Assignment:- 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
GRAPHICS
Questions
1.Explain terms related to raster scanning.
2.Difference between raster scan and random scan system.
3.Explain cathode ray tube.
4.Explain raster scan and random scan.
5.Write the principle application of image processing and
explain what is image processing.
6.Write short note on colour CRT.
7.Explain Beam-penetration method with its advantages and
disadvantages.
8.Explain shadow-mask technique with its advantages and
disadvantages.
9.Write the difference between LED and LCD.
10.Explain what is input devices and explain any two.
1. Explain terms related to raster scanning.

Ans.
Bitmap:-for a system having one bit per pixel,buffer is called as
bitmap.
Pixmap:-for a system having multiple bits per pixel,frame
buffer is called as pixmap.
Refresh rate:-in raster scan display refreshing is done at rate of
60 to 80 frames per second or more.Refresh rates is measured
in cycles per second or Hertz(Hz).Cycle corresponds to one
frame.e.g. if refresh rate is 60 frames per second then it is
called 60 Hz.
Horizontal retrace:-at the end of each line,the electron beam
returns to left side of the screen. The return to left of the
screen after refreshing each scan line is called as horizontal
retrace.
Vertical retrace:-at the end of each frame,the electron beam
returns to top left corner of the screen to start for next frame
and is called as vertical retrace.
Interlacing:-it is the method of incrementally displaying a visual
on a CRT.on some raster scan system,interlaced refresh
procedure is used.in this each frame is displayed in two passes.
In the first pass,the beam sweeps across alternate scan line
from top to bottom.then after vertical retrace,the beam
sweeps remaining scan lines.
In above figure. even number of lines scanned first,it means
that in the first pass”half of an image is produced”,then beam
sweeps to the first line up to end of the screen to
produce”complete image during the second pass”.

2. Difference between raster scan and random scan.

Ans:
Random scan Raster scan
1 In random scan display the beam is move In raster scan display the beam is moved all ove
d,between the endpoints of the graphics p r the screen one scan line at a time from top to b
rimitives. ottom and then back to top.

2 Vector display flickers when the number  In raster display, the refresh process is independ
of primitives in the buffer becomes too lar ent of the complexity of the image.
ge.

3 Scan conversion is not required. Graphics primitives are specified in terms of,th
eir endpoints and must be scan converted into t
heir corresponding pixels in,the frame buffer.

4 Scan conversion hardware is not required. Scan conversion hardware is required.

5 Random display draws a continuous and s Raster display can display mathematically smo
mooth line. oth lines, polygons and boundaries of curved pr
imitives only by approximating them with pixel
s on the raster grid.

6 Cost is more. Cost is less.
7 Vector display only draws lines and chara Raster display has ability to display areas,filled 
cters. with solid colors or patterns.
3. Explain cathode ray tube.

Ans:
Monitor is an output device that resembles the television
screen and uses a cathode ray tube (CRT) to display information
The monitor is associated with a keyboard for manual input of
characters and displays the information as it is keyed in.it also
displays the program or application output. The operation of
most video monitors is based on the standard cathode ray tube
(CRT) design.

Today most video monitors are based on CRT design. In this a

beam of electrons is emitted by an electron gun.then it is
passed to focusing and deflection systems,which directs the
beam towards specified positions on the phosphor-coated
screen.
The phosphor then emits a small spot of light at each position
contacted by the electron beam.light emitted by the phosphor
fades very rapidly so refresh CRT method is used to maintain
the picture on the screen.
In refresh CRT, picture is redrawn repeatedly by focusing
electron beam to same points again and again.the main
component in electron gun is metal cathode and control grid.
Cathode is used to emitting electrons.control grid is used to
control intensity of electron beam.
There is a small hole at the end of control grid. If high negative
voltage is applied to the grid then beam will not be able to pass
through the hole. If small negative voltage is applied then
number of electrons in beam will describe so amount of light
emitted will be less. Because it depends on the number of
electrons striking the screen. So we can control the brightness
of a display by varying the voltage on the control grid.
Focusing system is used to force electron beam to converge
into small sport as it strikes the phosphor. Otherwise beam will
spread out.
The distance to be traveled by the electron beam varies for the
different points on the screen. Thus electron beam can be
focused properly at center of screen. As beam moves towards
outer edges, images become blurred. So for that deflection
system is used.
There are many types of phosphors in different persistence are
available. I.e. how long they continue to emit light after CRT
beam is removed.

