Using ArcGIS Military Analyst

Using ArcGIS Military Analyst
GIS by ESRI ™
Matthew Chaffin
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Introducing ArcGIS Military Analyst 1
Contents What is Military Analyst? 2
Enabling the Military Analyst extension 6
Opening the Military Analyst toolbar 7
Raster Map tool 9

Overview of the Raster Map tool 10
Setting up RPF data 11
Configuring RPF data in ArcMap 13
Specifying the location of the RPF data 14
Generating a.toc files 16
Specifying an existing RPF index shapefile 17
Generating a new RPF index shapefile 18
Displaying RPF data in ArcMap 19
Displaying RPF data in ArcMap using Lock Map Set 20
Displaying RPF data in ArcMap using Best Map Set 23
Vector Map tool 27

Overview of the Vector Map tool 28
Setting up VPF data 29
Configuring VPF data in ArcMap 32
Displaying VPF data in ArcMap 35
The Vector Map Display dialog box 36
Displaying the VPF index shapefile in ArcMap 37
Displaying VPF data using Lock Map Set 38
Displaying VPF data using Best Map Set 40
Converting VPF data to shapefiles 41
Coordinate tool 43
Using the Coordinate tool 44
Editing with the Coordinate tool 46
iii
12
DTED tool 47
Overview of the DTED tool 48
Setting up DTED 49
Configuring DTED in ArcMap 51
Displaying DTED in ArcMap 52
Merging DTED 55
Generating a hillshade 56
Terrain 2D tool 59
Overview of the Terrain 2D tool 60
Using the Highest Point tool 62
Using the Linear Line of Sight tool 64
Using the Radial Line of Sight tool 66
Using the Offset Decrement option 69
Terrain 3D tool 73
Overview of the Terrain 3D toolbar 74
Opening the Terrain 3D toolbar in ArcScene 75
Working in ArcScene 76
Using the Fly Through tool 80
Using the Threat Dome tool 81
Index 83
iv Using ArcGIS Military Analyst

Introducing ArcGIS Military Analyst
IN THIS CHAPTER Welcome to ESRI® ArcGIS™ Military Analyst, which is an extension to
1
ArcGIS consisting of a suite of utilities designed to exploit National Imagery
• What is Military Analyst? and Mapping Agency (NIMA) geospatial data. It is a way to quickly and
easily view and analyze NIMA Raster Product Format (RPF) data, Vector
Product Format (VPF) data, and Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED),
and it also provides a means of visually managing your data. Because
Military Analyst enables you to perform complex functions within simple,
intuitive interfaces with minimal required steps, it is an ideal analysis tool for
both novice and advanced users. It is compatible with all levels of ArcGIS
(ArcView®, ArcEditor™, and ArcInfo™) and requires that the
ArcGIS Spatial Analyst and ArcGIS 3D Analyst™ extensions be installed
for complete functionality.
1
What is Military Analyst?
Military Analyst consists of several geospatial data visualization and analysis tools that are COM-compliant and extensible with
ArcObjects™. There are six components within Military Analyst: Raster Map tool, Vector Map tool, Coordinate tool, DTED tool, Terrain
2D tool, and Terrain 3D tool. These tools are designed to be used separately or together, are fully functional out of the box, and are ideal
for customization with ArcObjects. All of the components, except for the Terrain 3D tool, are combined into a single toolbar, shown
below. The Terrain 3D tool is an extension to ArcScene™, while the other tools are designed to work in ArcMap™.
Terrain 2D tool DTED tool Raster Map Vector Map Coordinate

tool tool tool
Raster Map tool—A tool designed to allow direct display and zoom in and out, RMT will automatically change the map set
manipulation of NIMA RPF data. RPF data is characterized by a being displayed to the map set with a scale that most closely
complex file and metadata structure that, in the past, has required matches the current scale of the data frame.
time-consuming intermediate import algorithms to view it. With
the Raster Map tool (RMT), however, you can instantly view and
analyze RPF maps and imagery, including Compressed Arc
Digitized Raster Graphics (CADRG) and Controlled Image Base
(CIB), in their original format. RMT expands upon the ArcGIS
ability to natively read CIB and CADRG data in two ways:
1. allows you to view the geographic coverage of your RPF
imagery
2. gives you the ability to display the appropriate image tiles
based on the ArcMap data frame’s current extent and zoom
scale.
RMT makes it easy to organize your RPF data by showing you
its geographic extent with an index shapefile, which also
differentiates the types (scales) of RPF data in your database.
RMT also enables you to automatically display the map set with
the most appropriate resolution (scale) that corresponds to the
current display scale of the data frame. In other words, as you
2 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

Vector Map tool—A tool designed to display all types of VPF Coordinate tool—Allows you to quickly and easily convert
data without the need for any import or preprocessing. It expands coordinates between geographic and Universal Transverse
upon the ArcGIS native VPF reading capability by allowing you Mercator (UTM) projections, specifically decimal degrees,
to select and display as many feature classes as you want from degrees/minutes/seconds, UTM, and Military Grid Reference
multiple datasets, rather than having to open one feature class at System (MGRS) coordinates, in more than 200 different datums. It
a time. Vector Map tool (VMT) provides an intuitive interface that also enables you to find the coordinates for any point in a raster
clarifies the ambiguous VPF coverage and feature class naming or vector layer in an ArcMap data frame by clicking on the
convention and makes it easy for you to select the exact feature desired point in the layer. Coordinate tool will return the
classes that you want to display. In addition, VMT facilitates data coordinates in the aforementioned formats. In addition, the
management by enabling graphical visualization of the types of coordinates in the Coordinate Conversion dialog box are
VPF data available and their geographic coverage. continuously updated as you move the cursor around the data
frame. What makes the Coordinate tool especially useful is that
its API allows it to be embedded in any ArcGIS application. An
example of this is the way that the Coordinate tool has been
incorporated into the Terrain 2D tool’s Linear and Radial Line of
Sight functions, in which the Coordinate tool can be used to
place observer and target points for visibility analysis.
INTRODUCING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST 3

DTED tool—Gives you the ability to graphically locate, select, Terrain 2D tool—Consists of a collection of surface analysis
and display the areas where you have NIMA DTED coverage. functions optimized for use with the DTED tool. With the Terrain
Once you locate the desired DTED, the tool automatically merges 2D tool you can quickly and easily determine the location of the
the tiles, converts them to a GRID, and displays the GRID as an highest elevation in a given area of interest, calculate the linear
elevation tint for analysis. All of the processing takes place visibility between two points, and compute the radial visibility
behind the scenes, which minimizes the number of steps you (viewshed) for a specified observer point based on parameters
need to perform. Once the data displays, the DTED tool allows That allow you to control the heights of the observer and
you to generate a hillshade, which can greatly enhance the surrounding terrain, as well as the field of view. Although
appearance of your data. The merged DTED GRID can also be designed to work with merged DTED GRID files imported with the
used with the other Military Analyst applications, such as Terrain DTED tool, the Terrain 2D tool will work with any valid surface
2D tool, as well as other ArcGIS extensions, such as ArcGIS file. The Terrain 2D tool requires ArcGIS Spatial Analyst to be
Spatial Analyst and 3D Analyst. The DTED tool requires ArcGIS installed.
Spatial Analyst to be installed.

Terrain 3D tool—The Terrain 3D tool is an extension to ArcGIS
that introduces two fundamental 3-D visualization functions into
ArcScene—automatic fly-through animations and threat dome
generation. While ArcScene already gives you the ability to build
3-D animations, the Terrain 3D tool streamlines the process by
generating the flight paths from visibility layers created with the
Terrain 2D tool in ArcMap. The Terrain 3D tool also works
directly with the Terrain 2D visibility tools to create threat domes,
setting the radial line of sight properties as the parameters for the
threat domes (see Chapter 6, ‘Terrain 2D tool’). Both functions are
easy to use and enhance your awareness of the terrain in your
area of interest. You must have ArcGIS 3D Analyst installed in
order to use the Terrain 3D tool.

Enabling the 1. From the ArcMap main menu
click Tools and click Exten-
Military Analyst sions.
extension 2. In the Extensions dialog box

check the Military Analyst
check box.
3. Click Close in the Extensions
dialog box.
This activates the Military
Analyst extension.

Opening the 1. From the ArcMap main menu
click View and point to
Military Analyst Toolbars.
toolbar 2. Click Military Analyst in the

Toolbars list.

Raster Map tool
IN THIS CHAPTER
2
Due to its complex file and metadata structure, RPF data has traditionally
required additional import or transformation algorithms to view the
• Overview of the Raster Map imagery, which creates extra steps and is time consuming. The Raster Map
toolbar Tool is an extension to ArcGIS that is designed to allow direct display and
manipulation of NIMA RPF data, including CIB and CADRG. With the
• Setting up RPF data
Raster Map tool you can instantly view and analyze RPF maps and imagery
• Configuring RPF data in ArcMap in their original format with all levels of ArcGIS (ArcView, ArcEditor, and
ArcInfo). In addition, RMT makes it easy to organize your RPF data by
• Displaying RPF data in ArcMap showing you its geographic extent with an index shapefile, which also
differentiates the types (scales) of RPF data in your database.
9
Overview of the Raster Map tool
The Raster Map tool allows you to directly view and
manipulate RPF imagery without the need for data import or
other preprocessing. The tool also creates an RPF index
shapefile based on parameters entered in the Raster Map Data
Configuration dialog box. When displayed, the index shapefile
gives an overview of the geographic extent of each RPF
dataset available in the specified file system. To access the
Raster Map tools, you must first activate the Military Analyst
extension. See Chapter 1 ‘Introducing ArcGIS Military
Analyst’ for more information. Open the Military Analyst
toolbar to access the Raster Map tools. If you are unsure about
a button’s function, place the mouse pointer over the button to
display its tool tip, as well as a description of the tool at the
bottom of the ArcMap window.
Open Raster
Map Display Toggle Raster
Dialog Map Display
contrast of the displayed images from the Raster Map Display

Activate/Deactivate
Raster Maps in View
dialog box.
Activate/Deactivate Raster Maps In View—Clicking this button
allows you to remove all RPF layers from the ArcMap table of
contents. It does the same thing as selecting each layer in the
Open Raster Map Display Dialog—Clicking this button opens
ArcMap Table of Contents, right-clicking, and clicking Remove.
the Raster Map Display dialog box, which is where you choose
You can also place the RPF layers back in the view and the Table
the map sets and index shapefile footprints to display in the
of Contents by clicking this button after removing the layers.
ArcMap data frame. With Use Best Map Set selected, RMT will
dynamically change the displayed map set to the appropriately Toggle Raster Map Display—Clicking this button allows you to
scaled RPF product based on the current zoom scale in the turn the active raster layer on/off. This is the same as checking/
display. You can also adjust the brightness, transparency, and unchecking the layer check box in the table of contents.

