Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281 – 292

www.elsevier.com/locate/nucengdes

The influence of rotary inertia of concentrated masses on

the natural vibrations of a clamped–supported pipe
conveying fluid
Myeong-Gie Kang *
Department of Mechanical Engineering Education, Education College, Andong National Uni6ersity, 388 Songchun-dong,
Andong-city, Kyungbuk 760 -749, South Korea

Received 9 February 1999; received in revised form 25 October 1999; accepted 4 November 1999

Abstract

Effects of rotary inertia of concentrated masses on the natural vibrations of a fluid-conveying pipe have been
studied by theoretical modeling and numerical calculations. For the analysis, a clamped – supported pipe is assumed
and Galerkin’s method is used for transformation of the governing equation to the eigenvalue problem. The natural
frequencies and mode shapes for the system have been calculated by using the newly developed computer code. In
addition, the threshold values of flow velocity for the onset of unstable motions have been investigated. The main
conclusions for the present study are (1) rotary inertia gives much change on the higher natural frequencies and mode
shapes, (2) the number and location of nodes can be changed by rotary inertia, (3) by introducing rotary inertia, the
second natural frequency approaches the first as the location of the concentrated mass approaches the midspan of the
pipe, and (4) the critical fluid velocities are unchanged by introduction of rotary inertia and the first three
dimensionless values are u:4.49, 7.73, and 10.91, respectively. © 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction plants which consist of many pipe lines containing

The flow-induced vibration in industry fields
has been studied for a long time since it always
contains a possibility of severe accidents by the
several types of vibrations related to a fluid-struc-
ture interaction. A fluid flowing through a pipe
can impose pressure on the pipe walls and deflect
the pipe. Special interest is on nuclear power
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +82-571-850-5483; fax: +
82-571-841-1624.
E-mail address: mgkang@andong.ac.kr (M.-G. Kang)
high velocity fluid. The study on the flow-induced
vibrations in nuclear power plants has focused
both on design and maintenance. The main pur-
poses are (1) to supply proper supports to reduce
deflection of a system and (2) to find out the fluid
velocities which cause system instability. The se-
lection of the proper support locations is closely
related to the analysis on the natural frequencies
and mode shapes of a system. Once proper points
are selected, the occurrence of fatigue-related pipe
failures due to vibration can be reduced. While
the large deflection of a pipe can sometimes be the

