Nelsons')house]
How many bedroomsdoesthe househave
4. Is there a garage
5. What do you do
What'syour iob
301
6. Do you work
7. Whereis / Where's
8. Who is / Who's
9. How old are
10. Wheredoesyourhusband / he have
I 1. How manycarshaveyou got/ do you have?
12. Do theylive
13. Whatdo youdo
14. Whatis your nationality
Whatnationalityareyou
15. Wheredo youwork
16. Haveyou (ever)had/ eaten/ tried/ tasted
17. Who cooks
18. Whereareyou from
19. Who is that
20. Is sheyour
21. How old is sheI LisaI yoursister
22. Areyou a student
23. Wheredo herparents(hermotherandfather)live?
24. DoesLinda/ shego
25. Why doesLinda/ shewant
26. WhenlWhattimedoesthelibrary/ it close?
D.
I. smells I 1. arethinking 21. is meeting 3I " do theyhord
2. is studying 12. see 22. have 32. areholding
3. am serving 13. areyou cleaning 23. aredoing 33. doesit conrain
4. think 14. am seeing 24. am typing 34. hear
5. don'tlike 15. looks 25. floats 35. rhink
6. holds 16. areyou still thinking 26. aregiving 36. arealwaysfinding
7. amhaving 17. goes 27. amthinking 37. is writing
8. arrives 18. is thinking 28. boils 38. feels
9. holds 19. doesn'tcome 29. finishes 39. am having
10. stops 20. feel 30. is smelling
B.
1. They sold
2. Werq you watching
3. How long ago / When did he buy
4. was not wearing
5. When did he/Richardbreak his les
6. lived
308
i. What were you doing
8. Did Bruno and his farnily haveenoughmoney to rent a house
Did Bruno and his family rent a house
9. How much (money)doesBruno's fatherearn a month
10. Why didn't you cotneNVhydidn't you go
I 1. weremaking
12. sought
13. swore
1rl. wasjust beginning
hadjust begun
C. I.
l. were you doing 17. took 33. broke
2. heard 18. moved 34. was trying
3. watching 19. am staying 35. cut
4. did you do 20. are attending 36. were walking
5. ran 2l . rains 37. came
6. running 22. is shining 38^ didn'tpay
1. was holding 23. enjoying 39. went
8. was sitting 24. takes 40. were surfing
9. got 25. visited 41. appeared
10. drove 26. was 42. were
1 1. was driving 27. weretalking 43. looked
12. wrote 28. were singing 44. knew
13. flew 29. playing 45. blew
14. started 30. waspouring 46. were trying
15. were'"vaiting 31. went 47. was
16. continued 32. dropped 48. phoned
II.
1" were waiting 18. walked 34. are workin-e
2. were getting 19. flew 35. felt
3. were expecting 20. saw 36. shaking
4. finally arrived 21. decided 37. w a sl y i n g
5. were sitting 22. was called 38. reading
6. r.verestanding 23. arrived 39. got
7. took 24. was waiting 40. sat
B. carried 25. am not 41. w a sg i v i n g
9. opened 26. don't like 42. received
10. witnessed 1. sat 43. was driving
1 1 . w a sl i v i n g 28. was getting 44. heard
12. came 29. invited 45. were looking
13. were rnaking 3 0 . d i d n ' th a v e 46. arrivccl
14. decided 3 1 . w a st o l d 47. was given
15. were fighting 32. is published 18" got
16. were having 33. arebecoming 49. f-elt
17. dropped
309
D.
1. They got divorced
2. While I was making a salad,my mother arrived
My mother arrived while I was making a salad
3. It took him two hours to do / finish
4. When she saw the mouseunder the table,our teacherscreamed
When our teachersaw the mouse under the table. she screamed
Our teacherscreamedwhen she saw the mouseunder the table
5. (I was) going to school,I found a purse
1.3FUTURE
A. Suggestedanswers
l. am going to seea dentist.
2. is going to wash them
3. are going to play in the garden
4. am going to look it up in a dictionary
5. is going to have somecoke
6. are going to swim
7. am going to sleep
8. is going to stay at home
f . is going to repair it
10. am going to buy someeggs
B. Suggestedanswers C.
L won't be 1. is going to have
2. will be 2. will lend
3. won't win 3. is going to drop
4. will get 4. is going to faint
5. will disappear 5. will come
D.
playing tennis and at l1:00 I'm meetingDavid. I'm having lunch at l3:15 with Sally and
going to a party at 15:00.I'm meetingmy husbandin his office at 19:30.
E.
l. are going to fall
2. is going to rain
3. starts... finishes
4 aregoing to miss
5. are eating
6. takesoff ... arrives
7. am leaving
F.
l. b 1. a 13.a
2. a 8. c 14.c
3. d 9. a 15.d
4. a 10.b 16.d
5. d l1.b 17.b
6. c lZ.d 18.d
310
G.
1. probablywon't go 20. Can / Could I May I (possibly)borrow
2. won't lend 21. will havedriven
1. won't do 22. will be looking for
2. will be resting 23. will be waiting
5. will have constructed 24. will have missed
6. won't have to use 25. retires
7. will have been learning 26. probably won't be
will be 27. 'll
8. help
9. will be having 28. am going to change
won't be ableto see 29. 'm
10. intendins
I l. will be doing 30. give
'm going
12. will have moved 31. to wear
13. Will you be ableto support...? 32. will havepublished
14. will find 33. will be given
15. am going to work 34. will be watching
will work 35. willprobably get
16. will probablymiss 36. hasbeenrunning
17. will go 37. was elected
18. will be 38. certainlywon't vote
19. will neverdo
H.
1. will be having 6. will be cooking
2. will repair 7. is going to faint
3. will be 8. will have been studying
4. will call 9. will get
5. will still love 10. will be havine
I.
1. the plane will have takenoff
2. you come home, I'11have finishedthe decorating
3. will have been living in this flat
4. help you with your homework,(if you like)
5. will have typed this report/ will have finished typing this report
A.
l. I have (haven't)drunk tealcoffee
2. I have (haven't)read the newspaper
3. I have (haven't)watchedTV
4. I have (haven't)made a phone call
5. I have (haven't)done my homework
6. I have (haven't)combedmy hair
1. I have (haven't)brushedmy teeth
8. I have (haven't)had a pop quiz
9. I have (haven't)mademy bed
10. I have (haven't)washedthe dishes
3lI
B. C
l. Your ex-boyfriendhashad an operation l. He hasbecomea doctor
2. I've startedgoing I've beento the Far East 2. He has startedr.vearing
glasses
3. Janehashad twins 3. He has got engaged
4. We've bought a new house 4. He hasgainedsomeweight
5. My dog has died out with Tom 5. He has stoppedplayingvideogames
6. 6. He has grown a beard
D.
l. Have you evereatensushi 3. Have you ever written ii story
Yes. I have Yes, I have
Where did you eat it When did you write ir
I ate it when I was in Tokyo I wrote it two yearsago
2. Have you ever done rock clinibing 4. Have you ever planteda tree
Yes, I have Yes, I have
What was it like When did you plant it
It was exciting I plantedit lastspring
E.
I
l - She's alreadymade some/ the sandwiches
2 . She'sjust boughtsome/thedrinks
J. She'salreadyinvited the guests
4. She's alreadycleanedthe flat
5. Shehasn'ttidiedup the living room yet
6. She'sjust blown the balloons
1. Shehasn'tlaid the tableyet
F.
1. gone 5. been
2. been 6" been
3. beeu 1" been
4. gone 8. gone
G.
l. haven't mef his girlfriend yet
2 . has alreadycleanedJim's trousers
J. has alreadyironed his jeans
4 . hasn'tmadethe saladyet
5 . has iust arrived
has beendeadfor
have alreadybeenabroad
I have changedmy job threetimes
They haven't found tlie burglar
Tom has neverbeento England
have been
h a s n ' th a d
Amy has had/owneda carl the samecar for two months
312
9" I have painted
10. have lived /have beenliving in Chicagofor
11. He doesn'tplay cards
12. is still lookingfor a flat
13. Shehasn'tleft
14. He hasn'tgot the sack
15. You haven'twritten
16. hasn'tcleanedthe kitchenyet
17. Jack hasn't watcheda play (at the Royal Theatre)sincelast year
18. He has beenfamousever sincehe published
19. a long time sinceshe(last)had
20. agessincethey (last)visitedtheir grandparents
2 l. fifteen yearssinceI (last)rode
22. haven't seenthem since we were / studied
23. yearssinceI (last) went to the theatre
24. sherode a bike was when shewas at high school.
25. he saw an opera was when he was 25
I.
1. he hasn'tfound one yet 6. I've alreadyasked
2. I've just had sometea 7 . havejust paintedthe door
3. She'sbrokenher leg 8. I'vejust had one
4. she'salreadyleft 9. I've alreadypostedit
5. Ihaven'tbeentothebanktoday 10. Shehasn'tfinished(it)yet
J.
l. have completed 5. have you known
2. has begun 6. have knocked
3. has served 7. haven'tfound...arestill looking for
4. has landed
K.
L havebeensent 10.was...havebeen
2. had 11 . l i v e d
3. hasbeen ... finished 12. haveyou typed
4. hashad I 3. haveplayed
5. haven'tlearned 14.havenevertried
6. felt ... havebeen 15.haveyou been
'/ I 6. have neverenjoyed
. didn't work . . . was
8. w a n t e d . . .w a s 1 7 .s k a t e d
9. often visited
L.
1. How long has Mary had her winter house
2. Has Jack ever eatensnails
3. Have you ever beento Spain
4. Have you phonedJohn (recently/lately)
3 l-1
A.
l. I've beenpaintingthe ceiling
2. I've beeneatingall day
3. Ann has been studying
4. She'sbeen washingclothes
5. She'sbeencrying
6. I ' v e b e e np l a y i n gt e n n i s
B.
l. has been studyingfor 3 hours
2. I have beenwatchingTV since9 o'clock
3. hasbeenplaying
4. Shehasbeentyping
5. How long have you beenwatching
6. How long have you beenworking
'7
. I've beenreadingthis book for
8. have beengoing
9. How long have you beenwaiting
10. The studentsat the DBE have beenlearningEnglish for
C.
Suggestedanswers
1. She'sbeenstudyinghardersince shestarteduniversity
(relevantmonth)
D.
1. He's beentaking photographssince 10
He has taken six rolls of film so far
2. He has beenworking as a doctor for 40 years
He hasperformeda lot of successfuloperationsso far
3. He has been smokingfor a few hours
He has smoked a packet of cigarettesso far
4. He has beencleaningthe room for an hour
He has cleanedthe floor and tidied the bookcaseso far
314
E.
l . How long have you lived/beenliving in this house Since last year
How long ago did you move to this house .....a yearago
2 . How long have you known your friend Bill For 10 years
How long ago did you meet your friend Bill l0 yearsago
a
J. How long has he been walking on crutches For severalweeks
How long ago did John break his leg .....monthsago
*A . How long has he beenill For a long time
How long ago did he becomeill A long time ago
5 . How long have you had this car SincelastAugust
How long ago did you buy this car .....monthsago
F.
l . How long did it rain yesterday For half an hour
How long has it beenraining Sinceearly this morning
2 . How long did she work as a translator For five years
How long has she beenteachingin a school For a week
a
-). How long did he travel all over the world For 40 years
How long has he been living in the country For two years
B. C.
1. am going 1. hasnot beenaffected
2. haven'thad 2. looks
3. called 3. think
4. weren't 4. havenot eaten
5. is appearing
6. expects
D. E.
l. aregettingI aregoingto get f. isn't
2. havealreadybought 2. usuallyplay
3. haven'tfound 3. havealreadyseen
4. 'reI arelooking 4. ate
5. hasjust read 5. haven'tbeen
6. living 6. aregoingto drive / aredriving
1. hatedancing/ hateto dance
315
F. G.
I" have 1. does 6. lefi
2. bought 2. are grown 7. was still waiting
3. isn't 3. was 8. came
4. have lived / have been living 4. to come 9. hasjust finished
5. spends 5. will wait I 0. havebeenstanding
6. goes am going to wait
7. don'twant am waiting
H.
