The Basic Principles of OFDM

The Basic Principles of OFDM
Gwo-Ruey Lee
CCU
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Outlines
 The Basic Principles of OFDM [1-7]

 FFT-based OFDM System
 Serial and Parallel Concepts [1,7]
 Modulation/Mapping [10,11]
 M-ary Phase Shift Keying
 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
 IFFT and FFT [8,9]
 Signal Representation of OFDM using IDFT/DFT
 Orthogonality [1-7]
 Guard Interval and Cyclic Extension [1-7]
 Advantages and Disadvantages [1,4,7]
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FFT-based OFDM System 1/3
x bits d0 s0
Serial
Data d1 s1
Input
Serial-to-
Signal
Parallel- Guard D/A &
Up- s (t )
Parallel IFFT to-Serial Interval Low pass
Mapper Converter
Converter Converter Insertion Filter
d n 1 sn1
Fast Fourier
Transform Subchannels
Guard
Intervals
Frequency
Symbols Channel
Time
x bits d̂ 0 ŝ0
Serial
Parallel-
d̂1 ŝ1 Serial-to- Guard
Data Signal One-tap Down-
Output to-Serial FFT Parallel Interval A/D
Demapper Equalizer Converter
Converter Converter Removal
dˆn1 sˆn1
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Lab. FFT-based OFDM System
OFDM Transmitter 2/3
x bits
x1 d1 s1
Serial
d2 D/A
Data Serial-to- x2 Signal s2 Parallel- Guard
&
Input Parallel Mapper IFFT to-Serial Interval
Lowpass
Converter x (QPSK)   Converter Insertion
n 1 dn1 sn 1 Filter
. 01
x1=[0,0]
.
10
.
00
d1=1
I
. 11
Q
. 01
x2=[0,1] .
10
.
.
00
I d2=i
x=[0,0,0,1,1,0,1,1,….]
11
. 01
x3=[1,0] .
10
.
00
I d3=-1
. 11
x4=[1,1] . 01
.
10 00
. d4=-i
.
…..
11
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Lab. FFT-based OFDM System
OFDM Transmitter 3/3
x bits
x1 d1 s1
Serial
d2 D/A
Data Serial-to- x2 Signal s2 Parallel- Guard
&
Input Parallel Mapper IFFT to-Serial Interval
  Lowpass
Converter x n 1
(QPSK)
dn1 sn 1
Converter Insertion
Filter
é1 ù 0.2
ê ú s = [ -0.09,
0.15
-0.003-0.096i, L , 0.01+ 0.247i, -0.035-0.0472i ]
êi ú 0.1
ê ú
d i = êê Mú
0.05
ú 0.2
0 CP 0.2
ê1 ú
0.15
CP CP
0.15
-0.05
ê ú
0.1
0.1
0.05
ê- 1ú
-0.1 0.05
êë ú DATA
0
û -0.05
-0.1
-0.15
CP CP -0.05
-0.1
-0.2
-0.15
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-0.15
-0.2 -0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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Series and Parallel Concepts 1/3
 In OFDM system design, the series and parallel

converter is considered to realize the concept of
parallel data transmission.
Serial Parallel
data Serial-to- data
Parallel
Converter

0 Tb 2Tb t 0 t
Ts  NTb
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 Series
 In a conventional serial data system, the symbols are
transmitted sequentially, with the frequency spectrum of
each data symbol allowed to occupy the entire available
bandwidth.
 When the data rate is sufficient high, several adjacent
symbols may be completely distorted over frequency
selective fading or multipath delay spread channel.
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 Parallel
 The spectrum of an individual data element normally
occupies only a small part of available bandwidth.
 Because of dividing an entire channel bandwidth into many
narrow subbands, the frequency response over each
individual subchannel is relatively flat.
 A parallel data transmission system offers possibilities
for alleviating this problem encountered with serial
systems.
 Resistance to frequency selective fading
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Modulation/Mapping 1/1
 The process of mapping the information bits onto t

he signal constellation plays a fundamental role in d
etermining the properties of the modulation.
 An OFDM signal consists of a sum of sub-carriers,
each of which contains M-ary phase shift keyed (PS
K) or quadrature amplitude modulated (QAM) signal
s.
 Modulation types over OFDM systems
 Phase shift keying (PSK)
 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
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Mapping - Phase Shift Keying 1/2
 M-ary phase shift keying

 Consider M-ary phase-shift keying (M-PSK) for which the
signal set is
2 Es  2  i  1 
si  t   cos  2 f ct   0  t  Ts , i  1, 2,..., M
Ts  M 
where Es is the signal energy per symbol, Ts is the
symbol duration, and f c is the carrier frequency.
 This phase of the carrier takes on one of the M

possible values, namely  i  2  i  1  M , where
i  1, 2,..., M
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Mapping - Phase Shift Keying 2/2
 An example of signal-space diagram for 8-PSK .