0029-5493/00/$ - see front matter © 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 2 9 - 5 4 9 3 ( 9 9 ) 0 0 3 0 7 - 6
282 M.-G. Kang / Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281–292
main cause of the long-term fatigue failures, the
system instability is directly related to the abrupt
pipe break in a relatively short time duration. If a
piping system gets a critical fluid velocity, pipes
become broken suddenly and discharge fluid of
high pressure and high temperature into the envi-
ronment. Moreover, broken parts can cause sec-
ondary pipe failure due to pipe whipping. These
kinds of failures always have the possibility of
damaging staff and relevant piping systems.
Since nuclear power plants consist of many pipe
lines with heavy valves, connections, and flow
regulatory parts which can be modeled as the
concentrated masses, investigating the effect of
concentrated masses on the vibrations is very
important. Of all the studies, knowledge of the
natural frequencies and mode shapes of a system
is most important and is the basis of vibration and
noise analyses. Moreover, the stability of a fluid-
conveying pipe is of practical importance since the
natural frequencies of a pipe generally decrease
with increasing fluid velocity. Therefore, identify-
ing the correlation between concentrated masses
and natural vibrations (including system instabil-
ity) is of value in nuclear power plants which have
many pipe lines containing high velocity fluid.
Housner (1952) was the first to derive the correct
governing equation for the motion of a fluid-con-
veying pipe. For several decades, many investiga-
tors have studied this problem by assuming several
boundary conditions. Although the vibration anal-
ysis of a pipe, having some concentrated masses
without a fluid flow, has been studied early (Hopp-
mann, 1952; Chen, 1961; Maltbaek, 1961; Pan,
1965; Sato et al., 1978), the vibration analysis of a
fluid flowing through a pipe was not studied until
1970. Hill and Swanson (1970) investigated the
effect of concentrated masses on the instability of
the fluid-conveying cantilever pipe. According to
their results, concentrated masses can reduce the
critical velocities causing system instability. Since
then, effects of concentrated masses have been
studied in the flow-induced vibration field. Chen
and Jendrzejczyk (1985) studied experimentally the
natural frequencies, mode shapes, and critical ve-
locities for the fluid-conveying cantilever pipe with
a concentrated mass at the end of the pipe. Wu and
Raju (1974) proposed that a concentrated mass
installed at the midspan of the simply-supported
pipe could change natural frequencies and mode
shapes. Although some interesting papers (Pan,
1965; Sato et al., 1978; Hamdan and Dado, 1997)
regarding the rotary inertia effect of concentrated
masses were published, no one introduced it into
the flow-induced vibration field. Most recently,
Kang (1999) published some results concerning the
effects of rotary inertia of concentrated masses on
the natural vibrations and critical velocities for the
two pipe boundary conditions of simply-sup-
ported–simply-supported and clamped–clamped.
Through the observation on the published pa-
pers, it can be identified that results for the
boundary condition of clamped–supported are
relatively small whereas that condition is usually
encountered in industry fields. Therefore, the
present study is aimed at the determination of the
effect of rotary inertia of concentrated masses on
vibrations and instability of a clamped–supported
pipe conveying incompressible fluid. As a result, (1)
a new governing equation containing the effect of
rotary inertia of concentrated masses attached on
the fluid-conveying pipe has been suggested, (2) a
new computer code which can supply proper ways
to solve eigenvalue problem has been developed,
and (3) the combined effects of rotary inertia, fluid
velocity, concentrated mass, mass location, and
mass ratio (fluid mass to total mass) on the natural
vibrations have been determined. In addition, some
critical velocities for the system instability have
been obtained through the application of Euler’s
method of equilibrium.
2. Theory and mathematical development
The well known governing equation (Housner,
1952; Blevins, 1977) for a pipe conveying incom-
pressible fluid through x coordinate and vibrating
y direction becomes
( 4y ( 2y 2
( 2y ( 2y
EI + 2m U + m U + (m + m )
(x 4 (t(x (x 2 (t 2
f f f t
=0 (1)
where E and I are the modulus of elasticity and the
area moment of inertia of the pipe, mf and mt are
 M.-G. Kang / Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281–292 283

fluid and pipe masses per unit length, and U and
t are the constant uniform fluid velocity and time,
respectively.
According to Pan (1965) and Sato et al. (1978),
the effect of concentrated masses placed at x= xi
To derive the governing equation, Euler–
Bernoulli type pipe, small lateral motion about the
equilibrium position, uniform pipe except concen-
trated masses, and steady state uniform flow are
assumed. Moreover, effects of the gravity and

! "
can be modeled as follows: rotary inertia and shear force of the pipe itself are
M
( 2y ( M ( 3y neglected too.
% mid(x− xi ) 2 − % Jid(x − xi ) Since the pipe displacement y= f(x, t), the
i=1 (t (x i = 1 (x(t 2
(2) boundary conditions for the clamped–supported
pipe shown in Fig. 1 are as follows (Blevins, 1979):
where mi and Ji are the concentrated mass and its
rotary inertia and M and d are the number of (y
y(0, t)= (0, t)=0 at x= 0 (4)
concentrated masses and Dirac delta function, (x
respectively. The first equation containing mi repre- ( 2y
sents the inertia force due to the lateral acceleration y(L, t)= (L, t)=0 at x=L (5)
(x 2
of concentrated masses while the second equation
containing Ji represents the rotary inertia force due Introducing dimensionless parameters, Eq. (3)
to the angular acceleration of concentrated masses. becomes:
If a mass mi is located at a distance xi, the rotary ( 4h ( 2h ( 2h
1/2 2
inertia term Ji can be expressed as mir 2i . Here, ri is + 2ub + u
(j 4 (j(t (j 2
the radius of gyration of the concentrated mass, mi,
about an axis through its center of mass (Meriam, ! M
+ 1+ % aid(j− ji )
" ( 2h
(t 2
! "
1975). i=1
Finally, the governing equation for the pipe ( M ( 3h
conveying incompressible fluid and having several − % mid(j− ji ) =0 (6)
(j i = 1 (j(t 2
concentrated masses can be expressed as
followings: where the dimensionless parameters are
( 4y ( 2y ( 2y mi mf y
EI 4 +2mfU +mfU 2 2 ai = , b= , h= ,
(x (t(x (x
! " 
L(mf + mt) mf + mt L
M
+ mf + mt + % mid(x − xi )
( 2y
(t 2 mi =
Ji
, t=
EI n
1/2
t
,