1. arrived
2. has beenworking
3. hasbeenstudying
4. hasn'tpassed
5. hasjust beengiven
6. has beengoing
7. has visited
8. spent
il.
1. entered...had (not) beenchanged 21. h a db e e nm a d e
2. had stolen 22. had beenregarded
3. had laid 23. were
4. had been standing 24. was flying
5. had 25. dipped
6. had alreadydied 26. was trying / tried
7. hasn'tgiven 21. going/ was going
8. is still 28. Trapped/ Being trapped
9. doesn'tlive 29. couldn't/ was not ableto press
10. alwaysshines 30. trying
I l. is having 31. w o u l d h a v eb e e nt o r n
12" is thinking 32. had
13. believes 33. took
14. had left 34. hadjust got / werejust gerting
1 5 . d i d n ' tw a n t 35. noticed
16. were carrying 36. was walking
17. had read 31. moved
18. had stopped 38. pass
19. informed 39. had had
20. were opened 40. had beenbitten
316
41. d i d n ' tw a n t 70. hadn't taken
42. started 7l. weren't
43. liked / likes 72. had eaten
44. had never allowed 73. reached
45. would be 74. were waiting
46. was daydreaming 15. had planned
47. were answering 76. ran
48. had attended 77. w a sl o o k i n g
49. had started 78. h a d n ' tc h a n g e d
50. realised 79. had beenwearing
51. hadn'tanswered 80. would visit
52. began 81. happened
53. had done 82. had forgotten
54. had beenwaiting 83. didn't let
55. was 84. had started
56. had served/ had beenserving 85. felt
57. was thinking 86. had left
58. put 87" had to ask
59. had taken 88. were painting
60. had alwaysbeen 89. opened
61. d i d n ' tk n o w 90. had told
62. had left 91. had taken
63. talking 92. got
64. walked 93. running
65. had had / had beenhaving 94. telephoned
66. was 95. still hadn'treturned
61. had thrown 96. could havehaPPened
68. left/had left 97. had
69. realised 98. were looking / were going to look / would look
99. had beendriving
C.
1. neverfound...hadhidden 6. were...hadbeenraining
2. had forgotten...was 7. hadn'thad...broke
3. had invited...didn'tappear 8. had done/ did...stopped...decided
4. left
realised...had 9. looked...hadgiven uP
5. felt...hadbeen working 10. go...decided
had finished...realised...didn't
-r17
1.6 REVIEW OF TENSES
A. B.
1. are getting/ going to get l. work 7. will probablystart
2. have alreadybought 2 . received 8. is organizing
3. haven'tfound 3 . flew 9. are having/ going ro have
4. are looking 4 . are staying 10. will be
5. hasjust read 5 . was sleeping 11. have alreadyarrived
6. eat
c.
,| D. E.
am going (to go) 1. had prepared f . is sleeping
'l
worked 2. had eaten 2. saw
went 3. rang 3. wakesup / haswoken
+. studied 4. gets
died 5. saw
F. G. H.
1. had arrived 1. know l. came
2. had made 2. have nevermet 2. has beenIiving/haslived
3. explained/ had explained 3. has been 3. was
4. was listening 4. studied
5. had entered 5. got
6. were 6" was chatting
7. heard
8. is planning
I.
L arrived 7. havealreadyintroduced
2. called 8. wakes
3. wasn't 9. lets
4. phoned 10. will take/ am taking/ am goingro rake
5. was trying I 1. will haveannounced
6. am staying 12. will give
J. K.
l" (had)put 1. were
2. had spent 2. wasflying
3. was shining 3. dipped
4. was cycling 4. wastrying/ tried
5. saw 5. couldn'tpress
6. crashed 6. failed
7. have beenlooking
8. haven'tbeen able to find
9. would neverbe able to run
318
L. M.
l. chose 1. mentioned
2. climbed 2. don't look
3. didn't want 3. did you decide
4. goes 4. was wandering
5. like 5. approached
6. don't have 6. are attending
7. is working 7. didn'tmind
8. will be 8. was
9. finishes 9. have beenconsidering
10. is going to travel 10. have beenfollowing
11. haven'tsucceeded
12. think
N.
l. saved
2. has beenfighting
3. have made
4. has appeared
5. will probablylive
IV. V.
L assoonas l. in orderto 6. so that
2. Firstly 2. Firstly 7. until
3. afterwards 3. Then/After that 8. While
4. until 4. After that/Then 9. During
5. Meanwhile 5. As soonas 10. Lastly
6. At first
7. during
319
VI. vII.
1. As soonas 6. then 1. at the sametime
2. previously 1. later 2. for a time
3. immediately 8. After 3. from time to time
4. Meanwhile 9. finally 4. at the time
5. first 10. Afterwards 5. on time
6. after a time
VIII. C.
l. At one time 1. broke his arm during the/afootball match
2. sometime 2. After the orchestra(had) played for severalhours. the embassy
3. on time providedthe musicianswith refreshments
4. at the time 3^ Where do you stay when you visit Washington
5. from time to time 4. It wasn't until we startedworking togetheron the sameproject
that I realisedhow ambitiousshe was
D.
1 . during 4 . during 7 . while
2 . while 5 . Before 8 . During
a
J. before 6 . before 9 . Before
2. PRONOUNS
2.1 PERSONALPRONOUNS
They're 9. him
My 10. Ours 1 7 .h i s
Whose 11 . M i n e 1 8 .h i m
these 12. my 1 9 .w e
one 1 3 .m e 20. there
hers 14. We 21. She
mine 15. They 22. It
he's
c.
l. Nobody 6. somebody
2. Everybody/ Anybody 7. Everybody
3. Somebody 8. anybody
4. anybody 9. anybody
5. nobody...nobody 10.somebody
320
2.2 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
l. himself 6. himself
2. themselves 7. itself
3. herself 8. herself
4. yourself 9. Yourselves
5. ourselves 10. mYself
3. NOUNS
3.1SUBJECT-VERBAGREEMENT
1. aren't 1 7 .i s 33.wants
2. isn't 18.needs 34. were
3. are 1 9 .i s 35.have
4" is 20.live 3 6 .d o n ' t
5. are 2 1 .n e e d 3 7 .i s
6. are 22.is 3 8 .i s
'1. 2 3 .i s 39"are
isn't
8. is 24.is 40. seem
f. is 2 5 .i s 41. loves
10.are 26.was 42.love
I 1 .n e e d s 27.likes 43. attends
12.were 28. are 44. study
1 3 .i s 29. has 45. were
1 4 .c o m e 30.are 46. were
1 5 .i s 3 1 .w e r e
1 6 .i s 32.Is
321
3.3ARTICLES
A. B.
1.X l. the 1l . the
2.a 2.a 12. a
3. The 3.a 13. the
4. the 4. althe 14. a...a...the
5.X 5. the 15. the
6.X 16. the
1. X 17. a
8. the 18. a...the
9.X 19. the
1 0 t. h e 20. The
C.
1. a 7. the 13. the
2. the 8.X 14. X
3. X...the 9. the 15. the
4. the 10. the 16. The
5.X 1 1 .X 17. X
6. a...X 12. the
D.
1. the 9. t h el a 17.the
2. the 10. the 1 8 .X
3,X 11. the 1 9 .a
4. rhe 12. a 20. the
5.a 13. x 21. an
6.X 14. the
1. the 15. the
8.a 16. the
E.
1. the 9.a 17. The...the
2.X 10. the 1 8 .x
3.X I 1. the 19. the
4. the 12. the 20. The
5,X 13. an 21.X
6.X 14. the 22. the
7. the 15. a
8.X 16. the
3.4 PREPOSITIONS
A.
l. c 6.b
2.d 1. b
3.c 8.a
4.c 9. b
5.a 10. b
322
B.I. n.
1. convenient 1. on 7. on
2. behind 2. from 8. Next to
3^ in front of 3. atlon f.in
4. opposite 4. into / in 10. of
5. on 1l. between
6. Near 12. behind/ at
III.
1. aren't 7. it
2. above 8. on
3. front 9. above/ behind
4" in 10. a
5. between 1l . o n e
6. opposite
IV. v. vI.
l. up / along/down 1. between l. above
2. until / till 2. opposite 2. between
3. left 3. next to 3. convenient
4. into 4. in 4. crowded
5. past 5. in front of
6. on 6. opposite
1. opposite 7. below
c. I. II. III.
1. outof l. with l. in
2. into 2. to 2. from
3. along 3. at 3. to
4. until 4. for 4. for
5. past/ through 5. on 5. at
6. on
Iv.
l. with 7. about
2. about/ on 8. with
3. of 9. up
4. from 10.of
5. with 1 1 .o n
6. for 12. about
D. I.
1. at 11. X 20. In
2. on 12. in 21. In
3. from 13. on 22. In
4. on...of 14. x 23. in
5. on...from 15. In 24. by
6. from 16. To 25. from
7. through 17. In 26. on
8. to...X 18. On 27. for
9. for 19" For 28. in
10. to
323
II.
f. in 1 4 .a t ( o n ). . .X 27.of
2. in 1 5 .i n 28.for
3. on 1 6 .u p . .X. 29. at
4. of 17.ago 30.by
5. in 1 8 .a t 3 1 .t o
6.X 1 9 .i n 32.for
7. in 2 0 .O n . . . i n .X. . 3 3 .o f
8. of 21.X 34.with (at)
9. on 22.on 35.from
10. under/ below 2 3 .i n 36.on
11.in 24.at I on 37.for...for
12.Next 2 5 .t n 38.for / about
1 3 .o n . . . i n 26.at
III.
1. of 14.for / about 26. with
2. for...to 1 5 .a t 27.of
3. of 1 6 .o f . . . i n 28.on
4. on 17.in 29. into
5. to 18. from 30.on
6. to 1 9 .i n 3l . of...in
1. to 20. for 3 2 .i n
8. about...about 2 1 .o f 3 3 .i n t o . . . o n
9. for 22.for 34"at
10.for...at 2 3 .o f 3 5 .t o . . . o n
ILoutof 24.on 36.to
12.from...to 2 5 .i n 3 7 .t o w a r d s . . . b e t w e c l
1 3 .f o r
A.
1. much 6. much
2. too / so 1. much
3. any 8. enough/ many
4. some 9. many
5. many lenough
B. C.
l. weren'tmany 1. Janeand her sisterwork in a bank
2. i s n ' ta n y 2. Mary nor I have been to France
3. wasn'tenough 3. Martin nor Frank is married
4. were quite a lot 4. We can eat either before or after the show
5. I feel not only miserablebut also tired
D.
l. some 6. enough
2. many 1. much
3. any 8. many
4. some 9. Quite
5. not
324
E.
l. c 4. a
2.a5'a
3. c 6. d
F.I. II. G. H.
1. neither l. hardly any 1. neither I. much
2. none 2. neither 2' all 2' some
3. none/ little 3. plentyof 3' every 3' twice
4. Each 4. each 4. both 4. both
5. none 5. none 5. either
6. neither 6. each 6. each
7. no 7. none
4. QUESTIONS
'W'H-" SUBJECT / OBJECT AND INFORMATION QUESTIONS
4.1 YES / NO.
A.