Setting up RPF data
All NIMA RPF data is distributed on CD–ROMs or is available
for download from the NIMA Web site. Either way, the file
structure of the data is the same. Each RPF dataset is comprised
of a series of image tiles, or frames (generally 1536 x 1536
pixels), in units of decimal degrees with a geographic/WGS 84
coordinate system, and a table of contents file (a.toc). The a.toc
file contains the metadata for the frames, including the filenames,
resolution, scale, and geographic extent. RMT uses the a.toc file
to determine the geographic coverage of the RPF data and which
image tiles to display. When you configure your RPF data in
ArcMap, one of the tasks is to create an RPF index shapefile,
which is a polygon shapefile that shows the geographic extent of The following rules and behavior apply for all RPF datasets,
each of the RPF map sets in your specified RPF data directory. including CIB and CADRG. These rules need to be considered
RMT looks at the a.toc file and creates the index shapefile based when setting up RPF data.
on the information that it contains (it uses the mkRPFcov.exe
utility to do this). In addition to the index shapefile, RMT creates 1. The a.toc file must reside one folder down from the folder
a dBASE® file (.dbf) that contains a summary of the resolution specified in the Raster Map Data Configuration dialog box as
and scale information in the a.toc file. This file is used by RMT the RPF directory (the directory containing the desired RPF
to populate the Map Set pulldown list in the Raster Map Display data).
dialog box with the RPF map sets available in the specified RPF 2. The a.toc file can also be two folders down from the folder
directory. See ‘Configuring RPF data in ArcMap’ later in this specified in the Raster Map Data Configuration dialog box as
chapter. the RPF Directory and must reside in a folder named RPF
The first (and one of the most important) step in using RMT is to (case insensitive).
set up your RPF data in a file system structure that can be read by 3. If you have a folder that is two folders down from the folder
the Raster Map tool. If the data is stored in an incorrect folder specified in the Raster Map Data Configuration dialog box as
hierarchy or configured improperly in ArcMap, RMT will not the RPF directory, contains an a.toc file, and is not named
create the index shapefile or summary dBASE file previously RPF, then RMT will not include it in the index shapefile.
mentioned, and you will not be able to use the tool. It is advisable
4. If you modify the file structure somehow, such as overwriting
to retain the exact folder hierarchy from the CD–ROM when
the a.toc file or creating a custom file structure, you will need
copying the data from the CD–ROM to the local hard drive or
to create a new a.toc file using the Generate A.TOC utility in
server. NIMA RPF data consists of an RPF directory, which in
the Raster Map Data Configuration dialog box. See
turn contains an a.toc file and one or more data directories where
‘Configuring RPF data in ArcMap’ later in this chapter.
the image tiles reside. All NIMA RPF CD–ROMs conform to the
following general folder hierarchy. This is also the recommended
hierarchy to follow when loading RPF data.
RASTER MAP TOOL 11

Look at the following example file system to gain a better CIB05SCAL is specified as the RPF directory, following rule
understanding of the folder hierarchy required for RMT. one.
In the following figure CIB05SCAL, GNC_JNC, and RPF are GNC_JNC represents CADRG data that was copied directly from
folders containing RPF datasets. All three of the datasets will be a NIMA CD-ROM as well. However, the complete CD–ROM file
read and displayed by RMT as long as the folder named SoCal is structure was not copied as in CIB05SCAL; only the contents of
specified as the RPF directory in the Raster Map Data the original CD–ROM rpf directory were copied to a new folder
Configuration dialog box. named GNC_JNC. It contains the A.TOC file as well as the
CIB05SCAL represents a CIB dataset that was copied directly

from a CD–ROM onto C:\Data\SoCal. It contains a folder named CADRG image tile folders. RMT will only configure and display
rpf, which in turn contains an A.TOC file and the CIB image tile this dataset if SoCal is specified as the RPF directory, according
folders. RMT will configure and display this dataset as long as to rule one stated on the previous page.
SoCal is specified as the RPF directory, according to rule two RPF represents a custom file structure in which RPF data was
stated on the previous page. RMT will also read the data if copied from different sources and an a.toc file was created using
the Generate A.TOC utility in the Raster Map Data Configuration
dialog box. RPF contains an a.toc file as well as CADRG image
tile folders. RMT will configure and display this dataset as long
as SoCal is specified as the RPF directory, according to rule one
stated on the previous page. RMT will also read the data if Data
is specified as the RPF directory, following rule two.

Configuring RPF data in ArcMap
Once you have set up your RPF data, you need to configure it in correct RPF product to display according to the current data
ArcMap. This involves pointing ArcMap to the folder containing frame zoom scale when the display option Use Best Map Set is
the data as well as creating an index that is referenced by RMT selected in the Raster Map Display dialog box. The index
and used to determine the correct image tiles to display based on shapefile summary table is created at the same time as the index
parameters set in the Raster Map Display dialog box, as well as shapefile.
the data frame’s current extent and zoom. There are three factors
that will affect the outcome of the configuration process: Generating a new a.toc file
1. The RPF imagery Since all NIMA RPF CD–ROMs come with an a.toc file, if you
2. The a.toc file retain the native RPF file structure, you will not need to generate
a new a.toc, and the only issue when configuring your data will
3. The RPF index shapefile be to specify the correct folder as the RPF directory in the Raster
As long as you set up your data according to the guidelines stated Map Data Configuration dialog box. If you modify your RPF
in the previous section, you will not have problems. The a.toc file data at all, by adding new image tiles to an existing dataset,
is the key to successfully configuring your data because it is the deleting the a.toc file, creating custom data, or altering the RPF
foundation for the creation of the RPF index shapefile, which in file structure, you will need to generate a new a.toc file before
turn, will determine how your RPF data is displayed. you can create an index shapefile and display your data. RMT
uses the mkRPFToc.exe utility to generate a.toc files. The utility
RPF index shapefile creates the a.toc based on the metadata from the header section of
the RPF image tiles it finds in the specified folder. It also looks at
The RPF index shapefile (RPF Index.shp is the default name it is
the naming convention used for the image tiles. This is why it is
given) is a polygon shapefile that is created by the
so important to retain the RPF file structure as much as possible,
mkRPFCov.exe utility, which shows the geographic coverage of
especially when creating custom RPF data. If the data is not in
the image tiles for each RPF product, or dataset, that RMT finds
the proper format, RMT will not be able to configure the data and
within the folder specified as the RPF Directory in the Raster
it will be useless.
Map Data Configuration dialog box. It contains attributes that
describe the RPF product type, scale, resolution, file location,
and name of each image tile. RMT gathers this information based
on the contents of the a.toc files that it finds within the RPF
directory. As previously mentioned, the index shapefile is used by
RMT to determine which RPF datasets are available for display,
as well as the specific image tiles to display as you pan and zoom
through the data frame. RMT also creates an additional dBASE
file, RPF Indexsum.dbf, which is a summary of the scale and
average resolution for each RPF product type within the RPF
index shapefile. This file is used by RMT to determine the
RASTER MAP TOOL 13

Specifying the Specifying the RPF
directory
location of the
RPF data
1. Click Military Analyst from the
Military Analyst toolbar and
1
click Raster Map Configura-
Find and enter the location of the tion.
desired RPF datasets, keeping in
mind the conventions discussed This opens the Raster Map
in the previous section of this Data Configuration dialog
box.
2
chapter, ‘Setting up RPF data’,
by either typing the path in the 2. In the Data Locations section,
RPF Directory text box or by enter the full path to the
clicking on the Specify Local desired RPF datasets in the
RPF Directory button to open a RPF Directory text box.
browse window and selecting the
appropriate folder. 3. Alternatively, click the Specify
local RPF Directory button in
the Raster Map Data Con-
Tip figuration dialog box to open
Choosing the correct a browse window and search
folder for the desired folder.
You must choose a folder that is at 3
least one folder up from the
directory containing the a.toc file
and the RPF data frames. If you
specify an incorrect folder, RMT
will be unable to display the data.
See ‘Setting up RPF data’ in this
chapter for more details on RPF
file structures.

Generating a new Creating a new a.toc file
using the Generate
a.toc file A.TOC utility
If you have added custom RPF
1
1. Click the Generate A.TOC
data, modified the original file
button in the Raster Map
structure of the RPF data, or
Data Configuration dialog
overwritten the a.toc file by
box.
copying multiple RPF datasets
into the same RPF folder, you In the subsequent browse
may need to create a new a.toc window, navigate to and
file to be able to display the data. specify the folder in which
This can be done utilizing the you want to create the a.toc
mkRPFToc.exe function. You file.
may create a.toc files for each of 2. If you have installed Military
the individual RPF datasets in a Anlayst in a folder other than
particular folder, or you may \arcgis\arcexe8x\bin, you will
create a single a.toc file for all of need to specify the location of
the datasets, depending upon the the mkRPFToc.exe file. Once
file structure used and personal you choose a folder for the
preference. a.toc file, a window will open
prompting you for the location 2
of the utility. Type the full
Tip pathname to the file in the
text box and click OK.
Remember to specify the
correct RPF folder RMT will notify you with a bell
Once you have finished generating tone when it has generated
a.toc files, remember to specify the the a.toc file.
appropriate folder for RMT to use
as the RPF directory (see the
previous page). If not, RMT will
use the last folder that an a.toc file
was generated in, and this may not
be the correct RPF folder.
See Also
See the example folder hierarchy
on the next page.
RASTER MAP TOOL 15

Generating a.toc files
In this example C:\MA\Data_For_Rollout\rolloutdata\rpf
contains four different RPF datasets that are missing a.toc files:
CIB10M, CJOG, CONC, and CTLM50. Inside these folders are
the data frame folders that contain the image tiles for each RPF
dataset. There are two possible ways to create a.toc files for this
data:
1. To create an a.toc file for each individual dataset, in the
Generate A.TOC dialog box, specify CIB10M as the folder to
create an a.toc file for, click Add, then repeat the step for each
dataset.
2. To create one a.toc file to represent all of the datasets, choose
rpf in the Generate A.TOC dialog box and click Add.
While there is no relative advantage or disadvantage with each
scenario, it is important to remember that the location of the a.toc
will have an effect upon the folders that can be validly configured
as the RPF directory in the Raster Map Data Configuration dialog
box. If an a.toc file is created for each individual dataset as in
scenario one above, then the only folder that will be considered
valid by RMT as the RPF directory is rpf. If a single a.toc file is
created for all of the datasets as in scenario two above, then both
rolloutdata and Data_For_Rollout will be considered valid RPF
directories by RMT.

Specifying an Specifying the RPF index
shapefile
existing RPF
index shapefile
1
click Raster Map Configura-
Once the RPF directory has been tion. This opens the Raster
configured, an RPF index Map Data Configuration
shapefile must be specified. The dialog box.
index shapefile is a polygon
shapefile that shows the geo- 2. In the RPF Coverage Loca-
graphic coverage of the image tion section, enter the full
tiles within each specified set of path to the index shapefile in
RPF data and is used by RMT to the Shapefile Location text
select the proper tiles to display box.
based on current zoom and 3. Alternatively, click the Select
positioning within the data existing coverage shapefile
frame. Its attributes, including button to open a browse
the geographic extent, resolution, window.
scale, and type of RPF data, are
derived directly from the a.toc
In the browse window 2 3
navigate to and select the
files, which RMT finds in the
desired index shapefile.
specified RPF Directory location.
You can either type the location
of the desired index shapefile in
the Shapefile Location text box,
or you can search for and select
the index shapefile from a
browse window.
RASTER MAP TOOL 17

Generating a new Creating an index
shapefile
RPF index
shapefile
1
select Raster Map Configura-
If new or modified RPF data is tion. This opens the Raster
being used, or if a new a.toc file Map Data Configuration
has been created, then a new dialog box.
index shapefile will need to be
generated. RMT uses the 2. Click the Generate new
mkRPFcov.exe utility to generate coverage shapefile button.
the index shapefile. Since RMT Navigate to the desired
creates the index shapefile based output directory in the
on what it finds in the directory subsequent browse window
specified as the RPF directory and type in a name for the
(see ‘Configuring RPF data in new shapefile.
ArcMap’ earlier in this chapter),
it is important to properly 3. Click Apply in the Raster Map
configure your RPF data. If RMT Data Configuration dialog
box.
does not find a valid a.toc file in 3 2
the location specified as the RPF 4. If you have installed Military
directory, it will not generate an Analyst in a folder other than
index shapefile, and you will not arcgis\arcexe8x\bin, you will
be able to view the data. need to specify the location
of the mkRPFCov.exe file.
Once you specify an output
index shapefile, a window will
open prompting you for the
location of the utility. Type the
full pathname to the file in the
text box and click OK.
4

Displaying RPF data in ArcMap
RMT expands upon the ability of ArcGIS to natively read CIB
and CADRG data by allowing you to view the geographic
coverage of their RPF imagery and display the appropriate image
tiles based on the ArcMap data frame’s current extent and zoom
scale. The display properties are controlled from the Raster Map
Display dialog box. There are two components to the RMT
display: the RPF index shapefile, which shows the location of all
the image tiles in each available RPF dataset (map set), and the
actual imagery. The Raster Map Display dialog box includes
options for displaying the index shapefile footprints for all
available map sets to compare their geographic coverage, or you
can display a single map set and its index shapefile footprint.
RMT also gives you the ability to automatically display the map
set with the most appropriate resolution (scale) that corresponds
to the current display scale of the data frame. In other words, as
you zoom in and out, RMT will automatically change the map set
being displayed to the map set with a scale that most closely
matches the current scale of the view. Select to set scale-
dependent display.
Click to select from available

map sets in the dropdown menu.
Select to lock display to

selected map set.
Select to display the index shapefile.
Adjusts brightness of displayed imagery.
Adjusts transparency of displayed imagery.
Adjusts contrast of displayed imagery.
Select to display
imagery.
RASTER MAP TOOL 19

