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Laboratories usually generate wastes in small amounts over time as chemical

work proceeds.  Wastes from laboratories can be categorized as infectious or
noninfectious. Infectious wastes include human, animal, or biological wastes and
any items that may be contaminated with pathogens. Noninfectious wastes include
toxic chemicals, cytotoxic drugs, and radioactive, flammable, and explosive wastes.
Segregation and managing of medical waste is a vital part of hospital and laboratory
waste management. Poor management of hospital and laboratory waste poses risk
not only to its handlers during its treatment and disposal but also to the
environment if not disposed in a proper manner. Waste in laboratories that may
present chemical hazards, as well as those multi-hazardous wastes that contain
some combination of chemical, radioactive, and biological hazards. When health-
care and laboratory waste is not separated and treated properly, it enters the
municipal waste management system where it gets mixed with general environment
waste. This can lead to injury and infection and contamination. Proper waste
categorization in laboratories can help avoid unnecessary, inappropriate, and costly
waste treatment, storage, and disposal. Once a waste has been properly categorized,
the laboratory can prioritize the waste options for elimination, reduction, or
modification. Laboratory waste includes all waste that is generated or produces as a
result of any following activities like diagnosis, treatment or immunization of
human beings, research pertaining to the activities stated, production or testing of
biological specimens and waste originating from minor or scattered sources.

Laboratory Waste Management is intended to provide laboratories with the

appropriate knowledge to establish successful methods and training programs to
handle laboratory waste. Health-care waste can cause infectious diseases and
pollution if not handled properly. Infectious waste, especially sharps such as
discarded syringes, poses a risk to anyone who comes into contact with it. Discarded
syringes, for example, are sometimes reused. One of the basic responsibilities of any
laboratory worker is to positively identify all hazardous waste being generated in
the laboratory. Once hazardous wastes are identified, the lab must properly
containerize, segregate, label, and store the waste until it is disposed. Waste
Management Plan is important in laboratories that are handling and disposing of
samples and analytical waste. Waste management policy delivers benefits for the
health of every medical worker and also the environment. Protecting public health
by removing hazardous and biological wastes from the laboratories was the initial
driver for improved waste management.
 International and National Guidelines and Policies improve waste
management because it detailed the guidance on managing health-care waste,
covering prevention, generation and management. This guidelines and policies
intervention can be applied to waste management. Waste avoidance and pollution
prevention can significantly reduce the amount of waste a laboratory handles, and is
a critical part of any laboratory Waste Management Plan. The following guidelines
are suggested for waste minimization. These guidelines and policies provide
guidelines for the protection of laboratory workers and health workers from health
effects associated with hazardous waste in the laboratory. It improves waste
management by providing comprehensive advice on maximizing the health impact
of sanitation interventions. It also provides evidence-informed recommendations,
and offer guidance for international, national and local waste management policies
and program actions. The guidelines also articulate and support the role of health
authorities in waste management policy and programming to help ensure that
health risks and proper waste disposal and management are identified and managed
effectively. It is important that there are improvements in waste management to
begin in pioneering local health-care facilities especially every laboratory. A
national policy are identifying the needs and problems in the laboratories, as well as
taking into account the relevant international agreements and conventions adopted
nationally that govern public health, sustainable development, the environment and
safe management of hazardous waste. Without this guidelines and policies for
producing a different outcome, it may increase the rate of hazardous waste typically.
The guidelines and policies help to improve waste management by building a
comprehensive system, addressing responsibilities, resource allocation, handling
and disposal. This is a long-term process, sustained by gradual improvements. By
raising awareness of the risks related to health-care waste, and of safe and sound
practices. And also selecting safe and environmentally-friendly waste management
options, to protect health-workers and the environment from hazards when
collecting, handling, storing, transporting, treating or disposing of waste. Improving
waste management is crucial to minimize the generation of hazardous wastes in
terms of quantity and hazardousness.