1. Is Tom a secretary/ teacher/ etc.
2. When doesSusango running
3. Does Susan/ she work
4. Where doesYour husband/ he have
5. Do theYlive
| 6. What do you do
'
1. How old are You
8. What'sYour telePhonenumber
9. Where is Your house
10. Can Youuse
11. What time/Whendo you (usually)get up
12. Have You got a car
13. Do you 1 go to work on Sunday(s)
work
go to the night club
14. What do you like/enjoYdoing
15. What doesMrs. Higgins/ shelook
16. What colour are her
17. How old do Youthink she
18. How long doesit / thejourney take
19. How much doesit / a ticket cost
20. Whose are these/ thosei the
21. Where'sAVhereis
22. many restaurantsare
23. Why do you take
24. Is he talking
25. What are you reading
26. How much oil is
21. Can I help
28. What size (sweater)do You take
29. How much doesit cost
30. Is therea I publicphone (near)
post office
phonebox
325
31. Whereis
32. How canI get / go ro
33. How longdoesit take
34. How do you feel
35" Are you tired/ Do you feel tired
36. Did yousee
31. Whatnationality is
38. DoesMaria/ shelive
39. When/ How longagodid PatrickandMaria/ theymeet
40. Is Maria/ she
41. when / How longago
I did Mr. andMrs. wilson / rheygetmarried
I did Mr. Wilson/ he marry
42. Wheredid Mr. Wilson/ he meet
43. How manybooks I hasMrs. Wilson/ shegol
doesMrs. Wilson / shehave
44. What are they going to do
What will they do
Where are they going to live
Where will they live
What do they want to do
45. How many cars haveyou got / do you have
46. How long doesit take (you) ro get
41. What size shoesdo you wear
48. What colour
49. How often do you take
50. Was it / the quiz difficult
51. How many pop-quizzesdoesMrs. Brown/she/yourEnglish teachergive
52. Why didn't you come / go
53. How are you feeling
How are you
What are you going to do
What are you planningto do
What will you do
55. How long has he been
56. What time / When are you going (to go)
57. Was shedoing
58. How did you pay
59. How often do you go
60. What were you doing
61. Were you driving
62. Why didn't you stop
63. What has happened
64. When did he break
65. How long did your parentsstay
66. Are you going to visit
67. How much I is it
I doesit cost
68. How long have you been
69. Where were you
tu. Were you having
71. What do you do / What do you have to do
72. Have you met / talked to / seen
326
73. Is shein her
74. What doesshe look like
15. was the old woman/shedoing when the burglarsbroke into her flat
16. doesthis/thatjug hold
77. How many invitationshaveyou sent
78. Have you ever tried
79. Will your team lyou win
Is your teamgoing to win
Are you going to win
Which team lWho (do you think) is going to / will win
80. How long have you beenplaying (football)
How long have you played (football)
How long have you been (a player)
81. Do you have to train
Do you train
82. Do you like being
83. How much (money)do you earn (a year)
84. flavour / flavor
85. far
86. long
87. Whose is this / that (car)
Whosecar is this / that
88. Where is I was it made
Where are thesecars made
Where do they make thesecars
8 9 . How muchdid I he pay for it
lt cost
90. featuresdoesit have
91. What kind/sortof music
92. don't you geVbuy
93. How was your / the
94. often
95. How many peoplewere (there)
96. What time did the concert start
When ir begin
B.
1. Who did Bill shoutat a few minutesago
2. What has happenedto her arm
3. Who gave her a lot of money last month
4. Who did shego out with last weekend
5. What fell off the table
6. What doeshe know
1. What happenedlast month
8. Who did she sendplenty of lettersto
9. Who won the lottery
10.What is wrons
327
C.
l. Who grew
2. Whathappened
Whatdid you do
3. How oftendo you do
4. Whatkind/sortof (a)personis yourbrother
5. Who bought/ gaveyou/ knitted
D.
l.a 5.d
2.a 6.b
3. c 7. d
4.a
E. I.
l. How oftendoesMrs. Craiglshe visitBill / her son/ him
2. How did Mrs. Craig/ shego there/ to Oxford
3. Who mether at thestation
4. Whatdid Bill / he givehis mother/ Mrs. Craiglher
5. Why did Bill / he haveto find a porter
n.
1. How often/ How many times a year doesSisterWendy / she leaveher caravan
2. Who likes her clear and plain explanationsof art
3. How many programmesdid SisterWendy/ shemake last year
4. How much (money)did SisterWendy/ sheearn for the first seriesof her programme
5. What doesSisterWendy/ shewant to do (nor',,
III.
1. How often doesMike / he go on tours
2. How many pilots were there
3. Who did Mike / he meet (on the last day of the tour)
4. Who took the group / them to a pub
5. How much wine did Mike/he drink
IV.
'Seven
1. How many climberscompletedthe Summits'project
2. How often does Nasuh Mahruki go abroad
How many times a year doesNasuhMahruki go abroad
3. When was AKUT set up (in Istanbul)
4. Who (also)joins AKUT to learn searchand rescuetechniques
5. What doesNasuh Mahruki / he want to do in the coming vears
V.
1. Who introducedLaura / her to modelling
2. How often / How many times a year does she fly to Jamaica
3. How many televisionadvertisements did shemake la:;t,
4. What doesshe want to do (now)
5. How muchjunk food doessheeat
328
VI.
1. How oftendoes Mrs. Webb I go to the cinema (to watch a horror film)
JaneWebb
she
2. What doesshe do in the evenings
3. Who calledthe Toronto police (and reporteda suicide)(at I 1:00 p.m. on January7 , 1999)
4. What was she doing (at the door) when the police arrived
5. Wheredid I Mrs. Webb I take I thetwo inspectors
she them
B. C.
l. c 1. on 6. In
2. b 2. with/by 7. by
3. d 3. for 8. under
4. a 4. as 9. to
5. of
5.5ADJECTIVE ORDER
A.
1. an old Americancar 6. somemodernItalianfurniture
2. somenewblueplates 1. an old oil painting
3. somebeautifulred curtains 8. a largesportsbag
4. an old gascooker 9. a smallroundstone
5. somecomfortable brownchairs 10. someyoungFrenchstudents
B.
1. colourfulChineseporcelain
2. smallblackwooden
3. a big colourfulTurkish carpet/abig andcolourfulTurkishcarpet
4. newblackleather
330
5.6 COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
A.
l. are more dangerousthan trains
2. is smaller than New York
3. is betterthan his (handwriting)
4. neaterhandwriting than MarY
5. is lessexpensivethan a Volvo
6. is lessvaluablethan gold
7. speaksEnglish more fluently than
8. eatslessthan
9. lesseasilythan
10. She doesyoga more often than sheplays tennis
11. more confidentlyon the phonethan (I do) in public
B.
1. Which (river/one)is longer 10. more handsomethan
2. more difficult than 1l. loud / louder
3. easy 12. fasterthan
4. lessdifficult 13. betterthan
5. fewer 14. quiet
6. good 15. more thoughtful than
7. as shy as 16. excitedlY
8. more self-confident 17. fatter than
9. tallerthan 18. quicklY
C.
1. Which is longer,the Ktztltrmak or the Sakarya
2. Which is higher,Mount Everestor Mauna Kena
3. Which has more members,the Turkish Parliamentor the Italian Parliament
D.
l. bigger than
2. more expensivethan
3. worse than
4. more convenientthan
5. quieteri quiet
A.
1. play tennisas well as my brother(does)
2. as fast as he is
3. as good a singeras Melody
4. as well /efficiently / hard i carefully as
5. isn't nearly as big as theirs
6. isn't nearly as interestingas London
7. twice as many students
8. are not nearly as good as German cars
331
9. practiseshis skatingroutine nearly/almosUabout twice as much/asmany hours (a week; as
Andre (does)
10. wasn't/isn'tas fast as
I l. is not quite as old as Andrew (is)
12. doesn'tspeakEnglish quite as fluently as Mike (does)
13. are not as difficult to ride as motorbikes
14. as comfortable as
15. doesnot work nearly as well as Sheila
16. am not as bad-tempered(now) as I usedto be
17. aboutI nearlyhalf as many cigarettesas Gina (does)
18. Henry doesn'tdo as much weightlifting as (he does)judo
judo as much as (he does)weightlifting
B.
l. c
2.c
3.c
4.b
5.a
A.
1. the happiestday
2. the bestplayer
3. the oldestcastle
4. the hottest day
5. the most intelligent
6. the worst cook
7. the most famousfootballer
B.
1. The tallest
2. heaviest
3. most beautiful
4. the most comfortable
5. the most boring
6. the most efficient
c.
1. the richest 9. the most impressive
2. the fastest 10. the greatest
3. the most popular 11. the most modern
4. the most comfortable 12. The best
5. the best 13. the most difficult
6. the tallest 14. the cleverest
7. the highest 15. The best
8. the biggest 16. the finest
5)L
A.
1. the best 26. tertibly 50. most interesting
2. mofe 27. comfortably 51. more attractivethan
3. more dangerousthan 28. as fast as 52. the best
4. the cheapest 29. carelessly 53. the hottest
5. slower than 30. as well as 54. cheaper
6. the biggest 31. carefully 55. more crowded than
7. fast 32. the easiest 56. more carefully than
8. heavierthan 33. more interestingthan 57. more expensivethan
9. betterthan 34. cheaper 58. loud(ly)
10. the most interesting 35. the happiest 59. the most famous
I l. the most expensive 36. (most)famous 60. the most dreadful
12. cheaperthan 37. large 61. more profitable
I 3. betterthan 38. cheaperthan 62. more annoyingthan
14. clean 39. more helpful than 63. the leastrapidly / lessrapidly
15. more peacefulthan 40. more convenientthan 64. the most boring
16. the mostexpensive 41. morepractical 65. complete
17. more beautifulthan 42. as economicalas 66. worse than
18. good 43. the largest 67. closely
19. the leastexpensive 44. carefully 68. extremely
20. worse than 45. greaterthan 69. less satisfyingthan
21. themostreliable 46. betterthan 70. lately
22. more annoyingthan 47. the slowest 71. the lowest
23. properly 48. the highest 72. straight
24. (more) closely 49. more easilythan 73. hardly
, 25. light
B.
1. The most borins
2. highest
3 hotter
4. more important
B.
1. b
2.b
333
5.8 ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES AND OTHER ADVERBS
Suggestedanswers
1. extremelycold 6. bitterlydisappointed
2. slightlydamaged 7. badlyinjured
3. surprisingly
easy 8. seriouslyill
4. absolutelydelicious 9. reasonably cheap
5. immensely popular 10. terriblysorry
Suggestedanswers
1. prettywell
2. incrediblyquickly
3. reallyslowly
4. extremelyfast
5. completelycorrectly
6. MODALS
6.l ABILITY
A. B.
l. She can ride a three-wheelbike 1. haven't been able to make
2. She can sing a song 2. might be able to leave
3. She can't write 3. used to be able to swim
4. She can't play computergames 4. would have been able to see
5. She can't swim 5. Will vou be able to arrive
6. She can't have a bath by herself
7. She can comb her hair
8. Shecan't readstories
C. D.
l. He could watch TV anytimehe wanted l. were able to leavetheir houses,
2. He could go on holiday in the summer 2. were able to savetheir children
3. He could wearjeans 3. was able to jump from the balcony
4. He could drink alcohol 4. were able to rescuesomepeople
5. He could meet his friends 5. were able to sendfood and tentsin time
6.2 PERMISSION
Suggestedanswers
1. May I Can / Could I have
2. May lCan / Could I bring
3. May lCan / Could I keep
4. May /Can / Could I smoke
5. May lCan / Could I eat
6.3 REQUESTS
A.
1. Would / Will you turn down the music,please
2. Would / Will you lend me your newspaper,please
3. Would / Will you keep an eye on my bagswhile I'm in the toilet, please
4. Would / Will you draw the curtains,please
5. Would / Will you help me to take my suitcasefrom the rack, please
334
B.
1. Could/ Canyou fetchmy schoolbag so thatI cando my homework
2. Could/ Canyou bring me a painkiller anda glassof water,please
3. Could/ Canyou makean appointment to seethedoctor,please
4. Could/ Canyou put a stoolundermy leg,please
5. Could/ Canyou staywith me,please
6.4 SUGGESTIONS
A.