Terms related to CRT:-

Persistence: it is defined as the time it takes for the light to
decrease its intensity to one tenth of its original intensity. For
example if a dot emits 50 units of light and after 2 seconds,it
decreases to 5 units(50/10),thus persistence is 2 sec.if
persistence is lower, the refresh rate required is higher.
Flicker:when an image keeps flashing continuously on screen
that is known as flicker.
Fluorescence:the glowing of phosphor when an electron strike
is known as fluorescence.
Resolution:the maximum no. Of points that can be displayed
without overlap is referred as resolution.the precise definition
of resolution is:the no.of points per centimeter that can be
plotted horizontally and vertically.for high quality
systems,there is resolution of 1280 x 1024.such systems are
also known as high definition systems.
Aspect ratio:the ratio of vertical points to horizontal points
necessary to produce equal length lines,is called aspect ratio.
for example aspect ratio of 3/4 means vertical line plotted with
3 points on screen,has same length as horizontal line plotted
with 4 points.

4. explain Raster scan and Random scan system.

Ans:
Raster scanning:
Raster scanning is a technique for generating or recording a
video image by means of a line-by-line sweep.television and
printers use raster scan methods.

Most common graphics monitor using CRT are raster-scan

displays.in this,the electron beam is swept from top to bottom,
one row at a time.As electron beam moves across each row,
the beam intensity is turned ion or off to create pattern. This
scanning is also known as interlaced scanning.
Picture definition is stored I memory area called as refresh or
frame buffer. It has intensity values for all screen points. These
values are then retrieved and painted on screen one row at a
time.
Each screen point is called as pixel or pel (picture element).
intensity of pixel depends on capability of raster.
If monochrome system is there then each screen point will be
either on or off. So one bit per pixel is needed to store the
intensity of screen points. If color system is there then more
number of bits per pixel will be required to store the intensity
values. High quality systems can have 24 bits per pixel which
will require several megabytes of frame buffer. For example for
a system with 24 bits per pixel.
Random scanning (vector scan):
In random scan displays, the electron beam is directed towards
parts of the screen where the picture is to be drawn. It draws
picture one line at a time. they are also known as vector
displays or stroke writing or calligraphic displays.
Refresh rate depends on number of lines to be displayed.
Picture definition is stored as set of line drawing commands in
memory area called as refresh display file or display list or
display program or refresh buffer.
To display picture, the system goes through display file and
draws each component line. After all commands are processed,
the system comes back to the first line command. Random scan
systems are designed for line drawing applications and cannot
displays realistic scenes. But they have higher resolution then
raster scan system. Random scan system displays smooth line
while raster system produces jagged lines.
As illustrated in figure, CRT directs the electron beam only to
the parts of the screen where a picture is to be drawn. This kind
of device draws only a line on the screen given by its two end
points. Also there is no frame buffer present for this kind of
systems.
5. Write the principle application of image processing and
explain what is image processing.

Ans:
Image processing which is a technique used to modify existing
pictures, such as photographs and TV scans. It is used to
process image by changing property of the image.
Two-principle applications of image processing are
1. Improving picture quality.
2. Machine perception of visual information, as used in
robotics.

Image processing and computer graphics are typically

combined in many applications.
Medicine, for example uses these techniques to model and
study physical function, to design artificial limbs and to plan
and practice surgery.
6. Write short note on color CRT.

Ans:
The CRT Monitor display by using a combination of phosphors.
The phosphors are different colors. There are two popular
approaches for producing color displays with a CRT are:
1. Beam Penetration Method
2. Shadow-Mask Method
1. Beam Penetration Method:
The Beam-Penetration method has been used with random-
scan monitors. In this method, the CRT screen is coated with
two layers of phosphor, red and green and the displayed color
depends on how far the electron beam penetrates the
phosphor layers.
This method produces four colors only, red, green, orange and
yellow. A beam of slow electrons excites the outer red layer
only; hence screen shows red color only. A beam of high-speed
electrons excites the inner green layer. Thus screen shows a
green color.

2.Shadow-Mask Method:
Shadow Mask Method is commonly used in Raster-Scan System
because they produce a much wider range of colors than the
beam-penetration method.
It is used in the majority of color TV sets and monitors.
Construction: A shadow mask CRT has 3 phosphor color dots at
each pixel position.
One phosphor dot emits:        red light
Another emits:                        green light
Third emits:                            blue light
This type of CRT has 3 electron guns, one for each color dot and
a shadow mask grid just behind the phosphor coated screen.
Shadow mask grid is pierced with small round holes in a
triangular pattern.
Figure shows the delta-delta shadow mask method commonly
used in color CRT system.