2
Es m3 Decision
boundary
m4 m2
d Decision
region
 Es  M Es
1
m5  M m1
m6 m8
message
point
 Es m7
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Lab. Mapping –
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 1/2
 The transmitted M-ary QAM signal for symbol i can be

expressed as
2E 2E
sn  t   an cos  2 f ct   bn sin  2 f ct  , 0  t  T ,
T T
where E is the energy of the signal with the lowest

amplitude, and E  a 2 , an and bn are amplitudes taking
on the values, and,
an , bn   a, 3a, ,   log 2 M  1 a ,
where M is assumed to be a power of 4.
 The parameter a can be related to the average signal
energy ( Es ) by
3 Es
a
2  M  1
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Lab. Mapping –
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 2/2
 An example of signal-space diagram for 16-square

QAM.
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IFFT and FFT 1/1
 Inverse DFT and DFT are critical in the

implementation of an OFDM system.
N 1 2
1 j kn
IDFT x[n ] 
N
 X [k ]e
k 0
N
N 1 2
j
 x[n ]e
kn
DFT X [k ]  N
n 0
 IFFT and FFT algorithms are the fast

implementation for the IDFT and DFT.
 In the IEEE 802.11a, the size of IFFT and FFT is
N=64. CCU
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Lab. Signal Representation of OFDM using
IDFT/DFT 1/2
 Signal representation of OFDM using IDFT/DFT
 Now, consider a data X   X 0 , X 1 ,, X n ,, X N  2 , X N 1 

X k  Ak  jBk
sequence , and
,
N 1 N 1
1 1
xn 
N
 X ke
k 0
j  2 kn / N 

N
 k
X
k 0
e  j 2 f k tn 
, n  0,1, 2 N  1,
f k  k /  N t  tn  nt t
where , , and is an
arbitrarily chosen
Xk symbol duration of the serial data
sequence .
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Lab. Signal Representation of OFDM using
IDFT/DFT 2/2
sn  Re  xn 
N 1
1

N
  A cos 2 f t
k 0
k k n  Bk sin 2 f k tn  , n  0,1,2 N -1.
 If these components are applied to a low-pass filter at

time intervals
N 1
1
s (t ) 
N
  A cos 2 f t  B
k 0
k k k sin 2 f k t  , 0  t  N t .
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Orthogonality 2/2
 Digital communication systems

 In time domain In frequency domain
1 , i j  1 , i  j

     Xi  f  X *
 f  df  
 i 
*
x t x t dt  j
j
0 , i j

0 , i  j
 OFDM
 Two conditions must be considered for the orthogonality
between the subcarriers.
 1. Each subcarrier has exactly an integer number of cycles in
the FFT interval.
 2. The number of cycles between adjacent subcarriers differs
by exactly one.
k n n k
t s T  j 2  t ts  N 1 j 2  t ts  N 1 ts T j 2  t t s 
 e T
  dn e T
dt   d n  e T
dt  d k T
ts ts
n0 n 0 CCU
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Orthogonality 2/2
Time domain Frequency domain
Example of four subcarriers within one OFDM Spectra of individual subcarriers

symbol
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Guard Interval and Cyclic Extension 1/7
 OFDM symbol
 OFDM symbol duration Ttotal  T  Tg .
OFDM symbol duration
Guard Interval DATA
Guard FFT integration duration

interval
Tg T
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Guard Interval and Cyclic Extension 2/7
 Two different sources of interference can be

identified in the OFDM system.
 Intersymbol interference (ISI) is defined as the
crosstalk between signals within the same sub-channel of
consecutive FFT frames, which are separated in time by
the signaling interval T.
 Inter-carrier interference (ICI) is the crosstalk between
adjacent subchannels or frequency bands of the same FFT
frame.
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Guard Interval and Cyclic Extension3/7
 Delay spread
Environment Delay Spread
Home < 50 ns
Office ~ 100 ns
Manufactures 200 ~ 300 ns
Suburban < 10 us
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 For the purpose to eliminate the effect of ISI, the

guard interval could consist of no signals at all.
 Guard interval (or cyclic extension) is used in
OFDM systems to combat against multipath fading.
Tg :guard interval
Tdelay  spread
:multi path delay spread
Tg  Tdelay  spread
 In that case, however, the problem of intercarrier
interference (ICI) would arise.
 The reason is that there is no integer number of
cycles difference between subcarriers within the
FFT interval. CCU
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If T g < T dely-spread
Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol 2 Tg Symbol 3 Tg Symbol 4 ﹒﹒﹒﹒
Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol 2 Tg Symbol 3 ﹒﹒﹒﹒
Tdely-spread
If T g > T dely-spread
Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol 2 Tg Symbol 3 Tg Symbol 4 ﹒﹒﹒﹒
﹒﹒﹒﹒
Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol 2 Tg Symbol 3
Tdely-spread
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 To eliminate ICI, the OFDM symbol is cyclically

extended in the guard interval.
 This ensures that delayed replicas of the OFDM
symbol always have an integer number of cycles
within the FFT interval, as long as the delay is
smaller than the guard interval.
Guard Interval
(Cyclic Extension)
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 Effect of multipath with zero signals in the guard

interval, the delayed subcarrier 2 causes ICI on
subcarrier 1 and vice versa.
Part of subcarrier #2
causing ICI on
subcarrier #1
Subcarrier #1
Delayed subcarrier #2
Guard time FFT integration time=1/carrier spacing Guard time FFT integration time=1/carrier spacing
OFDM symbol time OFDM symbol time CCU