Displaying RPF Display RPF data using
Lock Map Set
data in ArcMap
1. Click the Open Raster Map
using Lock Map Display Dialog button from 1
Set the Military Analyst toolbar.
The Raster Map Display
There are two ways to view RPF dialog box will open, and the
data using the Raster Map Tool: RPF index shapefile will
• You can lock a single map appear in the display. See
set to the display (Lock Figure 1 on page 22.
Map Set). 2. Click the Lock Map Set radio
2
• You can set scale- and button.
zoom-dependent display 3. Check the Display Coverages
(Use Best Map Set). check box.
When you select Lock Map Set 4. Ensure the Display Maps
in the Raster Map Display dialog check box is unchecked.
box, only the imagery or index
5. Select a dataset from the
shapefile footprint for the
Map Set dropdown list.
selected RPF map set will be
displayed, regardless of the 6. Click Apply.
display scale or extent. Using Only the index shapefile
Lock Map Set along with footprint for the selected map
Display Coverages allows you to set will appear in the display.
preview the extent and location See Figure 2 on page 22. u 4 6 3
of each image tile within the
selected RPF dataset before
displaying the imagery. This can
be advantageous, because Raster
Map Tool will process all tiles
(26 at a time) within the current
ArcMap display extent. When a
high resolution dataset is
selected, such as 5 meter CIB, 5
waiting for 26 tiles to process
can be time consuming.

Tip 7. Now that you see the cover-
age of the map set of interest,
Using a reference layer
you can zoom in to your area
It is helpful to open a reference
of interest and display the
layer in the display prior to
imagery. Check the Display
opening the RPF index shapefile.
Maps check box.
This will help in establishing the
geographic coverage of the RPF 8. Uncheck the Display Cover-
data. A good example of a
reference layer is the
age check box. 7
9. Click Apply.
WorldCountries.shp shapefile that
comes with the ArcGIS installa- The image tiles for the
tion.
Tip selected map set will display.
See Figure 3 on page 2.
Tile display
It is helpful to zoom in to your
area of interest before actually
displaying the RPF imagery
because displaying many tiles can
increase processing time.
Tip 9 8
Displaying image tiles
RMT processes 26 image tiles at a
time. If the selected map set
consists of more than 26 tiles
within the current display extent,
RMT will process the first 26 tiles,
then ask if you would like to
display more before drawing them.
If you click Yes RMT will process
the next 26. When you click No
RMT will display the tiles.
Tip
Available map sets
The choices in the Map Set
dropdown list are the map scales
of the available RPF data. For
example, 1:1M corresponds to a
set of Operational Navigation
Chart (ONC) data, while 10M
refers to 10 meter resolution CIB
imagery.
RASTER MAP TOOL 21

Figure 1 Figure 2
Figure 3

Displaying RPF Displaying RPF data
using Best Map Set
data in ArcMap
1. Open the Raster Map Display
using Best Map dialog box. 1
Set The index shapefile for all
available RPF data will
When you display RPF data with display in the ArcMap data
the Use Best Map Set option frame as the dialog box
opens.
selected, as you zoom in the
display will change to show the
3
2. Zoom to the extent of the
map set with a scale that index shapefile by right-
corresponds to the current clicking the layer in the 4
display scale. The selected map ArcMap Table of Contents
set in the Raster Map Display and selecting Zoom to Layer
dialog box will also update as the from the popup menu.
display changes. In other words, 3. Click the Use Best Map Set
when the display scale reaches radio button.
1:250,000, then 1:250K Joint
Operations Graphics (JOG) 4. Check the Display Maps
imagery will be displayed, if check box.
there is such data in the current 5. Click Apply. 5
display extent. If not, then the The smallest-scale map set
next smallest-scale map set will from the available map sets
continue to be displayed until a will display in the data frame.
display scale threshold is reached The map set’s scale will
that is approximately the same as automatically be shown in the
an available map set. Note: RMT Map Set text box. Zoom in to
uses the resolution of the RPF an area of the display that is
datasets, rather than the scale, to covered by all of the map
determine the map set to display. sets (you can see the
This is necessary because CIB coverage of each map set by 2
does not have an explicit map looking at the index
scale associated with it. This shapefile). Note the display
means that in some cases map scale as you zoom. See the
sets may not display at the exact figures on the following pages
moment that their map scale is for an illustration of the
the same as the display scale. results of using Best Map Set
to display RPF data.
RASTER MAP TOOL 23

RASTER MAP TOOL 25
Vector Map tool
IN THIS CHAPTER
3
The Vector Map tool is an extension to ArcGIS that can be used with all
levels of ArcGIS (ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo). It is a robust tool with
• Overview of the Vector Map a simple, intuitive interface that allows you to display all types of NIMA
toolbar
VPF data without the need for any import or pre-processing. Vector Map
• Setting up VPF data tool expands upon the ability of ArcGIS to natively read VPF data by
giving you the power to concurrently select and display many feature
• Configuring VPF data in ArcMap classes from multiple libraries, rather than having to open one feature class
at a time. In addition, Vector Map tool facilitates data management as it
• Displaying VPF data in ArcMap
allows you to graphically visualize the types of VPF data available and its
• Converting VPF data to shapefiles geographic coverage. The data that you display can be easily converted to
shapefiles for editing and advanced geoprocessing in ArcGIS.
27
Overview of the Vector Map tool
Open the Military Analyst toolbar to access the Vector Map tool Lock VPF Layers in the Display—Click this button when Use
functions. If you are unsure about a button’s function, place the Best Map Set is selected in the Vector Map Display dialog box to
mouse pointer over the button to display its tool tip as well as a disable scale-dependent display. The VPF layers currently
description of the tool at the bottom of the ArcMap window. displayed will continue to display regardless of how far you
zoom in or out of the data frame. Clicking this button again re-
enables scale-dependent display.
Open Vector Map Export VPF Data to Shapefiles—Click this button to convert
Export VPF Data to
Display Dialog Shapefiles
the selected VPF feature classes to shapefiles, which is necessary
to edit the data.
Lock VPF Layers
in the Display
Open Vector Map Display Dialog—Click this button to open

the Vector Map Display dialog box, which is where you control
the feature classes being displayed as well as the method of
display.

Setting up VPF data
VPF products There are four subtypes of feature classes: point, line, area, and
text. See the sample VPF dataset on the following page, which
NIMA VPF data is available on CD–ROM in a wide variety of shows the contents of a VMap level 1 database.
product types with different levels of data density, which can be
grouped into four families—topographic, hydrographic,
Directory structure required by the Vector Map
aeronautical, and littoral. Examples of VPF products are Vector
tool
Map (VMap), Digital Nautical Chart (DNC), Vector Interim
Terrain Data (VITD), and Feature Foundation Data (FFD). VMap Vector Map tool is flexible with respect to its method of
is a good example of a VPF product that is divided into different searching for VPF datasets on the hard drive/server. This makes it
levels based on the scale of the source data. It is divided into four easy for you to set up your VPF data. Vector Map tool will search
different levels—VMap level 0, which contains features based on through every subfolder within the folder specified as the VPF
1:1,000,000-scale Operational Navigation Charts; VMap level 1, Directory in the Local Vector Data Configuration dialog box for
which is based on 1:250,000-scale Joint Operations Graphics; valid VPF datasets and display all that it finds. Thus VPF
VMap level 2, which is based on 1:50,000-scale Topographic datasets can be set up in any type of file system that you desire.
Line Maps; and UVMap, which is based on 1:25,000-scale (and However, the actual VPF data structure must not be tampered
larger) City Graphics. See MIL-PRF-0089049 for a complete list with. VPF data has a complex folder and file hierarchy with an
of VPF products and their hardcopy product equivalents. The abundance of metadata tables and indices that describe every
horizontal datum for all NIMA VPF datasets is WGS84, with a aspect of the features. Vector Map tool uses these tables to
geographic coordinate system and units in decimal degrees. determine which features to display based on the parameters that
you have specified in the Vector Map Display dialog box, as well
VPF file structure as your current zoom scale and position within the data frame.
Modifying these files will cause Vector Map tool to ignore the
Although there are several types of VPF data at various levels of
VPF dataset they belong to, and the data will not be displayed.
detail representing many different geospatial features, all VPF
products possess a common data model. A summary of the VPF To summarize, the native file structure from the CD–ROM must
data model will be given here. Those seeking more information be maintained for each individual VPF dataset. Vector Map tool
are referred to MIL-STD-2407, which goes into great detail about will read and display any type of VPF data as long as the VPF
the VPF data model. In brief, VPF data is tiled vector geographic file structure is not modified. The datasets can be set up and
data that is divided into databases at the highest level, which in grouped together in any way, and custom VPF data created using
turn, are composed of data libraries and a reference library. The third party tools can be utilized as long as the VPF data model as
libraries contain coverages, which are the thematic layers of the stated in MIL-STD-2407 is followed. See the sample VPF file
particular VPF dataset. The coverages are comprised of feature system on page 29 to get a better idea of how VPF data can be set
classes, which encompass the specific features, or representations up. VPF data can be read by Vector Map tool from any source as
of real-world objects, of the data and whose properties are well, including CD–ROM, local hard drive, server, and mapped
uniquely described by various attributes, or tables of metadata. network drive, again as long as the proper VPF structure is
maintained.
VECTOR MAP TOOL 29

Sample VPF dataset (detailed) Coverage
Database
Data Library
Reference Library
Database Header Table
Library Attribute Table
Feature
A VMap database (sasaus) and its contents. Each VPF database Attribute
contains one or more data libraries, a reference library, a Tables
database header table (dht), and a library attribute table (lat). The
dht file describes the VPF database, while the lat file describes
the geographic extent of each library in the database.
Library
A VMap coverage (elev) and

its contents. Each VPF
coverage contains the attribute
(metadata) tables of each of
Coverages
the feature classes in the
A VMap library (lib_109) and (Thematic Layers) coverage, which provide a
its contents. Each VPF description of the
library contains, at a characteristics of the features.
minimum, thematic The coverages contain
coverages, a coverage Coverage additional relational tables and
attribute table, a data quality Attribute Table indices that link the feature
table, a geographic attribute tables to their
reference table, and a library Data Quality Table geometric primitives, which
header table. The cat file define the topological
describes the coverages in Geographic
characteristics of the features.
the library; the dqt file Reference Table
describes the methods used
for data collection; the grt file Library Header
describes the projection Table
information; and the lht
describes the source data.

