Final-Government of India Support For Innovation and Entrepreneurship in India

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
ENTERPRENEUR
“An entrepreneur is one who always searches for change, responds to it and exploits it as
an opportunity. Innovation is the basic tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit
change as an opportunity for different business of service.”
--Peter Drucker
To put it very simply an entrepreneur is someone who perceives opportunity, organizes
resources needed for exploiting that opportunity and exploits it. Laptops , mobile phone, Motor
Bikes, Credit Cards, Courier Service, and Ready to eat Foods are all examples of entrepreneurial
ideas that got converted into products or services.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
‘A systematic innovation, which consists in the purposeful and organized search for
changes, and it is the systematic analysis of the opportunities such changes might offer for
economic and social innovation.’
-- Peter Drucker
Entrepreneurshipis the practice of starting new organizations or revitalizing mature
organizations, particularly new businesses generally in response to identified opportunities.
Entrepreneurship is a creative human act involving the mobilization of resources from one level
of productive use to a higher level of use. "It is the process by which the individual pursue
opportunities without regard to resources currently controlled."
Entrepreneurship involves a willingness to take responsibility and ability to put mind to a task
and see it through from inception to completion. Another ingredient of entrepreneurship is
sensing opportunities, while others see chaos, contradiction, and confusion. Essence of
Entrepreneurship is going against time with maturity and serving as a change agent.
Entrepreneurship is considered to be a significant determinant of economic development. New
entrepreneurial activities play a vital part in the process of creative destruction that fosters
innovation, employment, and growth. While India has traditionally been an entrepreneurial
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country, it fares poorly in numerous global studies exploring the entrepreneurial and business
potential of countries but, on the other hand on the most conservative basis, our domestic
consumption, in virtually any sector, has the potential to at least double, or treble, from current
levels – perhaps, just to catch up with a country like China. Then, there is the entire global
opportunity, across diverse sectors internationally, the "Made in India" tag is now an increasingly
respected brand, valued for quality, reliability, and competitiveness. Truly, with economic
reforms in the country, and with the virtual removal of all trade barriers, the world is now our
market and our opportunity. The pursuit of these opportunities requires an indomitable spirit of
entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is often a difficult undertaking, as a vast majority of new
businesses fail. Entrepreneurial activities are substantially different depending on the type of
organization that is being started. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects (even
involving the entrepreneur only part-time) to major undertakings creating many job
opportunities. Many "high-profile" entrepreneurial ventures seek venture capital or angel funding
in order to raise capital to build the business. Angel investors generally seek returns of 20-30%
and more extensive involvement in the business.
GROWTH OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA

The proper understanding of the growth of entrepreneurship of any country would evolve within
the context of the economic history of the particular country becomes the subject matter of this
section. The growth of entrepreneurship in India is, therefore, presented into two sections viz.
 Entrepreneurship during Pre-Independence
 Entrepreneurship during Post-Independence
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DURING PRE-INDEPENDENCE

The evolution of the Indian entrepreneurship can be traced back to even as early as Rigveda,
when metal handicrafts existed in the society. This would bring the point home that handicrafts
entrepreneurship in India was as old as the human civilization itself, and was nurtured by the
craftsman as a part of their duty towards the society. Before India came into contact with west,
people were organized in a particular type of economic and social system of the village
community. Then, the village community featured the economic scene in India. The Indian
towns were mostly religious and aloof from the general life of country. The elaborated cast based
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diversion of workers consisted of farmers, artisans and religious priests. The majority of the
artisans were treated as village servants. Such compact system of village community effectively
protecting village artisans from the onslaughts of external competition was one of the important
contributing factors to the absence of localization of industry in ancient India.
Evidently, organized industrial activity was observable among the India artisans in a few
recognizable products in the cities of Banaras, Allahabad, Gaya, Puri&Mirzapur which were
established on their river basins. Very possibly this was because the rivers served as a means of
transportation facilities. These artisan industries flourished over the period because the Royal
patronage was to them to support them. The workshops called ‘kharkhanas’ came into existence.
The craftsmen were brought into an association pronounced as ‘guild system’. On the whole,
perfection in art, durability beyond doubt and appeal to the eye of the individual were the
distinguishing qualities inherent in the Indian craftsmanship that brought much everlasting
laurels of name and fame of the illustrious India in the past. To quote, Bengal enjoyed worldwide
celebrity for Corah, Lucknow for chintzes, Ahmadabad for dupttas, and dhotis, Nagpur for silk
boarded cloth, Kashmir for shawls and Banaras for metal wares. Thus, form the immemorial till
the earlier years of the 18th century, India enjoyed the prestigious status of the queen of the
international trade with the help of its handicrafts.
Unfortunately, so much prestigious Indian handicraft industry, which was basically a cottage and
small sector, declined at the end of the 18th century for various reasons. These may be listed as-
1. Disappearance of the Indian royal courts who patronized the crafts earlier.
2. The lukewarm attitude of the British colonial govt. towards the Indian crafts.
3. Imposition of heavy duties on the imports of the Indian goods in England.
4. Low priced British made goods produce on large scale which reduced the competing
capacity of the product of the Indian handicrafts.
5. Development of transport in Indian facilitating the easy access of British product even to
far-flung remote part of the country.
6. Changes in the tastes and habits of the Indian, developing craziness of foreign products.
7. Unwillingness of the Indian craftsmen to adapt to the changing tastes and needs of the
people.
Some scholars hold the view that manufacturing entrepreneurship in India emerged as the latent
and manifest consequence of east India company advent in India. The company injected various
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changes in the Indian economy through export of raw materials and import of finished goods in
India. Particularly, the parsis established good rapport with the company and were much
influenced by the company’s commercial operations. The company established its first ship
building industry in Surat where from 1673 onwards the parsis built vassals for the company.
The most important was shipwright LowjeeNushirvan, who migrated to Bombay around 1935.
He belonged to a Wadiafamily which gave birth to many leading ship-builders of Bombay. In
1677, ManjeeDhanjee was given a contact for building the first large gun powder mill in
Bombay for the east-India company. Besides, a Parsi foreman of a gun factory belonging to the
company established a steel industry in Bombay in 1852. On the basis of these facts, it can be
stated that the east India company made some contribution towards entrepreneurial growth in
India. But whether the company did it deliberately for the growth of entrepreneurship in India or
it was just a coincident that people came in contact with the company and entered the
manufacturing, nothing can be said with certitude.
The actual emergenced of manufacturing entrepreneurship can be noticed in the second half of
the 19th century. Prior to 1850, some stay failure attempts were, indeed , made by the Europeans
to setup factories in India. In the beginning, the Parsis were the founder manufacturing
entrepreneurs in India.
Ranchodlalchotalal, a Nagar Brahman, was the first Indian to think of setting up the textile
manufacturing on the modern factory lines in 1847, but failed. In his second attempt, he
succeeded in setting up a textile mill in 1861 at Ahmadabad. But before this, the first cotton
textile manufacturing unit was already setup by a Parsi, CowasjeeNanabhoyDabar in Bombay in
1854 fallowed by Nawrosjeewadia who open his textile mill in Bombay in 1880. The credit for
the expansion of textile industries upto 1915 goes to the Parsis. Out of 96 textile mills existing in
1915, 43% (41) were set up by parsis, 24% (23) by Hindus, 10% (10) By Muslims and 23% (22)
by British citizens. Later, the Parsis invaded other fields, mainly iron and steel industry, also
Jamshedjee Tata was the first Parsi entrepreneur who established the first steel industry in
Jamshedpur in 1911.
In the first wave of manufacturing entrepreneurship, except parsis, all others hailed from non-
commercial communities. Why the well-known commercial communities, namely, Jains and
Vaishyas of Ahmadabad and Baroda, lagged behind in entrepreneurial initiative throughout the
nineteenth century can be explained by two factors. Firstly, the improvement of business climate
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in the countryside during this period results in an increase in the quantum of trade which
assumed quick returns on investments. This proves the commercial activity more lucrative
during the period, Secondly; it can also be attribute to their conservative attitude to change from
commercial entrepreneurship to industrial entrepreneurship.
The Swadeshicampaign, i.e., emphasis on indigenous goods, provided, indeed, a proper seedbed
for inculcating and developing nationalism in the country. It was the influence of Swadeshi that
Jamshedji Tata even named his first mill 'Swadeshi Mill'. The spirit of indigenousness
strengthened its roots so much in the country that the Krishna Mills in its advertisement of
Tribune of April 13 made the following appeal: "Our concern is financed by native capital and is
under native management throughout"."
The second wave of entrepreneurial growth in India began after the First World War. For various
reasons, the Indian Government agreed to 'discriminating' protection to certain industries, even
requiring that companies receiving its benefits should be registered in India with rupee capital
and have a proportion of their directors as Indians. The advantages of these measures were
mostly enjoyed by the Indians. The Europeans failed to harness the protectionist policies to their
interests." These measures helped in establishing and extending the factory manufacturing in
India during the first four decades of the twentieth century. During these decades, the relative
importance of Parsis declined and Gujaratis and Marwari Vaishyas gained that pendulum in
India's entrepreneurial scene.
The emergence of Managing Agency System which made its own contribution to the Indian
entrepreneurship can be traced back to 1936 when Carr, Tagore & Co. assumed the management
of Calcutta Steam Tug Association. The credit for this initiation goes to an Indian, Dwarkanath
Tagore, who encouraged others to form joint-stock companies and invented a distinct method of
management in which management remained in the hands of the 'firm' rather than of an
'individual' . Historical evidences also do confirm that after the East India Company lost
monopoly in 1813, the European Managing Agency Houses entered business, trade and banking.
And, these houses markedly influenced eastern India's Industrial scene. It is stated that the
Managing Agency Houses were the real entrepreneur for that period particularly in Eastern
India. Brimmer" holds the opinion that Agency Houses emerged to overcome the limitations
imposed by a shortage of venture capital and entrepreneurial acumen though all may not agree
squarely with this view.
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Reasons for slow growth of entrepreneurship in During British period in
India.
1. Not given proper protection: The enterprises were not given proper protection by British
Government.
2. Discouragement by British Government: Only those industries in which the British

