NOTICE REGARDING CODE CASES OF

THE ASME B31 CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING

All B31 Code Cases in effect as of September 21, 2007 will remain available for use
unless annulled by the B31 Standards Committee.
 B31 CASE 180

CASES OF THE CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING – B31

B31 CASE 180

Leak Testing of Subassemblies of Jacketed Piping for use in ASME B31.3 Piping
Systems

Approval Date: January 5, 2007

Inquiry: Does ASME B31.3 permit an alternate leak test for jacketed piping in which it is
impracticable to visually examine the welded joints and connections for leaks in accordance
with para. 345.2.2(a)?

Reply: Visually observing the joints and connections during the leak test in accordance with
para. 345.2.2(a) and 345.3.1 is not required provided all of the following conditions are
satisfied:

1. The welded joints and connections are on the inner pipe of jacketed piping.
2. A leak test is performed that otherwise meets the requirements of para. 345.1
except visual examination of joints and connection in accordance with para.
345.2.2(a) and 345.3.1 is not required.
3. A sensitive leak test is performed in accordance with para. 345.8 to demonstrate
leak tightness of welded joints and connections that are not visually examined
during the leak testing requirements in 2 above.
 B31 CASE 181
Use of Alternative Ultrasonic Examination Acceptance Criteria

ANNULLED

Annulment Date: June 25, 2018

Reason: Code Case 181 has been incorporated into Appendix R in B31.3-2016 Edition.
ASME B31.3 CASES

B31 CASE 184

Use of Ultrasonic Examination of Welds as an Alternative to Radiographic Examination in ASME

B31.3, Chapter IX

ANNULLED

Annulment Date: 03/31/2011 (Date of Issuance of B31.3-2010 Edition)

Reason: Code Case 184 shall expire upon the publication of ASME B31.3–2010 Edition.
 B31 CASE 185

CASES OF THE CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING – B31

ASME B31.3 CODE CASE 185

Title: Use of Standard Helium Leak Test for a Vacuum-only Piping System (Paragraph 345)

Approval Date: December 22, 2009

Inquiry:

Under what circumstances does ASME B31.3 permit the use of helium mass spectrometer leak
tests performed under a vacuum as a substitute for the leak test requirements specified in ASME
B31.3, para. 345?

Reply:

In the opinion of the Committee, the qualified helium leak tests under vacuum conditions in the
ASME BPV Code, Section V, Article 10, Appendix V and Appendix IX are acceptable
substitutes for the testing requirements identified in para. 345 of ASME B31.3 provided the
following conditions are met:

1. The piping system is expected to operate only under vacuum (i.e., sub-atmospheric pressure)
conditions.

2. Any leakage into the piping system that could result in an internal reaction (e.g., combustion
or explosion) that increases the pressure above atmospheric shall be prevented.

3. All system joints and connections shall be leak tested. Piping welds and joints to be tested
shall be uninsulated and exposed, and shall not be primed, painted or otherwise coated.

4. Helium leak testing is performed at vacuum conditions sufficient for the mass spectrometer
helium leak tests of ASME BPV Code, Section V, Article 10, Appendices V and IX, or at
pressures below 10 millibars absolute (<1% of atmospheric pressure), whichever is lower.

5. ASME B31.3, para. 345.2 applies, except for the minimum “10 min” leak test period, the
leak test pressure requirements and the limitation of the need for access for jacketed piping to
“visual access.” Para. 345.3 also applies, except for the leak test pressure requirements. All
other inspection, examination and records requirements of ASME B31.3 Chapter VI must
still be satisfied (i.e., paras. 340, 341, 342, 343, 344 and 346).

6. Written procedures shall be qualified, in accordance with BPV Code, Section V, Article 10.

7. Test personnel shall have training and certification consistent with ASME B31.3, para. 342.

Page 1 of 2
 B31 CASE 185

CASES OF THE CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING – B31

8. Test reports, including records of personnel qualifications, shall meet the requirements of
ASME BPV Code, Section V, Article 10, Item T-1091 and shall be retained for at least five
years.

9. Options of the ASME BPV Code, Section V, Article 10 test methods, which allow the
engineering design to modify specified requirements of the Appendix V and Appendix IX
test methods (such as acceptability limits for system leak tightness), may only be exercised
so as to make these requirements more sensitive or more conservative.

10. The use of the vacuum leak test instead of the pressurized leak test of ASME B31.3,
para. 345 shall be specified in the engineering design and shall be accepted by the Owner.

____________________________________________________________________

Page 2 of 2
 B31 CASE 188
Minimum Hydrostatic Test Pressure for ASME B31.3, Chapter IX (Para. K345.4.2)

ANNULLED

Annulment Date: February 27, 2015

Reason: Requirements incorporated in ASME B31.3 Code.

 B31 Code Case 191
Cu-13Zn-1.1Ni-Si-Al Alloy Seamless Pipe and Tube
ASME B31.3
Approval Date: January 21, 2015
 
Inquiry: May precipitation-hardened (Temper Designation TF00) Cu-13Zn-1.1Ni-Si-Al alloy
(UNS No. C69100) seamless pipe and tube conforming to the requirements of ASTM B706-00
(R2011) be used under the rules of ASME B31.3?
 
Reply: Yes, provided:
 
(a) The maximum allowable stress values for the material shall be those given in
Table 1;

(b) Welded and brazed construction is not permitted;

(c) The maximum use temperature shall be 204ºC (400ºF);

 
(d) Certification to the ASTM B706-00 (R2011) specification requirements shall be
mandatory.
 