1. don't
2. Shallwe play/lVhydon't we play
3. Why don'tyou
4. Let's/Letus go
5. We couldalwaysplay
6. How/lVhataboutgoing
7. Why
B.
Suggestedanswers
l. Let'splaycards.
2. Why don't we go out together?
3. Whataboutgoingto thelaundry?
4. Shallwe havea party?
5. We could(always)stayat home.
6. How aboutgoingto thebeach?
1. Shallwe takea taxi?
8. Let'scooksomechickenandrice.
9. Why don't we studytogether?
10.How aboutgoingshopping?
6.5 OFFERS
A. B.
Suggestedanswers Suggestedanswers
light 1. I'll give it somewater.
l. ShallI I turn I off the
s w i t c h 2 . I ' l l p a y ( t h eb i l l ) .
I I
2. ShallI blosethewindow 3 . I ' l l d o t h ed i s h e s .
3. Shall I drive
4. Shall I get you somethingto read
5. Shall I carry it for you
6. Shall I help you (pushthe car)
7. Shall I fetch you a stool to rest your feet on
C. D.
Suggestedanswers l. Sheofferedto turnup theradio.
l. Would you like somethingto eat? 2. She offered to feed the cat.
2. Wouldyou like a lift? 3. He offered to answer the phone.
3. Would you like somewater'/ 4. He offered to do someshoppingfor his mother.
335
6.6OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
A. B. C.
l. mustdo l has to do l. should/ oughtto be
2. must wash 2. has to complete 2. s h o u l di o u g h tr o v i s i t
3. must leave 3. has to wear 3. should/ ought to obey
4. must keep 4. have to attend 4. should/ ought ro apologise
5. must take 5. have to return 5. should/ ought to wear
D. E. F.
l. had bettertake l. needto fill l. i s s u p p o s e tdo b e g i n
2. had bettersee 2. needsto wash 2. are supposedto attend
3. had better keep 3. needto draw 3. are supposedto finish
4. had bettercheck 4. needsto repair 4. are supposedto go
5. had betterput 5. Do I needto / Need I pay 5. is supposedto answer
G. H.
f. is to wear 1. Yesterday,I ran over a cat so I had to take it to the vet
2. are to give 2. We had to stop at the garageto buy some petrol
3. are to obey 3. Did you have to write a report last term
4. are to pay 4. I had to drink 2 litres of water before an urtrasoundscanlast week
5. are to leave 5. Sorry, I'm late but I had to take the children from school
B. C.
1. didn't have to / didn't needto get up 1. needn'thave walked home
2. didn't have to / didn't needto cook z. needn't have wateredthe flowers
{ didn't have to / didn't needto pay 3. needn'thave had the lessonnotesphotocopied
+. didn't have to / didn't needto use 4. needn't havepreparedany / some .sandwiches
5. didn't haveto / didn't needto wash 5. needn'thavegone to the beachwith his umbrella
/ carriedhis umbrella to the beach
6.9 ADVISABILITY
Suggestedanswers
1. He should apply for a job
2" We shouldcall the police
3. He shouldseea doctor
4. She shouldiron them
5. He ought to have a shave
6. You ought to have a warm shower
7. He ought not to eat salty food
8. He ought to savesomemoney
9. She'd betterhire a maid to help with the housework
336
10. You'd bettercall the lost propertyoffice
I l. We'd betterput the childrento bed
12. We'd betterbook a table at the restaurant
6.10 EXPECTATIONS
1. She shouldbe sick
2. We shouldreachistanbulin half an hour
3. They shouldfinish it soon
4. Her new one shouldbe popular
5. It shouldn't be difficult to find somethingto eat
C.
1. There are stainson the plate.I havejust washedit so it can't lcouldn't be dirty
2. Tom studiedhard. He got 50 in the exam so he can't / couldn't be pleased
3. There is a caf6 at the end of the street.It is always empty so it can't / couldn't be
popular
4. They always spend a lot of money. They go abroad every summer so they can't /
couldn't be short of money
5. The dog is barking.Tina hasjust changedits water so it can't / couldn't be thirsty
D.
Suggestedanswers E.
1. may / might not be l. must havecost
2. may / might not be 2. must have been
3. may i might not be successful 3. must have had
4. may / might not tell 4. must have snowed
5. may / might not come 5. must have moved
F.
Suggestedanswers
1. She may / might have forgottento set the alarm clock
2. There may I might have beena traffic jam
3. She may / might havehad a traffic accident
4. She may / might havemissedthe schoolbus
5. She may / might have overslept
rr7
G. H.
Suggestedanswers Suggestedanswers
1. could havecaughtcold 1. can't / couldn'thavelost all her books
2. could have broken their legs 2. can't lcouldn't have escapedfrom the window
3. could have had a heartattack 3. can't I couldn't have cheated
4. could have got thejob 4. can't I couldn't have stayedthere
5. could havemissedthe exam 5. can'I lcouldn't havetakenthe booksback
I.
l. Arthur may i might not have meantwhat he said
2. Jim may / might not have arrivedyet
3. Mary may I might not have meantto leavethe door unlocked
4. Janemay / might not have found a place to park her car nearby
5. The managermay lmight not have noticedme coming into work late
J.
1. should/ ought to beat
2. should/ ought to enjoy
3. should/ oughtto receive
4. should/ oughtto arrive
5. should/ ought to be
K.
Suggestedanswers
1. a) She may / might / could have difficulty in finding friends
b) She may / might / could not get usedto living there
c) She may / might / could find it difficult to learn their language
2. a) He may / might / could miss his hometown
b) He may / might / could have a hard time adaptingto living in the dormitory
c) He may / might not becomeaccustomedto eatingat the cafeteria
B.
1. Tom would ratherreadthan talk
2. I'd ratherhave wine than beer
3. I'd ratherpay by chequethan (in) cash
4. I'd ratherhave a coffee than gin
5. I'd rathertravel bv train than bv car
338
6.14 PROGRESSIVE FORMS OF MODALS
1. must have been taking
2. shouldn'tbe watching ... shouldbe sleeping
3. mustbe using
4 . c a n ' tb e c o o k i n g
5. must be talking
339
II. ilI. IV.
l. should l. didn't needto go l. didn'thaveto / needto buy
2. had better 2. mustn't exceed 2. shouldn'thave argued
3. ought 3. had to stop 3. had to take / neededto take
4. needn't 4. mustn,tuse
5. supposedto 5. needn'thave come
il.
1. shouldn't/ ought not to have left your room in a mess.You should/ ought to have put
everythingaway
2. shouldn't/ ought to have studiedharder
3. shouldn't/ ought not to have gone to a disco without telling mum
III.
Suggestedanswers
1. You should/ ought to have the tartarremoved
2. You should/ ought to care aboutdentalhygiene
3. You should / ought to brush your teeth 3 times a day for at least 2 minutes
4. You shouldn't/ ought not to brushyour teethfrom right to left
5. You should/ ought to move the toothbrushup and down
IV.
1. You'd betternot wear high-heeledshoesto school
2. You'd betternot invite Tom to the party
3. You'd betterseea doctor right away
4. I'd betterbuy somepetrol
5. You'd betternot play the guitar now
v.
Suggestedanswers.
1. You'd bettertalk to a friend
2. You'd bettereat less
3. You'd betterlearn someJapanese
4. You'd bettertake somesleepingpills
5. You'd betterspendlessrnoney
6. You'd bettertakea taxi
1. You'd bettergo to a dentist
8. You'd betternot forget (to take) your driving licencebeforeyou drive to work
9. You'd bettertake somemedicine/ go to a doctor
10. You'd betterbook a table/ make a reservationbeforeyou go to the restaurant
340
E. MISCELLANEOUS
I.
1. c 7. d 12. a
2. a 8. d 1 3 .a
3.a 9.b 1 4 .b
4. a lO.b 1 5 .d
5. a 11. c 1 6 .b
6.b
v.
Suggestedanswers
1. shouldhave reserved 14. can't have seen
2. could have warnedus aboutthe storm 15. could have been stolen
3. shouldn'thave spent 16' can't have done
4. must havebeen 17. must have taken
5. ought not to have cheatedin the exam 18. can't have seen
6. hau" had anotherdrink 19. can't have been
7. "ould
shouldhave told him the truth aboutthe 20. needn'thave sold
accident 2l . Do I have to wear
g. could have bought a largehouse 22. didn't have to drive
9. must have beentaken 23. canyou pass
10. had to have 24. won't be able to play
1 1. might be 25" MayAvlightI leave '.. have to draw
12. needn'thave taken 26. wlll have to take
13. might have left
7. THE PASSIVE
7.1 SIMPLE PRESENT AND CONTINUOUS
1. Furnitureis sold
2. is being redecorated
3. are publishedin Britain every day
4. are killed
5. is publishedmonthlY
6. arecollected at the weekend
L Are BMWs produced
8. in the squareis being pulled down
9. In this part of the country,many buildingsget damagedby frequentstorms
10.We'rebeingfollowedbY
l l.the weekly meetingsis announcedon Mondays
3'1I
7.2 SIMPLE PAST AND CONTINUOUS
l. w a s n ' ti n v i t e d A
T. were cleanedat the weekend
2. were interviewedyesterday 5. (which was) falling apartwas repaired
3. was broken last nisht 6 . was being watched
B.
l . was run over 13. aretrying 25. are caused
2 . was invented 14. was dealt 26. was reported
a
-1. is played 15. pushed 27. was sent
4 . arekilled 16. open 28. was going
-). 17. werepointing 29. crashed
6 . was driving 18. were arrested 30. weren'tkilled
1 . lost 19. left 31. were injured
8 . ran 20. stole 32. aretrying
9 . were wearing 2 1 . w a ss a v e d 33. dropped
l 0 weren'tinjured 22. was rewarded 34. was dcstroyed
1 1 . were called 23. didn'tlose 35. were killed
1 2 . were taken 24. happen
7.3PRESENTPERFECTSIMPLE
A.
1
l. has beenredecorated 5. has beenreduced
2 . Have your questionsbeenanswered 6. Has the exacttime of the match been announced
3 . has beencleanedcompletely 1. has alreadybeencleaned
4 . have beenproducedsincethen B. hasn't been typed yet
B.
l . havejust announced I 1. was completed
2 . havebeenstolen 12. was finished
a
-1. were taken 13. havebeenmade
4 . wasn'tworking 14. has beengenerated
5 . wasn'tdiscovered 15. haveburnt
6 . havebeeninvestigating I 6. have beendestroyed
1 . haven'tfound 17. reached
8 . has beenshaped 18. were sleeping
9 . havebeenbuilt 19. wererescued
1 0 . have been formed
B.
l. had 9. realized
2. had recovered 10. had been left
3" had been stolen I l. had
-+. had finally saved 12. phoned
5. had beenlooking 13. had beenfound
6. (had) bought 14. was told
7. had ridden / had beenriding 15. had iust been arrested
8. was stolen 16. had taken
7.5 FUTURE
A. B.
I. will probablybe given by the manager 1. b
2. will be told in advance 2. c
3. will be hired 3. c
4. will be sentto his wife by the hospitalnext week 4. b
will be sentthe bill by the hospitalnext week 5. a
5. will be shown where to stay
6. will havebeenfinishedby Monday
-1.
won't havebeenfinisheduntil Friday
8. is going to be paid by the insurancecompany
f . is going to be invited
7.6 MODALS
A.
1. will / aregoing to decide
2. shouldbe built
3. to be revised
4. must be taken
5. needsto be cut / needscutting
6. had to be built
B.
