Name: Romero, Francis Ronald

PSY1101

Briefly describe hyperopia and myopia and how these two common disorders of vision differ.
(10 PTS)

For vision to work properly, both your distance and near vision should be clear. Both
myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness) are refractive conditions — they
refer to how light is focused on relation to the eye.

The technical term for farsightedness is hyperopia. If you are farsighted, you can see
distant objects well, but reading or looking at items closeup is blurry for you. With hyperopia,
the eyeball is either too short or there is not enough curvature of the lens for objects to focus
properly.

Nearsightedness, also known as myopia, is the opposite of farsightedness. It means

that with your uncorrected natural vision, you have difficulty seeing at a distance. This
happens when the eyeball is too long.

Describe the gate theory of pain and give YOUR OWN two examples of activities or events that
can reduce pain messages. (20 PTS)
Pain signals are sent from the injured area to the spinal cord and subsequently to the
brain. According to Melzack and Wall, pain signals are intercepted by "nerve gates" that
determine whether they are allowed to get through to the brain before being conveyed. Signals
are carried forward more quickly in some situations, and pain is felt more deeply. In some
cases, pain signals are suppressed or even blocked from reaching the brain. This process
explains why we rub injuries after they occur.
When you hit your shin on a chair or table, for example, you may pause for a few
moments to rub the injured area. The increase in normal touch sensory information aids in
inhibiting pain fiber activity, reducing pain perception.
The gate control theory is also frequently used to explain why massage and touch can
be effective pain management techniques during childbirth. Touch has an inhibitory effect on
pain signals because it increases large fiber activity.

Define and differentiate trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. Which theory most
easily explains negative color afterimages? (10 PTS)

According to the opponent process theory, three opposing systems control how
humans perceive colors. To characterize color perception, we need four distinct colors: blue,
yellow, red, and green. According to this theory, our vision has three opposing channels. They
are as follows: blue versus yellow, red vs. green, and black vs. white.
 We can detect one of the opposing colors at a time while perceiving a hue based on up
to two colors at the same time. According to the opponent process theory, one of the color
pairs suppresses the other. We see yellowish-greens and reddish yellows, but never reddish-
green or yellowish-blue color hues. The trichromatic theory explains how different cone
receptors detect different wavelengths of light. On the other hand, the opponent process
theory explains how these cones connect to the nerve cells in our brain that determine how we
perceive color. In other words, the trichromatic theory explains how color vision occurs at the
receptor level, but the opponent process theory interprets how color vision occurs at the brain
level.

The theory that explains the negative color after images is the opponent-process theory
by Ewald Hering. Trying the negative filter on cameras shows the three opposing channels of
opponent-process theory. Like black hair turn into white hair, red apple turns into green etc.