Sample VPF file system This sample VPF file system illustrates the flexibility of Vector
Map tool with respect to the VPF products it works with and the
method it uses to search for VPF datasets within the configured
VMap1 Database VPF directory (see ‘Configuring VPF Data in ArcMap’ in this
chapter). Because Vector Map tool will search through all
UVMap Database subfolders within the specified VPF directory for VPF datasets,
you can set up your VPF data in virtually any file system
VMap0 Database structure. In this example, if the folder Data is specified as the
VPF directory in the Vector Data Configuration dialog box then
VITD Database Vector Map tool will read all of the highlighted VPF databases.
Basically, as long as the specified folder is at or above the VPF
database level, Vector Map tool will recognize the data. In other
words, the specified folder must contain, at some level, a database
header table, a library attribute table, and a VPF data library.
DNC Database
VMap1 Database
DTOP-MEDS Database
VECTOR MAP TOOL 31

Configuring VPF data in ArcMap
Once you have set up your VPF data, the next step before The minimum requirement is that the specified folder must be at
displaying and performing analysis on the data is to configure it the VPF database level or above. In other words, individual VPF
in ArcMap. This involves two steps: libraries or coverages cannot be specified as the VPF directory
1. Tell ArcMap where to look for the VPF data you want to work because the metadata tables that Vector Map tool utilizes to
with generate the index shapefile include the database header table
and library attribute table, which are at the VPF database level.
2. Create a VPF index shapefile However, configuring multiple VPF product types and databases
When you create a new VPF index shapefile three elements are can adversely affect system speed and performance, so you
actually generated: the VPF Index.shp shapefile, a VPF should keep this in mind when specifying the VPF directory. It
Index_features.dbf table, and a VPF Index_summary.dbf table. should also be noted that the VPF directory can be configured
The VPF Index.shp shapefile is a polygon shapefile that shows from any source, including a local hard drive, server, mapped
the tiled geographic extent of all of the VPF data libraries within network drive, or CD–ROM, as long as the data is in proper VPF
the folder specified as the VPF Directory in the Vector Data format.
Configuration dialog box, and contains attributes describing the
VPF product, database, library, and source data scale for each
tile. The VPF Index_features.dbf table is an attribute table that
describes all of the coverages and feature classes for each library
within the VPF directory. The VPF Index_summary.dbf table is
an attribute table that summarizes the VPF product types and
their scales (derived from the scales of their associated hardcopy
source data product). When Vector Map tool creates these files, it
searches through all of the subfolders within the folder specified
as the VPF directory for valid VPF datasets—the files reflect
what it finds. Together, these tables are used by Vector Map tool
and ArcMap to determine which features to display based on both
parameters set by you in the Vector Map Display dialog box and
the current data frame zoom scale and extent.
It is essential that a correct folder containing VPF data is
specified as the VPF directory in the Vector Data Configuration
dialog box. A correct folder is any VPF database (see the
previous section ‘Setting up VPF data’) that adheres to the VPF
structure specified in MIL-STD-2407 or a folder containing one
or more VPF databases. There is no limit to the number or type
of VPF datasets that can be configured and displayed in ArcMap.

Configuring VPF data in ArcMap Configuring VPF data
involves two processes: using an existing index
• Pointing ArcMap to the VPF shapefile
data by specifying a folder
containing valid VPF 1. Click Military Analyst from the
1
datasets
click Vector Data Configura-
• Choosing an existing VPF tion.
index shapefile or generating
a new one based on the VPF This opens the Vector Data 2
datasets found in the VPF Configuration dialog box.
directory 2. In the Data Location section,
Keep in mind the requirement enter the full pathname to the
stated on the previous page—the desired VPF datasets in the
folder specified as the VPF VPF Directory text box.
folder must be a valid VPF Alternatively, click the browse
dataset that is at the VPF button and search for the
database level at a minimum. dataset.
3. In the VPF Coverage section
enter the full pathname to the
index shapefile in the
Shapefile text box. Alterna-
tively, click the browse button
and search for the shapefile.
4 3
4. Click Apply.
VECTOR MAP TOOL 33

Vector Map tool provides two Generating a new VPF
ways to display VPF data in index shapefile
ArcMap—using the default
ArcMap symbology and using 1. Click Military Analyst from the
NIMA’s GeoSym symbology. See Military Analyst toolbar and
the following page for more click Vector Data Configura- 1
information on displaying VPF tion.
data. The time to choose which This opens the Vector Data
display option to use is when you
generate a new VPF index
Configuration dialog box. 2
shapefile. Recall that when the 2. In the Data Location section,
index shapefile is generated, an enter the full pathname to the
index features shapefile is desired VPF datasets in the
created as well (see ‘Configuring VPF Directory text box.
VPF data in ArcMap’ earlier in Alternatively click, the browse
this chapter). Vector Map tool button and search for the
looks at this shapefile when dataset.
deciding to call the ArcMap 3. Check the Use GeoSym
renderer or the GeoSym renderer. symbology check box to
If you specify GeoSym when you utilize the GeoSym renderer.
generate your index shapefile, a To use the default ArcMap
field called f_code in the features renderer, ensure the check
shapefile is populated with the box is unchecked.
f_code value of each feature 3 5 4
within the VPF datasets being 4. Click the Create Index
configured. The GeoSym Shapefile button, navigate to
renderer symbolizes the features the desired output folder and
based on the values in this field. give the shapefile a name.
If you choose the ArcMap 5. Click Apply.
renderer when generating your
index shapefile, this field is left
blank. Note that if you choose
GeoSym symbology, the process-
ing time to create the index
shapefile is greater than when
ArcMap symbology is specified.
The increased processing time
only applies when the index
shapefile is first created,
however.

Displaying VPF data in ArcMap
The Vector Map tool builds upon the ability of ArcGIS to
natively read VPF data by both simplifying and enhancing the
process. Whereas ArcGIS allows you to bring multiple feature
classes from a single coverage into the data frame, the Vector
Map tool allows you to simultaneously select as many feature
classes as you want in any number of coverages from multiple
VPF datasets for display. The Vector Map tool provides an
intuitive interface that clarifies the ambiguous VPF coverage and
feature class naming convention and makes it easy for you to
select the exact feature classes that you want to display. The
display properties are controlled from the Vector Map Display
dialog box. See the following page for more information on the
dialog box. There are two components to the Vector Map tool
display: the VPF index shapefile, which shows the location of all
of the tiles in each available VPF dataset; and the actual VPF
data. The Vector Map Display dialog box provides many options
for displaying VPF data. You can display the VPF index shapefile
footprints for all available datasets to compare their geographic
coverage, or you can select certain levels of data for which to
view their index shapefile footprint. You can lock any number of
feature classes from single or multiple VPF datasets to the
display so that only those features are shown in the data frame at
all display scales and extents. The Vector Map tool also gives you
the ability to automatically display the appropriate level of VPF
data density that corresponds to the current display scale of the
data frame.
An important aspect of the Vector Map tool is that it
automatically draws VPF features using NIMA GeoSym
symbology, if this option is specified when configuring the data.
To date 80 percent of GeoSym symbols have been implemented;
the rest will be included in updates and enhancements. The use of
the GeoSym renderer ensures that symbology will be consistent depicted than if the standard ArcMap renderer is used. See MIL-
across VPF libraries every time you display the data. In addition, PRF-89045, NIMA’s publication on GeoSym, for more
the symbology is more representative of the features being information about GeoSym symbology.
VECTOR MAP TOOL 35

The Vector Map Display dialog box
Map Set Selection window
The Map Set Selection window is organized by the VPF products that are present within the configured VPF directory (see
‘Configuring VPF data in ArcMap’ in this chapter). Each product is divided into the different levels of data present in the VPF
directory, if applicable. Vector Map tool will display the features that are selected in the Map Feature Selection window for each map
set selected in the Map Set Selection window. Clicking the check box next to a VPF product will select/deselect all of the levels for that
product.
VPF product
VPF product
Levels of VPF
data by product
Click to display
only the VPF
Coverages datasets selected
in the Map Set
Selection window
Click to set scale-
dependent display
Click to display VPF
index shapefile
Feature classes
Click to select/
deselect all features
Map Feature Selection window

The Map Feature Selection window is organized by the VPF products in the Map Set Selection window. Clicking the check box next
to a VPF product will select/deselect all features within that product. Each VPF product is further divided into the coverages found in
the VPF libraries. Only coverages containing data will be shown. Clicking on the check box next to a coverage will select/deselect all
of the features within that coverage. Each coverage contains the appropriate feature classes that are present for each level of the
respective VPF product.

Displaying the Displaying the VPF index
shapefile
VPF index
1. Start ArcMap, click Military
shapefile in Analyst, click Vector Data 1
ArcMap Configuration, and make sure
the correct VPF datasets are
Once you have set up and configured.
configured your VPF data, you 2. Click the Open Vector Map
can display it in ArcMap. It is a Display Dialog button.
good idea to view the VPF index
3. In the Vector Map Display
shapefile before displaying the
dialog box click the Lock Map
data to see its geographic
Set radio button.
coverage and compare the
coverage of the various VPF 4. Check the Show Coverage
datasets. Shapefile check box.
5. Check all of the VPF dataset
check boxes in the Map Set
See Also
Selection window (or as many
2 5
See ‘Configuring VPF data in as you like), and make sure
ArcMap’ in this chapter for more none of the features are
information. checked in the Map Feature
Selection window.
6. Click Apply.
4 6 3
VECTOR MAP TOOL 37
Displaying VPF Displaying VPF data
using Lock Map Set
data using Lock
Map Set
1. Click the Open Vector Map
Display Dialog button.
1
Vector Map tool allows you to 2. Click the Lock Map Set radio
display any features from button. 3 4
multiple coverages within any 3. Check the feature class
number of VPF datasets. You can check boxes you want to
either lock certain features so display in the Map Feature
that only those features are Selection window.
displayed regardless of the zoom
or extent of the data frame (Lock 4. Check the VPF dataset
Map Set). Or you can choose to check boxes you want to
have Vector Map tool display the display features from in the
features from the VPF product Map Set Selection window.
appropriate to the data frame’s 5. Click Apply.
current extent and zoom (Use
See the resulting ArcMap
Best Map Set).
display and table of contents
on the following page.
Tip 6. To select all available
Selecting features to features for display click the
display Show All Map Fatures check
You can select/deselect all of the box.
coverages and feature classes
within a VPF product by clicking
on the check box next to a VPF
product in the Map Feature 2 5
Selection window. You can also
select/deselect all of the feature
classes within a coverage by 6
clicking on the check box next to
the coverage.
Tip
Viewing available feature
classes in a coverage
Click the plus sign (+) next to a
coverage to expand it and see the
available feature classes within it.

VPF product When VPF data is displayed in ArcMap using Vector Map
tool, it is easy to see exactly which features are being
displayed and their source. Vector Map tool lists the VPF
Coverage products that the features belong to, the coverage, the
feature classes by their descriptions, and the data
libraries that the feature classes come from in the ArcMap
table of contents. This helps you keep track of your data
and understand what is being displayed.
Feature class
with source
library in
parentheses
VECTOR MAP TOOL 39

Displaying VPF Displaying VPF data
using Best Map Set
data using Best
Map Set
1. In ArcMap, click the Open
Vector Map Display Dialog
1 6 3 4
button.
When the Use Best Map Set
option is selected in the Vector 2. Click the Use Best Map Set
Map Display dialog box, scale- radio button.
dependent display is enabled. As 3. Check the feature class
you zoom in and out of the data check boxes you want to
frame, Vector Map tool will display in the Map Feature
display the features from the VPF Selection window.
datasets that you have selected in
the Vector Map Display dialog 4. Check the VPF dataset check
box that are most appropriate for boxesyou want to display
the current zoom and extent of features from in the Map Set
the data frame. Vector Map tool Selection window.
looks at the relative data densi- 5. Click Apply.
ties, which are based on the scale
6. If you want to disable the Use
of the source product of the VPF
Best Map Set option without
datasets selected in the Map Set
opening the Vector Map
Selection window, to determine
Display dialog box click the
which features to display.
Lock VPF Layers in Display
You can disable/reenable the Best button from the Military
map set option on the fly by Analyst toolbar. Click it again
clicking the Lock VPF Layers in to reenable Best Map Set. 2 5
Display button. The VPF layers
that are currently displayed in the
ArcMap data frame will continue
to be displayed regardless of how
much you zoom in or out or
change the viewing extent.