1. That typewritercan't be used
2. The ship couldn'tbe seen
3. Carsmustn'tbe parkedhere
4. Jim shouldn'tbe dismissed
5. All the questionshad to be answered
6. All the food must have beeneaten
1. Your car might have been stolen
8. Thesebooks can't be takenout of the library
9. That TV set ought to be repaired
10. Thesearticleshave to be takento the publisher
I l. The doctor needn'thave beencalled
12. The resultsshouldhave beenchecked
343
13. A few reportersmight be invited to the party
14. The report could have beenfinishedby now
15. The papersmay have beenlost on the way to school
B. C.
l. has beenbroken into l. have been cut
2. Was anythingstolen/ Did they stealanything 2. started
3. Who called/ phoned/ informed 3. have been found
4. had thrown 4. are running / have been rulning
5. will be dropped
6. have alreadybeen warned
8.2 TYPE 1
A.
l. needs 8. aren't
2. takes/ doesn'ttake 9. pass...willtake
3. will you take 10. will go...is
4. will (can)lose/don't I l. will havecome
5. leaves 12. don'tleave...willbe
6. doesn'tincrease 13. will havecooked
7. will tell / am going to tell
B.
Suggestedanswers
l. I'll go to bed early.
2. I'll be able to seePavarotti.
3. I'll talk ro him.
4. I'll take him out for a drink.
C.
1. I happento seehim today,I will tell him to call you
2. he happensto come heretomorrow, I will give him your message
3. shehappensto leaveschoolearly,she will go shoppingwith her mother
344
8.3 CONDITIONALS WITH UNLESS
1. you losepoints,you will win
2 you leaveat once,I will call the police
3. they destroythe bomb, it will explode
4. She won't be allowed to enterthe country...shegets a visa
5. I can'tread the subtitles...Iwear my glasses
6. shehas a library ticket, shecannotborrow a book
1. you go home early, your mother will get angry/yougo home late, your mother won't
get angry
8. Mark apologizes,I won't forgive him
9. help (me),I won't be able to/cannotsolve
10. Bob won't passthe driving test...hepractisesregularly
I 1. can't / won't be ableto catchthe schoolbus...weleavenow
72. can'treturnthis product...youbring the receipt
B.
l. Don't move him in casehis leg is broken
Don't move him in casehe has a broken leg
2. Buy somecandlesin casethereis an electricitycut
3. Take somecashwith you in casesomeshopsdo not acceptcredit cards
4. I am going to insurethe video camerain caseit gets stolen
5. I remindedhim aboutthe invitation in casehe forgot to sendit
6. Drive carefullyin casethe rpad is icy
i. Don't forget to I lock all the doors and windows in casethere are
You should (rememberto) | burglarsin the neighbourhood
You shouldn't forget to I
8. I will preparesomelemonadein casewe get thirsty
9. I'll give you my phonenumberin caseyou needto contactme
10. Arrange health insurancebefore you start working abroadin caseyou need medical
treatment
1 l. Susanshouldtype the letter now in caseshedoesn'thave enoughtime later on
12. You shouldhave a sparetyre in caseyou have apuncture
13. I havephonedthe wake-upservicein casemy alarm clock doesn'tgo off
345
6. You will be allowedin aslongasyou areregistered
1. borrowmy lap top aslongasyou (promiseto) useit carefully
8. Theywill takethejumperbackasrongasyou showthemthereceipt
9" You can(only)improveyourtechnique asa violinistprovided (thai)you attenda master,s
class
10. You cantakethesepills providing(that)you don't drink alcohol
8.6TYPE 2
A.
it,wasn't/ yeren'training,we could/ wouldbe ableto havethepartyin thegarden
I
2 . I l w e r eI a r r a v eal g e n r I lcould
I workingat a travelagent's t
)"ot I lwould receivefreeair tickets
3. he I were I here(at themoment),he couldhelpus
l*url
4. I had his phone number,I would be able to / could call him
5. I knew Sally well enough,I would invite her to dinner
6. he earnedmore/enoughmoney,he would take a longer holiday
1. she were / was in our class,I would know her name
8. I didn't have to cleanmy room, I could go out with you
9. I liked him, I would invite him to my party
10. you spokeEnglish,they would interviewyou for thejob
11. I didn't have to work at the weekend,I could / would be able to go on the excursion
B.
1 were you, I wouldn't open
a
L. were you, I'd ask him for a promotion
were you, I'd book a room
A
T. were you, I'd take notesduring the lectures
were you, I'd keep the milk in the refrigerator
6 . were you. I'd attendthe classesregularly
1 were you, I wouldn't go out with such a rude man
C.
I. II.
t. was not / were not...wouldbook 1. w o u l dj o i n . . . d i d n ' th a v e
2. hated...wouldlook for 2. were ... would ask
3. would / could help...weren't/ wasn't 3. leave
4. had...would/ could starr 4. miss ... will give
'll
5. would accept...was / were offered 5. be
8.7 TYPE 3
A.
1. Johndidn't study./Hefailedhis exams.
2. The car had a puncture./We missedthe train.
3. The dresswas cheap./Jane bought it.
4. I didn't know you were coming./Ididn't tidy the living room.
5. Rose saw the dentist./Shehad a hole in her tooth.
346
B.
1. he hadn'twoken up late,he wouldn'thavemissed
he had woken up on time, he wouldn't have missed
2. we hadn't been late to the meeting/wehad come to the meetingearly/ontime, the chairman
wouldn't have goVgottenangry with us
3. you hadn'tgot(ten)the highestscorein the exam, they wouldn't have given you thejob
4. I hadn't lost the car keys,I wouldn't have been so nervous
5. wouldn't have crashedinto a car if he had seenthe red lights
6. wouldn't have made a lot of / so many mistakesif he hadn't worked too fast
1. Peterhadn't come home late,his wife wouldn't have got (ten) angry with him
8. If Carol had beencareful.she wouldn't have tripped over a stone
C.
l" had been...wouldn'thavesunk
2. wouldlcould have survived...hadbeen
3. had beenableto...wouldn'thavedrowned
4. hadn'tbeen...would havedied
8.9 WISHES
A.
t. I could go to the disco tonight
2. I could seehim more often
3. I didn't live in a suburbof Ankara / I lived in the centreof Ankara
4. Mary/she was/werehere
5. my husband/heknew how to dance
6. my parents/theywere here
7 . you could come to our 25tl'anniversary
8. I waslwerelisteningto the news
9. shedidn't have any freckleson her face
10. he didn't make so many mistakes
I l. you had waited for me yesterdaymorning
317
12. my brother/hehad taken me to the cinema at the weekend
13. she had told me the rruth
14. I had woken up early today
15. my father/hehadn't sold his car
16. my upstairsneighbours/they would stop making noise/ they weren't making noise
17. my brother/hewouldn't whistle all the time
18. I could stop smoking
19. somebodywould answerthe phone
20. my elder brother/heweren't/wasn'tso untidy
B. c.
l. would arrive l. a
2. wouldn't smoke 2. a
3. hadn'tbought 3. c
4. had apologized 4. c
5. couldlwould come 5. c
6. had written
7. were...weren'tdaydreaming
8. paid
9. wouldn't talk
B.
I. u. ilI.
l. in case 1. providedthat I . unless
2. unless 2. unless 2. unless
3. so as to 3. in case 3. as long as
4. Otherwise 4. unless 4. as lons as
5. Suppose 5. Supposing
6. in case
7. providedthat
348
C. D.
l" c 5. a 1. were
2. c 6. a 2. wouldn't be
3. a 7. d 3. will / may / might have to look for
4. b 8. c 4. had had...wouldn't be
5. is put
9. NOUN CLAUSES
9.1 REPORTED SPEECH
A.
1. Mr. Barnaby (that) he would have to pay
2. (that)Mrs. Meadowshadn'tleft
3. her mother (that) they had had to take
4. (that) they were having their houseredecorated
5. Frank / him (that) he would have to get a visa for his daughter
6. his secretary(that) he hadn'tchangedhis mind
7. his mother (that) he didn't want to help her with the housework
8. (that) he hadn't had enough time to take the book back to the library
9. John (that) she would post the lettersfor him
10. me not to make the samemistakeagain
I 1. me to have dinner (together)
12. me to tell them the truth
13. shehad left her umbrellatherethat morning
14. they didn't want a recentgraduate
15. he had drunk allhis milk
16. that she/hiswife never rememberedto take a map when they set off
17. her (that)he would call her as soon as he arrivedhome
18. Mary (that) he wouldn't forgive her
19. (that) she would finish typing the lettersin l0 minutes
20. Jack not to use the office phonefor his personalcalls
21. Paul/ him to buy somebread
22. not to take thejob. / that she (shouldn't)take thejob
23. not to leave the lights on
24. not to forget the meeting
25. to his birthdayparty
26. not to be stupid
27. to stop smoking I that he should stop smoking
28. to call the police
29. to cook the meal
B.I.
1. admitted that he had set the house on fire
admitted setting / having set the house on fire
2. suggested(our / us) going to the new Italian Restaurant
suggestedthat we (should) go to the new Italian Restaurant
suggestedthat we went to the new Italian Restaurant
3. promisedher (mother)that she would (definitely)help her with the housework
promisedto help her mother with the housework
promised her mother to help her with the housework
promisedthat she would help her mother with the housework
4. congratulatedFrank on having passed/ passinghis driving test
349
il.
1. apologisedfor not returning/ having returned
2. discouragedme from applying
3. congratulatedme on
III.
f . invited Linda ro have dinner with him
invited Linda to / for dinner
2. admitted that he had been nervousbefore the performance
admined having beenI being nervous before the performance
3. remindedMary to bring the doctor'sreport the next day / the following clay/ tomorrow
4. promisedthe childrenthat he would take them to the park on Saturday
promisedthat he would take the childrento the park on Saturday
promisedto take the childrento the park on Saturday
IV.
1. forbadethe reportersto takepicturesof the paintings
2. askedMr. Dove to dictate(more) slowly
3. accusedLiz of breakingthe vase
4. suggestedthat his parents/ bought (should)buy rheir ticketsin advance
V.
1. told 5. suggested
2. asked 6. warned
3. explained 7. reminded
4. advised
vI.
1. He admittedthat he didn't haveenough(money)to pay the bill
2. He suggestedmeeting I that they met / should meet in his flat tomorrow / the next
(following) day
3. He askedif I had ever beento Britain
4. He complainedthat their son neverdid his HW
5. He introducedMiss Brown to Miss White
6. He told us/themto read the questionstwice and not to write in the margin
1. He apologisedfor not bringing the book with him
8. He promisedto pay me back the following week
9. He refusedthe ice-cream
10. He offered to have lunch with him that day
11. He explainedhis difficulty
12. He greetedMary
13. He acceptedthe present
14. He interruptedGeorge
C.
1. if / whethersheknew how to type
2. how long Janetwas going to staywith him.
3. if / whetherhis brotherknew her (or not).
4. if / whetherI had finishedmy rerm-paperon time (or not).
5. if / whetherhis sisterwas in her brothers.
6. which airline companywe were going to fly
350
7 . if / whetherhe had beenbrought
8. how often his sistertook him to the cinema.
9. (me, him, her, etc.) if / whetherJanehad bought a presentfor the children yet.
10. where shecould buy
1 1. how old he was
12. whether/ if he (really) spokeArabic and Japanese(or not)
13. if / whetherI went jogging at the weekends(or not)
14. if / whethershe would / was going to be at home this / that weekend
1 5 . J i l la s k e d B a r b a r a i f / w h e t h e r s h e w a s g o i n g t o w e a r h e r w h i t e d r e s s t o t h e p a r t y
16. The intervieweraskedMrs. Jacksonhow long she had worked for IBM.
17. Alex askedJanet if / whether she was leaving for Paris the next day/ the following
day I tomorrow (or not)
18. how much he hasto pay
D.
1. My brotheris hiding
2. I have alreadyhad lunch
3. When will I find a job
4. I am going to visit my friends in Italy in the summer
5. I have alreadyphoned
6. we are waiting
1. we will leave
8. the driver lefi
9. he reported
10. Don't be discouraged,I'11help you with your studies/I promiseto help you with your
studies/I promise(that)I'll help you with your studies
11. I'm leavingfor lstanbulthis afternoon
12. I will notlwon't be home at five o'clock
13" I and my wife have neverbeen abroad
g.2INDIRECT QUESTIONS
A.
l. iflwhether they havehad
2. Do you have any idea where/ Do you know where/ Do you rememberwhere
3. where they / your keys / the keys are
4. where I put / haveput
5. how
6. will be able to see
7 . whether/ if this bus goesto Manhattan
8 if / whetherhe'll come back home
9. whetherI if shehad
10. if it will be snowvtodaY
B.