7.Explain beam-penetration method with its advantages and

disadvantages.

Ans:
This method has been used with random scan monitors. In
beam-penetration method,there are two layers of phosphor,
red and green, are coated onto the inside of the CRT screen.
If the beam contains slow electrons, then the outer red layer is
excited. If the beam contains fast electrons, then the inner
green layer is excited. If speed is medium, then we can get
orange and yellow colors. The beam acceleration voltage
controls the speed of the electrons.
Advantages:
This method is inexpensive(cheap) in random scan monitors.
Disadvantages:
Only four colors are possible.
Quality of pictures is not as good as with another method.

8.Explain shadow-mask technique with its advantages and

disadvantages.

Ans:
Shadow-mask methods are commonly used in raster scan
systems,because they produce a much wide range of colors.
There are 3 electron guns(one for each color) to produce
red,green and blue colors. The electron beam are passed
through the shadow mask. Different colors can be produced by
the different intensity of the beam from all guns. For e.g. all
guns with equal intensity gives white color. In high quality
systems, 24 bits per pixel is used in frame buffer. This type of
system is called true-color or full-color system.
Color CRTs in graphics systems are designed as RGB monitors.
These monitors use shadow mask methods and take the
intensity level for each electron gun (RGB) directly from the
computer system without any intermediate processing. The
operation of this method is as shown in following figure.

Advantages:
Realistic image
Million different colors to be generated
Shadow scenes are possible
Disadvantages:
Relatively expensive compared with the monochrome CRT.
Relatively poor resolution
Convergence Problem

9.write the difference between LED and LCD.

Ans:

LCD LED
LCD stands for liquid  LED stands for light 
crystal display. emitting diodes.
All LCDs are not a su All LEDs are a subset 
bset of LED TV’s. of LCD TV’s.
LCDs primarily use f LEDs use light emitti
luorescent lights ng diodes
Fluorescent lights use Light emitting diodes 
d are usually placed b are usually placed be
ehind the screen. hind the screen or aro
und the edges.
LCDs are usually thic LEDs are much thinn
ker in size and lack e er in size and are muc
nergy efficiency com h more energy efficie
pared to LEDs nt.

10.Explain what is input devices and explain any two.

Ans:
An input device can be defined as an electromechanical device
that allows the user to feed data and instructions into the
computer for analysis,storage,and to give the commands to the
computer. Data and instructions are entered into the
computer’s main memory through an input device. Input
device captures data and translates it into a form that can be
broadly classified into following categories:
1. Keyboard
2. Touch panel
3. Digitizing tablet
4. Mouse
i. Mechanical mouse
ii. Optical mouse
5. Trackball
6. Data glove
7. Light pen
8. Image scanners
9. Postscript
10. Joystick
11. Magnetic-Ink character recognition(MICR)
12. Bar code reader (BCR)
13. Digital camera
14. The speech input device
Digitizing tablet:

An input device that enables you to enter drawings and

sketches into a computer. A digitizing tablet consists of an
electronic tablet and a cursor or pen. A cursor is similar to a
mouse, except that it has a window with cross hairs for
pinpoint placement, and it can have as many as 16 buttons. A
pen looks like a simple ballpoint pen but uses an electronic
head instead of ink.
The tablet contains electronics that enable it to detect
movement of the cursor or pen and translate the movements
into digital signals that it sends to the computer. For digitizing
tablets, each point on the tablet represents a point on the
display screen in a fixed manner. This differs from mice, in
which all movement is relative to the current cursor position.
The static nature of digitizing tablets makes them particularly
effective for tracing drawings. Most modern digitizing tablets
also support a mouse emulation mode, in which the pen or
cursor acts like a mouse.
Digitizing tablets are also called digitizer ,graphics tablets, touch
tablets, or simply tablets.

Image scanners:

Scanner is an input device used for direct data entry from the
source document into the computer system. It converts the
document image into digital form so that it can be fed into the
computer.

A scanner scans an image and transforms the image to ASCII

codes and graphics. This can be edited, manipulated, combined
and then printed. Scanners use a light beam to scan the input
data. If the data to be scanned is an image,it can be changed by
using the special image editing software. If the image is a page
of a text, then the special optical character recognition
software must be used to convert the image of letters in the
text and this can be edited by using a word processor. Most of
the scanners come with a utility program that allows it to
communicate with the computer and save the scanned image
as a graphic file on the computer. Commonly scanners are
classified in two types:
 Hand-held scanner
 Flat-bed scanner