Government put their own capital were given encouragement.
3. High railway freight charges: The railway freight charges were higher for locations not
nearer to the ports. This proved that the transportation of the goods manufactured for the
Indian markets were more expensive than goods meant for exports.
4. Exorbitant tariffs: The British imposed exorbitant tariffs on India made goods.
5. Constantly harassed for getting licenses: Entrepreneurs were constantly harassed for
getting licenses and finance to established and run industries.
6. No facilities for technical education: there were almost any facilities for technical
education which alone could strength Indian industrial entrepreneurship.
7. Entrepreneurs faced fierce competition from abroad: The Indian indigenous

entrepreneurs faced fairs competition from machine made goods exported to India from
abroad.
8. Lack of transportation and communication facilities: Lack of transportation and

communication facilities acted as the stumbling blot in the way of industrial growth.
9. Not encouraged the establishment of heavy industries: The British Government did not
encourage the establishment of heavy industries like heavy machinery, iron and steel
which are necessary for rapid industrialization.
10. Political turmoil: Political turmoil and abolition of princely courtsdiscouraged the growth
of entrepreneurship.
11. Multi-currency system: Prevalence of multi currency system affected the business
environment and blocked the growth.
Inspite of the above problems, the export trade of textile in 17th century was on ascending trend.
During this period, grouping of Indian merchants into joint stock associations for the purpose of
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managing the supply of textiles to European companies was very significant. This helped in
exporting huge volume of textiles to the European markets leading to favorable terms of trade.
PARTITION OF UNDIVIDED INDIA ON 15th AUGAST 1947
Before we skip our review of entrepreneurial growth to the post-Independence era, it will be in
the fitness of the things to shed some light on effects of partition on India's industrial economy so
as to depict Independent India's industrial background.
Following are some major effects of partition on 15th August 1947 on the Indian industrial
economy:-
Demographic Effects :77% of area & 82% of population get remain in India whereas 23% of
area & 18% of population converted into Pakistan.
Industrial Activity :90% of total industrial establishment with 93% of industrial workers (Jute,
Iron & Steel and Paper industries) in India whereas 10% of total industrial establishments with
7% of industrial workers (Cotton textile, sugar, cement,
glass and chemical industries) in Pakistan.
Mineral and Natural Resources :97% of total value of minerals in India in which major deposits
of coal, mica, manganese, iron, etc. whereas 3% of total value of minerals with major deposits of
Gypsum, rock salt, etc. in Pakistan.
Manpower and Manager skill :-India was at losswhereas Muslims possessed these skills who
migrated to Pakistan.
Transport Facilities:83% of total route mileage in India whereas 07% of total road mileage in
Pakistan.
Major Ports: India lost major ports which adversely affects India’s exports.
(Source: Entrepreneurial Development by S.S. Khanka)
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ENTERPRENEURSHIP DURING POST- INDEPENDENCE
After taking a long sign of political relief in 1947, the Government of India tried to spell out the
priorities to devise a scheme for achieving balanced growth. For this purpose, the Government
came forward with the first Industrial Policy, 1948 which was revised from time to time." The
Government in her various industrial policy statements identified the responsibility of the State
to promote, assist and develop industries in the national interest. It also explicitly recognised the
vital role of the private sector in accelerating industrial development and, for this, enough field
was reserved for the private sector.
The Government took three important measures in her industrial resolutions:-
(i) to maintain a proper distribution of economic power between private and public sector;
(ii) to encourage the tempo of industrialisation by spreading entrepreneurship from the
existingcentres to other cities, towns and villages, and
(iii) to disseminate the entrepreneurship acumen concentrated in a few dominant communities
to a large number of industrially potential people of varied social strata.
To achieve these adumberated objectives, the Government accorded emphasis on the

development of small-scale industries in the country. Particularly since the Third Five Year Plan,
the Government started to provide various incentives and concessions in the form of capital,
technical know-how, markets and land to the potential entrepreneurs to establish
industries in the industrially potential areas to remove the regional imbalances in development.
This was, indeed, a major step taken by the Government to initiate interested people of varied
social strata to enter the small-scale manufacturing field. Several institutions like Directorate of
Industries, Financial Corporations, Small-Scale Industries Corporations and Small Industries
Service Institute were also established by the Government to facilitate the new entrepreneurs in
setting up their enterprises. Expectedly, the small-scale units emerged very rapidly in India
witnessing a tremendous increase in their number from 121,619 in 1966 to 190,727 in 1970
registering an increase of 17,000 units per year during the period under reference.
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The recapitulation of review of literature regarding entrepreneurial growth in India, thus, leads us
to conclude that prior to 1850, the manufacturing entrepreneurship was negligible lying dormant
in artisans. The artisan entrepreneurship could not develop mainly due to inadequate
infrastructure and lukewarm attitude of the colonial political structure to the entrepreneurial
function. The East India Company, the Managing Agency Houses and various socio-political
movements like Swadeshicampaign provided, one way or the other, proper seedbed for the
emergence of the manufacturing entrepreneurship from 1850 onwards.
The wave of entrepreneurial growth gained sufficient momentum after the Second World War.
Since then the entrepreneurs have increased rapidly in numbers in the country. Particularly, since
the Third Five Year Plan, small entrepreneurs have experienced tremendous increase in their
numbers. But, they lacked entrepreneurial ability, however.
The fact remains that even the small entrepreneurship continued to be dominated by business
communities though at some places new groups of entrepreneurs too emerged. Also, there are
examples that some entrepreneurs grew from small to medium-scale and from medium to large-
scale manufacturing units during the period. The family entrepreneurship units like Tata, Birla,
Mafatlal, Dalmia, Kirloskar and others grew beyond the normally expected size and also
established new frontiers in business in this period. Notwithstanding, all this happened without
the diversification of the entrepreneurial base so far as its socio -economic ramification is
concerned.
“Liberalization was catalyst for growth of Entrepreneurship in India”
“Post-liberalization, entrepreneurship has generally increased in India,” Dr Mani told Business

Line. And knowledge-intensive entrepreneurship in sectors such as IT and biotechnology has
also increased since the economic liberalization process started in 1991, he added.
The number of new companies formed during the 1980-2006 period points to a possible
growth in entrepreneurship. Figures from the Ministry of Corporate Affairs show that from 1980
to 1991, the average number of companies formed each year was 14,379, while from 1992 to
2006, the average number of companies formed per year was 33,835. According to the paper,
liberalisation itself kick-started the growth of entrepreneurship in India for it presented
businesses in the country with new market opportunities.
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Liberalisation also reduced entry barriers for new entrepreneurs as it dispensed with or reduced
regulatory measures such as industrial licensing. Similarly, improved availability of financial
support from both official and private sources boosted the growth of entrepreneurship. However,
entrepreneurship in India could have grown much faster if the capital market had been
strengthened to support the system.
Even today, the capital market is not a major source of finance for enterprises, which mostly rely
on internal sources of funding or debt. A study of 588 start-ups that participated in a competition
conducted recently by National Entrepreneurship Network revealed that 70 per cent relied on
personal savings for initial funding, he pointed out. Government-supported and public-private
partnership ventures such as the National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship
Development Board, Technopreneur Promotion Programme and business incubators in colleges
and technology parks also facilitated the growth of entrepreneurship in India.
Simultaneously, private sector initiatives such as The Indus Entrepreneurs and National
Entrepreneurship Network also supported India’s knowledge-intensive enterprises. The increased
availability of technically trained people and programmes that offered formal training in
entrepreneurship also bolstered the growth of entrepreneurship.
CURRENT SCENARIO OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA

According to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2007) report, India’s High-Growth
Expectation Early-Stage Entrepreneurship (HEA) rate is only one-fifth of that of China. Further,
among medium and low income countries, while China’s nascent and new
entrepreneurs appear to be the most growth-oriented, with more than 10 per cent of them
anticipating high growth. Early-stage entrepreneurial activity in India is marked by low levels of
growth expectation. This is despite the extremely high levels of potential entrepreneurial activity
as perceived by the non-entrepreneurially active population in the country. While data on
entrepreneurship is hard to come by, the following numbers are telling. According to the NSS
62nd round, in rural India, almost 50 per cent of all workers are self-employed – 57 per cent
among males and nearly 62 per cent among females, while the corresponding figures in urban
India are 42 for males and 44 for females. The NSSO defines a self-employed person as one who
has worked in household enterprises as own-account worker; worked in household enterprises as
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an employer or worked in household enterprises as helper. The essential feature of the self-
employed is that they have autonomy (decide how, where and when to produce) and economic
independence (in respect of choice of market, scale of operation and finance) for carrying out
their operation. According to the 5th Economic Census conducted by the Central Statistical
Organisation (CSO), there are 41.83 million establishments in the country engaged in different
economic activities other than crop production and plantation. Five states viz. Tamil Nadu (10.60
per cent), Maharashtra (10.10 per cent), West Bengal (10.05 per cent), Uttar Pradesh (9.61 per
cent) and Andhra Pradesh (9.56 per cent) together account for about 50 percent of the total
establishments in the country. The same five states also have the combined share of about 50 per
cent of total employment.
Issues in the Current Framework