2.a
3. c
4.b
5.d
35r
9.3 NOUN CLAUSES BEGINNING WITH QUESTION WORDS
A.
1. What the children love is building snowmen
2. What bothersme is the mosquitos
3. What surprisesme is his strangeattitude
4. What I have to make is a plan
5. What worries me is his seriousdisease
6. What I like is spaghetti
B.
1. where Sally went
2. when your parentsare arriving at the airport
3. which train they took to New York
4. whose sharestheseare
5. what they said
6. who the owner of the houseis
7. how many people there were at the meeting
8. how old the studentsstartschoolin your country
9. how far it is from Edirne to Kars
10. why peopleneedto tell lies
B.
l. I am surprisedthat you think my brotheris a dull personto get married to
Z. The fact that you have acceptedhis proposalmeansthat you will have to settledown
in a foreigncountry
3. I refusedto believe that he had told me the date of his arrival
4. She insisted that I (should) check again to see that the plane arrived at midnight
despitethe fact that I had already assuredher that it did
5. Before buying that dress,you shouldmake surethat it is the right size
6. The fact that one is ignorantof the rules is not an acceptableexcuse
10.ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
10.1 NON-DEFINING
A.
1. I live on Main Street,which is the noisieststreetin this neighbourhood.
Z. The Edinburgh Zoo, which is 5 km west of the city centre, has Scotland's biggest
collection on animals / The Edinburgh Zoo, which has Scotland's biggest collection of
animals,is 5 km west of the city centre
3. Alice, who is the most successfulbusinesswoman in town, is the owner of a food company
/ Alice, who is the owner of a food company, is the most successfulbusinesswomanin
town
3s3
4. , whose father is also an athlete,ranked first in the race
5. , who I bought this watch for, is my bestfriend
6. , who prescribedmedicinefor my sore throat,works for the city hospital/. who works for
the city hospital,prescribedmedicinefor my sorethroat
1. , who I have been sharinga flat with for two years
8. , which I had spenthundredsof dollarson, crashedinto a tree during its first flight
f. is much saferthan New York. whosecrime rate is climbing fast
10. , where thousandsof touristsspendtheir vacationseach summer,is a holiday resort/ is a
holiday resort,where thousandsof touristsspendtheir vacationseach summer
11. His grandfathercan rememberhis youth, when therewere no televisionsor computers
12. We like going to the mountainsin winter, when thereis a lot of snow
13. My parentscelebratetheir wedding anniversaryin June,when they got married
14. , whosedeathis still a mystery,has neverlost her popularity
15. Touristslike Turke!, where thereis plenty of sunshine
16. You'll enjoy yourselfin London, where thereare lots of interestingplaces
17. , whose novelsare sold all over the world, usedto be my high schoolfriend
18. will be at the studentcentre,where thereis a swimming pool
B.
Suggestedparagraph
PabloPicasso,who was born in Barcelonain 1881.was a greatSpanishartist./ Pablo Ptcasso
was a greatSpanishartist,who was born in Barcelonain 1881.In the be-einning. his work was
influencedby other artists.Then he developedhis own style of painting. which consistedof
picturesof the poor in variousshadesof blue. In the following years,Picassowas influencedby
the ideasof C6zanne,whose techniquewas considerablydifferent from his. After World War
II, he moved to the south of France,where he createdmany paintings and sculpturesuntil hrs
deathin 1973.
C.
l. who(m) we have known sincewe first met on an excursionin Paris
2. which was quite closeto the city centre
3. when therewere a lot of touristsin the city
4. where/ in which therewere no bathrooms
5. which was extremelydistasteful
10.2 DEFINING
A.
1. d 5. a
2.b6.d
3. c J. c
4.b
B.
1. AlexanderBell was the man who inventedthe telephone
2. Marilyn Monroe was the actresswho starredin 'GentlemenPrefer Blondes'
3. Roald Amudsenwas the explorerwho first reachedAntarctica
4. Yuri Gagarin was the astronautwho made the first spaceflight
5. Indira Gandhi was the politician who becameIndia's first woman prime minister
6. AlexanderFleming was the man who discoveredpenicillin
7. A thermometeris somethingthat / which measurestemperature
8. A microscopeis somethingthat / which makessmall things look big
9. A telescopeis something thatI which helpsyou seedistantobjectsnearer
354
10. A speedometer is somethingthat / which measuresspeed
1I . A radiator is something that I which heatsrooms
12. A compassis something thatI which showswhere North is
I 3. A camerais something that I which takespictures
14. A calenderis something that I which shows what the date is
C.
1. Jim has chosenthe topic which / that I wantedfor my researchpaper
Z. Can you recommenda car which / that can be useful in this mountainousarea
3. The ieport which / that shegave at the meetingcauseda greatdeal of discussion
4. we stoppedour car at a placewhere we could seethe coming cars well
5. Fruit juice which / that has artificial colour and sweeteneris dangerousfor children
6. Did you enjoy the movie which I thatl had recommended
1. Over thereis the woman whosehusbandyou met yesterday
g. Do you know the man who i that the jury gave the first prize to
g. The tie which / that I bought last week was a horrible colour
10. The peoplewhose housewe went to were very nice
11. The book where I found that questionis missingfiom the library
12. I didn't have any knowledgeof computersuntil I took the new coursewhich / that the
departmentoffered this term
13. The woman whose son you met is my teacher
14. Coachesalwayslook for playerswho / that should be strongand fast
15. Do you know the girl who / that I gave my books to earlier
16. The gradewhich / that I receivedin my reportpleasedme
17. The town where we spentour honeymoonwas really beautiful
18. This is a well-built truck which / that will saveyou money
19. The professorwhose courseI'm taking gives hard tests
20. The agencywhere we bought our ticketshas gone bankrupt
2l . That man who / that I complainedto about the food is the manager/ That man is the
managerwho / that I complainedto aboutthe food
22. Ihelped the people whose car had broken down
23" Thereis a shop nearbywhere you can buy postcards
24. She took me to the shop where shebuys her clothes
25. Bill met his fianc6 in the pub where studentsoften go
26. We have a neighbourwhose dog barks all day
21. The man whose car my father wanted to buy was on holiday
28. Do you know a good disco where we can go during the weekend
29. They'll meet us at the restaurantwhich / that is acrossthe streetfrom the library
30. I want to introduceyou to a famouswriter whose last book was a best seller
D.
2. A consumeris a personwho / thatbuys or usesany serviceor product
3. A hospitalis a placewhere ill peopleare looked after by nursesand doctors
4. A paring knife is a tool which / that you peel vegetableswith
5. A hammeris a tool which / that you I use for fixing nails
fix nails with
E.
l . which / that the doctor gave her
2 . who / that was allergicto foods and chemicals
she talked to
had the sameproblems
355
3- The specialistwho / that she went to found out that she was allergic to things she ate.
breathedand touched
4- She avoids many things like cigarettesmoke and chemicalsin food which / thar make her
ill
5. She sharesher housewith somefriends who / that understandher problem and trv to helo
her
6. Becausethejobs which / that interesther a lot are in London
10.3 OMISSION
1. The soup I had for lunch was too salty
2. The waitresswho / that servedus dinner was friendly
3. I have a classwhich / that beginsat 8 a.m.
4. I don't know the man who / that is talking to Mary
5. My daughteraskedme a questionI couldn't answer
6. The peopleAnn is visiting now live on Elm Street
7 . All of the people I askedcan come to my party
8. The studentswho / that cameto classlate missedthe quiz
9. I know a man who / that doesn'thave to work for a living
10. I didn't know any of the peopleJohn invited to his party
I 1. A lion is an animal which / that lives in Africa
12. The market I usually go to has fresh vegetables
13. Where can I catchthe bus which / that goesdowntown
14. I had a good time on the trip I took to GlacierNational park
15. The notesI borrowedfrom you helpedme a lot
16. The person who / that is sitting at that desk should help you with your problem / The
personwho / that shouldhelp you with your problem is sitting at that desk
17. The planeI'm takingto Denverleavesat7 p.m.
18. She lost the pen sheborrowedfrom me
19. Here's the brochurewhich / that gives informationaboutholiday resorts
20. The police arrestedthe girl I used to work in the sameoffice with yesterday
10.4 REDUCTION
1. , the headof the ophthalmologydepartment,operatedon my mother's eye
2. , one of the most important universitiesin Turkey, was founded in 1956 / , foundeclin
1956,is one of the most importantuniversitiesin Turkey
3. are standingon the bridge connectingthe two continents
4. carriedout on EskiqehirRoad may causetraffic jams
5. usedin the bank robberyhasbeenfound
6. surroundingthe palaceis full of tropicaltrees/ full of tropical trees,surroundsthe palace
7 . exhibited in the Louvre really attractedthe attentionof the public
8. lives in a flat looking out on a square
9. driving the lorry hasjust passedhis driving test
10. city of Turkey, known for centuriesfor its history, has always been the centre of
Anatolian civilizations
11. moulded into shape when heated, is an artificial substanceI , an artificial
substance,is mouldedinto shapewhen heated
12. , valued throughoutthe world, are made by hand over a long period of time / ,
madeby hand over a long period of time, are valuedthroughoutthe world
13. beingpunishedare all boys
14. fond of peopleboastingall the time
15. have somegeographicalformationsrangingfrom soft hills to jagged cliffs
J)f)
10.s USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
1. He bought his daughtefsomebooks,most of which were about gardening
2. of the peoplewho take our languagecourseare successful
3. the peoplewho appliedfor thejob were qualified
4. grammaticalcontrastsbetweenEnglish and Arabic, the most noticeableof which is in
word order
5. wrote a lot of books,two of which are Oliver Twist and the Tale of Two Cities
6. students,many of whom play basketball.are very energetic
1 . has two pairs of jeans,both of which needcleaning
8. , someof whom were students.protestedthe war
9 " hasjust inheriteda lot of money,a linle of which will go to the orphanage
10. we went to the village to visit my friend's family, all of whom welcomedus
II. (Part A)
5. , for whom I boughtthis watch,is my bestfriend
7. , with whom I've been sharinga flat for two years
8. , on which I had spenthundredsof dollars,crashedinto a tree during its first flight
10. , in which thousandsof touristsspendtheir vacationsis a holiday resort/ is a holiday
resort,in which thousandsof touristsspendtheir vacations
15. Touristslike Turkey, in which there'splenty of sunshine
16. You'llenjoyyourselfinLondoninwhichtherearelotsofinterestin-eplaces
18. will be at the studentcentre.in which thereis a swimming pool
(Part F)
8. Do you know the man to whom thejury gavethe first prize
1 l. The book in which I found that questionis missingfrom the library
15. Do you know the girl to whom I gave my books earlier
17. The town in which we spentour honeymoonwas really beautiful
20. The agencyfrom which we bought our ticketshas gone bankrupt
21. That man is the managerto whom I complainedaboutthe food
23. There is a shop nearbyfrom which you can buy postcards
24. She took me to the shop from which shebuys her clothes
25. Bill met his fianc6 in the pub to which studentsoften go
28. Do you know a good disco to which we can go during the weekend
35'7
10.8 REVIEW OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A.
1. whosenamecomesfrom a small village in Greece
2. where there was a war betweenthe Greeks and the Persians
3. who doesn'tearn any money from sports
4. which usually cost a lot
B.