! "  n
i=1 (mf + mt)L 3 mf + mt L2
( M ( 3y mf 1/2
− % Jid(x − xi ) =0 (3) u= UL,
(x i = 1 (x(t 2

EI
x
j= ,
x
ji = i, v=
mf + mt n 1/2
L 2V
L L EI
Here, L and Q are the pipe length and the circular
frequency of the pipe, respectively. b is the relative
mass of fluid, u is the relative flow speed of fluid,
h is the dimensionless vertical displacement of the
pipe, j is the dimensionless axial coordinate, t is
the dimensionless time, and v is dimensionless pipe
circular frequency. The dimensionless parameters
of ai, mi and ji are used to describe the effect of
concentrated masses. ai is the relative mass of the
concentrated mass, mi is dimensionless rotary iner-
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the fluid-conveying pipe. tia of the concentrated mass at xi, and ji is the
284 M.-G. Kang / Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281–292


dimensionless distance to the concentrated mass.
h(j, t)= % am (t)fm (j) (11)
The above dimensionless parameters, except mi, m=1
have been shown in the earlier works by others
According to Blevins (1979), natural frequen-
(Hill and Swanson, 1970; Paidoussis and Issid,
cies and mode shapes for a clamped–supported
1974). mi, in other words, has the form suggested
pipe can be given as follows:
by Sato et al. (1978). Since the system analyzed by
Sato et al. (1978) has no fluid flow, mi has slightly fm (j)= cosh(lmj)−cos(lmj)
changed for the present system to incorporate
− sm {sinh(lmj)−sin(lmj)} (12)
fluid flow. Moreover, the length in the denomina-
tor of mi has been changed from the radius of if m= 1, lm = 3.92660231, sm = 1.000777304
gyration of the concentrated mass in work by
Sato et al. (1978) to the pipe length for more if m= 2, lm = 7.06858275, sm = 1.000001445
convenience in use. if m= 3, lm = 10.21017612, sm = 1.000000000
The dimensionless boundary conditions become
if m= 4, lm = 13.35176878, sm = 1.000000000
(h
h(0, t)= (0, t) =0 at j =0 (7)
(j if m= 5, lm = 16.49336143, sm = 1.000000000
( h
2
if m\ 5, lm = (4m + 1) p/4, sm = 1.0
h(1, t)= (1, t) = 0 at j= 1 (8)
(j 2
Introducing the orthogonality of the functions,
The dimensionless lateral displacement h(j, t) can multiplying Eq. (10) by Fn (j), and integrating it
be written as follows: about j from j= 0 to 1, we finally obtain the
h(j, t)= am (t)Fm (j) (9) governing equation in the matrix form:
where Fm is the dimensionless mth mode of the [Amn ]äm (t)+ [Bmn ]a; m (t)+ [Cmn ]am (t)= 0 (13)
pipe under specified boundary condition and am is
where,
a function of dimensionless time only.
By inserting Eq. (9) into Eq. (6), the dimension- [Amn ]

! "
less governing equation becomes: M
M = dmn + % {aifm (ji )fn (ji )+ mif%m (ji )f%n (ji )}
1+ % aid(j −ji ) Fm (j) i=1
i=1
[Bmn ]
M
− % mid%(j −ji )F%m (j) 2ub 1/2lmln
i=1 = [− (− 1)m + n(l 2n + l 2m)
M
n 1
− % mid(j −ji )F¦m (j) äm (t) +2ub2F%m (j)a; m (t)
l 4n − l 4m
×
(s 2n + 1)(s 2m + 1)+ (− 1)n(l 2n − l 2m)
i=1

+ {F m̈ (j)+ u 2F¦m (j)}am (t) = 0 (10) ×

(s 2n + 1)(s 2m − 1)− (− 1)m(l 2n − l 2m)
×
(s 2n − 1)(s 2m + 1)+ (l 2n + l 2m)