Finance: Access to credit is considered to be one of the key problems faced by entrepreneurs in
India. This problem is particularly acute at the start-up stage, where bank finance is hard to
obtain. Despite new sources of finance such as venture capital, angel funding and private equity
becoming increasingly popular, institutional finance is still not able to meet the current
entrepreneurial demands.
Regulation and governance: An entrepreneur has to deal with a host of regulatory and
compliance issues. These include registering one’s business, obtaining government clearances
and licenses, paying taxes and complying with labour regulations. Cumbersome paperwork, long
delays and red tapism involved in such transactions create unnecessary burdens for
entrepreneurs, constraining their productivity and their ability to do business. As seen in the
Doing Business 2008 rankings, India performs poorly in these indicators. A study investigating
the effect of regulation on entrepreneurship using the GEM dataset shows India to be having one
of the worst regulatory indices. Moreover, lack of clarity on information relating to legal and
procedural aspects of starting an enterprise, as well as those relating to clearances, licenses and
government schemes further aggravates the problem.
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Manpower: Availability of skilled manpower is another crucial issue for entrepreneurs. For
example, in a survey of entrepreneurs conducted by KPMG and TiE in 2008, skilled manpower
emerged as the second most important factor for fostering entrepreneurial growth. Further
parameters reflecting labour market efficiency and flexibility are dismal. In the Global
Competitiveness Index, India ranks 102nd in hiring and f ring practices and 85th in employing
workers in the Doing Business 2008 report.
Infrastructure: India’s physical infrastructure – roads, rail, ports, power, and telecom – is also
considered to be a bottleneck to the smooth operation of entrepreneurial activity. The high
transport and supply chain costs that poor infrastructure entails can be affect competitiveness to a
great extent, particularly for a small and medium enterprise. Enterprises surveyed in the Global
Competitiveness Report 2007-08, rated inadequate infrastructure as ‘the most problematic factor’
for doing business in India.
Education: While the influence of education on entrepreneurship is considered debatable,

increasingly education is being seen as part of the larger ecosystem that impacts entrepreneurship
and entrepreneurial motivations. Greater practical exposure, critical analysis, entrepreneurship
curriculum, incubation and mentoring, industry-research linkages can help in fostering
entrepreneurship.
SCOPE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

In India there is a dearth of quality people in industry, which demands high level of
entrepreneurship development programme throughout the country for the growth of Indian
economy.
The scope of entrepreneurship development in country like India is tremendous. Especially since
there is widespread concern that the acceleration in GDP growth in the post reforms period has
not been accompanied by a commensurate expansion in employment. Results of the 57th round
of the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) show that unemployment figures in 2003-
04 were as high as 8.9 million. Incidentally, one million more Indian joined the rank of the
unemployed between 2005-06 & 2007-08. The rising unemployment rate (9.2% 2008 est.) in
India has resulted in growing frustration among the youth. In addition there is always problem of
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underemployment. As a result, increasing the entrepreneurial activities in the country is the only
solace. Incidentally, both the reports prepared by Planning Commission to generate employment
opportunities for 10 crore people over the next ten years have strongly recommended self-
employment as a way-out for teaming unemployed youth. We have all the requisite technical and
knowledge base to take up the entrepreneurial challenge. The success of Indian entrepreneurs in
Silicon Valley is evident as proof. The only thing that is lacking is confidence and mental
preparation. We are more of a reactive kind of a people. We need to get out of this and become
more proactive. What is more important than the skill and knowledge base is the courage to take
the plunge. Our problem is we do not stretch ourselves.
However, it is appreciative that the current generations of youth do not have hang-ups about the
previous legacy and are willing to experiment. These are the people who will bring about
entrepreneurship in India.
At present, there are various organizations at the country level & state level offering support to
entrepreneurs in various ways. The Govt. of India & various State Governments have been
implementing various schemes &programmes aimed at nurturing entrepreneurship over last four
decades. For example, MCED in Maharashtra provides systematic training, dissemination of the
information & data regarding all aspects of entrepreneurship & conducting research in
entrepreneurship. Then there are various Govt. sponsored scheme for the budding entrepreneurs.
Recognizing the importance of the entrepreneur development in economic growth &
employment generation, Maharashtra Economic Development Council (MEDC) has identified
entrepreneurial development as the one of the focus area for Council activities two years ago.
Various Chambers of Commerce & apex institutions have started organizing seminars &
workshops to promote entrepreneurship. Incidentally, various management colleges have
incorporated entrepreneurship as part of their curriculum. This is indeed a good development.
This shows the commitment of the Govt. & the various organizations towards developing
entrepreneurial qualities in the individuals.
Government of India Support for Innovation and Entrepreneurship in India
The Government of India has undertaken several initiatives and instituted policy measures
to foster a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship in the country. Job creation is a
foremost challenge facing India. With a significant and unique demographic advantage,
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India, however, has immense potential to innovate, raise entrepreneurs and create jobs for
the benefit of the nation and the world.
In the recent years, a wide spectrum of new programmes and opportunities to nurture
innovation have been created by the Government of India across a number of sectors. From
engaging with academia, industry, investors, small and big entrepreneurs, non-governmental
organizations to the most underserved sections of society.
Recognising the importance of women entrepreneurship and economic participation in