 
 
Table 1 
Maximum Allowable Stress Values 
       
       
For Metal    For Metal   
Temperature Not  Stress, ksi  Temperature Not  Stress, 
Exceeding, °F  Exceeding, °C  MPa 

100  20.0    40  138   

150  20.0  65  138 
200  20.0  100  138 
250  20.0  125  138 
300  20.0  150  138 
350  19.9 175  137 
400  19.5 200  135 
225  132 

 
Note: The maximum use temperature for this alloy is 204ºC (400ºF).
The value listed at 225ºC is provided for interpolation purposes only.
Case 193
Approval Date: October 9, 2014
Cu-5.5Zn-4Si Casting Alloy UNS No. C87600
ASME B31.3

Inquiry: May Cu-5.5Zn-4Si Casting Alloy UNS No. C87600 conforming to the requirements of
ASTM B584 be used for construction under the rules of ASME B31.3?

Reply: Yes, provided:

(a) The basic allowable stress values for the material shall be those given in Table 1.
A Casting Quality Factor, Ec, needs to be applied;
(b) The maximum use temperature shall be 177ºC (350ºF);
(c) Separate weld procedure and performance qualifications shall apply to this
material. The welding procedure qualifications shall be in accordance with ASME
Section IX.

Table 1
Basic Allowable Stress Values

For Metal For Metal

Temperature Not Stress, Temperature Not Stress,
Exceeding, °F ksi Exceeding, °C MPa
100 20.0 40 138
150 20.0 65 138
200 20.0 100 138
250 20.0 125 138
300 20.0 150 138
350 20.0 175 138
200 137

Note: The maximum use temperature for this alloy is 177ºC (350ºF):
The value listed at 200ºC is provided for interpolation purposes only.
Case 196
Approval Date: May 15, 2015
Ductile Iron Casting UNS No. F33100
ASME B31.3

Inquiry: May Ductile Iron Castings UNS No. F33100 conforming to the requirements of ASTM
A536, Grade 65-45-12 be used for construction under the rules of ASME B31.3?

Reply: Yes, provided:

(a) The maximum allowable stress values for the material shall be those given in
Table 1;
(b) A casting quality factor, Ec, of 0.80 shall also be applied, except as permitted in
(c);
(c) The casting quality factor may be increased by performing supplementary
examination(s) listed in Table 302.3.3(c). The casting shall have first been visually
examined as required by MSS SP-55, Quality Standard for Steel Castings for
Valves, Flanges and Fittings and other Piping Components – Visual Method;
(d) The maximum use temperature shall be 260ºC (500°F);
(e) The minimum use temperature shall be -30°C (-20°F);
(f) All other requirements of ASME B31.3 shall be followed.

Table 1 – Maximum Allowable Stress Values

For Metal For Metal

Temperature Not Stress, Temperature Not
Exceeding, °C MPa Exceeding, °F Stress, ksi
40 149 100 21.7
65 149 150 21.7
100 149 200 21.7
125 149 250 21.7
150 149 300 21.7
175 149 350 21.7
200 148 400 21.7
225 148 450 21.7
250 148 500 21.6
275 147

Note: The maximum use temperature for this alloy is 260ºC (500º·F).
The value listed at 275ºC is provided for interpolation purposes only.
B31 Case 202
Approval Date: November 14, 2017
Heavy Walled Fittings
ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Inquiry: What alternate calculation method for pressure design may be used to determine the
required reinforcement for a heavy wall branch connection fitting (lateral, wye, or tee) in accordance
with ASME B31.3, Para. 304.3.3?

Reply: It is the opinion of the Committee that the “pressure area” method,1 as described herein,
is an acceptable alternate calculation method to determine the required metal reinforcement for a
heavy wall branch connection fitting (lateral, wye, or tee) in accordance with ASME B31.3 Para.
304.3.3.

Nomenclature:

A = Metal areas (see Figures 1, 2, and 3), mm2 (in.2).

B = Metal areas (see Figures 1 and 2), mm2 (in.2).

D1 = Run pipe inside diameter, less corrosion allowance, mm (in.).

D2 = Branch pipe inside diameter, less corrosion allowance, mm (in.).

E = Pressure areas (see Figures 1, 2, and 3), mm2 (in.2).

F = Pressure areas (see Figures 1 and 2), mm2 (in.2).

G = The width of the lateral branch opening at the inside surface of the run pipe (see
Figure 1), mm (in.).

P = Design (gage) pressure, kPa (psi).

S = Material allowable stress from B31.3 Table A-1 for the design temperature, kPa (psi).
(If a casting is to be qualified for pressure, the material allowable stress shall be multiplied by
the appropriate B31.3 casting quality factor.)

t1 = Thickness in the fitting heel (see Figures 1 and 2) or run radial thickness in the fitting crotch
(see Figure 3), mm (in.).

t2 = Thickness in the fitting crotch (see Figures 1 and 2) or branch radial thickness in the fitting
crotch (see Figure 3), mm (in.).

t’1 = Nominal thickness of the matching run pipe connected to the fitting (see Figures), mm (in.).

t’2 = Nominal thickness of the matching branch pipe connected to the fitting (see Figures), mm
(in.).

α = The angle between the branch pipe centerline and the fitting crotch centerline, deg (see
Figures 1 and 2).

β = The angle between the fitting crotch centerline and the run pipe centerline, deg (see Figure 1).

1
The “pressure area” method was originally published in the 1956 revised 2nd edition of the MW Kellogg,
Design of Piping Systems.
General Requirements

1. The fitting shall be manufactured from a single metal casting or forging.

2. The fitting ends shall not be within the envelope of the metal and pressure areas used to qualify
the fitting and there shall be sufficient material beyond the envelope to make an acceptable weld
end (see ASME B16.25).