3. Numerical analysis procedure ×

(s 2n − 1)(s 2m − 1)+ 4lmln ], m" n
[Bmn ]= 0, m= n
Galerkin’s method (Meirovitch, 1967; Hill and
Swanson, 1970) says that Fm (j) can be expressed 4u 2l 2ml 2n
[Cmn ]= (s l − smlm ), m"n
by the superposition of fm (j) which is the dimen- l 4n − l 4m n n
sionless mode shape function of the pipe without
[Cmn ]= l 4m + u 2lmsm (1−lmsm ), m=n
fluid and concentrated masses. Applying
Galerkin’s method for the analysis, Eq. (9) can be Rearrangement of Eq. (13) using the new ma-
expressed as follows: trixes results in the following simple equation:
 M.-G. Kang / Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281–292 285

n= − jv,

[D] =[M] − 1[K] =

 [A] − 1[B] [A] − 1[C] n
−[I] [0]

Eq. (18) can, therefore, be written as

[ f(n)]{C}={0} (19)
where,
[ f(n)]= [D]− n[I]
Eq. (19) has a nontrivial solution only if the
characteristic determinant, i.e. the determinant of
the matrix [ f(n)], vanishes (Meirovitch, 1967);
Fig. 2. A flow chart for the computer program.
[M]{p; (t)} + [K]{p(t)}= {0}
where,
 f(n)= 0 (20)
A new computer code has been developed to
solve the eigenvalue problem shown in Eq. (20).
FORTRAN language is selected for the develop-
ment and most eigenvalues and eigenvectors can
be obtained by the developed code. The newly
(14)
developed computer code consists of the input
file, the main and some sub-programs and the

! " 
simplified flow chart for the development is shown

{p(t)}=
{a; m (t)}
, [M]=
[0] [A]n,
in Fig. 2. Throughout the program, the Gauss–
Jordan elimination method has been used to get
{am (t)} [A] [B]
the inverse of [M], to carry out a matrix algebra

[K]=
 −[A] [0] n to find out the new matrix [D], and to determine
the value of the determinant  f(n). Once the
[0] [C] matrix  f(n) was determined, complex eigenvalues
and its eigenvectors were calculated. The real and
Multiplying Eq. (14) by [M] − 1, Eq. (14) imaginary values of the complex eigenvalues have
becomes been treated as a separate matrix and, finally, they
are combined into one matrix to make complete
[I]{p; (t)} +[M] − 1[K]{p(t)} ={0} (15) eigenvalue sets. The convergence to a proper
value has been checked with increasing m. After
Since am (t) =e jvtC (where, j=
−1 and C is
eigenvalues and eigenvectors had been calculated,
a constant),
the normalized mode shape were determined us-

{p(t)}=
! "
{a; m (t)}
=e jvt(C) (16)
ing Eq. (11), if needed.
Generally, dimensionless eigenvalues of the de-
{am (t)} terminant have its real and imaginary parts as
follows:
Introducing Eq. (16) into Eq. (15),
v=vR + jvI (21)
jv[I]{C}+ [M] − 1[K]{C} = {0} (17)
The dimensionless real component, vR, corre-
[D]{C}− n[I]{C} = {0} (18) sponds to the frequency of oscillation, whereas
the dimensionless imaginary component, vI, is
where, associated with stability of the system. vI \0
286 M.-G. Kang / Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281–292

signifies damping motions, while vI B0 amplify-
ing motions. Hence, the point of crossing the vR
axis to negative represents the threshold value of
flow velocity for the onset of unstable motions. It
is seen that the system is subject to a large number
of stabilities, in the regions over which vI B 0, by
buckling if vR =0, and by flutter if vR " 0
(Blevins, 1977). The condition of neutral stability
is one of dynamic equilibrium where, in the
course of one cycle of oscillation, the energy
transfer from fluid to pipe and vice versa exactly
balance. When the energy of the fluid stream
exceeds that of the pipe, the amplitude increases
without limit: in the opposite case oscillations are
damped.
4. Results and discussion
The dimensionless natural frequencies, mode
shapes, and instability of the system have been
calculated by using the developed computer code.
The values needed can be achieved by superposing
the dimensionless mode shape Fm (j) \ 10. As
shown in Table 1, values of the first, second, and
third dimensionless natural frequencies have simi-
lar values, respectively, regardless of m increase
once m\ 10. The present paper will discuss sev-
eral results in dimensionless form obtained by
assuming m=17. The difference between the di-
mensionless natural frequencies in cases of m=16
and 17 is within 0.002–0.228% error bounds. To
verify its validity, some results are compared with
the results of Maltbaek (1961) for the clamped–
supported beam with a concentrated mass and
conveying no fluid and two results are in good
agreement.
From Figs. 3–7, the variation of the dimension-
less real natural frequencies have been obtained as
a function of the dimensionless parameters, i.e.
fluid velocity (u), mass ratio (b), rotary inertia
(m), location of the concentrated mass (j) and the
concentrated mass (a). Since the values of the
dimensionless imaginary natural frequencies for
the cases shown are 0 before the dimensionless
critical velocity, only the dimensionless real natu-
ral frequencies are shown in the figures.
Figs. 8 and 9 show the normalized natural
mode shapes and the critical flow velocities for
instability of the system, respectively. Throughout
the figures, all parameters are dimensionless.
4.1. Natural frequency
Fig. 3 shows variation of the first natural fre-
quencies for the fluid-conveying pipe as a function