enabling the country’s growth and prosperity, Government of India has ensured that all
policy initiatives are geared towards enabling equal opportunity for women. The
government seeks to bring women to the forefront of India’s entrepreneurial ecosystem by
providing access to loans, networks, markets and trainings.
A few of India’s efforts at promoting entrepreneurship and innovation are:
 Startup India: Through the Startup India initiative, Government of India promotes
entrepreneurship by mentoring, nurturing and facilitating startups throughout their life
cycle. Since its launch in January 2016, the initiative has successfully given a head start
to numerous aspiring entrepreneurs. With a 360 degree approach to enable startups, the
initiative provides a comprehensive four-week free online learning program, has set up
research parks, incubators and startup centres across the country by creating a strong
network of academia and industry bodies. More importantly, a ‘Fund of Funds’ has been
created to help startups gain access to funding. At the core of the initiative is the effort
to build an ecosystem in which startups can innovate and excel without any barriers,
through such mechanisms as online recognition of startups, Startup India Learning
Programme, Facilitated Patent filing, Easy Compliance Norms, Relaxed Procurement
Norms, incubator support, innovation focused programmes for students, funding support,
tax benefits and addressing of regulatory issues.
 Make in India: Designed to transform India into a global design and manufacturing hub,
the Make in India initiative was launched in September 2014. It came as a powerful call
to India’s citizens and business leaders, and an invitation to potential partners and
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investors around the world to overhaul out-dated processes and policies, and centralize
information about opportunities in India’s manufacturing sector. This has led to renewed
confidence in India’s capabilities among potential partners abroad, business community
within the country and citizens at large. The plan behind Make in India was one of the
largest undertaken in recent history. Among several other measures, the initiative has
ensured the replacement of obsolete and obstructive frameworks with transparent and
user-friendly systems. This has in turn helped procure investments, foster innovation,
develop skills, protect intellectual property and build best-in-class manufacturing
infrastructure.
 Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): AIM is the Government of India’s endeavour to
promote a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, and it serves as a platform for
promotion of world-class Innovation Hubs, Grand Challenges, start-up businesses and
other self-employment activities, particularly in technology driven areas. In order to
foster curiosity, creativity and imagination right at the school, AIM recently launched
Atal Tinkering Labs (ATL) across India. ATLs are workspaces where students can work
with tools and equipment to gain hands-on training in the concepts of STEM (Science,
Technology, Engineering and Math). Atal Incubation Centres (AICs) are another
programme of AIM created to build innovative start-up businesses as scalable and
sustainable enterprises. AICs provide world class incubation facilities with appropriate
physical infrastructure in terms of capital equipment and operating facilities. These
incubation centres, with a presence across India, provide access to sectoral experts,
business planning support, seed capital, industry partners and trainings to encourage
innovative start-ups.
 Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP): STEP was
launched by the Government of India’s Ministry of Women and Child Development to
train women with no access to formal skill training facilities, especially in rural India.
The Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and NITI Aayog recently
redrafted the Guidelines of the 30-year-old initiative to adapt to present-day needs. The
initiative reaches out to all Indian women above 16 years of age. The programme
imparts skills in several sectors such as agriculture, horticulture, food processing,
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handlooms, traditional crafts like embroidery, travel and tourism, hospitality, computer
and IT services.
 Jan Dhan- Aadhaar- Mobile (JAM): JAM, for the first time, is a technological
intervention that enables direct transfer of subsidies to intended beneficiaries and,
therefore, eliminates all intermediaries and leakages in the system, which has a
protential impact on the lives of millions of Indian citizens. Besides serving as a vital
check on corruption, JAM provides for accounts to all underserved regions, in order to
make banking services accessible down to the last mile.
 Digital India: The Digital India initiative was launched to modernize the Indian
economy to makes all government services available electronically. The initiative aims
to transform India into a digitally-empowered society and knowledge economy with
universal access to goods and services. Given historically poor internet penetration, this
initiative aims to make available high-speed internet down to the grassroots. This
program aims to improve citizen participation in the digital and financial space, make
India’s cyberspace safer and more secure,abd improve ease of doing business. Digital
India hopes to achieve equity and efficiency in a country with immense diversity by
making digital resources and services available in all Indian languages.
 Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC): BIRAC is a not-for-
profit Public-Sector Enterprise, set up by Department of Biotechnology to strengthen
and empower emerging biotechnology enterprises. It aims to embed strategic research
and innovation in all biotech enterprises, and bridge the existing gaps between industry
and academia. The ultimate goal is to develop high-quality, yet affordable, products with
the use of cutting edge technologies. BIRAC has initiated partnerships with several
national and global partners for building capacities of the Indian biotech industry,
particularly start-ups and SME’s, and has facilitated several rapid developments in
medical technology.
 Department of Science and Technology (DST): The DST comprises several arms that
work across the spectrum on all major projects that require scientific and technological
intervention. The Technology Interventions for Disabled and Elderly, for instance,
provides technological solutions to address challenges and improve quality of life of the
elderly in India through the application of science and technology. On the other hand,
16
the ASEAN-India Science, Technology and Innovation Cooperation works to narrow the
development gap and enhance connectivity between the ASEAN countries. It encourages
cooperation in science, technology and innovation through joint research across sectors
and provides fellowships to scientists and researchers from ASEAN member states with
Indian R&D/ academic institutions to upgrade their research skills and expertise.
 Stand-Up India: Launched in 2015, Stand-Up India seeks to leverage institutional
credit for the benefit of India’s underprivileged. It aims to enable economic participation
of, and share the benefits of India’s growth, among women entrepreneurs, Scheduled
Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Towards this end, at least one women and one individual
from the SC or ST communities are granted loans between Rs.1 million to Rs.10 million
to set up greenfield enterprises in manufacturing, services or the trading sector. The
Stand-Up India portal also acts as a digital platform for small entrepreneurs and provides
information on financing and credit guarantee.
 Trade related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD) : To address
the critical issues of access to credit among India’s underprivileged women, the TREAD
programme enables credit availability to interested women through non-governmental
organizations (NGOs). As such, women can receive support of registered NGOs in both
accessing loan facilities, and receiving counselling and training opportunities to kick-
start proposed enterprises, in order to provide pathways for women to take up non-farm
activities.
 Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): A flagship initiative of the
Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE), this is a Skill Certification
initiative that aims to train youth in industry-relevant skills to enhance opportunities for
livelihood creation and employability. Individuals with prior learning experience or
skills are also assessed and certified as a Recognition of Prior Learning. Training and
Assessment fees are entirely borne by the Government under this program.
 National Skill Development Mission: Launched in July 2015, the mission aims to build
synergies across sectors and States in skilled industries and initiatives. With a vision to
build a ‘Skilled India’ it is designed to expedite decision-making across sectors to
provide skills at scale, without compromising on quality or speed. The seven sub-
missions proposed in the initial phase to guide the mission’s skilling efforts across India
17
are: (i) Institutional Training (ii) Infrastructure (iii) Convergence (iv) Trainers (v)
Overseas Employment (vi) Sustainable Livelihoods (vii) Leveraging Public
Infrastructure. Click here to download the framework for implementation.
 Science for Equity Empowerment and Development (SEED): SEED aims to provide
opportunities to motivated scientists and field level workers to undertake action-
oriented, location specific projects for socio-economic gain, particularly in rural areas.
Efforts have been made to associate national labs and other specialist S&T institutions
with innovations at the grassroots to enable access to inputs from experts, quality
infrastructure. SEED emphasizes equity in development, so that the benefits of
technological accrue to a vast section of the population, particularly the disadvantaged.
Five Government Schemes for Young Entrepreneurs
With a country that is marred by unemployment since independence, the Start-up culture has
been welcomed with open arms by the Indian Government. Individuals who take up to
Entrepreneurship generate manifold employment opportunities for others, are able to convince
foreign VCs to invest in their idea and create ripples of success through their disruptive products
and services boosting economic growth. To support and strengthen the Start-up culture in India,
the Government has launched various schemes in the past few years. Let’s take a look at 5 such
government schemes for start-ups that every young entrepreneur must be aware of, to take
advantage and plunge into the entrepreneurship pool:
1. Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme (M-SIPS)

The M-SIPS scheme provides capital subsidy of 20% in SEZ and 25% subsidy in non-SEZ for
business units engaged in manufacturing of electronics in the fields of the Internet of Things,
aeronautics/aerospace &defence, automotive, renewable energy, non-renewable energy,
technology, green technology and nanotechnology.
2. NewGenInnovation and Entrepreneurship Development Centre (NewGen IEDC)
NewGen IEDC provides a limited one-time, non-recurring financial assistance to entrepreneurs
up to ₹25 Lakhs in the fields of chemicals, technology hardware, healthcare & life sciences,
aeronautics/aerospace &defence, agriculture, AI (artificial intelligence), AR/VR (augmented +
18
virtual reality), automotive, telecommunication & networking, computer vision, construction,
design, non-renewable energy, renewable energy, green technology, fin-tech, Internet of Things,
nanotechnology, social impact, food & Beverages, pets & animals, textiles & apparel.
3. Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme

Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme aims at helping entrepreneurs in the field of
Agriculture, pets & animals, and social impact to set up small dairy farms and incentives are
provided to cover the cost of the required equipment or establishment of the facility.
4. Single Point Registration Scheme (SPRS)

A great scheme for Micro and Small Enterprises, that provides an exemption from payment of
Earnest Money Deposit (EMD). Under this scheme, the tenders are issued free of cost.
5. Atal Incubation Centres (AIC)

AIC is a scheme for entities like higher educational institutions, R&D institutes, corporate sector,
alternative investment funds registered with SEBI, business accelerators, group of individuals,
and individuals who can apply to establish an AIC and get grant-in-aid of ₹10 Cr for a maximum
of five years.
19
CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Cuba et al. (1983) studied management practices among a group of women retailers and found
that delegation, education and prior work experience were positively related to financial success,
whereas level of mental and physical effort and degree of participative management did not
correlate.
Hisrish& Brush's (1984) list of advice is a clear example. Apart from a call for the elimination
of stereotypes “so as to increase acceptance of women in the business world” they advocate
“more visible role models for young women so that they can see how women can be successful
in business and in various professions” and “changes in women’s own attitudes and goals,
including a willingness to learn finance”. Women should also be encouraged to study technical
and managerial fields, they should be trained in finance, cash-flow management, marketing, etc.,
and they should “avail themselves of all of the information services now available”.
Chaganti (1986) differed between an entrepreneurial mode of strategic management and a