Converting VPF Converting VPF data to
3
shapefiles
data to shapefiles
1. Click the Open Vector Map 1
In their native format, VPF Display Dialog button.
feature classes can be queried
2. Open the VPF feature
and processed in ArcMap to
classes you wish to convert
extract the geospatial information
to shapefiles in ArcMap.
you need. However,to edit VPF
data it must first be exported to a 3. Click the Export VPF Data to
format ArcGIS can work with. Shapefiles button in the
This is crucial because you must Military Analyst toolbar. The
update your data as geographic Export VPF Data dialog box
features change. Vector Map tool will open.
gives you the ability to easily 4. The VPF layers window on
convert VPF feature classes to the left side of the dialog box
shapefiles, which you can edit lists all of the VPF feature
using the standard ArcMap classes available in the
editing tools. Furthermore,
Vector Map tool allows you to
ArcMap table of contents. 2
Check the checkboxes of the
convert multiple feature classes desired feature classes.
at a time from multiple VPF
datasets—as many as you have 5. Click the Export dropdown
displayed in the ArcMap data arrow to view the export
frame. options. Click an export
option.
6. Choose a coordinate system
Tip for the output shapefiles by
clicking one of the coordinate
Output shapefile location
system radio buttons.
Vector Map tool automatically
creates a folder for each VPF 7. Click the browse button to
library, from which features are specify a location for the 4 6 8 7
being converted, in the output output shapefiles.
location. The folders are named
8. Click OK.
with the library name (in parenthe-
ses next to the feature name in the
Export VPF Data dialog box);
each output shapefile is placed in
the library folder corresponding to
the VPF library of the source 5
layers.
VECTOR MAP TOOL 41

Coordinate tool
IN THIS CHAPTER
4
The Coordinate tool allows you to quickly and easily convert coordinates
between geographic and UTM projections, specifically decimal degrees,
• Using the Coordinate tool degrees/minutes/seconds, UTM, and MGRS coordinates, in more than 200
different datums. It also enables you to find the coordinates for any point in
• Editing with the Coordinate tool a raster or vector layer in an ArcMap data frame by clicking the desired
point in the layer, and the Coordinate tool will return the coordinates in the
aforementioned formats. With the Coordinate Conversion dialog box box
open, the cursor coordinates will be updated in the dialog box as you move it
around the data frame in ArcMap. What makes the Coordinate tool
especially useful is that its API allows it to be embedded in any ArcGIS
application. An example of this is the way that the Coordinate tool has been
incorporated into the Terrain 2D tool’s Linear and Radial Line of Sight
functions, in which the Coordinate tool can be used to place observer and
target points for visibility analysis. See Chapter 6, ‘Terrain 2D tool’, for
more information.
43
Using the Converting coordinates
1
with the Coordinate tool
Coordinate tool
1. Click the Coordinate tool
The Coordinate tool allows you button from the ArcMap
to convert point coordinates for toolbar to open the Coordi-
more than 200 datums in nate Conversion dialog box.
decimal degrees, degrees/
2. Enter coordinates in the
minutes/seconds, UTM, and
MGRS. You can convert
appropriate format in one of 2
the Coordinates fields in the
coordinates by typing them into
Coordinate Conversion
the Coordinate Conversion
dialog box box.
dialog box in any of the
coordinate systems mentioned 3. Click the Datum dropdown
above and specifying a datum. arrow and click a datum. The
You can also find and convert default datum is WGS84.
the coordinates for a specific 4. Click Convert.
point by clicking on the desired
location in a georeferenced All of the other coordinate
raster or vector file with the fields will be populated with
Coordinate Conversion dialog the corresponding coordi-
box open. In addition, Coordi- nates in their respective
nate tool allows you to find the formats.
4
location of a point with known
coordinates—when you type
the coordinates in the Coordi-
nate Conversion dialog box, the
tool will display the point in the
3
data frame.
See Also
See the ArcGIS publication
Understanding Map Projections
for more information on coordinate
systems and the datums supported
by ArcGIS.

Tip Finding coordinates for
Finding features with specified points in a file 1
known coordinates in
1. Open the Coordinate
ArcMap
Conversion dialog box by
If you have coordinates for features clicking the Coordinate tool
and want to find their location in a
button. You must have a
data layer, ensure Draw Point
georeferenced data layer
Graphic is selected, type the
displayed in the ArcMap data
coordinates into the appropriate
coordinate field in the Coordinate frame. The cursor will change
Conversion dialog box, then press to crosshairs indicating that
Enter. The Coordinate tool will the Coordinate tool is active.
place a point on the feature in the 2. Click the Datum dropdown 2
ArcMap data frame. arrow and click a datum if the
desired datum is other than
Tip
WGS84. 3
Activating the Coordinate 3. Check the Draw point
tool graphic/feature checkbox to
ArcMap treats the Coordinate tool activate that option.
as it does any standard tool, such This will cause a black point
as pan and zoom. When the to be placed wherever you
Coordinate Conversion dialog box click in the data frame, and
is open, you can use any other tool the coordinates for that point
without having to close the dialog will be locked in the Coordi-
box. However, if you select another nate Conversion dialog box
tool, such as zoom you need to until you click in the data
click the Coordinate tool button to
frame again. Without this
reactivate it.
option selected, the coordi-
nates in the dialog box will
Tip continuously update as you
move the cursor.
On-the-fly coordinate
display 4. Click in the data frame on the
When the Coordinate Conversion feature that you want to find
dialog box is open, as you move the coordinates for, and a point
cursor around the data frame in will display in the layer as the
ArcMap the Coordinate fields in coordinates display in the
the dialog box update on the fly. Coordinate Conversion
dialog box.
4
COORDINATE TOOL 45
Editing with the Adding points to a
1
shapefile using the
Coordinate tool Coordinate tool
Another way to utilize the 1. Open a point shapefile in
Coordinate tool is to create a ArcMap by clicking the Add
point shapefile based on known Data button in the ArcMap
coordinates for point features. Standard toolbar. 2
This involves editing an
existing point shapefile, then 2. Click the Editor dropdown
adding points to it with the arrow in the Editor toolbar
Coordinate Conversion dialog and click Start Editing to edit
box open. You can also create a the shapefile.
new point shapefile and add 3. Click the Task dropdown
points to it using the Coordi-
nate tool. The only difference in
arrow and select Create New
Feature as the editing task.
3
the procedures is that you must
4. Start the Coordinate tool by
first create the shapefile in
clicking the Coordinate Tool 4
ArcCatalog™. Then you can
button.
edit it in ArcMap and add
points with the Coordinate tool. The Coordinate Conversion
dialog box opens.
Tip 5. Ensure that the Draw point

Compatible vector formats graphic/feature check box is
checked.
Currently you can create and edit
point and multipoint feature classes 6. Type the coordinates of the
(shapefile, geodatabase, and SDE) point you wish to place in the 6
using the Coordinate tool. Editing shapefile in the appropriate
line and polygon features is not coordinate field in the
supported. However, you can use Coordinate Conversion
the Coordinate tool to find and dialog box box and press
convert coordinates in any vector Enter.
or raster format layer supported by
ArcGIS. The point will appear in the
layer with the same symbol- 5
ogy as the original points in
the shapefile.
You can also click in the data
frame on the shapefile to
place points rather than
entering them manually.

DTED tool
IN THIS CHAPTER
5
The the DTED tool is an extension to ArcGIS that gives you the ability to
graphically locate, select, and display the areas where you have NIMA
• Overview of the DTED toolbar DTED coverage. Once you locate the desired DTED, the tool automatically
merges the tiles, converts them to a usable GRID format, and displays the
• Setting up DTED GRID as an elevation tint for analysis. All of the processing takes place
behind the scenes, so that all you see is the data displaying. Once the data
• Configuring DTED in ArcMap displays, the DTED tool allows you to generate a hillshade, which can
• Displaying DTED in ArcMap greatly enhance the appearance of your data. The merged DTED GRID
can also be used with the other Military Analyst applications, such as
• Generating a hillshade Terrain 2D tool, as well as ArcGIS extensions, such as ArcGIS Spatial
Analyst and 3D Analyst. You must have ArcGIS Spatial Analyst installed to
use the DTED tool.
47
Overview of the DTED tool
Open the Military Analyst toolbar to access the DTED tool Hillshade tool—Clicking the Hillshade tool button opens the
functions. If you are unsure about a button’s function, place the Hillshade dialog box in which you set the hillshade parameters.
mouse pointer over the button to display its tool tip as well as a You can adjust the values for the sun position and Z factor,
description of the tool at the bottom of the ArcMap window. choose Model shadows, automatically overlay the elevation file
over the output hillshade, and set the output name and location
for the hillshade.
Load the DTED Hillshade tool
tool
Merge Selected DTED
Load DTED tool—Use the Load DTED tool to display available

DTED cells for a specified geographic region. The the DTED tool
will compare the geographic coverage of a search box drawn by
you to the geographic extent of the DTED tiles in the folder
specified as the DTED directory in the DTED Data Configuration
dialog box. If it finds DTED it will show the location of the tiles
and ask if you want to display them.
Merge Selected DTED—This gives you the option to merge

individual DTED GRIDs that are already displayed. Click the
Merge Selected DTED button to open the Merge DTED dialog
box. Select the individual DTED GRIDs you wish to merge and
click OK.

Setting up DTED
DTED consists of a series of adjoining 1° by 1° data cells with
horizontal units in decimal degrees and vertical (elevation) units
in meters. Each pixel in a DTED file has a value that corresponds
to its elevation. The horizontal datum for DTED is WGS84, and
the vertical datum is Mean Sea Level. The actual elevation data is
constructed of a matrix of evenly spaced elevation posts; the
spacing between the posts varies with latitude and DTED level.
The three levels of DTED are DTED Level 0, DTED Level 1, and
DTED Level 2, of which DTED Level 0 has the largest spacing
between elevation posts (lowest resolution) and DTED Level 2
the smallest (highest resolution). The levels differ in data density
and have a different set of files associated with them, but the
basic file structure is the same. The most important folder that is
common to all DTED datasets is the DTED folder, which contains
the data files. NIMA distributes DTED data on CD–ROMs and
also makes the data available for download via the Internet. Each
folder within DTED is named for the longitude of the southwest
corner of the DTED files that it contains, which in turn, are named
for the latitude of the southwest corners of the files. The
following figure illustrates the DTED file structure.
Each folder within the DTED folder is named with the longitude of the
southwest corner of the DTED cells it contains, which in turn are named
for the latitude of their southwest corner.
THE DTED TOOL 49

The first step in configuring DTED for use in ArcMap is to
properly set up the data on your hard drive or server ( the DTED
tool will also read DTED directly from a NIMA CD–ROM). The
recommended way to set up DTED is to use the same file
structure as that on NIMA DTED CD–ROMs. This is because the
DTED tool uses the DTED naming convention discussed above
when it searches for and displays the geographic location of
available DTED cells. When you load DTED in ArcMap, the
DTED tool searches within the folder that is specified as the
DTED Directory in the Local Data Configuration dialog box for
folders with the longitude naming convention discussed above,
that contain DTED files (.dt#) with the latitude naming
convention. If it does not encounter this naming convention, the
DTED tool will not recognize the data as DTED and will not be
able to process it. The exact NIMA CD–ROM file structure
doesn’t necessarily need to be duplicated, although it is
recommended for simplicity. It is only required that the DTED files
and the folders that contain them conform to the geographic
naming convention, which is summarized below.
A = E (east) or W (west), based on the longitudinal hemisphere of the data
bbb = The three digit longitude of the southwest corner of the DTED cells
X = N (north) or S (south), based on the latitudinal hemisphere of the data
nn = The two digit latitude of the southwest corner of the DTED cell
# = 0, 1, or 2, based on the level of DTED

Configuring Specify the DTED
directory
DTED in ArcMap 1
Once you have set up your Military Analyst toolbar and
DTED, it needs to be config- click DTED Configuration.
ured in ArcMap before it can be This opens the DTED Data
displayed and used for analy-
Configuration dialog box.
sis. It is essential that you point
ArcMap to the correct folder 2. In the Data Locations 2
containing DTED. If you section, enter the full
choose an incorrect folder, then pathname to the desired
you will receive a message DTED dataset in the DTED
notifying you that no DTED Directory text box; alterna-
coverage exists in the specified tively click the browse button
area. and search for the dataset.
You must specify a folder that 3. Enter the location of the
contains the longitude folders output folder for merged
with the DTED tiles as de- DTED GRID files by typing
scribed in the previous section the pathname in the GRID
of this chapter, ‘Setting up Directory text box; alterna-
DTED’. tively, click the browse button
and specify the desired
Tip output folder. 4
Specifying the correct
4. Click Apply. 3
DTED directory
The specified DTED folder must
contain the folders with the
longitude naming convention
(which in turn contain the actual
DTED files named by their
respective latitude) discussed in the
‘Setting up DTED’ section of this
chapter.
DTED TOOL 51
Displaying DTED Loading DTED in the
ArcMap display
in ArcMap
The DTED tool expands upon
1. Open a reference layer in the
ArcMap display before using
2
and, at the same time, simplifies the Load the DTED tool.
the ArcGIS native-read capabil- This is essential because the
ity for DTED. It allows you to
DTED tool compares the
graphically locate, convert to
geographic coordinates of
GRID, merge, and display DTED the configured DTED with the
files automatically. All of these
coordinates of the displayed
processes occur simultaneously
layer to determine whether or
as you use the Load DTED tool, not the display contains any
which minimizes the number of
DTED cells. If there is no
steps you need to perform. The
reference layer displayed, or
automatic merge of multiple if one is displayed with an
cells is especially advantageous
extent that the DTED is
as this enhances the appear-
outside of, the DTED tool will
ance of your data by removing not be able to locate and
seams between adjacent cells. It
display the DTED.
also makes it easier to perfom
surface analysis functions, 2. Click the Load the DTED tool
such as visibility. Your data button in the DTED toolbar.
must be properly set up on your 3. Draw a bounding box in the
hard drive/server and config- area of the displayed layer
ured in ArcMap prior to display. that you want to search for
DTED in. u
Tip
Displaying a reference
layer 3
A good reference layer to use is the
WorldCountries.shp shapefile that
comes with the ArcGIS install.
See Also
See the ‘Setting up DTED’ and
‘Configuring DTED in ArcMap’
sections earlier in this chapter.

