1899 Malolos Constitution
 Promulgated by President Emilio
Aguinaldo on January 21, 1899
Achievements of 1899 Malolos Cons.
 The ratification of the Philippine
Independence on September 29, 1898
 The approval of the domestic loan of
P20,000 redeemable in 40 years after
the date of issue
 Establishment of the
Universidad Literatura de Filipinas and
other schools
 Drafting of the Philippine Constitution
 The Malolos Constitution was the first
republican constitution in Asia.
 It declared that sovereignty resides
exclusively in the people, stated basic
civil rights, separated the church and
state, and called for the creation of an
Assembly of Representatives to act as
the legislative body.
It also called for a parliamentary republic
as the form of government.
 The president was elected for a term of
four years by a majority of the
Assembly.
 It was titled "Constitución política", and
was written in Spanish following the
declaration of independence from Spain,
proclaimed on January 20, 1899, and
was enacted and ratified by the Malolos
Congress, a Congress held in Malolos,
Bulacan.
The PH Constitution
 First democratic constitution made by
Asians
 Authored by Felipe G. Calderon
 Calderon submitted his constitution to
the Malolos congress for approval and
was approved with some amendments
PROVISIONS
 it established a free and Independent
Republic in the Philippines
 It provided for a popular, representative,
alternative, and responsible government
based on the principle of 3 separate
powers: LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE,
and JUDICIAL
 recognized the freedom of religion and
the separation of church and state
 contained a Bill of Rights which
safeguarded the rights of the citizens as
well as aliens
THE PH REPUBLIC
Emilio Aguinaldo - President &
Apolinario Mabini - Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Teodoro Sandico - Secretary of Interior
Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of war
Mariano Trias - Secretary of Finance
Gracio Gonzaga - Secretary of Welfare, Public
Instructions, Public Works, Communication,
Agriculture,Industry and Commerce
1935 CONSTITUTION
 The 1935 Philippine Constitution, better
known as the Constitution of the
Philippine Commonwealth is a national
constitution that provides the
commonwealth government with an
American-inspired constitution.
 The commonwealth government was
also known as the transitioning
government.
 In 1934, the United States Congress
passed the Philippine Independence
Act, which set the parameters for the
creation of a constitution for the
Philippines. The Act mandated the
Philippine Legislature to call for an
election of delegates to a Constitutional
Convention to draft a Constitution for the
Philippines. The 1934 Constitutional
Convention finished its work on
February 8, 1935. The Constitution was
submitted to the President of the United
States for certification on March 25,
1935. It was in accordance with the
Philippine Independence Act of 1934.
The 1935 Constitution was ratified by
the Filipino people through a national
plebiscite, on May 14, 1935 and came
into full force and effect on November
15, 1935 with the inauguration of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines.
Among its provisions was that it would
remain the constitution of the Republic
of the Philippines once independence
was granted on July 4, 1946.
 The 1935 Constitution was written in
1934, approved and adopted by the
Commonwealth of the Philippines
(1935–1946) and later used by the Third
Republic (1946–1972). It was written
with an eye to meeting the approval of
the United States Government as well,
so as to ensure that the U.S. would live
up to its promise to grant the Philippines
 independence and not have a premise
to hold onto its possession on the
grounds that it was too politically
immature and hence unready for full,
real independence.
1973 CONSITUTION
 The 1973 Constitution, promulgated
after Marcos' declaration of martial
law, but having been in the planning
process for years before this, was
supposed to introduce a nation" (Article XV, Section 1); the
parliamentary-style government.
Legislative power was vested in a
unicameral National Assembly
whose members were elected for
six-year terms. The President was
ideally elected as the symbolic and
purely ceremonial head of state
chosen from amongst the Members
of the National Assembly for a six-
year term and could be re-elected to
an unlimited number of terms. Upon
election, the President ceased to be
a Member of the National Assembly.