feminine way and found through eight case studies that successful women entrepreneurs used the
entrepreneurial mode, but their management styles were more feminine.
Buttner& Rosen (1988) found that bank loan officers perceived men to be more
“entrepreneurial” than women – men were rated higher on leadership, autonomy, risk-taking
propensity, readiness for change, and endurance. Men were also perceived to be less emotional
and to have a lower need for support, leading the authors to conclude that sex stereo-typing
existed. The same authors found in a loan decision simulation a year later that gender did not
influence bank loan officers’ decisions.
Brush and Hisrich (1991), using longitudinal data, tested the model empirically along three
dimensions: individual characteristics, incubator experience, and environmental factors. They
found experience, business skills, and personal factors were related to growth. They also found
20
that the traditional socialization of women influenced the type of businesses started, the
availability of start-up capital, and the management skills and experiences of the woman business
owner. But the question still remained as to why women are motivated to start their ventures.
Yvonne Hirdman (1992) to formulate the concept which she calls the gender system. The
gender system rests on two kinds of logic. The first is the logic of separation. It keeps men and
women separate, and more importantly, it keeps anything considered “female” separate from
anything considered “male”. The second logic is the one of superiority. The two genders are
ordered hierarchically, with the male placed above the female.
Olson & Currie (1992) quoted a study, which had found a relationship between value systems
and strategy for men, but the authors found no such correlation for women. The women in the
sample represented all of four possible strategies, using the Miles-Snow typology, but they were
all very similar on values.
Fischer et al. (1993) made a strong case for this. Why research gender differences if whether or
not they matter is not researched as well? Most of the performance studies compare men and
women, but a few study only women-owned businesses’ performance or they compare different
groups of women’s businesses.
MacNabb et al. (1993) tested an instrument called ISA (identity structure analysis) on a group
of nascent women entrepreneurs on Northern Ireland. They found some core values: need for
achievement, independence and inner locus of control. However, some values were found that
changed after a training program, for example the evaluation of risk and profit, affirming their
assumption that values are not necessarily as stable as the literature suggested.
Fagenson (1993) also examined values systems, and compared male and female entrepreneurs,
and male and female managers. She found hardly any differences between the entrepreneurs, but
great differences between entrepreneurs and managers, providing support for a situation-centered
as opposed to a person-centered view.
21
Bellu (1993) tested whether or not female managers and entrepreneurs differed on task role
motivation and attribution style. Entrepreneurs scored higher on self-achievement motivation
than managers, as predicted, but four other tested motivations did not differ much. Entrepreneurs
attributed failures to unstable external factors whereas managers were more prone to make
internal attributions. Both categories attributed success to internal factors.
Lerner et al. (1997) tracked background factors (firm and owner demographics, network
affiliations, goals and attitudes, etc.) among women entrepreneurs in Israel, and studied how
these related to performance. They found that different things came to the surface than in the US
studies, alerting the readers to the need to take culture into account. Important background
factors were network affiliations (but only one of these), motivation, business skills, and
previous industry experience. Previous start-up experience, education, and role models did not
differentiate low performers from high performers.
Buttner& Moore (1997) were also skeptical towards prevailing performance assessments and
decided to ask how women themselves measured success. They inquired as to why female
executives left their jobs and started businesses, and how their reasons correlated with self-
reported measures of success. The most important measure of success was self-fulfillment and
goal achievement, followed by profit and growth. Thereafter came balancing family and work,
and at the far end making a social contribution. Those who left their old jobs for the challenge,
rated self-fulfillment and profit first, and those who left for family concerns, rated balancing
family and work as a success measure to a high degree.
Chell& Baines (1998) stating that “the family is fundamental to any understanding of women’s
participation in enterprise and this is irrespective of whether the woman is married and/or has a
family”.
Anna et al. (2000) compared women in traditional women’s businesses (retail and sales) with
those in non-traditional businesses and investigated if differences were related to sales. They
used the venture efficacy construct as one of the independent variables. They found a few
differences, but these were small and most examined parameters were very similar between the
22
two groups. Different factors were correlated with sales in the different sectors, leading the
authors to conclude that not all prospective women business owners should be viewed equally.
The greater part of the performance studies, though, compare men and women. Most authors
found that Women are found to have smaller and more slowly growing businesses, inviting an
explanation.
Huq (2000) in response to this world-wide growth of women's entrepreneurship, there has been
increased attention given to women's businesses, both from a practical development perspective
(agencies setting up programs to help women with credit and training) and a research point of
view - both academic and applied.
Carter (2000) agrees and suggests that the only way to encourage larger numbers of women into
self-employment is to recognize that there is a clear need to widen access to business start-up and
growth training and advice. Although education is not compulsory for creating a new venture, it
does render one with the skills, opportunities and contacts vital for most successful businesses.
Henley (2005) the analysis reveals that while aspirations towards entrepreneurship are
widespread, few aspiring entrepreneurs are successful. Aspirations appear to be driven by
“displacement” factors such as low satisfaction with current employment, rather than personal
resources associated with educational attainment, parental background and financial status. Thus
there are a lot of personal factors which influence the entrepreneurial decision of any person.
Dileepkumar (2006) have reported that Indian women have started becoming entrepreneur in
sizeable numbers only recently, partly due to the formation of various self-help groups (SHGs),
support from NGOs, higher level of education and economic liberalization
Minniti (2007), using the GEM sample examined the role of perceptions on female nascent
entrepreneurs from 17 countries. Perceptions about self-worth, opportunities and risk explain a
considerable portion of the differences in the inclination to start a business in some of these
countries. Their study suggests that national context and culture (by shaping national institutions)
23
exercise an influence on the entrepreneurial inclination of women but, at the same time, they
give emphasis to the role of universal and evolutionary behaviors.
Bulsara&Pandurengan (2007) that there is a lack of communication between banks and women
business-owners leading to underutilization of the banks. Women business-owners judge their
banks positively, but typically have a limited relationship. Higher the loan amount, more difficult
it becomes in getting a loan and the skepticism of the bank officials increases in the case of
women entrepreneurs.
Babaria and Chedda (2010) concluded in their recent survey that India is brimming with the
success stories of women. They stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their
achievements in their respective field. These women leaders are assertive, persuasive and willing
to take risks. They managed to survive and succeed in this cut throat competition with their hard
work, diligence and perseverance. Ability to learn quickly from her abilities, her persuasiveness,
open style of problem solving, willingness to take risks and chances, ability to motivate people,
knowing how to win and lose gracefully, are the qualities of the Indian women entrepreneurs.
Bhardwaj et al(2010 ) reveals that for an entrepreneur it is not about making money, having the
greatest ideas, knowing the best sales pitch, applying the best marketing strategy. It is in reality
an attitude to create something new and an activity which creates value in the entire social eco-
system. It is the psyche makeup of a person. It is a state of mind, which develops naturally, based
on his/ her surrounding and experiences, which makes him/ her think about life and career in a
given way.
Entrepreneur (2011) the Government of India, on its part has also implemented a Scheme,
namely, “Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD) to encourage
women in setting up their own ventures. Dena Bank under the Dena Shakti scheme promotes
women entrepreneurship by funding a number of activities and giving a concession of 0.25% on
interest rate.
24
Maheshwari and Sahu (2013) entrepreneurship has been on the rise as a global phenomenon
much before India began becoming sensitive to the development of entrepreneurship. However
the awareness towards the path of entrepreneurship is now picking up a quick pace in our own
country, and as a matter of fact is seen as one of the countries that is par excellence with the rest
of the Asian countries as far as growing entrepreneurship is concerned. There are ample
opportunities in small businesses in India such as in tourism, software, engineering goods,
franchising, education and training, food processing, textiles, healthcare sectors, organic farming,
corporate gifting energy solutions, packaging, floriculture, recycling business etc. and such
opportunities will transform India in the coming future.
Kabir (2013) has quoted in his article “Bridging the Gender Gap: Empowering India’s Female
Entrepreneurs” that female employment remains concentrated in industries related to sanitation,
education, chemicals, and tobacco, while higher-value industries such as research and
development, computers, and transport have the lowest rates of female participation. He has
posed questions like; What explains these gender disparities? Is it poor infrastructure, limited
education, and gender composition of the labor force and industries? Or is it deficiencies in
social and business networks and a low share of incumbent female entrepreneurs? He has also
mentioned that the lack of basic amenities affects women more than men, as women are often
responsible for a larger share of time-consuming household activities.
Report (2013), in India there is much development progress, growth appears to remain robust
and the prospects for poverty reduction are encouraging. Also the report has signified that for
improvement major thrust has to be given on girls’ education. Such educated girls are not only
proving themselves to be better mothers and homemakers but also are essentially becoming the
strong pillars in the economic structure of our country. The educated women do not want to limit
their lives in the four walls of the house.
25
CHAPTER-3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
OBJECTIVES
1. To study the various benefits provided by the government of India to young graduates
for becoming entrepreneurs.
2. To study the problems/ barriers faced by young graduates who want be become
entrepreneurs.
3. To study the benefits availed by the young graduates who are becoming
entrepreneurs.
SAMPLE SIZE:
The sample size for this research will be about one hundred (100) respondents, which will be
issued with closed ended a questionnaires.
RESEARCH DESIGN:
The research design used for this study is exploratory.
SOURCE OF DATA
Data Collection Methods: The source of data includes primary and secondary data sources.
Primary data: Primary data has been collected directly from sample respondents through
questionnaire and with the help of interview.
Research Instrument: Research instrument used for the primary data collection is
Questionnaire.
Area of Study: Ludhiana City.
26
Research Tools:Percentage method, Mean, Pie charts& bar graph.
LIMITATIONS
 The sample size has been restricted to 100 respondents due to time constraint. The study
can be extended by increasing the sample size.
 Primary data has been collected from the respondents. The accuracy of data depends on
the respondents chosen for the study.
The study has been restricted to Ludhiana city only. Further, research can be carried out by
covering other areas also.
27
CHAPTER-4
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Gender of the respondents

Table No.1: Gender of the respondents
Gender No. of the respondents %age of the respondents
Male 57 57%
Female 43 43%
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.1: Gender of the respondents
43%
Male
57% Female
Interpretation:
The above pie chart represents the percentage of gender wise composition of survey
respondents. This suggests that, out of 100 respondents 57% are male and 43% are female in
the survey.
28
Qualification of the Respondents
Table No.2: Qualification of the respondents
Qualification M % F %
Senior secondary 13 13% 11 11%
Higher secondary 17 17% 9 9%
Under graduate 5 5% 6 6%
Post graduate 22 22% 17 17%
Total 57 43
Fig. No.2: Qualification of the respondents

25%
22%
20%
17% 17%
15%
13%
11%
10% 9%
6%
5%
5%
0%
Senior secondary Higher secondary Under graduate Post graduate
Male Female
Interpretation:
The above bar graph represents that 13% male and 11% of female of the respondents were in
their senior secondary year followed by 17% male and 9% female were of higher secondary
year. Furthermore 5% male and 6% female of the respondents were under graduate and 22%
male and 17% female were post graduate.
29
Department of the Respondents
Table No.3: Department of the respondents
Department M %age F %age
Management 11 11% 12 12%
Commerce 13 13% 15 15%
Science 9 9% 8 8%
Engineering 16 16% 4 4%
Arts 8 8% 4 4%
Total 57 43
Fig. No.3: Department of the respondents
18%
16%
16% 15%
14% 13%
12%
12% 11%
10% 9%
8% 8%
8%
6%
4% 4%
4%
2%
0%
Management Commerce Science Engineering Arts
Male Female
Interpretation:
The above bar graph demonstrates the different departments of the students. It shows that
11% male and 12% female students are from management department, 13% male and 15%
female respondents are from commerce department and 9% male and 8% female respondents
are from science department. Furthermore, 16% male and 4% female of the respondents are
from engineering department and 8% male and 4% femalerespondents are from Arts
department.
1. Are you aware of the various entrepreneurship schemes launched by the government
of India?
30
Table No.4: Awareness about Entrepreneurship Schemes
Options M %age F %age
Yes 42 42% 30 30%
No 15 15% 13 13%
Total 57 43
Fig. No.4: Awareness about Entrepreneurship Schemes
45%
42%
40%
35%
30%
30%
25%
20%
15%
15% 13%
10%
5%
0%
Male Female
Yes No
Interpretation:
The above data shows that 42% male and 30% female respondents are aware about the
entrepreneurship schemes of the government and the rest 15% male and 13% female are not
aware about the schemes.
31
If Yes, how did you get to know about these schemes?
Table No.5: Source of information
Options No. of the respondents %age of the respondents
Facebook 38 53%
Twitter 14 19%
Television 5 7%
News 4 5%
Educational Seminar 2 3%
Family 5 7%
Friends 4 6%
Total 100 100
Fig. No.5: Source of information