1. Star Trek, which is a popular TV serial made in the 1960's, is about the adventuresof a
spaceship and its crew
2. The University of California conducteda study that tested 22 smells like vanillin and
vinegaron volunteersfrom differentcountries
3. Every summer, hundredsof studentstry to find job opportunities,most of which are
seasonalwork usuallyconnectedwith tourism and agriculture
4. My eldestsister,whose ability to play the piano is unbelievable,will be performing at the
presidentialpalacenext Saturday
5. The hotel where we wantedto staywas fully booked
6. The biggestrestaurantin the town, which we often go to, is near the seaside
'Four
1. Nigel Kennedy is one of the few classicalmusicianswho interpretVivaldi's
Seasons',which has sold more than 250.000copies,successfully
8. Alexandria, which is the secondlargestcit)' in Eg)'pt, was built by Alexander the Great
on the site of an old fishing village, which had a small harbour that was shelteredby the
islandof Pharos
9. The classroomwe hold our lessonsin is very cold and dark
10. Rice, which we usuall.vservewith meat,is an importantfood in my country
1l. John travelledtwenty miles to visit his sister,which was thoughtful of him
12. The studentsthe administrationhave chosenfor the quiz show are excusedfiom classes
today
C.
l. I met at the party last night was a
2. whosehousehad beenvandalisedwas takento hospital
3. we had to write was completedin threehours
4. I lent you was written by a friend of mine
5. which / that can be washedin the dishwasher
6. Picassocreateda lot of paintings,which art critics highly value today
7. Mr. Bailey hired yesterdaycan type 70 words per minute
8. read the book their teacherhad recommended
9. five yearsin the schoolwhere thereusedto be only girls
10. paintingson exhibition at the Louvre Museum, someof which are worth millions of dollars
1 l. for whom the governmentconstructedhouseswere thankful
12. arefull of plankton,most of which are consumedby fish
13. dealingwith differenttypesof friendshipis really interesting
14. whose sisterworked in the bakerygave me piano lessons
15. the peoplewho cameto the interviewgot thejob
16. her a gold chestthe top of which is coveredwith diamonds
D. E.
1. which 5. whose l. who / that
2. who 6. where 2. which / that
3. when 7. whom 3. where
4. that 8. why 4. which / that
5. which
358
F.
1. b 1 0 .d 19.b
2.a ll. d 20. c
3.c 12. b 21. b
4"d 13.c 22. d
5.b 1 4 .d 23. a
6.c 1 5 .c 24. c
7. c 16.c 25. d
8.a 1 1 .d 26. c
On 18.c 27. c
11.PARTICIPLES
A.I. rI.
1. tiring 6. surprising 1. freshlymade
Z. surprised 7. excited 2. recentlymarried
3. confusing 8. annoying 3. well-paid
4. tired 9. frightening/ frightened 4. poorly illustrated
5. disappointed 10. broken
IIr. IV.
1. lasting 1. terriblYdrawn
2. broken 2. widelY known
3. lit / lighted 3. recentlyoPened
4. frightening 4. well done
B.I.
1. b
2.b
3. d
II.
1. Not knowing his room number,I askedthe receptionist.
2. Having drunk too much, he felt sick.
3. Having finished all the housework,shewent to her neighbourfor a cup of coffee
4. Not knowing what to do, we decidedto ask for someadvice
5. Going down the stairs,he tripped and broke his leg
He tripped and broke his leg going down the stairs.
6. Having booked our seatsfor the concert
1. Having beenwarned aboutthe high taxes
8. Having done somewindow-shopping,we decidedwhat to buy
9. Not knowing what to say,I just smiled.
10. Not being a good player,he didn't have a chanceof winning the tennistournament.
I 1. Having cleanedthe living room, I startedtidying up the kitchen.
12. Not being interestedto seewhat would happen,I left the meetingearly.
Not interestedto seewhat would happen,I left the meeting early.
13. Having witnessedthe crime, he was expectedto give evidencein court.
14. Tourists intending to spend their holiday in Malta are advised to make early
reservations
359
III. 1y.
l. written 7 . accompaniedi being accompanied 1. protesting
2. Having reserved 8. fascinating 2. performecl
3. Seeing 9. known 3. il"O
4. having had 10. amazing 4. parked
5. believing I 1. exhausted S. done
6. slamming 6. raken
1. hiding
C.
1. She isn't old enoughto travel alone
2. light enoughfor me to carry
3. too difficult for me to solve
4. too hot for the baby to drink
5. My car is not old enoughto be considereda classic
6. The text is too difficult for the new studentsto understand
1. doesnot eat enough
8. isn't comfortableenough (for me) to sleepin
9. was too difficult (for the children/ them) to do
10. He is cleverenoughto understandwell
I l. Theseclothesare too old (for me) to wear
12. He is too afraid to tell her the truth
360
13. The man is stupidenoughto believeyou
14. The story is short enoughto readin one lesson
I5. That man is too tall for her to dancewith
16. The film is too frighteningfor childrento watch
17. The teacherspoketoo fast for us to understand
18. The wind is strongenoughto blow the roof off
19. courageousenoughto be a mountaineer
20. is not tall enoughto becomea model
21. was too steepfor the old farmer to climb
22. lt's not warm enough(for us) to have dinner on the balcony
We can't have dinner on the balconybecauseit's not warm enough
23. She didn't walk / wasn'twalking fast I quickly enoughto catch up with them / so she
couldn'tcatchup with them
She couldn't catch up with them becauseshe didn't walk / wasn't walking fast /
quickly enough
24. The ice is thick enough(for us) to walk on
D.
La
:
5. A
+.L
5.c
B.
1. Theredidn'tuseto be
2. am used to eating only vegetablesand fruit
3. (have)got usedto wearing / usedto dislike wearing
1. didn't use to dye her hair
5. am not / haven't got usedto cycling to school
6. am usedto speaking
7. There didn't use to be an art gallery nearmy flat
8. There usedto be a cinemaon the Main street
9. didn't use to be cheap/ inexpensive/ usedto be expensive
10. There usedto be a few shoppingcentresin Ankara
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C.
l. will get usedto the noise
2. is usedto living
3. am usedto him/his being
4. isn't usedto gettingup
5. didn't useto be
6. usedto go
1. am not usedto eating
8. is not usedto drinkins
9. got usedto
10. shegot usedto
B.
1. (has)got Tom / him to wash the car
2. had their wedding photographstakenat a photographicstudio
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12.6REVIEW OF GERUNDSAND INFINITIVES
A.
1. d 5. b
2.c6.c
3.b 7.d
4.b
B. I.
l. beingchanged 5. cutting/ to be cut 9. to buy
2. to take 6. to get 10. to make
3. meeting 7. telling/ havingtold 1l. to enter
4. watching 8. taking 12. taking
il.
1. buying 19. to meet 3 8 . nnglng
2. crying 20. to understand 3 9 . to bring
3. covering 21. decide 40. beingtold / to be tolt-
4. going 22. being 4 1 . giving
5. painting 23. to stop 42. to stay
^a
to be painted 24. seeing +J. to do
6. to fill 25. to take 44. doing
7. to find 26. puttingoff 4 5 . looking
8. to help 27. getting 46. helping
9. publishing 28. trying 47. staying
10. to let 29. to rush 4 8 . worry
11 . b e i n g 30. to cut 49. to practise
12. to write 31. hiking 5 0 . taking
13. owning 32. to pay 5 1 . to go
14. buying 33. walking 52. getting
15. to know 34. not finding 5 3 . take
16. being 35. calling
17. to buy 36. to reach
18. spending 37. leaving
C.
1. for making / to make
2. use/ good cornplaining(aboutthe room service)
3. for drawing straightlines/todraw straightlines
4. use it for correcting/useit to correct
5. selling/having sold his car
6 . p l a y t e n n i st h a ns w i m
1 . point (in) applyingfor this job unlessyou have all the necessaryqualifications
8. his / him taking me to the airport
9. of doing betterwork
10. taking the train / that they (should)take/tookthe train
I l. people(from) taking the drug
12. worrying about my exam results(althoughI'm sureI'll pass.)
13. is no point (in) takinga shower
14. He didn'tuseto drink / He usednot to drink
15. isn't good at cooking
363
16. I can't afford (to buy) this jacket
17. her books lying around
18. at writing computerprograms
19. can't standpeople/ people'sinterruptingme while I am working
20. reminded Robert to lock the door
21. spentthreehours cleaningthe house
D.
l. of stealing 5. of working
2. for shouting 6. like doing
3" for being 7. of/ about spending
4. (from) resigning 8. to going
13.CONNECTIVES
13.1 EXPRESSING CAUSE AND EFFECT USING SO / SUCH ... THAT
l. I was so worried aboutmy examsthat I decidedto stay at home and study
2. a silly excusethat I didn't acceptit
3. was such an interestingbook that I finished it in one day
4. a hardworkingstudent/person that he neverfails his examinations
5. was such a successfulperformancethat the audienceapplaudedfor fifteen minutes
6. He was so successfulthat he graduatedin only three years
1. was such bad news that
8. so deliciousthat she ate threepieces
9. such a densefog that the driverscouldn'tseeanything
10. was such a dull party that the guestsleft early
11. was driving so fast that he couldn'tstop at the red light
B.
1. they do not / won't leavefingerprints
2. you don't / won't feel hungry during the exam
3. shouldhandlethe saucepancarefullyso that your hand doesnot / won't get
4. her husband'ssuddendeathMrs. Williams had a nervousbreakdown
5. bring excitementinto their lives
6. I didn't tell him the rest of the story so as not to causeany trouble
7. Strict measuresshouldbe taken so as to preventoverhunting
c.
1. Be quiet so that I can hear what Sharonis saying
2. Last week Mary and Janehired a babysitterso that they could go to a dinner party
3. YesterdayI put the meat in the oven at 5:00 so that it could / would be ready I I could
eat it by 6:30
4. She cashed a cheque yesterdayso that she would have I had enough money to go
shopping
364
5. They hurried so that they wouldn'tbe I weren't late for the meeting
6. We locked the door so that we could / would be safe
7. I speededup so that I could overtakethe car in front of me
8. Standup so that I can seeyou
9. Pleaseturn up the radio so that I can listen to the news too
10. The governmentpulled down the old blocks of flats so that they could build the new
ones
11. Anne tied a string around her finger so that she didn't / wouldn't forget to take the
books she had borrowed back to the library
12. AII motor vehiclesshoulduse unleadedpetrol so that the air pollution can be reduced
13. Turn down the music so that the baby doesn't/ won't wake up
D.
Suggestedanswers
1. make somearrangements 4. the group is very popular
Z. Doctors/Dentistswear masks 5. breathcigarettesmoke
3. it would be easierto reachthe other side 6. I don't have enoughtime
E.
Suggestedanswers
f . in order to live a quiet life when he retires
so that he could escapefrom the city life
becausehe likes being on his own
2. in order to become an actress
so that she could be successfulin her career
becauseshe likes acting
3" in order to starthis own business
so that he could look after his grandchildren
becausehe had had a heart attack
4. in order to be healthy
so that shecould run faster
becauseit was bad for her health
5. in order to learn how to use it
so that he can surf the internet
becausehe likes playing computer games
14.EMPHATIC STRUCTURES
14.1 CLEFT SENTENCES
A.
