[ANAPHY] MOD 03 - MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Bone TB occurs when you contract tuberculosis and it
AGING ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM AND JOINTS
DISORDERS OF SKELETAL AND JOINTS
EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
AND JOINTS
All of these prevents balance, adequate support, and
assistive devices:
1. Decreased Collagen Production - we can expect
that these tissues become less flexible and elastic
leading to the strength of tendons and flexibility to
be limited in range of motion; effect of changing
and probably diet
2. Loss of Bone Density - decrease in bone mineral
density and bone mass; decrease bone strength
and prone to fractures
3. Degenerative Changes - natural part of aging
when there is (1) decrease in tissue repair brought
by cell proliferation (decrease in cell number or
decline in cell production); (2) decline or
decrease in blood vessel development; (3)
decrease in the amount of synovial fluid; (4)
decrease in the range of motion
GIGANTISM
Abnormally increased body size due to excessive
growth at the epiphyseal plates. Pituitary gland makes
too much growth hormone, which is also known as
somatotropin. This is very difficult to assess in newborns
up to childhood because usually people with gigantism
has normal childhood development, but when they
turn to adulthood, doon nagmamanifest.
DWARFISM
● Abnormally small body size due to improper
growth at the epiphyseal plates. Dwarfism is short
stature that results from a genetic or medical
condition. Most common example is skeletal
dysplasia where there is abnormal bone growth
leading to disproportionate short stature.
● There are two major types of skeletal dysplasia: (1)
short trunk - maliit sila and then shortened yung
trunk pero average or normal yung mga limbs (2)
short limb dwarfism - they have normal trunk but
shortened arms and legs
RICKETS
Growth retardation due to nutritional deficiencies in
minerals (Calcium) or vitamin D; results in bones that
are soft, weak, and easily fractured. Disease of growing
children that affects how the growth plates of bones
develop. Easily fractured
OSTEOMALACIA
● Softening of adult bones due to calcium
depletion; often cause by vitamin D deficiency.
Also easily fractured
● Diagnostic test for rickets and osteo: blood test
reveals decrease in calcium, phosphorus, and
high levels of alkaline phosphatase
● X-ray: change of bone shape
● Monitor the diet of patients
BONE TB
spreads outside of the lungs. Tuberculosis is normally
spread from person to person through the air. After you
contract tuberculosis, it can travel through the blood
from the lungs or lymph nodes into the bones, spine, or
joints. TB of the spine is also called Pott’s Disease
caused by mycobacterium tuberculae. The most
common area in the spine is the thoracic spine. To
prevent muscle atrophy, exercise is needed.
OSTEOPOROSIS
Causes bones to become weak and brittle-- so brittle
that a fall or even mild stresses such as bending over or
coughing can cause a fracture. Osteoporosis-related
fractures most commonly occur in the hip, wrist, or
spine. There is decline in bone mass and density leading
to being prone to fracture. Most common in post
menopausal women and older men. Asians and white
race are also prone to this. Calcium rich diet and
exercise is needed.
ARTHRITIS
● Inflammation of a joint causes include infectious
agents, metabolic disorders, trauma and immune
disorders. Signs and symptoms include pain,
inflammation, and degeneration on the joints.
Avoid sudden movements or pressure to a
particular part of the body or will lead to limited
motion.
● Most common area are the hands, feet, hips,
knees and lower back.
Examples of arthritis:
Ankylosing spondylitis - the arthritis of the spine
Juvenile arthritis - disorder where the immune system
attacks the tissues around the joints
Psoriatic arthritis - inflammation that develops in people
with psoriasis (a skin disorder)
OSTEOARTHRITIS (OA)
● Most common type of arthritis; affects 85% of
Americans over age 70; characterized by gradual
degeneration of a joint with advancing age; can
be delayed with exercise.
● OA can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling. In some
cases it also causes reduced function and
disability; the wear and tear of all our joints
● Part of the aging process is the breakdown of the
joint cartilage from repeated stress, sudden
change in movement, joint injury or overuse such
as knee bending and repetitive stress can lead to
this
Risk Factors:
(1) Age, (2) gender; more common in women age
past 50, (3) weight bearing; obesity puts extra
stress on weight bearing joints such as knees and
hips, (4) genetics, (5) race; Asian populations have
higher risk
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
● General connective tissue autoimmune disease
wherein the own immune system attacks the
synovial membrane in our joints. Most common in
the small joints in the hands, wrists, and feet. It is
also termed as a systemic disease which means
na pwede ring maaffect yung eyes, lungs, skin,
and heart. People with RA are at higher risk of
heart disease than those who don't.
● Signs and Symptoms include the joints becoming
inflamed, stiff, painful and swollen.

GOUT
● Increased in production and accumulation of uric
acid crystals in tissues, including joint capsules. Most
common site is in the big toe
● Signs and symptoms include pain in the big toe,
redness, and swelling. Need ng diet modification as
intake of legumes, beans, meat, peanuts are prone
sa gout formation

JOINTS DISORDERS
● Lyme Disease - caused by the bacterium Borrelia
burgdorferi and rarely, Borrelia mayonii. It is
transmitted to humans through the bite of
infected blacklegged ticks (also known as deer
tick). If left untreated, infection can spread to
joints, the heart, and the nervous system. Skin
lesions similar to a bullseye.
● Other manifestations may include fever, BUNION
headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash
called erythema migrans or bull's-eye shaped Most bunions are deformations of the first metatarsal
rash. (the great toe); bursitis may accompany this deformity;
● Since it affects our joints, pwede ring magkaroon irritated by tight shoes. Usual joint affected is the
ng arthritis or affectations sa joints known as Lyme metatarsophalangeal or the MTP joint. There is also
Arthritis. pain, redness, swelling and difficulty in moving the toe.
Lyme Arthritis can typically be identified by the 4
characteristics:
1. Often occurs in one side of the body
2. Primarily affects the knee and ankles
3. There is an intermittent pain that does not
prevent walking
4. There is noticeable swelling in the affected
joints

TENDINITIS/TENDONITIS
inflammation/irritation of tendon sheaths, often from
overuse, such as tennis elbow. Tendons are
connections between the muscles and bones. Most
common places include the base of the thumb, elbow,
shoulder, hip, and knee. Caused by repetitive minor
impact on the affected area and sudden injury.

BURSITIS
● Inflammation of a bursa, often due to forceful
contact or prolonged contact, such as a student's
elbow from leaning on a desk.
● The bursa is a flat, fluid-filled sac that provides
cushioning where your skin, muscles, tendons,
ligaments rub over a bone. It reduces friction and
prevents the wear and tear that can occur when
DISLOCATION
one structure rubs over the other. They can be
found beneath the skin (superficial bursae), and Movement of bones out of their correct alignment at a
under muscles and tendons (deep bursae?). joint; a partial dislocation is a subluxation. The important
● Bursitis can be also caused by a microorganism management for this is immobility. Most common
called Staphylococcus aureus.
location are the shoulders, fingers, elbows, knees, and
the hips.

SPRAIN
● Stretching or tearing of ligaments supporting a
joint. The ligament which attaches bone to bone is
the one affected. Caused by falling, twisting, or
getting hit. Other symptoms include pain, swelling,
bruising, and unable to move the joint.
● Strain - stretched or torn muscles or tendons. Also
caused by twisting or pulling these tissues.
Manifestations include pain, spasms, swelling and
difficulty in moving the affected extremity.
● Management for both is rest, keeping the
extremity immobile, ice, compression or
application of bandages, and elevation to
decrease the swelling.