3. The t’1 and t’2 dimensions of the fitting shall be equal to or greater in thickness than the nominal
dimensions of the matching piping. If the fitting is a weaker material than the matching piping,
transition pieces may be necessary for the connected piping to match t’1 and t’2 dimensions of
the fitting determined in accordance with the straight pipe requirements of B31.3, as appropriate.

4. All inside and outside corners of the fittings larger than NPS 2 shall be radiused. It is
recommended that inside radii be a minimum t/4 and outside radii be a minimum t/2, where t is
the lesser of t’1 and t’2, except that these radii shall not be less than 3 mm (1/8 in.) and need not
be greater than 25 mm (1 in.).

5. For internally and externally contoured fittings the metal and pressure areas may be represented
by quadrilaterals and/or triangles assembled such that they approximate the respective areas:

(A) for the metal areas: the areas of the largest non-overlapping quadrilaterals and/or triangles
may be summed provided all the areas lie within the areas defined by the fitting inside and
outside surfaces and side lengths defined in the appropriate figures; and

(B) for the pressure areas: the areas of the non-overlapping quadrilaterals and/or triangles shall
be summed that totally circumscribe and cover the areas defined by the fitting crotch and
pipe centerlines, the fitting inside surfaces, and the side lengths defined in the appropriate
figures.

6. For laterals (Figure 1) with an (α + β) angle greater than or equal to 85 degs, the requirements
for the tee (Figure 3) may be used. Otherwise the requirements for the lateral shall be used.

7. Consideration shall be made for required examination of the pipe to fitting joint. A short tangent
may improve the reading of a radiograph or facilitate the performance of ultrasonic examination,
especially if there is a significant transition from the pipe to the fitting.

8. The fitting’s manufacturing tolerance shall be considered.

Calculated Dimensions

The side length dimensions for calculating metal and pressure areas for the various fittings are as
follows:

For the lateral (see Figure 1) where (α + β) $ 45 deg

G 
Run crotch side length =  t 2 Cos
2 2

G    
Run heel side length =  t 1Cos
2 2

D2 
Branch crotch side length =  t 2 Cos
2 2

D2    
Branch heel side length =  t 1Cos
2 2
For the wye (see Figure 2) where α $ 45 deg

D1 
Run heel side length =  t 1 Cos
2 2

D2
Branch crotch side length =  t 2 Cos 
2

D2 
Branch heel side length =  t 1Cos
2 2
For the tee (see Figure 3)

D2
Run side length =  t2
2

D2
Branch side length =  t1
2
Acceptance Criteria

The following equations shall be met for both the crotch and heel sides of the fitting. For the tee only
Equation (1) need be met because of symmetry.

 A
P E  
 2
S 1
A

 B
P F  
 2
S  2
B
 B31 Code Case 208
Approval Date: November 6, 2018
ASME B31.3 Process Piping

18Cr-11Ni-Cb-N, 347LN UNS S34751 Austenitic Stainless Steel Seamless Tubes, Seamless and
Welded Pipe, Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves and Parts, Wrought Piping Fittings, Forgings
and Plate and Sheet
ASME B31.3

Inquiry: May UNS S34751 solution annealed austenitic stainless steel seamless tubes, seamless
and welded pipe, pipe flanges, valves and parts, wrought piping fittings, forgings, plate and sheet
meeting the requirements of ASTM A213/A213M-17, A312/A312M-17, A376/A376M-17,
A358/A358M-15, A182/A182M-17, A403/A403M-16, A965/A965M-14, and A240/A240M-17
be used in welded construction under the rules of ASME B31.3?

Reply: Yes, provided that the following additional requirements are met:

(a) The maximum allowable stress values shall be as given in Table 1.

(b) The maximum use temperature is 677°C (1250°F).
(c) The material shall be considered as P-No 8, Group 1.
(d) For temperatures above 538°C (1000°F), the stress values in Table 1 may be used only if the
material has been heat treated at a temperature of 1093°C (2000°F) minimum.
(e) The minimum design temperature for this material shall be -200°C (-325°F), however, when a
specification permits this material to be furnished without solution heat treatment or with
other than a solution heat treatment, the minimum design temperature shall be -29°C (-20°F)
unless the material is impact tested in accordance with para. 323.3.
(f) For post fabrication strain limits in the lower temperature range exceeding design temperature
540°C (1000°F) and forming strain of 15% and in the high temperature range exceeding
675°C (1250°F) and forming strains of 10%, the minimum heat treatment temperature shall be
1040°C (1900°F).

1
 Table 1 
Maximum Allowable Stress Values 

For Metal    For Metal   
Temperature  Temperature 
Not Exceeding,  Allowable Stress  Not  Allowable Stress 
°C  [Note (1)], MPa  Exceeding, °F  [Note (2)], ksi 
40  138    100  20.0   
65  138    200  20.0   
100  138    300  20.0   
125  138    400  19.7   
150  138    500  18.3   
175  138    600  17.4   
200  137    650  17.2   
225  132    700  17.0   
250  128    750  16.9   
275  124    800  16.8   
300  122    850  16.8   
325  120    900  16.8   
350  118    950  16.8   
375  117    1000  16.7   
400  116    1050  16.6   
425  116    1100  13.2   
450  116    1150  9.70   
475  116    1200  7.20   
500  116            1250                          5.45   
525  115    Note (2): The fonts used are in   
550  115    accordance with B31.3 Table A‐1   
575  111    Note 4a.   
600  84.5     
625  64.1     
650  48.9      
675  38.3       
700  28.9[Note (3)]       
Note (1): The fonts used are in   
accordance with B31.3 Table A‐1 
Note 4b 
Note (3):  The maximum use 
temperature for this alloy is 677°C 
(1250°F).  The value listed at 700°C is 
provided for interpolation purposes 
only.   