During his term, the President was
not allowed to be a member of a
political party or hold any other
office.
 Executive power was meant to be
exercised by the Prime Minister who
was also elected from amongst the
sitting Assemblymen. The Prime
Minister was to be the head of
government and Commander-in-
Chief of the Armed Forces. This
constitution was subsequently
amended four times (arguably five,
depending on how one considers
Proclamation № 3 of 1986, see
below).
 From 16–17 October 1976, a
majority of barangay voters (also
called "Citizen Assemblies")
approved that martial law should be
continued and ratified the
amendments to the Constitution
proposed by President Marcos.
1987 CONSTITUTION
 The Constitution is divided into a
Preamble and 18 parts called Articles.
 The Preamble introduces the
GENERAL PROVISION
Constitution, identifies the author and
the purposes of the fundamental law
and aids the authorities in the
interpretation of the Constitution since it
lays down the visions of the
government.
 The Constitution also contains several
other provisions enumerating various
state policies including, i.e., the
affirmation of labor "as a primary social
economic force" (Section 14, Article II);
the equal protection of "the life of the
mother and the life of the unborn from
conception" (Section 12, Article II); the
"Filipino family as the foundation of the
recognition of Filipino as "the national
language of the Philippines" (Section 6,
Article XVI), and even a requirement
that "all educational institutions shall
undertake regular sports activities
throughout the country in cooperation
with athletic clubs and other sectors."
(Section 19.1, Article XIV) Whether
these provisions may, by themselves, be
the source of enforceable rights without
accompanying legislation has been the
subject of considerable debate in the
legal sphere and within the Supreme
Court. The Court, for example, has ruled
that a provision requiring that the State
"guarantee equal access to
opportunities to public service" could not
be enforced without accompanying
legislation, and thus could not bar the
disallowance of so-called "nuisance
candidates" in presidential elections.But
in another case, the Court held that a
provision requiring that the State
"protect and advance the right of the
people to a balanced and healthful
ecology" did not require implementing
legislation to become the source of
operative rights.
 The supreme law of the Philippines
 Enacted in 1987, during the
administration of President Corazon C.
Aquino
 Adopted certain provisions from the
1973 constitution
 Granted the President broad powers to
reorganize the government and remove
officials from the office
 Mandated that the president would
appoint a commission to draft a new
constitution.
 Recognition of the Aid of Almighty God
 Sovereignty of the People
  Renunciation of War as an instrument of
national policy
 Supremacy of civilian authority over the
military
 Separation of Church and State
 Recognition of the importance of the
family as basic social institution and of
the vital role of youth in nation building
 Guarantee of human rights
 Government through suffrage
 Separation of Power
 Independence of Judiciary
 Guarantee of Local Autonomy
 High sense of public service morality
and accountability
 Nationalization of natural resources and
certain private enterprises affected by
public interest
 Non-suability of the state
 Rule of the Majority
 Government of laws and not men
TRAIN LAW
THE TAX REFORM FOR ACCELERATION
AND INCLUSION (TRAIN) ACT.
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte signed into law
Republic Act No. 10963, otherwise known as
the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion
(TRAIN) Act, the first package of the
Comprehensive Tax Reform Program (CTRP,
on December 19, 2017 in Malacanang.
The TRAIN will provide hefty income tax cuts
for majority of Filipino taxpayers while raising
additional funds to help support the
government’s accelerated spending on its
“Build, Build, Build” and social services
programs.
This tax reform package corrects a
longstanding inequity of the tax system by
reducing personal income taxes for 99 percent
of taxpayers, thereby giving them the much
needed relief after 20 years of non-adjustment
of the tax rates and brackets. This is the
biggest Christmas and New Year gift the
government is giving to the people.
For the poorest 10 million households, the
government is giving them targeted cash
transfers of PHP 200 per month in 2018 and
P300 per month in 2019 and 2020, sourced
from higher consumption taxes that the rich will
contribute, as well as better social services,
healthcare, and education. All these will
prepare the people for better job opportunities.