Tip 4. The DTED tool will draw a
Processing DTED grid of longitude and latitude
The more DTED cells you select to lines within the bounding box
load in the data frame, the longer and search within the DTED
the processing time during the directory (specified in the
display. Local Data Configuration
dialog box) for folders whose
names match the longitude
values inside the bounding
box. It will then search inside
the matching longitude
folders for DTED files (*.dt#)
with names that match the
latitude values inside the
bounding box. DTED cells
found within the bounding
box will be displayed as
green tiles; all other areas in
the bounding box will be
displayed as red tiles.
If more than 25 DTED cells
are found, the DTED tool will 4
prompt you to select a
smaller area.
5. The DTED tool will ask you if
you want to import the
available DTED cells. If you
want to display the selected
DTED, click Yes when
prompted.
5
DTED TOOL 53
The DTED tool will merge the DTED cells (if more than one is selected), convert them to a GRID file, then display the merged GRID with
an elevation tint. The displayed GRID is now a single file that is ready for further processing and analysis using other Military Analyst
tools as well as the ArcGIS surface tools found in ArcGIS Spatial Analyst and 3D Analyst. The merged GRID is also available for use in
future analysis and mapping projects.

Merging DTED Merging DTED
1. Click the Merge DTED button
The DTED Tool also allows in the DTED toolbar to open
you to seamlessly merge the Merge DTED dialog box. 1
multiple DTED GRIDs that
are displayed in ArcMap 2. Select the DTED layers you
into a single GRID. want to merge from the list of
available DTED in the Merge
DTED dialog box and click
Tip OK.
Merging DTED
As you select more DTED layers to
merge, processing time will be
increased.
Tip
Selectable Layers
The DTED tool allows yo to merge
DTED GRIDs displayed with the
Load DTED tool and raw DTED
(.dt*) cells. The default names for 2
the DTED GRIDs must be
maintained or else the GRIDs will
not show up in the Merge DTED
dialog box.
DTED TOOL 55
Generating a Generating a hillshade
hillshade 1. To generate a hillshade you
must have ArcMap running
A hillshade, or shaded relief, is with DTED (or any valid 1
elevation or surface raster
a representation of a given
surface’s topography based on file) displayed. Click the 2 3 4
Hillshade button in the DTED
the hypothetical solar illumina-
toolbar to open the Hillshade
tion of the surface. It is a good
dialog box.
way to visualize the appearance
of the terrain and adds a degree 2. Specify a surface layer in the
of realism to your display or Input surface field.
map. The DTED tool allows you The Input surface dropdown
to generate a hillshade utilizing list will be populated with all
DTED data loaded with the tool. surface datasets available in
You also have the option to the ArcMap Table of Contents
automatically place the eleva- (TOC). The DTED tool will
tion layer on top of the select the top file in the TOC
hillshade with transparency in by default, but you can
the data frame, which decreases choose a different layer from
steps and enhances the display the dropdown list or click the
of your surface data. browse button to search for
another surface dataset.
3. Enter a value in the Azimuth
Tip
field. The Azimuth represents
Compatible file formats the angular direction of the
The Hillshade tool will work with sun in the sky in degrees. The
any valid ArcGIS elevation or default is 315°, which is 5
surface dataset. equivalent to northwest.
4. Enter a value in the Altitude
Tip field. The Altitude refers to the
Sun position parameters angle of the sun above the
The Azimuth and Altitude values horizon in degrees. The
can be modified to simulate the default is 45°.
sun’s position at various times of 5. Check the Overlay Elevation
day and seasons. check box to automatically
place the input surface on top
of the output hillshade with
transparency in the data
frame. u

Tip 6. Enter a value for the Z factor.
Model shadows 7. Specify a location and a
Select the Model shadows check name for the output hillshade
box to add shadows to the hillshade by clicking the open file
based on the azimuth and altitude button next to the Output
values. The shadowed areas are raster field.
coded with a value of zero and can
If you don’t specify a name,
be used to analyze the amount of
then the DTED tool saves the
insolation in a given region.
file in the folder specified as
the Working Directory in the
Spatial Analyst Options
Tip
dialog box.
Z factor values
8. Once you have set the
The Z factor is a conversion factor
that is used when the elevation and parameters in the dialog box
horizontal units of a surface are to your satisfaction, click OK
different. In the case of DTED, the to generate the hillshade.
horizontal units are in decimal
degrees, and the elevation units are
See the sample output to the
right.
6 8 7
in meters. The actual Z factor will
differ slightly with latitude; the
default value of 0.00003 causes a
suitable amount of vertical
exaggeration in the hillshade for
most latitudes. You can modify this
value as desired to increase/
decrease the exaggeration. Note
that when the input surface is
projected to a coordinate system in
which the elevation and horizontal
units are the same, such as UTM,
the Z factor should be changed to 1
(for no exaggeration).
Tip
Making files permanent
You can always right-click the
hillshade file in the ArcMap table of
contents and select Make Perma-
nent to save the file in another
location.
DTED TOOL 57
You can place any data layer on top of the hillshade and make it transparent to enhance the display and add realism to your map.

Terrain 2D tool
IN THIS CHAPTER
6
The Terrain 2D tool is an extension to ArcGIS that consists of a collection of
surface analysis functions optimized for use with the DTED tool. With the
• Overview of the Terrain 2D toolbar Terrain 2D tool you can quickly and easily determine the location of the
• Using the Highest Point tool highest elevation in a given area of interest, calculate the linear visibility
between two points, and compute the radial visibility (viewshed) for a
• Using the Linear Line of Sight tool specified observer point based on parameters that allow you to control the
heights of the observer and surrounding terrain as well as the field of view.
• Using the Radial Line of Sight tool The Terrain 2D tool enables you to perform complex functions with a simple
interface and few required steps, making it an ideal analysis tool for both
novice and advanced users. Although designed to work with merged DTED
GRIDs imported with the DTED tool, the Terrain 2D tool will work with any
valid surface file. ArcGIS Spatial Analyst is required to use the Terrain 2D
tool.
59
Overview of the Terrain 2D tool
Open the Military Analyst toolbar to access the Terrain 2D tools. Linear LOS—The Linear LOS tool measures the linear visibility
The Terrain 2D tools will be enabled when a surface layer is open from a specified observation point to a specified target. The
in the ArcMap data frame. If you are unsure about a button’s Coordinate tool is used to place points in the desired locations.
function, place the mouse pointer over the button to display its The Coordinate tool will automatically snap to points found
tool tip, as well as a description of the tool at the bottom of the with the Highest Elevation tool. Parameters can be set to raise
ArcMap window. the observer or target points by a specified value in meters to
simulate tower heights or aerial observation. Open the Linear
Visibility dialog box by clicking the Linear LOS button.
Selected
Surface Linear LOS Find
Layer Highest
Points
Radial LOS
Selected Surface Layer—The currently selected surface layer is

displayed here. The dropdown list contains all available surface
layers in the ArcMap table of contents.
Find Highest Points—Activate the Highest Point tool by clicking

the Find Highest Points button in the Terrain 2D toolbar. To find
the highest points draw a bounding box in the area of interest of
the displayed elevation file. The tool will analyze the pixels to
determine which ones have the highest value within the box and
place a point there. The Highest Point tool can be used with the
Radial and Linear Line of Sight (LOS) tools in conjunction with
the Coordinate tool, as the Coordinate tool will automatically
snap to points found by the Highest Point tool.

Radial LOS—The Radial LOS tool creates a viewshed, or an
analysis of the visibility of target pixels surrounding an
observation point, based on their elevation. The Radial LOS tool
creates a shapefile in which visible areas are displayed as green
polygons. The Coordinate tool is used to place the observer
point. Parameters can be set to adjust the height of the observer
and target pixels, the viewshed distance range, and the angles of
azimuth and view. Open the Radial Visibility dialog box by clicking
the Radial Line of Sight button.
TERRAIN 2D TOOL 61
Using the Finding the highest point
Highest Point tool 1. There must be an elevation
The purpose of the Highest

layer, such as DTED, dis-
played in the ArcMap data
1
Point tool is to search inside of frame to use the Highest
a user-defined area within a Point tool. Activate the tool by
surface (elevation) raster file for clicking the Find Highest
the highest point in that area. Points button in the Terrain
The tool analyzes the values of
each cell (pixel) within the area.
2D toolbar.
2
The cursor will change to
Since the cell values of an crosshairs and the button will
elevation file such as DTED are depress, indicating that the
elevation values, the cell with tool is active.
the greatest value is the highest
point. 2. Draw a bounding box in the
area of interest inside the
elevation layer.
Tip
3. The Highest Point tool will
Deactivating the Highest analyze the pixel (elevation)
Point tool values within the box, 3
To deactivate the Highest Point determine the highest
tool, click the Select Elements elevation, and generate a
button (or any other tool) in the shapefile with a point in that
ArcMap Tools toolbar. pixel.
4. The elevation value of the
Tip point will be displayed with
Minimum bounding box the layer in the ArcMap table
of contents. u
The bounding box that you draw to
search for the highest point must be
at least equal to the size of a single 4
cell in the surface layer. Drawing a
bounding box smaller than a pixel
will generate an error.

Tip 5. If the Highest Point tool finds
more than one highest point
Using the Highest Point
with the same elevation
tool with the visibility tools
value, then it will place a
The Highest Point tool can be used
point in each corresponding
in conjunction with the Radial and
pixel.
Linear LOS tools. When the
Coordinate tool option is chosen in
the LOS tools to place an observer/
target point, the Coordinate tool
will automatically snap to a point in
the display generated by the
Highest Point tool and place the
observer/target point there.
TERRAIN 2D TOOL 63
Using the Linear Determining the linear
line of sight
Line of Sight tool
The Linear LOS tool deter-
1. You must have a surface 1
mines the visibility, based on played in ArcMap to use the
the elevation, of all of the Linear LOS tool. Open the
points in a straight line on a Linear Visibility dialog box by
surface between specified clicking the Linear LOS
observer and target points and button in the Terrain 2D 2
generates a line shapefile to toolbar.
display this information. The
2. Click the first CoordTool
portions of the line that are
button to activate the Coordi-
hidden from the view of the
nate tool, then click the 3
observer are displayed in red,
displayed surface layer to
while the portions that are
visible are displayed in green.
place an observer point in 4
the desired location.
If 3D Analyst is installed, the
Linear LOS tool will generate a You can also enter known
profile graph of the line, which coordinates into the appropri-
represents a side view of the ate fields in the Coordinate
relief along the line between Conversion dialog box.
the observer and the target. 3. Click the second CoordTool
The output shapefiles are
saved in the ArcGIS Spatial
button and place a target 5
point in the display.
Analyst working directory.
The observer and target
points will be connected by a
line in the display. See Figure
1 on the following page.
4. Enter values in the offset
fields.
5. Click Compute to calculate
the line of sight.
See Figure 2 on the following
page to see the results.