2
 B31 Code Case 209 
Approval Date: November 6, 2018 
ASME B31.3 Process Piping 

PIPING SYSTEM STRESS ANALYSIS EXAMPLES

QUESTION: The results for the examples found in ASME B31.3-2016 Appendix S were
developed using the 2006 edition’s code rules and material data tables. How would the
appendix results and affected text change when the ASME B31.3-2016 code rules and material
data tables are applied?

REPLY: It is the opinion of the Committee that the following pages show what Appendix S
looks like with the revised new rules and data.
S300 INTRODUCTION

The examples in this Appendix are intended to illustrate the application of the rules and definitions in Chapter II,
Part 5, flexibility and Support; and the stress limits of para. 302.3.5. The loadings and conditions necessary to comply with
the intent of the Code are presented.   

S300.1 Definitions and Nomenclature

global axes: these are Cartesian X, Y, and Z axes. In this Appendix, vertically upward is taken to be the +Y direction with
gravity acting in the −Y direction.
Pj: piping internal pressure; see para. 301.2; when more than one condition exists for the piping system, each is subscripted
(e.g., P1, P2, )
Tj: pipe maximum or minimum metal temperature; see paras. 301.3 and 319.3.1(a); when more than one condition exists for
the piping system, each is subscripted (e.g., T1, T2, )
Y+: a “single acting support” that provides support in only the vertically upward direction and is considered to be “active”
when the pipe exerts a downward force on the support. The pipe is free to move upward, i.e., the pipe “lifts off” the support;
the support in the “lift-off” situation is considered to be “removed” from providing support, i.e., inactive, during the load
condition considered.

S301 EXAMPLE 1: CODE COMPLIANT PIPING SYSTEM

S301.1 Example Description

This example is intended to illustrate the design of an adequately supported and sufficiently flexible piping system. The
piping system in Fig. S301.1 is fabricated from ASTM A106 Grade B seamless pipe (i.e., E = 1.00); the pipe is DN 400
(NPS 16) with a nominal wall thickness of 9.53 mm (0.375 in.), 127 mm (5 in.) thickness of calcium silicate insulation, and
1.59 mm (0.063 in.) corrosion allowance; the fluid has a specific gravity of 1.0. The equivalent number of full displacement
cycles expected for the piping system is fewer than 7 000 [i.e., f =1.00 in accordance with para. 302.3.5(d)].
The piping system is in normal fluid service. The reference modulus of elasticity used for the piping analysis is 203.4
GPa (29.5 Msi) from Appendix C, Table C-6 in accordance with paras. 319.3.2 and 319.4.4, and Poisson’s ratio is 0.3 in
accordance with para. 319.3.3.
The piping internal pressures and temperatures expected during normal operation, and the design conditions are listed in
Table S301.1; see paras. 319.2.3(b) and 319.3.1(a). The design conditions are set sufficiently in excess of the operating
conditions so as to provide additional margin on the allowable stress for pressure design as required by the owner.

 
 
  

S301.2 Design Conditions

The design conditions establish the pressure rating, flange ratings, component ratings, and minimum required pipe wall
thickness in accordance with para. 301.2.1. For example, ASME B16.5 requires a minimum of Class 300 for ASTM A105
flanges. Also, the minimum required pipe wall thickness, tm, is determined from the design conditions by inserting eq. (3a)
into eq. (2); terms are defined in para. 304.1.1 and Appendix J.

E = 1.0
P = design pressure
= 3 800 kPa (550 psi)
S = allowable stress from Appendix A, Tables A-1 and A-1M
= 127.4 MPa (18.4 ksi) at design temperature 288oC (550oF)
W = 1.0 for carbon steel at any temperature in accordance with Table 302.3.5, Note (9)
Y = 0.4 from Table 304.1.1
Insert eq. (3a) into eq. (2).

  tm = t + c =     

.
       =   
1.59    
. . .
.

       = 5.99 mm + 1.59 mm = 7.58 mm (0.299 in.)

In accordance with para. 304.1.2(a), t must be less than D/6 for eq. (3a) to be appropriate without considering
additional factors to compute the pressure design thickness, t, i.e., t D/6, or 7.58 mm 406.4 mm/6.
Since 7.58 mm (0.299 in.) 67.7 mm (2.67 in.), and / 0.030 0.385, eq. (3a) is applicable without special
consideration of factors listed in para. 304.1.2(b).
Now select a pipe schedule of adequate thickness. Determine the specified minimum pipe wall thickness, T, from
nominal pipe wall thickness, ₸, considering a mill tolerance of 12.5%.
Select DN 400 (NPS 16) Schedule 30/STD nominal wall thickness from ASME B36.10M.
₸ = 9.53 mm (0.375 in.)
T = (9.53 mm)(1.00 − 0.125) = 8.34 mm (0.328 in.)