In a separate message, President Duterte has
vetoed certain provisions of the TRAIN. The
vetoed five line items are the following
provisions:
1. Reduced income tax rate of employees of
Regional Headquarters (RHQs), Regional
Operating Headquarters (ROHQs), Offshore
Banking Units (OBUs), and Petroleum Service
Contractors and Subcontractors;
2. Zero-rating of sales of goods and services to
separate customs territory and tourism
enterprise zones;
3. Exemption from percentage tax of gross
sales/receipts not exceeding five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00);
4. Exemption of various petroleum products
from excise tax when used as input, feedstock,
or as raw material in the manufacturing of
petrochemical products, or in the refining of
petroleum products, or as replacement fuel for
natural gas fired combined cycle power plants;
and
5. Earmarking of incremental tobacco taxes.
The TRAIN raises significant revenues to
support the President’s priority social and
infrastructure programs, which will help realize
his administration’s goal of reducing the
poverty rate from 21.6 to 14 percent by 2022.
Some 70 percent of the incremental revenues
will help fund the government’s infrastructure
modernization program, while the balance will
go to social services.
Starting 2018, the government expects to raise
funds equivalent to about two-thirds of the
incremental revenues targeted under this tax
reform law. The Congress has committed to
pass the rest of the TRAIN’s provisions
representing the remaining one-third of the
targeted revenues in early 2018 to help us
achieve our revenue and deficit targets.
With the people’s support and understanding,
all these reforms will result in more and better
jobs, lower prices, and a brighter future for
every Filipino.
NATIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE ACT
The National Cultural Heritage Act (with the
designation of Republic Act No. 10066) is a
law, or Republic Act, of the Republic of the 
Philippines. It created the Philippine Registry 
of Cultural Property and took other steps to
preserve historic buildings that are over 50
years old.[1] It was signed into law on March
25, 2009.[2]
It was passed in response to the 2000
demolition of the Manila Jai Alai Building.[1]
The Philippine Registry of Cultural Property
registers all cultural properties of the country,
[3] which the National Commission for Culture 
and the Arts is mandated to establish and
maintain through the appropriate cultural
agencies and local governments.
A house that has significant importance to the
Filipino culture is declared to be a "Heritage
House" by the National Historical Commission  Nonetheless, the government mandates all
of the Philippines (NHCP), previously known as
the National Historical Institute.[2] Historical
markers are placed on the houses by the
commission to indicate their significance,[4]
Ancestral homes that have figured in an
historic event, house such as the Bonifacio
Trial House in Maragondon, Cavite,[5] or
houses of national heroes of the Philippines like
the Juan Luna Shrine[6] in Badoc, Ilocos Norte
are included among the categories "National
Shrines" or "National Historical Landmarks".[3]
[7]
The act also requires:
That for "cultural property declared as
Immovable Cultural Property, the appropriate
cultural agency shall, after registration, give
due notice to the Registry of Deeds having
jurisdiction for annotation on the land titles..."[8]
That "Local government units, through their
cultural offices, shall likewise maintain an
inventory of cultural property under its
jurisdiction and shall furnish the Commission a
copy..."[8]
That "All government agencies and
instrumentalities, [ government owned and  Commission of the Philippines in safeguarding
controlled corporations]...including public and
private educational institutions, shall report
their ownership and/or possession of such
items to the pertinent cultural agency and shall
register such properties within three (3) years
from the effectivity of this Act."[8]
That "Private collectors and owners of cultural
property shall register such properties, within
three (3) years from the effectivity of this Act.