60%
53%
50%
40%
30%
19%
20%
10% 7% 5% 7% 6%
3%
0%
ok er on ws ar ily ds
itt isi in
ebo
Tw v Ne em Fa
m
r ien
c le lS
F
Fa Te a
on
cati
u
Ed
Interpretation:
From the respondents who are aware about the schemes, 53% got to know from facebook,
19% got to know from twitter, 3% got to know from educational seminar, 5% from news, 7%
from family and 6% from friends.
2. Do you think that the apps launched by the government scheme facilitates registration
for start-ups?
Table No.6: Facility of registration provided by the apps launched by government
32
Yes 83 83%
No 17 17%
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.6: :Facility of registration provided by the apps launched by government
17%
Yes
No
83%
Interpretation:
The above pie chart shows that 83% respondents think that the apps launched by the
government schemes facilitates registration for start-ups and 17% respondents don’t think
that the apps launched by the government schemes facilitates registration for start-ups.
33
3. Do you think that the venture funds setup by the government help the new
entrepreneur to choose between venture capitals, giving them liberty to choose their
investors?
Table No.7: Does venture funds setup by the government help new entrepreneur to
choose between venture capitals.
Yes 57 57%
No 43 43%
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.7: Does venture funds setup by the government help new entrepreneur to
choose between venture capitals.
43%
Yes
57% No
Interpretation:
The above pie chart shows that 57% of respondents think that the venture funds set up by the
government help the new entrepreneur to choose between venture capitals and 43%
respondents think that the venture funds do not help new entrepreneurs to choose between
venture capitals.
34
4. The schemes of government of India provides easy access to funds for startups.
Table No.8: Easy fund access for start ups
Agree 39 39%
Strongly agree 22 22%
Neutral 5 5%
Disagree 9 9%
Strongly disagree 25 25%
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.8: Easy fund access for start ups

45%
40% 39%
35%
30%
25%
25% 22%
20%
15%
10% 9%
5%
5%
0%
Agree Strongly agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree
Interpretation:
The above bar graph shows that 22% people strongly agree and 39% people agree that the
schemes of Government of India provides easy access to funds for start ups. 9% people
disagree, 25% strongly disagree and 5% people are neutral about it.
35
5. Tax holiday provided by the schemes of government of start-ups promotes
entrepreneur.
Table No.9: Tax holidays provided to promote entrepreneurship for start ups
Agree 44 44%
Neutral 12 12%
Disagree 15 15%
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.9: Tax holidays provided to promote entrepreneurship for start ups
50%
45% 44%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20% 18%
15%
15%
11% 12%
10%
5%
0%
Interpretation:
The above data shows that 11% of the respondents strongly agree and 44% respondents
agree while 12% are neutral about the statement that tax holiday provided by the schemes of
government to start up promotes entrepreneurs. The rest of the respondents, i.e., 12% and
15% disagree and strongly disagree on the statement respectively.
6. The government provides R&D facilities to start ups.
Table No.10: R&D facilities provided by the government
36
Agree 30 30%
Neutral 12 12%
Disagree 17 17%
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.10: R&D facilities provided by the government
35%
30%
30%
25%
21%
20%
20%
17%
15%
12%
10%
5%
0%
Interpretation:
The above data shows that 21% of the respondents strongly agree and 30% of the
respondents agree while 12% are neutral about the statement that the government provides
R&D facilities to start ups. On the other hand 17% disagree and 20% strongly disagree on
the same.
7. Do you think that the start ups are allowed to self-certify compliance to save time and
money?
Table No.11: If they think that the start ups are allowed to self-certify compliance
Yes 56 56%
37
No 14 14%
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.11: If they think that the start ups are allowed to self-certify compliance
20%
Yes
No
80%
Interpretation:
The above pie chart shows that 56% of the respondents think that the startups are allowed to
self-certify compliance and the rest 44% do not agree with the same.
38
8. The startups attract more investors through venture funds setups by the government?
Table No.11: If startups attract more investors through venture funds
Agree 24 24%
Neutral 14 14%
Disagree 31 31%
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.11: If startups attract more investors through venture funds
35%
31%
30%
25% 24%
20% 19%
15% 14%
12%
10%
5%
0%
Interpretation:
The above data shows that 12% of the respondents strongly agree, 24% of the respondents
agree that the startups attract more investors through venture funds. While 14% of the
respondents are neutral about it, 31% & 19% of the respondents disagree and strongly
disagree on the statement respectively.
39
Table No.11: Most supported sectors by the government
Agriculture 14 14%
Health care 18 18%
Product based industry 21 21%
Food industry 8 8%
Textile 24 24%
Tele communication 15 15%
sector
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.11: Most supported sectors by the government

30%
25% 24%
21%
20% 18%
14% 15%
15%
10% 8%
5%
0%
r e re y y le r
ltu ca ustr ustr xti cto
ir cu
h e se
ealt in
d
in
d T n
Ag H se
d od tio
a Fo i ca
tb un
duc m
o om
Pr l ec
Te
Interpretation:
The above data shows that 14% of the respondents believe that agriculture is the most
supported sector by the government, 18% think health care is the most supported sector, 21%
believe it to be product based industries, 8% food industry, 21% textile sector and 15% of the
respondents believed telecommunication sector to be most supported sector by the
government.
10. Which entrepreneur scheme do you think is the most beneficial?
Table No.12: Most beneficiary entrepreneurial schemes
40
STATEMENTS Mean score
i) Make in India 0.16
ii) Trade related entrepreneurship assistance &development 0.09
iii) Startup India -0.19
iv) Support to training and Employment Programme for Women -0.28
(STEP)
v) PradhanMantriKaushalVikasYojana (PMKVY) -0.29
vi) National skill development mission -0.40
vii) New gen innovation and entrepreneurship development centre -0.53
viii Atal Innovation mission (AIM) -0.63
)
Interpretation:
The above data shows that 0.16 is the highest mean showing that the respondents think that
Make in India Scheme is the most beneficial and -0.63 is the lowest mean showing Atal
Innovation Mission (AIM) being the least beneficial.
41
11. Do you agree that the following benefits are provided in the entrepreneurship schemes of
the government of India?
Table No.13: If they agree about the benefits provided in the schemes.
STATEMENTS Mean score

i) Easy compliance norm 0.57
ii) Digital resources and services 0.39
iii) Transparent & user friendly system 0.29
iv) Tax benefits 0.28
v) Training and assessment fee form by government 0.27
vi) Incubation support 0.26
vii) Seed capital 0.25
viii) Manpower support 0.22
ix) Counseling 0.16
x) Business planning support 0.14
xi) Fund support 0.09
xii) Industry partners 0.07
xiii) Reduced cost of patent rights 0.07
xiv) Overseas employment -0.05
xv) Proper communication -0.17
xvi) Strengthening intellectual property regime -0.18
Interpretation:
The above table shows that 0.57 is the highest mean showing that easy compliance norm is
the bigger benefit of the schemes according to the respondents and -0.17 is the lowest mean
showing strengthening intellectual property regime being the least important benefit
according to the respondents.
12. Do you think get most benefited from entrepreneurship schemes?

Table No.14: The most benefitted person from entrepreneurship schemes
Women 21 21% 31 31%
Backward class 16 16% 6 6%
Students 20 20% 6 6%
42
Total 57 43
Fig. No.12: The most benefitted person from entrepreneurship schemes
35%
31%
30%
25%
21% 20%
20%
16%
15%
10%
6% 6%
5%
0%
Women Backward class Students
Male Female
Interpretation:
The above data shows that 21% male and 31% female respondents think that women are
most benefitted from the schemes, 16% male and 6% female think that backward class is
moist benefitted and lastly 20% male and 6% female respondents think that students are most
benefitted from the schemes.
43
13. Government schemes help and assist in the marketing activities of young
entrepreneurs.
Table No.15: Assistance of government schemes in marketing activities
Agree 39 39%
Neutral 12 12%
Disagree 21 21%
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.13: Assistance of government schemes in marketing activities
45%
40% 39%
35%
30%
25%
21%
20% 18%
15%
12%
10%
10%
5%
0%
Interpretation:
The above data shows that 18% of the respondents strongly agree and 39% agree that the
government schemes provide assistance in marketing activities of young entrepreneurs while
12% were neutral, 21% and 10% respondents disagree and strongly disagree on the same.
44
14. Do you think that the Government conducts enough skill-development workshops for
young graduates to promote entrepreneurship?
Table No.16: If government conducts enough skill development workshops for young
graduates to promote entrepreneurship
Yes 63 63%
No 37 37%
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.14:
37%
Yes
No
63%
Interpretation:
The above pie chart shows that 63% of the respondents do think that the government
conducts enough skill development workshops and 36% do not think that the government
conducts enough workshops.
45
If yes, which type of start-up do you prefer the most?
Table No.17: Type of preferred startup
Start-ups 41 41%
Scale ups 16 16%
Unicorns 6 6%
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.14: Type of preferred startup
10%
25% Start-ups
Scale ups
Unicorns
65%
Interpretation:
Out of the respondents who do agree, 41% of the respondents prefer to start their start-ups,
16% of the respondents prefer scale ups and 6% of the respondents prefer unicorns.
46
15. Which of these entrepreneurship skills development programmes do you think is the
most effective?
Table No.18: Most effective skill development programme
Entrepreneurship 29 29%
Development Programme
Entrepreneurship 34 34%
Awareness Programmes
Management development 21 21%
programmes
Vocational & educational 16 16%
Training
Total 100 100%
Fig. No.15: Most effective skill development programme
16% 29%
Entrepreneurship
Development Programme
21% Entrepreneurship
Awareness Programmes
Management development
programmes
34% Vocational & educational
Training
Interpretation:
The above pie chart shows that 29% respondents think that entrepreneurship development
programme is the most effective 34% think the entrepreneurship awareness programmes are
the most effective, 21% of the respondents think that management development programmes
are most effective and 16% of the respondents think that vocational & educational training is
the most effective skill development programme.
47
16. Do you prefer entrepreneurship as a career path?
Table No.19: If you prefer entrepreneurship as a career path?
Yes 32 32% 24 24%
No 25 25% 19 19%
Total 57 43 100%
Fig. No.16: If you prefer entrepreneurship as a career path?