Since T tm (i.e., 8.34 mm (0.328 in.) 7.58 mm (0.299 in.)), the selection of the nominal pipe wall thickness, ₸, for Schedule
30/STD pipe is acceptable. The long radius elbows specified for this piping system are in accordance with ASME B16.9
and are specified to be for use with Schedule 30/STD wall thickness pipe.
S301.3 Computer Model Input
Tables S301.3.1 and S301.3.2 list the “node numbers,” lengths, etc., for each piping element displayed in Fig. S301.1. A
bend radius of 1.5 times the nominal pipe diameter [i.e., 609.6 mm (24 in.)] and nominal wall thickness of 9.53 mm (0.375
in.) are used for the elbows in the computer model. Generic computer program options are as follows:
(a) include pressure stiffening on elbows
(b) exclude pressure thrust and Bourdon effects
(c) use nominal section properties for the stiffnesses, forces, moments, and deflections calculation
(d) use “nominal less allowances” section properties for the stress due to sustained loads, SL, calculation
(e) use nominal section properties for displacement stress range, SE, calculation

minimum metal temp -1oC (30oF)

ambient (as-installed) temp -1oC (30oF)
S301.4 Pressure Effects
For the operating, sustained, and displacement stress range load cases, the effect of pressure stiffening on the elbows is
included to determine the end reactions in accordance with Appendix D, Note (6) (and ASME B31J, Table 1-1, Note(4) ).
The effects of pressure-induced elongation and Bourdon effects are not included, as both are deemed negligible for this
particular example.

S301.5 The Operating Load Case

The operating load case is used to determine the operating position of the piping and reaction loads for any attached
equipment, anchors, supports, guides, or stops. The operating load case is based on the temperature range from the ambient
(as-installed) temperature of -1°C (30°F) to the maximum operating metal temperature of 260°C (500°F), in accordance
with paras. 319.2.3(b) and 319.3.1(b). Tables C-1 and C-2 values used for Row A and Row B expansion coefficients are
listed below.
Row A = 13.1x10-6 mm/mm/oC (7.30x10-6 in/in/oF)
Row B = 3.43 mm/m (4.00 in/100 ft) 
The operating load case in this example also includes the effects of internal pressure, pipe weight, insulation weight, and
fluid weight on the piping system. Both pipe stiffness and displacement stress range are based on the nominal thickness of
the pipe. Pipe deflections and internal reaction loads for the operating load case are listed in Table S301.5.1. Piping loads
acting on the anchors and support structure are listed in Table S301.5.2.
S301.6 The Sustained Load Case
Stresses due to the sustained loads, such as axial forces, internal pressure, and intensified bending moments in this
example, are combined in accordance with para.320 to determine SL. The sustained load case excludes thermal effects and
includes the effects of internal pressure [P1=3450 kPa (500 psi)], pipe weight, insulation weight, and fluid weight on the
piping system.
Nominal section properties are used to generate the stiffness matrix and sustained loads for the computer model in
accordance with para. 319.3.5. The nominal thickness, less allowances, is used to calculate the section properties for SL in
accordance with para. 320.
A summary of the sustained load case internal reaction forces, moments, and stress due to sustained loads, SL, is provided
in Table S301.6. Since this example model lies in only one plane, only the stress due to sustained bending moments due to
the in-plane bending moment is not zero. The in-plane bending moment is intensified at each elbow by the sustained in-plane
moment index for an unflanged elbow, Ii. Note that SL for the nodes listed in Table S301.6 do not exceed the 130.8 MPa
(19.0 ksi) sustained allowable stress, Sh, for A106 Grade B piping at the operating maximum metal temperature, T1 = 260°C
(500°F), from Appendix A, Tables A-1 and A-1M. By limiting SL to Sh in accordance with para. 302.3.5(c), the piping
system is deemed adequately protected against collapse.
S301.7 The Displacement Stress Range Load Case
The displacement stress range, SE, in this example is based on the temperature range from the minimum metal
(as-installed) temperature, −1°C (30°F), to maximum metal temperature for the thermal cycles under analysis [T1 = 260°C
(500°F)], in accordance with paras. 319.2.3(b) and 319.3.1(a). The displacement stress range, SE, for each element is
calculated in accordance with eq. (17) and is listed in Table S301.7, along with the internal reaction loads. Nominal section
properties are used to generate the stiffness matrix and displacement stress ranges in the piping in accordance with para.
319.3.5. Since this example model lies in only one plane, only the in-plane bending moment range is not zero. The in-plane
moment range is intensified at each elbow in accordance with Appendix D (and ASME B31J Table 1-1) stress intensification
factor, ii, for an unflanged elbow.
For simplicity, the allowable displacement stress range, SA, is calculated in accordance with eq. (1a). Though eq. (1a) is
used in this example, it is also acceptable to calculate SA in accordance with eq. (1b), which permits SA to exceed the eq. (1a)
value for each piping element, based on the magnitude of each element’s SL.
The following terms are as defined in para. 302.3.5(d) and Appendix J:
f = 1.00 for 7 000 equivalent full displacement cycles, from Fig. 302.3.5 or eq. (1c)
SA = f (1.25 Sc + 0.25 Sh)
= (1.00)[(1.25)(138 MPa) + (0.25)(130.8 MPa)]
= 205.2 MPa (29.75 ksi)
Sc = allowable stress from Appendix A, Tables A-1 and A-1M
= 138 MPa (20.0 ksi) at ambient (as-installed) temperature
Sh = allowable stress from Appendix A, Tables A-1 and A-1M
= 130.8 MPa (19.0 ksi) at T1
T1 = maximum metal temperature
= 260°C (500°F)
Note that each piping element’s displacement stress range based on minimum to maximum metal temperature for the thermal
cycles under analysis, SE, does not exceed the eq. (1a) allowable, SA. By limiting SE to SA, the piping system is deemed
adequate to accommodate up to 7 000 equivalent full displacement cycles.
Considering both the stress due to sustained loads and displacement stress range load cases, the piping system is compliant
with the requirements of the Code; redesign of the piping system is not required unless the sustained or operating reaction
loads at either anchor data point 10 or 50 exceed the allowable loads for the attached equipment nozzle or the support
structure at node 20 is overloaded. The nozzle load and support structure analyses are beyond the scope of this Appendix
and are not addressed.
S302 EXAMPLE 2: ANTICIPATED SUSTAINED CONDITIONS CONSIDERING PIPE LIFT-OFF