The private collectors and owners of cultural
property shall not be divested of their
possession and ownership...even after
registration of said property..." and that
information on such private property "shall
remain confidential and may be given only
upon prior consent of the private owner."[8]
The act defines "cultural property" as "all
products of human creativity by which a people
and a nation reveal their identity, including
churches, mosques and other places of
religious worship, schools and natural history
specimens and sites, whether public or
privately-owned, movable or immovable, and
tangible or intangible." It deems all heritage
structures, which are at least 50 years old, as
presumed important cultural properties despite
non-declaration by cultural agencies.
local government units to register these
presumed important cultural properties to the
database of the National Commission for
Culture and the Arts for cultural documentation
and conservation.[9]
The citizen retains the ownership of the house;
the government is only declaring the heritage
value of the structure and providing funding for
its protection and preservation.
THE PHILIPPINE INTANGIBLE CULTURAL
HERITAGE COMMITTEE
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10066
AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE
PROTECTION AND CONSERVATION OF
THE NATIONAL CULTURAL HERITAGE,
STRENGTHENING THE NATIONAL
COMMISSION FOR CULTURE AND THE
ARTS (NCCA) AND ITS AFFILIATED
CULTURAL AGENCIES, AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES
The National Commission for Culture and the
Arts (NCCA), the competent body tasked with
institutionalising and implementing
programmes for cultural heritage collaborates
closely with the UNESCO National
intangible cultural heritage. The Intangible
Cultural Heritage Unit, established within the
NCCA, undertakes coordination and day-to-day
operations and the NCCA-Intangible Heritage
Committee, created in 2001, plans and
formulates policies and safeguarding
measures. This Unit has an annual budget for
inventorying, research, documentation and
promotion of intangible cultural heritage and
implementing safeguarding projects for
elements inscribed on the Representative List
initiated by the NCCA, local governments and
educational institutions in cooperation with
practitioners, community members, etc. Non
governmental organisations usually act as
intermediary groups that provide services and
activities to assist grassroots community,
sectoral or issue-based membership
organisations known as ‘People’s
Organizations’. As for legislation the National
Cultural Heritage Act (Republic Act
No. 10066) was adopted in 2010 and
incorporates intangible cultural heritage into the
law’s scope of protection, conservation and
promotion, according to the five domains
defined in the 2003 Convention.
Although there is no institution currently
conducting training in management of
intangible cultural heritage, the NCCA has
experience in formulating action plans (in
collaboration with stakeholders, government
and educational institutions) which include
management of intangible cultural heritage but
these are specific only to inscribed elements.
However, one of the objectives for creating the
Unit is to provide technical assistance and
training to strengthen communities and
institutions in intangible cultural heritage. This
should be realized once the Unit becomes fully
operational, with additional human and
financial resources.
The Unit organizes a team to undertake the in
situ documentation of various elements of
intangible cultural heritage. This research
and/or documentation includes actual and
social processes, both prior to and even as
consequences of an event. Only those
elements still performed in their proper
sociocultural contexts are documented and, as
a general rule, activities should not be staged
for the purposes of documentation. Local
experts, practitioners, community members
(mostly elders) and teachers not only provide
information but also help to validate existing
data. The Unit has produced books and other
information materials based on research
studies and documentation conducted, and
these are mainly donated to cultural and
educational institutions and public libraries
nationwide. It has created a specialised library
housing a collection of published and
unpublished ethnographic, archaeological,
cultural etc. materials on the Philippines which
researchers, students and others can use free
of charge. The NCCA also operates a Portal
Cultural Databank (including both inventories
described below), which can only be accessed
internally with control and confidentiality.
There are currently two inventories of
Philippine cultural heritage as follows, both
managed and maintained by the NCCA. (1)
The Philippine Registry of Cultural Property
(PRECUP): based on registries submitted by
local government units and national cultural
agencies covering both tangible and intangible
heritage but it is not yet fully operational.
Descriptions of properties submitted include: its
name (in English and local languages),
ethnolinguistic group and subgroup, category
(tangible or intangible), location, significance,
function/use, ownership, collector and
informant. Whether a cultural property is
associated with one or more ethnolinguistic
groups is also noted. Since local governments
will maintain and update their own registries,
local experts, community elders, teachers, etc.
are expected to be involved as key informants.
