Computer Graphics

What is
Computer Graphics ?
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Computer Graphics

Image Analysis
(pattern recognition)

Mathematical
Image
Model

Image Synthesis
(Rendering)

Modeling Image processing

Computer Graphics – Supporting Disciplines

➔ Computer science (algorithms, data

structures, software engineering, …)
➔ Mathematics (geometry, numerical, …)
➔ Physics (Optics, mechanics, …)
➔ Psychology (Colour, perception)
➔ Art and design
Video Display Devices
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
➔ Basic design of a Magnetic Deflection CRT
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
➔ Operation of an electron gun with an
accelerating anode
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
➔ Intensity
of the electron beam controlled by
setting voltage levels of the control grid
➔ Focusingsystem forces the electron beam
to converge into a small spot
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
➔ Electrostatic deflection of the electron beam
in a CRT
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
➔ Persistenceof phosphors : how long the
phosphor continue to emit light

➔ Resolution : the maximum number of points

that can be displayed without overlap on a
CRT
➔Number of points per centimeter (or inch)
that can be plotted horizontally or vertically
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes
➔ Aspect Ratio : ratio or vertical points to
horizontal points necessary to produce
equal-length lines in both directions on the
screen
➔Example : 3/4 , 9/16, etc
Raster-Scan Displays
➔ Raster-Scandisplay : most common type of
graphics monitor employing a CRT
➔ Picturedefinition is stored in memory area
called frame buffer or refresh buffer.
➔ Electronbeam moves across the screen one
row at a time(scan line), top to bottom
➔ Each screen point is known as a pixel or pel
(short for picture element)
Raster-Scan Displays
➔ Horizontal retrace : after refreshing each
scan line, the electron beam returns to the
left side of the screen to begin displaying
next scan line
➔ Verticalretrace : at the end of each frame,
the electron beam returns to the top left
corner of the screen to begin the next frame
Raster-Scan Displays
➔ Interlaced refresh : In the first pass, the
beam sweeps across every other scan line
from top to bottom
➔ Then,
after vertical retrace, the beam
sweeps out remaining scan lines
Random-Scan Displays
➔ Aka.Vector or Stroke-writing or Caligraphic
displays
Colour CRT Monitors
➔ Combine phosphors that emit different-
coloured light.
➔ Combining different phosphors produce
range of colours.
➔ Two Techniques
➔Beam-Penetration method
➔Shadow-Mask method
Colour CRT Monitors
➔ Beam-Penetration method
➔Used with Random-scan monitors.
➔Two layers of phosphor (red and green) are
coated inside of the CRT screen
➔Displayed colour depends on how far the
electron beam penetrates into the layers.
➔Very fast electrons penetrates to the
second later. Slow electrons only one layer.
Colour CRT Monitors
➔ Beam-Penetration method
➔Inexpensive way to produce colour in
random-scan monitors
➔Only 4 colours are possible
➔Quality not good
Colour CRT Monitors
➔ Shadow Mask method
➔Used in Raster-scan systems
➔Produce wider range of colours.
➔3 phosphor colour dots at each pixel
position – Red, Green and Blue.
➔3 electron guns
➔Shadow mask behind the phosphor coated
screen.
Colour CRT Monitors
➔ Shadow Mask method
Colour CRT Monitors

➔ Cutaway rendering of a color CRT: 1. Electron guns 2. Electron

beams 3. Focusing coils 4. Deflection coils 5. Anode connection 6.
Mask for separating beams for red, green, and blue part of
displayed image 7. Phosphor layer with red, green, and blue zones
8. Close-up of the phosphor-coated inner side of the screen
Flat Panel Displays
➔ Two Categories
➔Emissive Displays
➔ Convert electrical energy into light
➔Plasma panels, Thin-film
electroluminescent displays, LED displays
➔Nonemissive Displays
➔ Use optical effects to convert sunlight or
light from other source into graphic patterns
➔LCD
Flat Panel Displays – Plasma Panel
➔ Plasma panels, also called gas-discharge displays, are
constructed by filling the region between two glass plates
with a mixture of gases that usually includes neon.
Flat Panel Displays – Plasma Panel
➔ Vertical & Horizontal conducting ribbons is placed on
glass panel – one on each side
➔ Firing voltages applied to an intersecting pair of
conductors cause the gas at the intersection to break
down into a glowing plasma of electrons and ions.
➔ Picture definition stored in
Frame Buffer
➔ Also called as
Gas Panel Displays
Flat Panel Displays – Plasma Panel
➔ Vertical & Horizontal conducting ribbons is placed on
glass panel – one on each side
➔ Firing voltages applied to an intersecting pair of
conductors cause the gas at the intersection to break
down into a glowing plasma of electrons and ions.
➔ Picture definition stored in
Frame Buffer
➔ Also called as
Gas Panel Displays
Flat Panel Displays – Thin-film
Electroluminescent Displays (TFT)
➔ Similar to Plasma Panels
➔ The region between the glass plates is filled with a
phosphor, such as zinc sulfide doped with manganese,
instead of a gas.
➔ High voltage is applied to a
pair of crossing electrodes:
➔ Electrical energy is absorbed
by the manganese atoms,
which then release the
energy as a spot of light
similar to the glowing plasma
effect in a plasma panel.
Flat Panel Displays – Light Emitting Diode
➔A matrix of diodes is arranged to form the
pixel positions in the display.
Flat Panel Displays – Liquid Crystal Displays
➔ Non-Emmisive

➔ By passing polarized
light from the
surroundings or from
an internal light
source through a
liquid-crystal material
that can be aligned to
either block or
transmit the light.
Flat Panel Displays – Liquid Crystal Displays
➔ The term liquid crystal
refers to the fact that these
compounds have a
crystalline arrangement of
molecules, yet they flow
like a liquid.
➔ Flat-panel displays
commonly use nematic
(threadlike) liquid-crystal
compounds that tend to
keep the long axes of the
rod-shaped molecules
aligned.
Flat Panel Displays
➔ Two Categories
➔Emissive Displays
➔Plasma panels, Thin-film
electroluminescent displays, LED displays
➔Nonemissive Displays
➔ LCD
Graphics Monitors and Workstations
Graphics Monitors and Workstations
Graphics Monitors and Workstations
Input Devices
Input Devices
➔ KeyBoards ➔ Touch Panels
➔ Mouse ➔ Light Pens
➔ Trackball
& ➔ Voice Systems
Spaceball
➔ Joysticks

➔ Data Glove
➔ Digitizers

➔ Image Scanners
Input Devices
Input Devices
Input Devices
Input Devices
Hard-Copy Devices
➔ Impact Printers
➔press formed character faces against an
inked ribbon onto the paper
➔ Dot-Matrix printer, Line printer
➔Non-impact Printers
➔use laser techniques, ink-jet sprays,
electrostatic methods, and electrothermal
methods to get images onto paper.
Hard-Copy Devices – Impact Printers
Hard-Copy Devices – Impact Printers
Hard-Copy Devices – Non Impact Printers
➔ In a laser device, a laser beam creates a charge
distribution on a rotating drum coated with a
photoelectric material, such as selenium.
➔ Toner is applied to the drum and then
transferred to paper.
➔ Ink-jet
methods produce output by squirting ink in
horizontal rows across a roll of paper wrapped on
a drum.
Hard-Copy Devices – Non Impact Printers
Hard-Copy Devices – Non Impact Printers