S302.1 Example Description

This example is intended to illustrate the analysis of a piping system in which a portion of the piping lifts off at least one
Y+ support in at least one operating condition. The emphasis of this example is to describe the effect this removal of support
has on the determination of anticipated sustained conditions. The same principles utilized for this example would also apply
for guides and stops (that are single directional or gap-type) that are not engaged during any anticipated operating condition.
The examples in this Appendix are intended for illustration purposes only and are not intended to portray the same as
either adequate or even acceptable piping geometries and/or support scenarios. The piping system in Fig. S302.1 is the same
in material properties as in Example 1; see para.S301.1. Note: the distance from node 20 to the elbow node 30 and from
nodes 120 to 130 in Example 2’s model is 1.52 m (5 ft.). Note that both the design and operating conditions are well below
the creep regime; therefore, the piping system will not develop any permanent creep-related displacements, relaxation, or
sag.

S302.2 Design Conditions

The design conditions are similar to those in the Example 1 model; see para. S301.2 and Table S302.2. Note that the
nominal thickness remains unchanged from Example 1 even though the design temperature and corrosion allowance have
increased; the corrosion allowance in this example model is 3.18 mm (0.125 in.).
S302.3 Computer Model Input
Table S302.3 lists the node numbers, lengths, etc., for each piping component that is displayed in Fig. S302.1. The
computer-based options are the same as those for the Example 1 model; see para. S301.3.

S302.4 Pressure Effects

The pressure effect considerations are the same as those for Example 1; see para. 301.4.

S302.5 The Operating Load Case

The Operating Case evaluated and discussed in this example includes the effects of pipe weight, insulation weight, fluid
weight, internal pressure [P1= 3 040 kPa (440 psi)], and temperature [(T1=288oC (550oF)]. Table C-1 and C-2 values used
for Row A and Row B expansion coefficients are listed below.
Row A = 13.2x10-6 mm/mm/oC (7.35x10-6 in/in/oF)
Row B = 3.80 mm/m (4.5 in/100 ft)
An operating load case is evaluated to determine the operating position of the piping and determine the reaction loads for
any attached equipment, anchors, supports, guides, or stops. In particular, each operating load case’s support scenario is
evaluated or assessed by the designer in order to determine whether any anticipated sustained conditions need to be evaluated
with one or more Y+ supports removed. Further operating load case discussion can be found in para. S301.5.
Piping loads acting on the anchors and support structure for the operating load case are listed in Table S302.5. Note that
only nodes 10 through 50 are listed in the following tables; this is for convenience since the model is symmetric; the
reactions, deflections, and stresses for nodes 10 through 40 are the same as for nodes 110 through 140 except that some
signs may be reversed.
S302.6 Sustained Conditions
S302.6.1 The Stress Due to Sustained Loads, SL, Calculations. The stress due to (long-term) sustained loads,
SL, is computed in accordance with para. 320.2 for each sustained condition that is evaluated; see para. S302.6.2.
     S302.6.2 Anticipated Sustained Conditions. All anticipated sustained conditions utilizing all possible support
scenarios should be considered. The designer has identified three anticipated sustained conditions for the piping system;
each is listed in Table S302.6.2, along with the support status of the node 50 Y+ support, as either assessed by analysis or
determined by the designer. The designer has deemed the Sustained Condition 3 as both controlling the sustained design
and requiring evaluation.

S302.6.3 Results for the Evaluated Sustained Condition. Table S302.6.2’s Sustained Conditions 1 and 2 reflect
the ambient temperature support scenario. Sustained Condition 3 reflects the support scenario of the Operating Case. All
three Sustained Conditions exclude thermal effects. Sustained Conditions 2 and 3 include the effects of internal pressure
[P1= 3 040 kPa (440 psi)], pipe weight, insulation weight, and fluid weight on the piping system. A summary of the Sustained
Condition 3 reactions and stresses due to sustained loads, SL, appear in Table S302.6.3.
In the determination of SL, the sustained longitudinal force index, Ia, is defaulted to 1.0 in the absence of more applicable
data in accordance with para. 320. The in-plane bending moment is indexed at each elbow by the appropriate Ii calculated
for this example by multiplying 0.75 times ii determined from Appendix D (and ASME B31J Table 1-1). See para. S301.6
for additional information concerning the stress due to sustained loads determination.  
S302.7 Displacement Stress Range Load Cases
The displacement stress range load cases are not listed, since they are not the subject of this example.

S302.8 Code Compliance — Satisfying the Intent of the Code

     The Sustained Condition 3 results indicate that the piping system is not protected against collapse for the cycles under
analysis when considering the Operating Case support scenario. Note the greatest Stresses due to Sustained Loads, SL, are
at elbow nodes 40 and 140 and “Lift-Off” support location, node 50. Therefore, redesign of the piping system is required.
If the piping system is redesigned such that it is compliant with the intent of the Code, then the piping system would
require no further attention unless the sustained, hydrostatic leak test, or operating reaction loads at either anchor data point
10 or 110 exceed the allowable loads for the attached equipment nozzle, or the support structure at either node 20 or 120 is
overloaded. The nozzle loads and support structure analyses are beyond the scope of this Appendix and are not addressed.
Although the occasional load cases are important to the design and analysis of a piping system, they are not discussed in this
example.
S303 EXAMPLE 3: MOMENT REVERSAL