The information provided is transferred to the
PRECUP database which will be a valuable
reference material for the Intangible Cultural
Heritage Inventory. (2) The Philippine
Intangible Cultural Heritage Inventory: contains
only elements of intangible cultural heritage,
regardless of whether they are endangered,
still being practised, no longer practised but still
remembered in the community. It is indeed
deemed important to record even those that
are no longer practised in order to have a
record of their heritage for present and future
generations. However, viability will be taken
into account for elements to be nominated to
the lists of the 2003 Convention. The inventory
fiches are more detailed than those for the
PRECUP, including the domain(s), name of the
community, date/frequency, responsible
national bodies, persons directly participating,
resource persons, coordinating bodies,
history/development etc. Entries are
continuously updated and validated based on
new data gathered through field and library
researches.
The Unit implements a policy promoting the
importance of intangible cultural heritage in all
levels of society, horizontally across the
different ethnolinguistic groups and vertically
across different economic levels, differentially
according to specific cultural orientations. A
pilot project has been started with a provincial
unit and is almost complete, to be rolled out
province-by-province in a long-term
programme. The main objective is to make
communities more involved and aware of the
existence and practice of elements of
intangible cultural heritage and to engage
community members in their practice and deterioration and disappearance, encouraging
effective safeguarding. the exchange of information and expanding
opportunities for performers to give
Significant efforts have been directed at the
performances in each other’s country. In 2011,
dissemination of information through
the Unit hosted a research fellow from the
publication and promotional work to make the
Department of Intangible Cultural Heritage
public aware of the significance of intangible
within the National Research Institute for
cultural heritage, including in nation building,
Cultural Properties of Tokyo, Japan.
and the urgent importance of its safeguarding.
Two elements from the Philippines are covered
Formal and informal education in intangible
by the report and were inscribed on the
cultural heritage is undertaken by NCAA
Representative List in 2008, namely: Hudhud
through the Schools of Living Traditions (SLT),
chants of the Ifugao and Darangen epic of the
an extra-curricular learning concept that
Maranao people of Lake Lanao. Both elements
ensures that young people and adults in the
were originally proclaimed as Masterpieces of
community are given equal opportunity to learn
the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity,
the indigenous knowledge and skills, otherwise
respectively in 2001 and 2005.
not integrated into the school curriculum.
People’s Organizations and Local Government
Units organize the SLTs while NCCA provides
funding assistance. In view of limited financial
resources and access to them, NCCA has
collaborated with the Department of Education
(DepED) on the ‘Cultural Education
Programme’, including: an enhanced ‘Special
Programme for the Arts’ curriculum and
production of instructional and resource
materials; mainstreaming indigenous
knowledge systems, skills and practices into
the formal education system through an
appropriate SLT model; and organising cultural
enrichment activities for students, teachers,
and educational administrators in both formal
and non-formal systems. Non-formal and
formal transmissions of intangible cultural
heritage are further ensured through the
‘National Living Treasures Programme’
operating since 1993.
In terms of bilateral, sub-regional, regional and
international cooperation, the NCCA has
collaborated with the International Information
and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural
Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (ICHCAP) –
the category 2 centre established in the
Republic of Korea – in a number of projects, for
instance the preparation of a Status Report on
the Intangible Cultural Heritage Safeguarding
in the Philippines in 2010. Recently the
Philippines has collaborated with the Republic
of Korea, Cambodia, and Viet Nam for the
preparation of a multinational nomination of
tugging rituals and games for possible
inscription on the Representative List. In 2011,
the NCCA signed a MoU with the National
Research Institute of Cultural Heritage
(NRICH) of the Republic of Korea that includes,
inter alia, exchanges of experts in safeguarding
intangible cultural heritage in danger of