35%
32%
30%
25%
25% 24%
20% 19%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Male Female
Yes No
Interpretation:
The above bar chart shows that 32% male and 24% female respondents prefer
entrepreneurship as a career path and 25% male and 19% female respondents do not prefer
entrepreneurship as their career path.
48
17. Do you agree that the following factors can be a barrier to young graduates who want to
become an entrepreneurship?
Table No.20: Barriers to young graduates
Statements Mean score

i) Lack of entrepreneurial training 0.59
ii) Lack of business plan 0.55
iii) Administrative issues 0.51
iv) Tough economic conditions 0.46
v) Inefficient fund deployment 0.34
vi) Regulatory framework 0.20
vii) Lack of proper resources 0.15
viii) Social acceptance 0.01
ix) Lack of finances -0.13
x) Lack of awareness about schemes -0.23
xi) Lack of innovative ideas -0.23
Interpretation:
The above table shows that the highest mean is 0.59, depicting that lack of entrepreneurial
training is the biggest barrier and the lowest mean is -0.23 showing that lack of awareness
and lack of innovative ideas is the least of the barriers faced by young graduates according to
the respondents.
49
CHAPTER-5
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION
FINDINGS:
 57% are male and 43% are female in the survey.
 13% male and 11% of female of the respondents were in their senior secondary year
and 5% male and 6% female of the respondents were under graduate.
 It analysis shows that 13% male and 15% female respondents are from commerce
department and 8% male and 4% female respondents are from Arts department.
 42% male and 30% female respondents are aware about the entrepreneurship schemes
of the government and the rest 15% male and 13% female are not aware about the
schemes.
 The analysis found that 53% got to know from facebook and 3% got to know from
educational seminar.
 83% respondents think that the apps launched by the government schemes facilitates
registration for start-ups and 17% respondents don’t think that the apps launched by
the government schemes facilitates registration for start-ups.
 57% of respondents think that the venture funds set up by the government help the
new entrepreneur to choose between venture capitals and 43% respondents think that
the venture funds do not help new entrepreneurs to choose between venture capitals.
 39% people agree that the schemes of Government of India provides easy access to
funds for start ups and 5% people are neutral about it.
 44% respondents agree about the statement that tax holiday provided by the schemes
of government to start up promotes entrepreneurs and 11% of the respondents
strongly agree about it.
 30% of the respondents agree while 12% are neutral about the statement that the
government provides R&D facilities to start ups
50
 56% of the respondents think that the startups are allowed to self-certify compliance
and the rest 44% do not agree with the same.
 12% of the respondents strongly agree that the startups attract more investors through
venture funds. While 31% of the respondents disagree on the statement.
 21% of the respondents believe that product based industries is the most supported
sector by the government and 8% think that food industry is the most supported sector
by the government.
 0.16 is the highest mean showing that the respondents think that Make in India
Scheme is the most beneficial and -0.63 is the lowest mean showing Atal Innovation
Mission (AIM) being the least beneficial.
 0.57 is the highest mean showing that easy compliance norm is the bigger benefit of
the schemes according to the respondents and -0.17 is the lowest mean showing
strengthening intellectual property regime being the least important benefit according
to the respondents.
 21% male and 31% female respondents think that women are most benefitted from
the schemes while 16% male and 6% female think that backward class is moist
benefitted from the schemes.
 39% of the respondents agree that the government schemes provide assistance in
marketing activities of young entrepreneurs while 10% respondents strongly disagree
on the same.
 63% of the respondents do think that the government conducts enough skill
development workshops and 36% do not think that the government conducts enough
workshops.
 41% of the respondents prefer to start their start-upsand 6% of the respondents prefer
unicorns.
 34% of the respondents think the entrepreneurship awareness programmes are the
most effective and 16% of the respondents think that vocational & educational
training is the most effective skill development programme.
51
 32% male and 24% female respondents prefer entrepreneurship as a career path and
25% male and 19% female respondents do not prefer entrepreneurship as their career
path.
 The analysis shows that the highest mean is 0.59, depicting that lack of
entrepreneurial training is the biggest barrier and the lowest mean is -0.23 showing
that lack of awareness and lack of innovative ideas is the least of the barriers faced by
young graduates according to the respondents.
52
SUGGESTIONS
 The central Govt. of India introduced some of the projects and schemes for empower the
youths and women’s, like Start-Up India, Stand –Up India, and Make in India. So we suggest
them to utilize these kind of schemes introduced by the Govt. of India, and some other
schemes by various state Govt.
 The existing Govt. are introduced various schemes for women empowerment, like Stand-Up
India and some of subsidy loans so we are suggest them to utilize these kind of schemes
announced by the Central and the state Govt.
 Status and concessions are to be provided to emerging entrepreneurs so that they feel that
they are in the right track.
 Unnecessary formalities should be dispensed with so that the young entrepreneur is not
getting frustration.
 Commercial banks may be asked to provide funds to develop schemes to encourage
schemes for technology up-gradation in MSME units.
53
CONCLUSION
The analysis of this study the majority of the graduated and the post graduated youths are interests
and encourage the entrepreneurial career in future. It was found that majority of the graduated and
post graduated youths in Ludhiana District are interested to pursue entrepreneurial careen in future.
So that they were expecting lot of supports and assistances form the Central and State Govt. like
Subsidy loans, Tax exemptions. Tax reductions, liberal rules and regulations etc. another things in
this study found that the most of the graduated and post graduated youths were only having
moderated awareness about the business law, corporate law, and tax law and practices. And the same
time the respondents are like to commence their new business in various sectors and operations, most
of the respondents are like to commence their business in service sectors, and trading concerns. And
the same time most of the respondents are like to start their own business. According to this study we
found that, most of the respondents opinion is they are moderately facing lot of barriers and
difficulties to commence a new business, and lot of factors that can influence them to commence new
business like, family, qualification, friends and relatives and economic condition of the respondents.
Here we can able to understand that the most of the graduated and post graduated youths would like
to start their business with the assistance of the bank loans. And they are interested to start their
business in cities and towns. It will get them the resources easily and they can able to mobilize
finance and human resource very easily. And the infrastructure facilities also in good condition and
transportation facility also well determined. However we can able to understand most of the
respondents are interested to entrepreneurial career path in future for better development. The Govt.
of India and the concerned state Govt. are formulated and executed various projects and schemes for
empower the educated youths, unemployed people, and women empowerment etc. like Make in
India, Start-Up- India, Stand-Up- India, Skill India and Start-Up villages for empower the educated
youths and women.
54
ANNEXURE-I
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AbhishekGoel, NeharikaVohra. (2007) Attitudes of the Youth towards Entrepreneurs and

Entrepreneurship: A Cross-cultural Comparison of India and China. Ahemdabad: Unitedworld
School of Business.
Aboobaker, Nimitha. (2015) "Entrepreneurial Sociological Capital among Postgraduate

Management and Non-Management students in Kerala, India." International Journal of Advance
Research in Computer Science and Management Studies: 42.
Abraham, M.M. (2002) Entrepreneurship Development and Management. Changanachery:

Prakash Publications.
Desai, Vasant. Small scale industries and Entrepreneurship. Hydrabad: Himalaya Publishing
house.
Dr. Manisha, Ms. ReenaKumari Singh. (2006) STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS

ENTREPRENEURSHIP. New Delhi: India International Cetre.
Dr. Norman Rudhumbu, Douglas Svotwa, Dr. TakaruzaMunyanyiwaandMorgenMutsau. (2016)

"Attitudes of Students towards Entrepreneurship Education at Two Selected Higher Education
Institutions in Botswana: A Critical Analysis and Reflection." Academic Journal of
Interdisciplinary Studies: 1-2.
Goel, Abhishek. (2007) Attitudes of the Youth towards Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship.
AHMEDABAD INDIA: INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT.
Guthrie, Mattie Joanne DeRose. (2013) "The Rural Youth Entrepreneur Project.".
Hisrich, Robert D. (2010) International Entrepreneurship. New Delhi: SAGE Publications India
Pvt. Ltd.
55i
Holt, David H. (2013) Entrepreneurship New venture creation. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of
India Pvt. Ltd., 2003.
Peters, Robert D. Hisrich and Michael P. Entrepreneurship. (2002) New delhi: Tata McGraw-
HillsPublishing Company Limited.
Rikwentishe, B. M. Pulka R. "An Evaluation of Students’ Attitude towards Entrepreneurship."