S303.1 Example Description

This example is intended to illustrate the flexibility analysis required for a piping system that is designed for more than
one operating condition and also experiences a “reversal of moments” between any two of the anticipated operating
conditions. The examples in this Appendix are intended for illustration purposes only and are not intended to portray the
same as either adequate or even acceptable piping geometries and/or support scenarios; also. Both the design and operating
conditions are well below the creep regime.
The piping system in Fig. S303.1 consists of two headers and two branches, which are referred to as gas “meter runs.”
Only one of the branches is in service (operating) at a given time; the out-of-service branch is purged and at ambient
(as-installed) condition. The design specification calls for each of the meter run branches to alternate in and out of service
five times every two weeks  for the piping system’s planned 30-year service life (N=3,900 equivalent full displacement
cycles), i.e., f = 1.15 in accordance with para. 302.3.5(d). The piping system is fabricated from ASTM A53 Grade B pipe
(E=1.00), both piping headers are DN 600 (NPS 24) and the branches are DN 500 (NPS 20), and both branch and header
are 9.53 mm (0.375 in.) thick. For simplicity, each piping segment or component is 1.524 m (5 ft) in length.
The piping system is in normal fluid service. The fluid is gaseous, is considered to add no weight and to be neither a
corrosive nor an erosive hazard, i.e., there is no corrosion allowance. The line is not insulated. The ambient (as-installed)
temperature is 4°C (40°F). The reference modulus of elasticity used is 203.4 GPa (29.5 Msi) and Poisson’s ratio is 0.3.
Consideration is given to the close proximity of the three tees in each header in accordance with the guidance in para.
319.3.6, and the stress intensification factors from Appendix D are considered to adequately represent the header tees for
this piping system. The piping internal pressure and minimum to maximum metal temperature range expected during normal
operation for each meter run and the design conditions are listed in Table S303.1. The design conditions are set sufficiently
in excess of the operating conditions so as to provide additional margin on the allowable as required by the owner.
S303.2 Design Conditions
The design conditions establish the pressure rating, flange ratings, components ratings, and minimum required pipe wall
thickness. ASME B16.5 requires a minimum of Class 300 for ASTM A105 flanges. The minimum required wall thickness
for both the branch and header is 4.4 mm (0.171 in.), considering a 12.5% mill tolerance; therefore, selection of the standard
wall thickness of 9.5 mm (0.375 in.) is acceptable.

S303.3 Computer Model Input

Table S303.3 lists the node numbers, lengths, etc., for each piping component that is displayed in Fig. S303.1. Note that
flanges and valve components are not explicitly included in the model listing in Table S303.3. For simplicity, an entire
branch (from tee centerline to tee centerline) is considered to be at the operating conditions listed in Table S303.1, e.g., the
East meter run branch from nodes 40 through 340 operates at 1 724 kPa (250 psi) and 121°C (250°F) for Operating Case 2.
The computer-based options are the same as those for the Example 1 model, except that pressure stiffening is not included
in the analyses for this example; see para. S301.3.
S303.4 Pressure Effects
Neither pressure stiffening nor Bourdon effects are included in the analyses.

S303.5 Operating Load Case(s)

The operating load case is used to determine the operating position of the piping and reaction loads for any attached
equipment, anchors, supports, guides, or stops. The owner has mandated in the design specification that the meter runs and
piping be more than adequately supported. Therefore, the operating load case, while necessary to set the limits of the strain
ranges, does not contribute to the emphasis of this example, and its output is not included.  Table C-1 and C-2 values used
for Row A and Row B expansion coefficients are listed below.
Row A = 12.3x10-6mm/mm/oC (6.80x10-6 in/in/oF)
Row B = 1.34 mm/m (1.68 in/100 ft)

S303.6 Sustained Load Case

Stresses due to the sustained loads, such as axial forces, internal pressure, and intensified bending moments in this
example, are combined in accordance with para.320 to determine SL. For reasons similar to those expressed for the operating
load case, the sustained load case output is not included.

S303.7 Displacement Stress Range Load Cases

The displacement stress range, SE, is computed in accordance with para. 319.2.3(b) and 319.3.1(a), in which the strains
evaluated for the ambient temperature (which is also the as-installed and minimum metal temperature condition for this
particular example) are algebraically subtracted from the strains evaluated for Operating Case 1 as listed in Table S303.1.
Similarly, the displacement stress range, SE, is computed from the algebraic strain difference evaluated from the ambient 
(as-installed) condition to Operating Case 2 as listed in Table S303.1. The individual displacement stress range, SE, along
with the internal reaction loads, is evaluated for each piping component in accordance with eq. (17), is listed in Tables
S303.7.1 (Operating Case 1) and has the same results as listed in Table S303.7.2 (Operating Case 2) with the exception that
some signs differ (indicating the moment reversal range between the two conditions).
The algebraic strain difference between the two resultant case evaluations discussed above produces the greatest
displacement stress range for the piping system in accordance with paras. 319.2.1(d), 319.2.3(b), and 319.3.1(a), i.e., SE, the
“stress range corresponding to the total displacement strains.” The resulting reactions’ combination and SE for each piping
component are listed in Table S303.7.3.
S303.8 Code Compliance — Satisfying the Intent of the Code
The piping system is compliant with the sustained load requirements of the Code. The displacement stress range from
the ambient (as-installed) condition to each of the operating cases indicates the piping system is in compliance with the
intent of the Code even when limited to the eq. (1a) allowable, SA. But, the “stress range corresponding to the total
displacement strains,” which considers the algebraic strain difference between the two operating cases, indicates that the
piping system is not protected against fatigue failure for the cycles under analysis even when considering the eq. (1b)
allowable, SA. Therefore, redesign of the piping system is required.
     If the piping system is redesigned such that it is compliant with the intent of the code, then the piping system would
require no further attention unless the sustained, hydrostatic leak test, or operating reaction loads at either anchor data point
10 or 310, or meter runs 130 or 230, exceeded the allowable loads for the attached equipment, nozzles, or support structure.
The meter loads, nozzle loads, and support structure analyses are beyond the scope of this example. Although the occasional
load cases are important to the design and analysis of a piping system, they are not discussed in this example.
 B31 Code Case 214 
Approval Date: May 30, 2019 
ASME B31.3 Process Piping

Alternative Heat Treatments for Fabrication Processes

Proposal: Code Case to allow the use of ASME B31P, Standard Heat treatments for
Fabrication Processes as an alternative to the preheat, PWHT, and PFHT required by
B31.3.