1. was Van Gogh that paintedthe "Sunflowers"
2. I can't stand is (the fact) that David never apologizesfor his mistakes
I can't stand about David is (the fact) that he never apologizesfor his mistakes
3 wasn't until I got to the bookstorethat I realizedthat I didn't have any money
4. that I like about Bennetton'sadvertisements is that they raise awarenessabout global
issues
5. was Bob Marley who/thatsang"Exodus"
6. that I hate about computersis that they rarely work properly
365
B. Instead of 'that' it is possible to use 'who' or 'which' in some cases but it is an
informal usage so we prefer 'that'.
l. he wants is to get married
2. was Kate that wore her bestdressto the party last night
3. was her bestdressthat Kate wore to the party last night
4. was to the party that Kate wore her best dress
5. was last night that Kate wore her bestdressto the party
6. makesthejob interestingis the closecontactwith the customers
7. I want is ten minutes' rest
8. I saw was somethingvery appealing
9. stoppedus was his inconsistency
10. I don't understand is why he boasts
I f . is not Dorothy that is the manager;it's Mary
12. wasn'tmy pursethat I lost;it was my creditcards
13. isn't Europethat I havebeento; it is India
14. isn't engineering thathe is studying;it is economics
15. isn't I / me that is crazy;it's you
16. is not encouragement (that) you need;it's determination
17. is not you that sheloves;it's Bill
18. I needis a pen
19. I like is the way shetreatspeople
20. Ihate is his attitude
21. keepsme fit is jogging
22. is after a war that childrenusually suffer the most
23. was in London that I first saw the film which won two Oscars
24. really inspiredme to startwriting a new book was talking to Smith
25. was Bill that broke the news to me
14.2INVERSION
A.
1. s ow a s 6. norI neitherwill
'7
2. So do . nor / neitherdoes
3. s oh a s 8. Nor / Neitherdo
4. nor / neithercan 9 . s ow i l l
5. Nor i Neitherhave 10.nor / neitherdo
B. C.
l . D i d y o u ?I d i d n ' t . 1n 8.d
2. Doesshe?I don't. z. t) Oo
D.
1. Were they to enactthat law , therewould be a chaos.
2. Were the police to have found out , you would really have gotten into trouble./ Had the
police found out, you would really have gotteninto trouble.
366
3. Should you becomeawareof anything, let me know.
4. Should he have stolenanything,he will have to be fired'
5. Had I known the truth, I would have rejected doing it.
6. Had Bill not droppedhis keys, he would have managedto enterthe house.
E.
1. did the policedoubthis innocence.
2. will I investin that company.
3. shouldwe constructmore factories.
4. has (so much) environmentalpollution takenplace.
5. has so much snow fallen here during winter months.
6. were theremore rabiescasesthan in this industrialcity.
'7.
making workers redundantcan we savethe factory.
8. have I encouragedpeopleto exhibit offensivebehaviour.
g. did the colonel help to plan the curfew but he also supportedthe idea of Coup
de'etat.
10. enactingnew laws nor by freezingpriceswill the prime ministergain popularity
I 1. had they finished their work when the visitorsarrived
12. do they tell us what is going on
13. had sheenteredthe room than shewas told aboutthe bad news
14. I was told did Irealize his absence
15. his motherwas watchingme the boy
16. did I realizethat I had forgottenmy briefcaseat home
17. have I beensubjectto such an indecentassault
18. had I switchedon the TV than the lights went out
19. was Mary late, but she also had left all the documentsat home
20. have I heard such a faulty statement
21. readingthe critics did I understandthe hidden messagein the film
22. doesit matter to me what people think of my attitude
23. shouldyou invite him again
24. did the studentdo his homework
25. doesan individual seizean opportunitylike the one that Tom has
15.GENERAL REVISION
I5.I CLOZE TESTS
Iz l.listening
l. Were 5. His
2. didn't 6. any 2.fot
3. came 7. Who 3.everY
4. Our
34.
1. do 5. the l. To
2. walking 6. at 2. from
3. do 7. knitting 3. wearing
4. instrument 4. how
361
5
0
1 by 6. takes/lasts 1. a
2 . reliable 7. arrive/am 2. some
a
-l- expensive 8. safe 3. any
A
costs/is 9. crowded 4. faces
5. slow 5. many
z who
l. 6. with
z. prefers / goes 1. which / that
J. ought / have 8. don't/ won't
A
a. travel 9. can
5 . will 10. on
g
1. leaves 6. will / to
2. arrives 7. better
3. gets 8. are
4. cheaper 9. has
5. costs/ is 10. biggest/ largest
2
l. went / was / ate 5. many
2. had / orderedI ate 6. always
3. was 7. on
4. enough/ much 8. takes
10
1 . has 7. don't
z . There 8. uncle
a
J. in/on 9. to
4. between 10. don't
5 . there 11. live / are
6 . isn't 12. only
11 t2
l. in 1. playing
2. faces 2. score/get
3. view 3. boring/dull
4. try 4. do
5. fit 5. going
13 l4
1 . deals 1 . however/ as 5. on
2 . earn 2 . on 6. excursion
J. promoted a
J. refund 7. local
4 . repair / mend/ fix /1
T. receipt 8. souvenirs
5 . lost/ left
6 . for
7 . get
368
15
l . borrow any
2 . return served
J. pay much
/1
T. receiveJ get/go
5 . dial book/reserve
6 . engaged/ busy ordered/had/ate
enough/much
bill
more
17 18
Lon 11. an
l . made
2. al 12. his
2 . had
1
J. whenever 3. who 13. While / When
A
a. allowed 4.a 14. After
5. rold 15. gaveI got I bought
5. During
6. except 6. It 16. became
7. Although 17. called
8. because 18. with
9. enough 19. where
10. which 20. songs/ music
19
1. most ll. out
2. spent 12. earnings/ profits/ income
3. up 13. Despite
4. do 14. have/ need
5. in 15. unless
6. herself 16. like / enjoY/ Iove
1. persuade/ convince 17. Having
8. when/ once/ after 18. for
9. well 19. out
10. while 20. so
20 2l
l. made 1 does
2. during/ on L. the
3. until 3 . doors
/
+. up
4. did
5. with 5 . having
6. while 6 . busy/ engaged
7. on
8. for
369
1','
l- where 11. we
2 . oldest 12. that / which
3 . lot 13. called
4. high 14. with
5 . for 15. example/ instance
6 . have 16. used
7 . yet 17. than
8 . by 18. unless
9 . how 19. are
1 0 .A s / S i n c e / B e c a u s e 20. them
23
l. since 5. after 10. that
2. of 6. how I 1. where
3. for 7. to 12. During
4. which 8. still 13. for
9. to 14. whose
24
l. with/ about 7. with
2. whose 8. under
3. in 9. of
/1 where 10. in
5 . AS I 1. about
6 . live 12. about
)<
i. which 8. to 15.neither
2. due/ owing 9. best 16.with
3. Although/ Though 10.nothing 17.unable
4. allow/permit 11 . c o s t 18.later
5. with / having 12. afford 1 9 .l e t
6. most 1 3 .t o o k 20. until / till
7. they 14.could
26
l. how 11. of
2 . none 12. a
which / that 13. with
4. this / it 14. something
5 . used 15. so
6 . about 16. both
7 . When / After 17. off
8 . before / previously 18. until/ till
9 . much / far 19. may/ might/ could
1 0 . such 20. many
370
27
l. to 1l. Having
2. out 12. While
3. awful 13. If
4. because/ as / since 14. in
5. in 15. broken
6. over 16. finally / eventually
7. of 17. After
8. angrily / threateninglY 18. down
9. off/out 19. unless
10. able 20. have
28 29 30
1. situated/ located 1. for / to 1. defined
2. with 2. far 2. concerned
3. between 3. Suppose/ Supposing 3. example/ instance
4. interested 4. on / upon 4. well
5. mind 5. (a) round 5. such
6. However 6. up 6. addition
7. the 7. of 7. exemplified
8. preparing/ cooking / making 8. with 8. Although
9. to 9. sight
10. Despite 10.down
31
1. to 10. example/instance 19. about
2. the 11 . h a d 20. to
3. world/ earth 12. today 21. the
4. or 13. However 22. ago
5. journeys/voyages/triPs 14. their 23. lived
6. are 15. discovered 24. of
7. First 16. history 25. distance
8. which/that 17.is
9. did 18. not
I
l. b 13. c 25. a
2. d 14. d 26. d
J. a 15. c 27. b
/1
T. b 16. a 28. b
5. 17. c 29. d
6. 18. a 30. b
't. 19. a 31. a
8. b 20. d 32. c
9. a 21. b 33. a
10. a 22. d 34. b
11. b 23. d 35. c
12. b 24. c
371
)
td r2. b 23. a
2.a 13. c 24. b
3.c 14. b 25. b
4.d 15. a 26. c
5.a 16. d 27. a
6.b 11. c 28. c
7. c 18. d 29. a
8.a 19. c 30. d
9. c 20. d 3r. d
10. d 21. b 32. b
ll. a 22. b 33. a
I
1. d 11. d 20. d
2.c 12. a 21. b
3.d 13. b 22. c
4.a t4. d 23. b
5.a 15. c 24. c
6.c 16. a 25. a
7. b t7. b 26. c
8.c 18. a 27. d
9.c 19. b
r0. b
!
1. a 9. c 17. a
2.b 10. b 18. c
3.c 11. d 19. b
4.b 12. c 20. a
5.c i3. b 21. c
6.b 14. a 22. c
-1.
d 15. d 23. a
8.a 16. b
b 10. d t9. b
a 11. b 20. d
b 12. a 21. a
b 13. d 22. d
t4. d 23. a
a 15. c 24. d
b 16. c 25. b
a t7. d 26. d
18. c
10. c 19. c
d 11. a 20. c
a 12. c 21. b
b 13. b 22. a
a t4. d 23. c
d 15. b 24. a
a 16. c 25. d
d 17. b 26. a
18. d
7_
1. c 12. c 22. d
2.a 13. a 23. a
3.d 14. b 24. a
4.b 15. a 25. c
5.c 16. a 26. a
6.a 17. b 27. b
7. d 18. c 28. d
8.a 19. a 29. c
9.c 20. b 30. a
10. b 21. c 31. c
ll. d
!
1. d 10. b 19. c
2.a ll. b 20. a
3.d 12. c 21. c
13. a 22. b
5.b 14. d 23. d
6.c 15. d 24. a
7. d 16. d 25. d
8.c 17. a 26. a
9.d 18. b 27. a
2
1. d 11. b 21. a
2.d 12. b 22. b
3.b 13. b 23. c
4.a 14. a 24. d
5.c 15. c 25. b
6.c 16. b 26. d
7. a 17. a 27. d
8.d 18. d 28. b
9. c 19. c 29. b
10. b 20. a 30. a
313
10
l. d 10. c 19. c
2. 11. c 20. c
a
J.
q
12. b 21. a
4. 13. a 22. d
5. b 14. c 23. b
6. a 15. d 24. a
1. b 16. b 25. b
8. 17. a 26. a
9. d 18. b 27. c
11
1^
l. v 10. b 19. d
al
L.(-l 11. d 20. b
3.b 12. c 21. a
4.d 13. d 22. c
5.c t4. b 23. d
6.a 15. d 24. c
1. a 16. c 25. a
8.c 17. b 26. d
9. c 18. b 27. b
12
l. d 9.a 17. d
2.c 10. c 18. b
3.b 11. d 19. a
4.d 12. c 20. d
5.b 13. a 21. c
6.a 14. c 22. a
1. b 15. a 15. c
8.c 16. a
13
1. c 15. a 28. c
2.b 16. c 29. a
?q 11. b 30. b
4.a 18. d 31. d
5.c 19. a 32. a
6.d 20. d 33. d
2t. d 34. b
8.b 22. d 35. d
9.d 23. a 36. c
10. b 24. b 37. d
11. a 25. c 38. b
12. a 26. b 39. d
13. c 27. c 40. b
14. c
314
t4
l" b 15. a 28. a
2.d 16. b 29. b
3.a 17. c 30. a
4.b 18. c 31. b
5.c 19. a 32. c
6.c 20. b 33. b
1. b 2r. d 34. d
8.d 22. d 35. c
9.a 23. b 36. a
10. c 37. d
11. d 25. d 38. c
12. a 26. a 39. c
13. b 2',7. a 40. d
14. d
t5
l c 10. d 20. a
z.a ll. c 21. c
3.c t2. b 22. b
4.d 13. a 23. d
5.b 14. a 24. c
6.b 15. c 25. c
7. c 16. d 26. a
8.d 17. c 27. d
9. c 18. b 28. c
19. b 29. d
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