Using the Highest Point tool with the LOS tools
Another way to place observer and target points is to use the
Highest Point tool in conjunction with the Coordinate tool. Click
the Find Highest Points button in the Terrain 2D toolbar and draw
bounding boxes in the observer and target areas of interest to
determine and display the highest points in those areas. Use the
Coordinate Tool as you would in the steps on the previous page
to place observer and target points where the respective highest
points are displayed. As the Coordinate tool cursor approaches
the highest points and reaches a certain minimum distance from a
point, the appearance of the cursor will change, indicating that
the snapping distance has been reached. Clicking anywhere
within this area will cause the observer/target point to be placed
on the highest point. Note that the Coordinate tool will snap to
points in any point feature class, not just highest point Figure 1: When you place your observer and target points in the
shapefiles, when used with the LOS tools. display, they are connected by a line representing the location of
the visibility calculation.
Offset Values
The start offset is the observer’s height above the ground, while
the end offset is the target’s height. The purpose of the offset
parameter is to simulate tower heights, a standing person, aerial
observation, or any situation where the sensor (or target) is
situated above the ground. The default value is 2 meters. Note
that modifying the target offset will not change the appearance of
the output visibility shapefile. A message will display in the
status bar indicating whether or not the target is visible. This
message will only be displayed if 3D Analyst is installed.
Figure 2: When you calculate the visibility the line will be recoded
and colored. Visible portions of the line are displayed in green
and given a value of one in the attribute table, while hidden
portions of the line are displayed in red and given a value of 0.
TERRAIN 2D TOOL 65
Using the Radial Creating a viewshed with
the Radial LOS tool
Line of Sight tool
The Radial LOS tool determines
1. You must have a surface
1
the visibility of all cells (pixels) played in ArcMap to use the
2
in a surface layer within a Radial LOS tool. Open the
specified radius and field of Radial Visibility dialog box by
view of an observation point clicking the Radial LOS
and generates a polygon button on the Terrain 2D
shapefile that displays this toolbar.
information. Visible areas within
the field of view are displayed 2. Click the CoordTool button to
as green polygons. The place an observer point in 3
viewshed created by the Radial the display. See Figure 3 on 4
LOS tool is based on the the following page.
elevation values of the cells 5
You can also use the Coordi-
surrounding the observer cell,
nate tool in conjunction with
6
and is also dependent upon the
parameters the user sets in the
the Highest Point tool to 7
Radial Visibility dialog box. place an observer in the
These parameters are stored in display. See ‘Using the
the attribute table of the Highest Point tool with the
observer point shapefile, which LOS tool’ in this chapter for
is generated at the same time as an explanation.
the radial visibility shapefile. In 3 Enter a value for the Center
addition, a graphic layer Offset.
representing the field of view of
the observer is created by the 4. Enter a value for the Terrain 8
Radial LOS tool. The output Offset.
shapefiles are saved in the 5. Enter values for the Distance
ArcGIS Spatial Analyst working Range. See Figure 4 on the
directory. following page.
See Also 6. Enter values for the Azimuth
See page 68 for descriptions of the Range. See Figure 5 on the
Radial LOS parameters. following page.
See Also 7. Enter values for the Elevation

Range.
See the online ArcGIS Spatial
Analyst Functional Reference for 8. Click Compute to calculate
more information on the Visibility the viewshed. See Figure 6
function. on the following page.

Figure 3: Figure 4:
When you When you
place an enter a value
observer point greater than 0
in the data as the starting
frame, the field distance in the
of view will Distance
display around Range field, a
the point with doughnut-
its geometry shaped field of
based on the view will result.
parameters Cells in the
set in the area between
Radial Visibility the observer
dialog box. and the start
distance can
still block the
visibility.
Figure 5: Figure 6:
Entering a When the
starting value radial visibility
of 0 and an is computed, a
ending value polygon
of 360 in the shapefile is
Azimuth generated. The
Range field will visible areas
generate a within the field
circular field of of view are
view. Any displayed as
other value slightly
range will transparent
generate a green
partial circle. polygons.
Only values
from 0-360 are
valid.
TERRAIN 2D TOOL 67
Radial LOS parameters
Center Offset—The center offset refers to the observer’s height above the ground surface in meters and can be used to simulate the
view from a tower or building or aerial observation. The default value is 2 meters, representing the height of a standing person.
Terrain Offset—Entering a value in the Terrain Offset field will increase the elevation of the cells surrounding the observer by that
value. This can be used to simulate tree heights.
Distance Range—The distance range parameter is the distance from the center, or observer point, that the radial visibility will be
calculated for. The range can begin at the observation point (start distance equal to 0) or at a specified distance from it. Entering a value
greater than 0 as the starting distance will create a doughnut-shaped viewshed. The default value for the distance range is 0–10
kilometers. See the example in Figure 4 on the previous page.
Azimuth Range—The azimuth range refers to the directional field of view of the observer and is measured in degrees from 0–360.
Entering 0 as the start azimuth and 360 as the end azimuth will cause the tool to generate a circular viewshed, while entering any other
range will display the viewshed of a partial circle. The default range is 0–360 degrees. See Figure 5 on the previous page for an example.
Elevation Range—The elevation range refers to the angular distance above and below the horizon that the observer can see (see the
figure below). The default values are –90 to 90 degrees, or straight up and down.

Using the Offset Creating a viewshed
using the Offset
Decrement option Decrement option
3 2 1
You can also create a viewshed 1. You must have an elevation
that will show the visibilty of the layer, such as DTED, dis-
cells surrounding an observer played in ArcMap to use the
from various heights above the Radial LOS tool. Open the
ground based on the parameters Radial Visibility dialog box by
you set in the Offset Decrement clicking the Radial LOS
dialog box. You begin with a button in the Terrain 2D
specified center offset value and toolbar. 5
set parameters for a height 2. Click CoordTool and place
interval and number of iterations. an observer point in the data
The terrain 2D tool runs a batch frame. 4
process of viewsheds, starting
3. Enter a Center Offset value.
with the specified center offset
and moving down by the You must enter a Center
distance entered in the Offset value for the Offset
Decrement Value field in the Decrement function to work.
Offset Decrement dialog box. It 4. Enter the desired values for
calculates a viewshed each time the rest of the Radial LOS
it moves down the decrement parameters.
value for the number of iterations 5. Click the Advanced button to
entered in the Decrement Step open the Offset Decrement
field in the Offset Decrement dialog box.
dialog box. The terrain 2D tool
then displays the viewsheds 6. Enter a value in the Decre-
ment Value field.
together, symbolizing each
decrement step with a different This is the height interval for
6
fill color, to allow you to easily which the Terrain 2D tool will
compare the visibility from each calculate viewsheds. u
point. See Figure 7 on page 71 for
an illustration of the results of
using the Offset Decrement
option.
TERRAIN 2D TOOL 69
7. Enter a value in the Decre-
ment Step dialog box.
This is the number of times
the Terrain 2D tool will
calculate viewsheds. In this
case, the tool will start at 100
meters above the observer
point and will calculate the
viewshed at 10-meter
intervals (moving down) a
total of 10 times.
8. Click Apply in the Offset
Decrement dialog box.
9. Click Compute in the Radial
Visibility dialog box.
See the following page for an
example of the output
produced by using the Offset
Decrement option in the
Radial Visibility dialog box. 9

Figure 7: An example of the output visibility analysis produced with the
center offset parameters from the previous page. The viewsheds for
each center offset value are symbolized with a different color. Each
iteration, or offset decrement step, is also given a unique value in the
GRIDCODE field of the output visibility’s attribute table based on the total
number of steps (hidden area polygons have a GRIDCODE value of 0).
Figure 7
TERRAIN 2D TOOL 71
Terrain 3D tool
IN THIS CHAPTER The Terrain 3D tool is an extension to ArcGIS that introduces two
7
fundamental 3-D visualization functions into ArcScene—automatic fly through
• Overview of the Terrain 3D toolbar animations and threat dome generation. While ArcScene already gives you the
• Working in ArcScene ability to build 3-D animations, the Terrain 3D tool streamlines the process by
generating the flight paths from visibility layers created with the Terrain 2D
• Using the Fly Through tool tool in ArcMap. The Terrain 3D tool also works directly with the Terrain 2D
visibility tools to create threat domes, setting the radial line of sight properties
• Using the Threat Dome tool as the parameters for the threat domes (see Chapter 6, ‘Terrain 2D tool’).
Both functions are easy to use and enhance your awareness of the terrain in
your area of interest. You must have ArcGIS 3D Analyst installed use the
Terrain 3D tool.
73
Overview of the Terrain 3D toolbar
To open the Terrain 3D toolbar you must first activate the Military
Analyst extension in ArcScene. From the ArcScene main menu
click Tools, click Extensions, then check the Military Analyst
checkbox. Next, click View in the ArcScene main menu, point to
Toolbars, and click Military Analyst.
Generate Threat
Dome
Selected Visibility Layer Fly Through

Terrain
Selected Visibility Layer—The currently selected visibility layer

is displayed here. The dropdown list contains all of the available
visibility layers in the ArcScene table of contents. The visibility
layers can either be the observer point shapefile created in
ArcMap by the Terrain 2D tool Radial LOS function, or the
visibility line shapefile created by the Terrain 2D tool Linear LOS
function. See Chapter 6, ‘Terrain 2D tool’, for more information.
Fly Through Terrain—Utilizing the output from the Terrain 2D
tool Radial and Linear LOS functions, the Fly Through tool
creates flight path animations in ArcScene. When an observer
point shapefile created by the Radial LOS tool is selected as the
visibility layer, the scene will rotate 360 degrees about the point.
See ‘Using the Radial Line of Sight tool’ in Chapter 6 for more
information. When a visibility line shapefile created by the Linear
LOS tool is selected, ArcScene will fly along the line, allowing
you to see the intervening terrain.
Generate Threat Dome—The Terrain 3D tool gives you the
ability to create threat domes in ArcScene, which are essentially
3-D renderings of viewsheds. The Threat Dome tool employs the
observer point shapefile created by the Terrain 2D Radial LOS
function as the observer for the threat dome and the Radial LOS
parameters to control the characteristics of the threat dome.

Opening the Enabling the Military
Analyst extension in
Terrain 3D ArcScene
toolbar in 1. From the ArcScene main
ArcScene menu click Tools and click 1
Extensions.
Because the Terrain 3D tool is 2. In the Extensions dialog box
designed to be used within check the Military Analyst
ArcScene, you must have the check box.
ArcGIS 3D Analyst extension
installed. Before you can start
3. Click Close in the Extensions 2
dialog box.
using the Terrain 3D tools, you
must open the Terrain 3D The Military Analyst exten-
toolbar in ArcScene. First, sion will be activated.
however, you need to enable
the Military Analyst extension
in ArcScene.
Tip
3
Opening the Terrain 3D
toolbar
You can also open the Terrain 3D Opening the Terrain 3D
toolbar the following way: right- toolbar
click anywhere in the ArcScene
menu area to access the Toolbars 1. From the ArcScene main
list, then click Military Analyst. menu click View and click
Toolbars.
2. Click Military Analyst in the 1
Toolbars list.
TERRAIN 3D TOOL 75
Working in Copying layers from
ArcMap into ArcScene
ArcScene 1
1. In the ArcMap table of
Some knowledge of ArcScene is contents, right-click the
necessary to use the Terrain 3D desired surface layer and
tool. The two most essential click Copy.
topics—copying layers from
2. In ArcScene, right-click
ArcMap into ArcScene and
Scene layers in the table of
optimizing scene display
contents and click Paste
settings—will be covered here.
Layer(s).
Using ArcGIS 3D Analyst and
the ArcGIS Desktop Help 3. Right-click the desired
2
should be referred to for all visibility layer in the ArcMap
other ArcScene questions. table of contents and click
Copy.
The Terrain 3D tool is designed
to work with and complement If you want to place a linear
the other Military Analyst tools, visibility layer in ArcScene to
especially the DTED and Terrain create a fly through, you only
2D tools. For this reason, it is need to select the line
easiest to create the necessary shapefile from the line of 3
surface and visibility layers in sight group layer. If you want
ArcMap using these tools and to place a radial visibility
copy them into ArcScene. Once layer in ArcScene, you only
the layers are in ArcScene, they need to copy the observer
must be processed so that the point shapefile from the
visibility and surface layers line radial line of sight group
up and an appropriate amount layer.
of exaggeration is chosen. 4. Repeat step 2 for the visibility
layers. 4
See Also
See Chapter 6, ‘Terrain 2D tool’,
for more information on visibility
layers.