Explanation: ASME B31P, Standard Heat treatments for Fabrication Processes, was
published in May 2018. In order to allow the use of this Standard by the ASME Codes
prior to changes being adopted in the next edition of the respective Codes this Code
Case is being proposed to allow B31P to be used as an alternative to the rules currently
in the published ASME B31 Codes. A similar Code Case is currently being balloted in
ASME B31.1 (18-2339).

Summary of Changes: To allow the use of ASME B31P, Standard Heat Treatments for
Fabrication Processes, as an alternative to the heat treatment rules specified in ASME
B31. 3.
Referenced Code: ASME B31.3 – 2016 & 2018
Inquiry: May the heat treatment requirements specified in ASME B31P be used as an
alternative to the required heat treatments specified in paras. 330, 331, and 332 of
ASME B31.3?

Reply: It is the opinion of the Committee that the heat treatments specified in ASME
B31P may be used as an alternative to the respective heat treatments specified in
ASME B31.3 for the materials referenced in ASME B31P.
 B31 Code Case 216 
Approval Date: March 29, 2021 
ASME B31.3 Process Piping 

Use of Enhanced Pressure Ratings for Brazed Copper Tubes and Fittings by Cold 
Stretch Process 
Inquiry: Under what condition may higher pressure ratings be used for ASTM B88 Type L tubes and 
ASME B16.22 fittings in ASME B31.3 construction? 

Reply: It is the opinion of the Committee that enhanced pressure ratings may be used for ASTM B88 
Type L tubes and ASME B16.22 fittings in ASME B31.3 construction provided the following conditions are 
met: 

(a) The tubes shall conform to ASTM B88 Type L in the H58 temper.  
(b) The fittings shall conform to ASME B16.22.  
(c) The maximum design temperature is 38°C (100°F). 
(d) The piping shall be limited to Category D and Normal Fluid Services.  
(e) External pressure is not permitted. 
(f) The maximum tube and fitting nominal or standard size is 3 in. 
(g) The joints shall be brazed. The qualification of brazing procedures, brazers, and brazing 
operators shall be in accordance with para. 328.2. Silver brazing filler metals (BAg‐XX) with 
appropriate flux shall be used in the brazing process.  
(h) In brazing qualification, the specimen in the tension test shall break in the base metal outside of 
the joint with tensile strength equal to or greater than (207 MPa) 30 ksi. 
(i) The piping system shall receive a cold stretch operation by hydrostatic or pneumatic pressure 
test in accordance with para. 345, except the minimum test pressure shall be 1.7 times the design
pressure and the maximum test pressure shall be 1.8 times the design pressure. The test pressure shall be
maintained for at least 20 min.  
(j) The internal design gage pressure, P, shall not exceed the pressure calculated as follows: 
2
 
0.8
    Where S = 68.9 MPa (10.0 ksi) 
    t = minimum wall thickness, for ASTM B88 Type L  
D = maximum outside diameter, for annealed temper ASTM B88 Type L 
 
(k) Piping flexibility analysis shall be performed in accordance with para. 319 using the basic 
allowable stresses (Sc and Sh) equal to 41.4 MPa (6.0 ksi). 
(l) Analysis of sustained loads shall be performed in accordance with para. 320 using the basic 
allowable stresses (Sh) equal to 41.4 MPa (6.0 ksi). 
(m) Before cold stretch operation, the brazed joints shall be 100% visually examined. The following 
conditions are not permitted:  
1) The presence of flux residue and unmelted filler metal 
2) Excessive oxidation of the joint 
3) Cracks in braze metal or base material 
(n) Additional brazing is not permitted after the cold stretch operation. If a braze repair is required, 
the following conditions shall be satisfied: 
1) The braze joint to be repaired shall be removed and replaced along with 150 mm (6 in.) 
of tube on each side of the joint. 
2) The piping shall receive the cold stretch operation as required in (i). 
(o) The design, cold stretch and repair records shall be retained by the owner for the life of the 
piping. 
 B31 Code Case 217 
Approval Date: September 3, 2021 
ASME B31.3 Process Piping 
Alternative NDE Personnel Qualification and Certification Requirements
Referenced Code: ASME B31.3 – 2018 & 2020
Inquiry: May alternative personnel qualification and certification requirements be used
as options to those specified in ASME B31.3, para. 342.1?
Reply: It is the opinion of the Committee that the personnel qualification and certification
requirements below may be used as alternatives to those specified in ASME B31.3,
para. 342.1:

Personnel performing nondestructive examination to the requirements of this Code shall be

qualified and certified for the method to be utilized in accordance with their employer’s written
practice. The written practice shall be based on the training, examination, and experience
requirements of one of the following:
(a) ASME BPVC, Section V, Article 1
(b) ASNT CP-189,
(c) ASNT SNT-TC-1A,
(d) Other national or international central certification program or standard