Table 1
The effect of m on the results

Number of m Natural frequencies

Case 1a Case 2b

First Second Third First Second Third

3 12.7959 35.5087 87.8289 8.2146 20.3218 35.0129

5 12.793 34.2842 84.5558 8.1904 19.6053 31.89
7 12.7917 33.7275 82.6472 8.1803 19.3116 30.8763
9 12.791 33.408 81.4218 8.1733 19.1928 30.6932
11 12.7907 33.2011 80.5838 8.1649 19.1314 30.636
13 12.7904 33.056 79.9801 8.1631 18.9872 30.1912
15 12.7901 32.9488 79.5268 8.1603 18.8977 29.8315
16 12.7902 32.8762 79.2346 8.1589 18.8891 29.7094
17 12.7899 32.8662 79.1747 8.1587 18.846 29.6578

a
Case 1: u = 0.3, a1 = 0.2, b = 0.15, j1 = 0.5, m1 =0.01.
b
Case 2: u = 0.5, a1 = 0.1, a2 = 0.2, a3 = 0.3, a4 = 0.4, b= 0.1, j1 =0.2, j2 =0.4, j3 =0.6, j4 =0.8, m1 =0.01, m2 =0.02, m3 = 0.03,
m4 = 0.04.
 M.-G. Kang / Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281–292
Fig. 3. Fluid velocity vs. natural frequency (b =0.3): (a) a1 =0.7, m1 =0.03, j1 =0.5; (b) a1 – a5 =0.3, m1 – m5 =0.01, j1 = 0.2,
j2 = 0.4, j3 = 0.5, j4 = 0.6, j5 = 0.8.
of the fluid velocity. For the analysis, two piping
systems of one concentrated mass and five ones
have been selected. The dotted lines are results for
the case with rotary inertia while solid lines are
without rotary inertia. Introduction of rotary iner-
tia gives much change for the second and third
natural frequencies while it gives relatively small
influence on the first natural frequency. With
considering five concentrated masses (Fig. 3b), and
assuming the fluid velocity as 2, the ratio between
two natural frequencies, for example, with and
without rotary inertia are 69.81 and 62.56% for the
second and third natural frequencies, respectively,
whereas the ratio is only 93.57% for the first
natural frequency. As shown in Fig. 3, the natural
frequencies decrease with increasing flow velocity,
but remain real in the absence of dissipative forces.
With increasing flow, the natural frequencies of all
the modes vanish in turn, indicating the onset of
buckling in the corresponding modes of the sys-
tem. The value of the real frequencies (vR) is 0 as
the fluid velocities (u) are : 4.49, 7.73, and 10.91,
287
respectively. These velocities are defined as critical
velocities. Once a natural frequency arrives in zero
value, instability of the system begins.
The natural frequencies with or without rotary
inertia are shown in Fig. 4 as a function of b. With
assuming three concentrated masses at j = 0.25,
0.50, and 0.75 of the pipe, b has been changed
from 0 (i.e. mf = 0) to 1 (i.e. mf  mt) to find out
variations in the natural frequencies. According to
the results, the mass ratio gives no visible change
to the natural frequencies. Studies indicate that the
dimensionless natural frequencies of pipes with
both ends stationary, such as the simply-sup-
ported–simply-supported or clamped–clamped
cases (Kang, 1999) are nearly independent of b,
while the dimensionless natural frequencies of
pipes with one end free to move, such as a
cantilever pipe, are strongly affected by b (Blevins,
1977). However, inclusion of the rotary inertia into
the analysis results in much change (e.g. \50% for
the third natural frequencies) on the higher natural
frequencies.
288 M.-G. Kang / Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281–292
Fig. 4. Mass ratio vs. natural frequency (u= 0.9, a1 =1.5,
a2 =1.0, a3 = 0.7, m1 = 0.2, m2 = 0.1, m3 = 0.05, j1 =0.25, j2 =
0 50, j3 =0.75).
Fig. 5. Rotary inertia vs. natural frequency (u= 0.3, a1 =0.6,
b = 0.1, j1 =0.2).
Fig. 5 shows the correlation between the value
of the rotary inertia, m1, and the first three natural
frequencies. For the analysis, a concentrated mass
(a1 = 0.6) is assumed to be at 0.2 l (i.e. j1 = 0.2) of
the pipe and rotary inertia if it is changed from
m1 = 0.0 to 0.5. As shown in Fig. 5, the consider-
ation of rotary inertia gives much change on the
natural frequencies. Its effect on the change of the
natural frequencies is visible as m1 has small value
(i.e. B0.1 for the present case). Further increas-
ing m1 results in the second and third natural
frequencies to converge stationary values (i.e.