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 Time and frequency representation of OFDM with

guard intervals. 1/T Subchannels
Tg
Fast Fourier Transform
T
Guard Frequency
Intervals
Symbols
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Advantages and Disadvantages 1/3
 Advantages
 Immunity to delay spread
 Symbol duration >> channel impulse response
 Guard interval
 Resistance to frequency selective fading
 Each subchannel is almost flat fading
 Simple equalization
 Each subchannel is almost flat fading, so it only
needs a one-tap equalizer to overcome channel effect.
 Efficient bandwidth usage
 The subchannel is kept orthogonality with overlap.
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 Disadvantages
 The problem of synchronization
 Symbol synchronization
 Timing errors
 Carrier phase noise
 Frequency synchronization
 Sampling frequency synchronization
 Carrier frequency synchronization
 Need FFT units at transmitter, receiver

 The complexity of computations
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 Sensitive to carrier frequency offset
 The effect of ICI
 The problem of high peak to average power ratio (PAPR)

 Problem 1. It increased complexity of the analog-to-
digital and digital-to-analog converters.
 Problem2. It reduced efficiency of the RF power
amplifier.
 The solutions
 1.Signal distortion techniques,which reduce the peak amplitudes simply by
nonlinearly distorting the OFDM signal at or around the peaks.
 2.Coding techniques using a special forward-error-correction code
 3. It is based on scrambling each OFDM symbol with different scrambling sequences
and then the sequence that gives the smallest PAP ratio is selected.
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References
 [1] Richard van Nee, Ramjee Prasad, OFDM wireless multimedia communication , Artech House Boston Lo
ndon, 2000.
 [2] Ahmad R. S. Bahai and Burton R. Saltzberg, Multi-carrier digital communications - Theory and applic
ations of OFDM, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, 1
999.
 [3] Ramjee Prasad, “OFDM based wireless broadband multimedia communication,” Letter Notes on ISC
OM’99, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Nov. 7-10, 1999.
 [4] L. Hanzo, W. Webb and T. Keller, Single- and multi-carrier quadrature amplitude modulation – Princi
ples and applications for personal communications, WLANs and broadcasting , John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2
000.
 [5] Mark Engels, Wireless Ofdm Systems: How to Make Them Work? Kluwer Academic Publishers.
 [6] Lajos Hanzo, William Webb, Thomas Keller, Single and Multicarrier Modulation: Principles and Applic
ations, 2nd edition, IEEE Computer Society.
 [7] Zou, W.Y.; Yiyan Wu, “ COFDM: An overview ” Broadcasting, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 41, Issue 1,
pp. 1 –8, Mar. 1995.
 [8] Emmanuel C. Ifeachor & Barrie W. Jervis, Digital signal processing – A practical approach , Addision-
Wesley, 1993.
 [9] Blahut, R. E., Fast Algorithms for digital processing. Reading, Ma: Addison-Wesley, 1985.
 [10] Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 3 rd edition, 1994.
 [11] Roger L. Peterson, Rodger E. Ziemer, David E. Borth, Introduction to spread spectrum communicati
ons, Prentice Hall International Editions, 1995.
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The Basic Principles of OFDM

 The Basic Principles of OFDM [1-7]

 In OFDM system design, the series and parallel

 The process of mapping the information bits onto t

 M-ary phase shift keying

 This phase of the carrier takes on one of the M

 An example of signal-space diagram for 8-PSK .

 The transmitted M-ary QAM signal for symbol i can be

where E is the energy of the signal with the lowest

 An example of signal-space diagram for 16-square

 Inverse DFT and DFT are critical in the

 IFFT and FFT algorithms are the fast

 Signal representation of OFDM using IDFT/DFT

 Now, consider a data X   X 0 , X 1 ,, X n ,, X N  2 , X N 1 

 If these components are applied to a low-pass filter at

 Digital communication systems

Time domain Frequency domain

Example of four subcarriers within one OFDM Spectra of individual subcarriers

OFDM symbol duration

Guard Interval DATA

Guard FFT integration duration

 Two different sources of interference can be

Environment Delay Spread

Manufactures 200 ~ 300 ns

 For the purpose to eliminate the effect of ISI, the

Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol 2 Tg Symbol 3 Tg Symbol 4 ﹒﹒﹒﹒

Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol 2 Tg Symbol 3 ﹒﹒﹒﹒

Tg Symbol 1 Tg Symbol 2 Tg Symbol 3 Tg Symbol 4 ﹒﹒﹒﹒

 To eliminate ICI, the OFDM symbol is cyclically

 Effect of multipath with zero signals in the guard

OFDM symbol time OFDM symbol time CCU

 Time and frequency representation of OFDM with

 Need FFT units at transmitter, receiver

 The problem of high peak to average power ratio (PAPR)

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