2.
 A daily commitment from all laboratory workers in laboratory is required for
an effective safety and security program. It is important for the staffs at all levels to
work together to eliminate the risk of exposure to biological risk, hazards or
materials and also the conditions in the laboratory. Every laboratory workplace has
biological risk and, although there will be a nominated procedures for conducting
formal risk assessments, it is still everyone’s responsibility to be mindful of hazards
in the workplace and minimize risk of harm. Biomedical laboratory is full of risks.
Risk could be biological. It includes biological agents, infectious samples, toxic and
corrosive chemicals materials are handled. Biorisk generally refers to the risk
associated with exposure to different biological materials or infectious agents inside
the laboratory. All possible risks can be identified, evaluated and controlled with the
help of SOP. Standard Operating Procedures or SOP is defined as a written set of
instructions to be followed by every laboratory workers to complete their job safely
and effectively with no adverse effect on personal health or environment. And in a
manner that effectively maximizes the likelihood of a beneficial health outcome. In
simple terms a Standard Operating Procedures is a written process or repetitive
that document a routine to reduce biological risk inside the laboratory. And it is a
written document that provides step by step instructions that detail the steps to be
performed during a given experimental procedure and include information about
potential biological risks and how these risks will be mitigated for completing
laboratory procedures especially in maintaining proper waste disposals of
hazardous materials and to avoid biological risks inside the laboratory. Standard
Operating Procedures or SOP are a required supplement to the Laboratory and
Research Safety Plan to reduce the biological risks involved in working with
hazardous and waste materials or performing other potentially hazardous
operations in the laboratory. Written SOP may be used to effectively communicate
the biological risks associated with in the laboratory. In addition to promoting
safety and helping ensure the proper waste management inside the laboratory,
Standard Operating Procedures can also be used as a tool for instruction and proper
training in the laboratory to reduce any risks.

Laboratory must have written SOP when work involves the use of hazardous
materials that includes chemical, biological or physical hazards. Standard Operating
Procedures provides an opportunity to identify hazards and risks at every step of an
experimental process inside the laboratory. SOP provides information on how to
perform and use biosafety risk assessment to improve the safety of the clinical or
public health laboratory. SOPs should be written written in a concise, logical, step-
by-step, easy to read format by laboratory personnel who supervise and direct
hazardous operations and is most knowledgeable and involved with the
experimental process. And should be drawn up by technical staff in the laboratory,
revised by microbiologist and approved by the Director of the laboratory. SOP must
be available to all laboratory personnel. This Standard Operating Procedure or SOP
includes instructions and tools for conducting a risk assessment and risk mitigation
plans tools and resources. Using the information presented in this SOP and
accompanying tools and resources. Documented biological risk training and
laboratory specific standard operating procedures or SOP training is required for all
laboratory workers prior to commencement of work. Each laboratory section
should participate in its own risk assessment and mitigation work. While both
biosafety and biosecurity are important, this Standard Operating Procedure will
focus exclusively on a risk assessment of biosafety. SOP describes the guidelines for
safe laboratory practices, including emergency procedures, the use of personal
protective equipment, general guidelines and specific guidelines for high
temperature, chemical and biological safety. The goal of safe laboratory practices is
that you conduct yourself and your experiments in a responsible manner so as not
to endanger you or your co-workers. It also describe the activities performed in the
laboratory to provide uniformity, consistency and reliability in each of the activities
performed, provide training and guidance for laboratory staff and reduce systematic
errors to prevent biological risks. SOP is very important because it informs and
explains how to utilize and manage hazardous chemicals, processes, and procedures
to prevent or minimize health, safety concerns and to avoid acquiring biological risk.
The application of SOP in laboratory is an integral part of a successful safety
program. For additional information, it focuses on the laboratory process,
operational ranges and conditions, individual hazardous chemicals, classes of
hazardous chemicals, management and use of chemical equipment, emergency
shutdown, authorized users, and laboratory specific safety and security risks, based
on surroundings and environmental factors. Laboratories use Standard Operational
Procedure when their laboratory standards do not sufficiently address the use of
hazardous biological and chemical specimens or conditions. Also it helps to ensure
a safe work laboratory environment by documenting the key risks associated with
an activity and how the risks can be controlled. When institutional laboratory
standards are not sufficient to mitigate the risks, laboratory personnel may use the
Standard Operating Procedure. The ultimate purpose of an SOP is to ensure
operations in the laboratory are performed safely and in the correct manner. It is
important to follow this set of instructions to reduce the risks to laboratory workers
performing particular biological hazards. SOP helps to develop transparent
functions, implements measures to prevent risks. It facilitates corrective action and
transfer knowledge and skill in laboratory. The application of SOP is even more
important and relevant to some areas of practice. For example, medical technology
student’s practices are among those where the application requires an earnest
attention because the responsibility deals with procedures that conspicuously has
adverse effects because they are expose to biological risks and is, therefore, critical
to meet certain standard of practices. SOPs may need to be developed as a risk
control measure if indicated from the outcomes of risk assessments carried out in
accordance with the procedure for managing workplace health and safety risks.
Standard Operating Procedure includes personal protective equipment to be worn
while undertaking the task, cleanup and waste disposal measures, specific
information regarding the potential hazards and associated risks of the task and
instructions for undertaking the task described in a safe manner to reduce biological
risks.