nearly 23 and 45 for the second and third natural
frequencies, respectively).
The change of the location of a concentrated
mass, j1, gives much variation on the natural
frequencies. The effect of j1 change on the first
three natural frequencies for the given pipe
boundary condition is shown in Fig. 6. For the
analysis, one concentrated mass (a1 = 0.7) is as-
sumed and its location has been changed from
j1 = 0 to 1. To verify the effect of rotary inertia of
the concentrated mass on the natural frequencies
two values of m1 = 0 and 0.03 are assumed for the
cases of without and with rotary inertia, respec-
tively. According to Fig. 6, it is verified that
rotary inertia greatly changes natural frequencies.
Due to the different pipe ends conditions (i.e.
clamped and simply-supported), the values of the
natural frequencies between two cases of j1 =0
and 1 are very different to each other while they
are the same for the same pipe ends conditions
(i.e. clamped–clamped or supported–supported)
(Kang, 1999). When a1 is located at j1 : 0.59 the
difference between two second natural frequencies
with and without rotary inertia approaches maxi-
mum value. For the case, the natural frequency
with rotary inertia has reduced to 18.3% of the
natural frequency without rotary inertia. More-
over, when considering rotary inertia in the analy-
sis, the second natural frequency with rotary
inertia approaches the first natural frequency
without rotary inertia as j1 approaches : 0.59.
At that case, the ratio between two natural fre-
quencies (i.e. the natural frequency without rotary
inertia/the second one with rotary inertia) is :
98.17%.
 M.-G. Kang / Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281–292
Fig. 6. Location of the concentrated mass vs. natural fre-
quency (u =1.9, a1 = 0.7, b = 1.0, m1 = 0.3).
Fig. 7. Dimensionless concentrated mass vs. natural frequency
(u =0.7, b=0.6, m1 = 0.1, j1 = 0.35).
289
Fig. 7 shows the effect of the concentrated mass
ratio a1 on the first three natural frequencies. For
the analysis, a concentrated mass at j1 = 0.35 has
been changed from a1 = 0 to 10. According to Eq.
(7), there is a big difference between the two
results with and without rotary inertia. As the
value of a1 is increased the second and third
natural frequencies approach to stationary values
(i.e. near 13 and 38, respectively) similar to Fig. 5.
4.2. Natural mode shape
Fig. 8 is the normalized natural mode shapes of
the system for the case of having two concen-
trated masses (a1 = 1 and a2 = 1.5). The heavier
one is located at j= 0.7 and the lighter one at
j=0.3. In Fig. 8, solid lines are mode shapes of
the system without rotary inertia and dotted lines
are with rotary inertia. As shown, rotary inertia
gives small change on the first mode shape while it
gives much change on the second and third mode
shapes. By introducing rotary inertia, the number
of nodes and its location can be changed. There is
no fixed node at the second mode shape of the
clamped–clamped pipe when the rotary inertia
effect is included into the analysis.
4.3. Stability criteria
A steady, high-velocity flow through a thin-
walled pipe can buckle or deform the pipe and
these deflections are called instabilities of fluid-
conveying pipes. The stability of fluid-conveying
pipes is of practical importance because the natu-
ral frequency of a pipe generally decreases with
fluid velocity increase. The type of instability de-
pends on the end conditions of the pipe. Pipes
supported or clamped at both ends bow out and
buckle when the flow velocity exceeds the critical
velocity.
Fig. 9 shows the variation of the imaginary
natural frequencies due to the fluid velocity varia-
tion. The instability begins if the imaginary natu-
ral frequency gets negative. According to Fig. 9,
the critical fluid velocities for the three natural
frequencies to occur system instability are 4.49,
7.73, and 10.91, respectively. The critical flow
velocities shown in Fig. 9, may be found by
290 M.-G. Kang / Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281–292