Global Journal of Management and Business Research: A (2014): 1-2.
Stevenson, William A. Sahlman Howard H. (1992) Entrepreneurial Venture. Boston,

Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Publications.
Velusamy, Arunkumar. (2014) "Students attitude and intentions towards entrepreneurship in

india ."
Venesaar, Urve. (2016) "Students’ Attitudes and Intentions toward Entrepreneurship at Tallinn
University of Technology.".
56
ii
ANNEXURE-II
QUESTIONNAIRE
Demographic Profile
Name : _______________________
Gender : Male  Female 
Qualification : Senior Secondary  Higher Secondary 

Under Graduate  Post Graduate 
Department : Management  Commerce 
Science  Engineering 
Others 
1. Are you aware of the various entrepreneurship schemes launched by the government of
India?
Yes  No 
If yes, how did you get to known about these schemes?
Facebook  Twitter  Television  News 
Educational Seminars  Family  Friends 
2. Do you think that the apps launched by the government scheme facilitates registration for
start-ups?
Yes  No 
3. Do you think that the venture funds setup by the government help the new entrepreneur to
choose between venture capitals, giving them liberty to choose their investors?
Yes  No 
4. The schemes of government of India provides easy access to funds for startups.
57
Agree  Strongly Agree  Disagree  Strongly disagree
5. Tax holiday provided by the schemes of government to start-ups promotes entrepreneur.
iii
Agree  Strongly Agree  Disagree  Strongly disagree 
6. The government provides R&D facilities to start ups.

7. Do you think that the start ups are allowed to self-certify compliance to save time and
money.
Yes  No 
9. Which sectors are the most supported by the government?

Agriculture  Health Care 
Product based industry  Food Industry 
Textile  Tele Communication Sector 
10. Which entrepreneur scheme do you think is the most beneficial?

SA A N D SD
i) New gen innovation and entrepreneurship
development centre
ii) Startup India
iii) Make in India
iv) Atal Innovation mission (AIM)
v) Support to training and Employment Programme for
Women (STEP)
vi) Trade related entrepreneurship assistance
&development
vii PradhanMantriKaushalVikasYojana (PMKVY)
)
vii National skill development mission
)
58
iv
11. Do you agree that the following benefits are provided in the entrepreneurship schemes of
the government of India?
SA A N D SD
i) Business planning support
ii) Seed capital
iii) Counseling
iv) Industry partners
v) Proper communication
vi) Transparent & user friendly system
vii) Easy compliance norm
viii) Reduced cost of patent rights
ix) Manpower support
x) Digital resources and services
xi) Tax benefits
xii) Fund support
xiii) Overseas employment
xiv) Incubation support
xv) Training and assessment fee form by government
xvi) Strengthening intellectual property regime
12. Who do you think get most benefited from entrepreneurship schemes?
Women 
Backward class 
Students 
13. Government schemes help and assist in the marketing activities of young entrepreneurs
Agree 
Strongly Agree 
Disagree 
Strongly disagree 
14. Do you think that the Government conducts enough skill-development workshops for
v
young graduates to promote entrepreneurship?
Yes  No 
If yes, which type of start-up do you prefer the most?
Start-ups 
Scale ups 
59
Unicorns 
15. Which of these entrepreneurship skills development programmes do you think is the most
effective?
i) Entrepreneurship Development Programme 
ii) Entrepreneurship Awareness Programmes 
iii) Management development programmes 
iv) Vocational& Educational Training 
16. Do you prefer entrepreneurship as a career path?

Yes  No 
17. Do you agree that the following factors can be a barrier to young graduates who want to
become an entrepreneurship?
Statements SA A N D SD
i) Social acceptance
ii) Lack of finances
iii) Lack of business plan
iv) Regulatory framework
v) Lack of entrepreneurial training
vi) Inefficient fund deployment
vii) Administrative issues
viii Lack of awareness about schemes
)
ix) Lack of innovative ideas
x) Tough economic conditions
xi) Lack of proper resources
PERCEPTION OF YOUNG viGRADUATES TOWARDS

ENTERPRENEURSHIP SCHEMES OF GOVERNMENT
OF INDIA
SUBMITTED TO PANJAB UNIVERSITY, CHANDIGARH

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
60
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
MS. HARSHDEEP KAUR ISHMEET KAUR
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR) PUPIN- 14316000685
ROLL NO.16089899
KHALSA COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

CIVIL LINES, LUDHIANA
(2018-2019)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
If words are considered as a symbol of token and appreciation then let words play their heralding
role of expressing my sincerest gratitude and thanks.
Foremost of all I express my sincere gratitude to ALMIGHTY for bestowing upon my favors and
keeping me in high spirit.
61
I wish to express her deep gratitude to Ms. Harshdeep Kaur for acting as a guide and providing
me with continuous support and guidance. This report could not have been always remaining
grateful to her.
I am highly thankful to all the people directly related and the students for being cooperate
without whose help this project would not have been proven meaningful.
Ishmeet Kaur
62
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled to “Perception of Young Graduates towards
Entrepreneurship Schemes of Government of India” embodies the work carried out by
Ishmeet Kaur, (14316000658) herself under my supervision and that it is worthy of consideration
for evaluation.
Dr. Pooja Chatley

(Head of Department)
63
DECLARATION
I hereby affirm that work presented in this project report entitled to “Perception of Young
Graduates towards Entrepreneurship Schemes of Government of India” is exclusively my
own and there are no collaboration does not contain any work for which degree or diploma has
been avoided by any other university / institution.
Date:
Place: Ishmeet Kaur
64
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter No. Chapter Name Page no.
1. INTRODUCTION 1-19
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 20-25
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 26-27
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 28-49
5. FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION 50-54
ANNEXURE-I i-ii
ANNEXURE-II iii-vi
65

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CHAPTER-1

GROWTH OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA

ENTREPRENEURSHIP DURING PRE-INDEPENDENCE

2. Discouragement by British Government: Only those industries in which the British

7. Entrepreneurs faced fierce competition from abroad: The Indian indigenous

8. Lack of transportation and communication facilities: Lack of transportation and

PARTITION OF UNDIVIDED INDIA ON 15th AUGAST 1947

(Source: Entrepreneurial Development by S.S. Khanka)

The Government took three important measures in her industrial resolutions:-

To achieve these adumberated objectives, the Government accorded emphasis on the

“Liberalization was catalyst for growth of Entrepreneurship in India”

“Post-liberalization, entrepreneurship has generally increased in India,” Dr Mani told Business

CURRENT SCENARIO OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA

Issues in the Current Framework

Education: While the influence of education on entrepreneurship is considered debatable,

SCOPE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Government of India Support for Innovation and Entrepreneurship in India

Recognising the importance of women entrepreneurship and economic participation in

A few of India’s efforts at promoting entrepreneurship and innovation are:

Five Government Schemes for Young Entrepreneurs

1. Modified Special Incentive Package Scheme (M-SIPS)

3. Dairy Entrepreneurship Development Scheme

4. Single Point Registration Scheme (SPRS)

5. Atal Incubation Centres (AIC)

Chaganti (1986) differed between an entrepreneurial mode of strategic management and a

issued with closed ended a questionnaires.

The research design used for this study is exploratory.

Area of Study: Ludhiana City.

Gender of the respondents

Fig. No.1: Gender of the respondents

Fig. No.2: Qualification of the respondents

Fig. No.3: Department of the respondents

Fig. No.4: Awareness about Entrepreneurship Schemes

Fig. No.5: Source of information

Fig. No.6: :Facility of registration provided by the apps launched by government

Fig. No.8: Easy fund access for start ups

Fig. No.10: R&D facilities provided by the government

Fig. No.11: If startups attract more investors through venture funds

Fig. No.11: Most supported sectors by the government

STATEMENTS Mean score

12. Do you think get most benefited from entrepreneurship schemes?

Fig. No.12: The most benefitted person from entrepreneurship schemes

Fig. No.13: Assistance of government schemes in marketing activities

Fig. No.14: Type of preferred startup

Fig. No.15: Most effective skill development programme

Fig. No.16: If you prefer entrepreneurship as a career path?

Table No.20: Barriers to young graduates

Statements Mean score

 57% are male and 43% are female in the survey.

AbhishekGoel, NeharikaVohra. (2007) Attitudes of the Youth towards Entrepreneurs and

Aboobaker, Nimitha. (2015) "Entrepreneurial Sociological Capital among Postgraduate

Abraham, M.M. (2002) Entrepreneurship Development and Management. Changanachery:

Dr. Manisha, Ms. ReenaKumari Singh. (2006) STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS

Dr. Norman Rudhumbu, Douglas Svotwa, Dr. TakaruzaMunyanyiwaandMorgenMutsau. (2016)

Rikwentishe, B. M. Pulka R. "An Evaluation of Students’ Attitude towards Entrepreneurship."

Stevenson, William A. Sahlman Howard H. (1992) Entrepreneurial Venture. Boston,

Velusamy, Arunkumar. (2014) "Students attitude and intentions towards entrepreneurship in

Gender : Male  Female 

Qualification : Senior Secondary  Higher Secondary 

6. The government provides R&D facilities to start ups.

9. Which sectors are the most supported by the government?

10. Which entrepreneur scheme do you think is the most beneficial?

16. Do you prefer entrepreneurship as a career path?