Fig. 8. Normalized natural mode shapes; u=0.3, a1 =1.0, a2 =1.5, b= 0.2, m1 =0.1, m2 =0.2, j1 =0.3, j2 =0.7 ( — , without rotary
inertia; ------, with rotary inertia).
 M.-G. Kang / Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281–292
application of Euler’s method of equilibrium
(Paidoussis and Issid, 1974). Taking the similar
procedure suggested by Paidoussis and Issid
(1974) the critical velocities can be obtained,
too. The critical values of u for buckling for the
first three natural frequencies are found to be
given by u : 4.49, 7.73, and 10.91, respectively,
corresponding to the zeros of u cos u − sin u= 0.
Through the analysis it has been identified that
the consideration of the rotary inertia can not
change the critical fluid velocities for the system
instability as suggested by Paidoussis and Issid
(1974) and Laura et al. (1987) for the
fluid-conveying pipe without concentrated
masses.
Mathematically, the instability arises from the
mixed derivative terms. The mixed derivative
terms represent forces imposed on the pipe by
the flowing fluid that is always 90° off phase
with the displacement of the pipe, and always in
phase with the velocity of the pipe. These forces
are essentially a negative damping mechanism
which extracts energy from the fluid flow and
Fig. 9. Fluid velocity vs. imaginary natural frequency (a1 =
0.6, a2 = 0.8, b= 0.1, m1 = 0.01, m2 = 0.03, j1 = 0.4, j2 =0.7).
291
inputs energy into the bending pipe to
encourage initially, vibration, and ultimately,
instability (Paidoussis and Issid, 1974; Blevins,
1977). However, rotary inertia considered in the
present work expressed as the second derivative
with time, gives similar effect to the system like
mass addition. Accordingly, although rotary
inertia gives much change on the natural
vibration no change is identified in the system
instability.
5. Conclusions
The effects of rotary inertia of concentrated
masses on natural vibrations and system instabil-
ity of the clamped–supported pipe conveying in-
compressible fluid have been analyzed through
mathematical modeling and numerical calcula-
tions. The mentioned results are only valid for
this special system (mass configuration) and the
major conclusions for the present study are as
follows:
1. Rotary inertia gives very much change on the
second and third natural frequencies and mode
shapes.
2. The number and location of the nodes can be
changed by considering the effect of rotary
inertia of concentrated masses.
3. The rate of decrease of the natural frequencies
due to the effect of rotary inertia of the con-
centrated mass increases when the dimension-
less rotary inertia m1 has a small value (e.g.
B 0.1 for the present case).
4. By introducing rotary inertia, the second natu-
ral frequency approaches the first natural fre-
quency as the location of the concentrated
mass approaches the midspan of the pipe.
5. The increase of the mass ratio between fluid
and pipe gives no visible change to natural
frequencies whereas the fluid velocity gives
much change.
6. The critical fluid velocities for the system in-
stability are unchanged by introduction of ro-
tary inertia of concentrated masses and have
the dimensionless values of 4.49, 7.73, and
10.91, respectively, for the first three natural
frequencies.
292 M.-G. Kang / Nuclear Engineering and Design 196 (2000) 281–292

Blevins, R.D., 1979. Formulas for Natural Frequency and

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E modulus of elasticity of the pipe Chen, Y.U., 1961. On the vibration of beams or rods carrying
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Chen, S.S., Jendrzejczyk, J.A., 1985. General characteristics,
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mf fluid mass per unit length vibrations of a uniform cantilever beam carrying an inter-
mediated lumped mass and rotary inertia. J. Sound Vib.
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mt pipe mass per unit length Hill, J.L., Swanson, C.P., 1970. Effects of lumped masses on
ri the radius of gyration of the concentrated the stability of fluid-conveying tubes. Trans. ASME J.
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