Raster layers are not automati- Optimizing ArcScene
cally rendered in 3-D when you display settings
open them in ArcScene. When
you open them initially they are 1. In the ArcScene table of
flat. It is necessary to first contents right-click the
define their z-values. Features surface layer and click
with 3-D geometries, such as the Properties. Click the Base
visibility layers produced by the Heights tab in the Layer
Terrain 2D tool, already have Properties dialog box.
their z-values defined and are 2. Click the Obtain heights for 1
drawn in 3-D. Surfaces, such as layer from surface radio
GRIDs derived from DTED, in button, and ensure that the
which the elevation units differ correct surface layer is
from the ground units, require selected in the dropdown list.
special attention when prepar-
ing them for display in 3. Click the Raster Resolution
ArcScene. It is easiest to button. This will open the
Raster Surface Resolution
2
compensate for the difference in
dialog box.
units by adjusting the exaggera-
tion factor. It is also necessary
3
4. In the Raster Surface
to adjust the resolution of raster Resolution dialog box,
surface layers in ArcScene for change the value in the
the visibility layers to drape Rows field to the number of
over them correctly. This rows in the original surface.
section assumes that you are The Columns value will
using DTED GRIDs, rather than automatically update.
TINs, as the surface layers in
ArcScene. 5. Click OK in the Raster
Surface Resolution dialog
Tip box.
Increasing raster 6. Click OK in the Layer 6
resolution Properties dialog box. u
Increasing the raster surface

resolution will increase rendering
time.
See Also
See ‘Raster resolution in ArcScene’ 4
later in this chapter for more
information on modifying the
resolution of raster surface layers. 5
TERRAIN 3D TOOL 77
Tip If the surface layer is in
Using non surface layers geographic coordinates, you
as base layers must set the extent and
You can use any type of layer, such exaggeration factor of the
as imagery or maps, as the base scene in for the layer to 7
layer in ArcScene. Specify a surface display properly. If the
surface layer is in UTM or
layer to obtain z-values from in the
Base Heights tab of the layer’s other projected coordinate Q
Properties dialog box. The layer systems (or when the
will then be rendered in 3-D. horizontal and z units are 8 9
equal) changing the exag-
geration is optional.
7. Right-click Scene Layers in
the ArcScene table of
contents and click Properties.
Click the Extent tab in the
Scene Properties dialog box.
8. Click the Layer(s) radio
button.
9. Select the desired surface
layer from the dropdown list.
10.Click the General tab.
11.Click the Calculate From
Extent button. The vertical
exaggeration will change
accordingly.
12.Click OK in the Scene
Properties dialog box. W
E
Raster resolution in ArcScene
Whenever you open a raster surface layer in ArcScene, it is
automatically rendered as a 256x256 pixel layer to optimize
processing, regardless of the layer’s geographic extent. Because
DTED Levels 1 and 2 are composed of 1201x1201 and 3601x3601
pixels respectively, the downsampling to 256x256 adversely
affects their spatial accuracy. When you create a visibility layer in
ArcMap, it derives its elevation values from the surface layer that
was used to generate it. Since the elevation values of the surface
are modified when it is resampled by ArcScene, visibility layers
that are draped over it will not line up with it. Indeed, any layer
that is given the elevation values of such a surface in ArcScene
will not line up with it. This is illustrated in the top scene to the
right. The surface layer (a DTED Level 1 cell converted to a GRID)
has been displayed by ArcScene at 256x256 pixels with a line of
sight layer draped over it. The linear visibility layer clearly does
not follow the underlying surface layer. In the lower scene the
resolution of the surface has been increased to 1201x1201 pixels,
its original value. The linear visibility layer now follows the
surface exactly.
TERRAIN 2D TOOL 79
Using the Fly Creating a flight path
from a linear visibility
Through tool layer 1
The Fly Through tool works 1. Add a surface layer to the
directly with visibility layers ArcScene display following
created by the Terrain 2D tool in
ArcMap. There are two ways to
the steps in the section 2
‘Copying Layers from ArcMap
create animated flight paths in into ArcScene’ earlier in this
ArcScene with the Fly Through chapter. You can also click the
tool. You can use both line Add Data button from the
shapefiles from the Linear LOS ArcScene Standard toolbar to
tool and observer point open a surface layer.
shapefiles from the Radial LOS
tool in conjunction with the Fly 2. For a linear flight path, open
a linear line of sight
Through tool. In either case the
Fly Through tool enhances shapefile. 3
your awareness of the terrain 3. For a radial flight path, open
by allowing you to visualize the a radial line of sight observer
lines of sight in 3-D. When a point shapefile.
linear visibility layer is used for
4. Select the desired visibillity
the flight path, you fly back and
forth along the line; when a
layer from the Layer 5
dropdown list in the Terrain
radial visibility layer is used,
3D toolbar.
you “stand” at the point of the
observer and rotate 360 5. Click the Fly Through Terrain
degrees, gaining a panoramic button in the Terrain 3D 4
view of the surrounding terrain. toolbar to begin the anima-
tion. To stop the animation
click the button again.
See Also
For more information on how
animation works in ArcScene,
access the ArcGIS Desktop Help
and search for the keyword
“animation”.

Using the Threat Generating a threat dome
Dome tool 1. Add a surface layer to the
ArcScene display following 1
A threat dome is a 3-D represen- the steps in the section
tation of a radial line of sight. ‘Copying layers from ArcMap
While a radial line of sight, or into ArcScene’ earlier in this
viewshed, shows the areas on a chapter. You can also click
surface that are visible to a the Add Data button from the 2
specified observer, a threat ArcScene Standard toolbar
dome shows the visible areas to open a surface layer.
above the surface as well. 2. Add a radial visibility ob-
Threat domes provide an server point shapefile. You
effective means for enhancing can copy and paste the layer
visibility analysis, building from ArcMap or open it with
upon capabilities available in the Add Data button.
the Terrain 2D tool. The Threat
3. Select the desired observer
Dome tool complements and
shapefile from the Layer 3 4
works directly with the Terrain
2D Radial Line of Sight tool. dropdown list.
The Radial LOS observer point 4. Click the Generate Threat
shapefiles are used as the Dome button in the Terrain
observers for the threat domes, 3D toolbar. The threat dome
and their attributes are used as will appear in the display as
the parameters for the threat two graphics—a transparent
domes. These attributes include red dome and a solid red
radius (size of the dome), offset wire frame.
(height above the surface), and
azimuth (shape). TheThreat Dome tool only
works with projected coordi-
Tip nate systems, such as UTM.
Changing observer param- The input surface and
eters visibility layers must be in
By editing the values in the UTM or any projected
observer point shapefile attribute coordinate system where
table, you can modify the threat elevation and ground units
dome parameters. are the same.
TERRAIN 3D TOOL 81
A Databases. See VPF data: data model
Index A.TOC file
Datasets. See RPF data: map sets
Datums 44
described 11 DHT. See Database Header Table
generating 13, 15-16 Digital Nautical Chart 29, mentioned
Altitude. See Hillshade: dialog box: altitude Digital Terrain Elevation Data. See DTED
ArcScene DNC. See Digital Nautical Chart
copying layers from ArcMap 76 DTED
display settings 77 configuring 50-51
Azimuth. See Hillshade: dialog box: azimuth described 49-50
displaying 52-53
B file structure 50
illustrated 50
Base heights 77-78 loading 52-53
Best map set merging 55
Raster Map tool 23-25 processing limit 53
Vector map tool 40 sample dataset 49
setting up 49
DTED Data Configuration dialog box 51
C DTED tool
CADRG 11, mentioned described 47
CIB 11, mentioned overview 48
Convert VPF to shapefiles. See VPF data: specifying DTED directory 51
converting to shapefiles
Coordinate Conversion dialog box 44-46 E
Coordinate tool
activating 45 Elevation 49, mentioned
editing with 46 Export VPF to shapefiles. See VPF data: converting
finding features with known coordinates 45 to shapefiles
overview 43
snapping to points 65 F
using with linear line of sight 64-65
using with radial line of sight 66 F_code 34
Coordinates feature classes
converting with the Coordinate tool 44 editable with the Coordinate tool 46
on-the-fly conversion 45 Feature Foundation Data, mentioned 29
Coverages. See VPF data: data model FFD. See Feature Foundation Data
Fly Through Terrain. See Fly Through tool
D Fly Through tool
creating flight path 80
Database Header Table 30, 32 described 74
83
using with visibility layers 80 output location 64 Radial line of sight
overview 60 advanced option 69-70
profile 64 determining 66
G
Linear Visibility dialog box 60, 64 illustrated 66
Generate Threat Dome. See Threat domes Lock map set observer paramaters 66-68
Geodatabas 46, mentioned Raster Map tool output location 66
GeoSym described 20 output shapefile 66
described 35 illustrated 21 overview 61
renderer 34 Vector Map tool 38 Radial LOS. See Radial line of sight
GRID Lock VPF Layers in the Display 28, 40 Radial Visibility dialog box 61, 66
and ArcScene 77, 79 LOS. See Linear line of sight Raster map data. See RPF data
and DTED Tool 48-55, mentioned Raster Map Display dialog box
described 19
M
opening 10
H Raster Map tool
Merging DTED. See DTED: merging
Highest Point tool Metadata 29, 32, mentioned configuring data. See RPF data: configuring
and visibility tools 63, 65 MGRS 44, mentioned overview 9-10
deactivating 62 Military Analyst Raster Product Format data. See RPF data
finding the highest point 62 enabling extension 6 Raster surface resolution. See Resolution: in
overview 60 enabling extension in ArcScene 75 ArcScene
Hillshade opening the toolbar 7 Resolution
dialog box Model shadows. See Hillshade: dialog box: DTED 49
altitude 56 model shadows in ArcScene 77-79
azimuth 56 RPF data 11, 23
model shadows 57 RLOS. See Radial line of sight
N RPF data
generating 56-57
illustrated 57 National Imagery and Mapping Agency 1 activating/deactivating 10
saving 57 NIMA. See National Imagery and Mapping configuring
Hillshade tool Agency described 13
described 48 mkRPFToc.exe utility 15
Raster Map Data Configuration dialog box
O 15, 17
L rules 11
Offset decrement 69-71 described 11
LAT. See Library Attribute Table Offset values 65 displaying
Libraries. See VPF data: data model overview 10
Library Attribute Table 30, 32
P properties 19
Line of sight. See Linear line of sight example file systems 12
Linear line of sight Pixels, mentioned 60-66 image tiles 11, 21
determining 64 map sets 16, 19-21
illustrated 65 NIMA CD-ROM file structure 11
observer and target points 64-65 R

setting up 11 U Z
specifying the RPF directory 14
toggling 10 Use best map set. See Best map set Z factor 57
RPF imagery. See RPF data UTM 44 Z-values 77-78
RPF index shapefile
and the a.toc file 11, 13 V
described 13
displaying 20 Vector Interim Terrain Data. See VITD
generating 18 Vector Map 29
mkRPFCov.exe utility 13, 18 Vector Map Display dialog box
specifying 17 described 36
displaying VPF index shapefile 37
S map feature selection 36-38, 40
map set selection 36-38, 40
Scale 11, 19, 23, mentioned Vector Map tool
Scale-dependent display. See Best map set configuring data. See VPF data: configuring
SDE layers 46 directory structure required 29
Shaded relief. See Hillshade overview 27-28
Shapefiles sample directory structure 31
editing with the Coordinate tool 46 Vertical exaggeration 78
Surface Viewshed. See Radial line of sight
analysis with the Terrain 2D tool 59 VITD 29
and hillshade 56 VMap. See Vector Map
layers in ArcScene 76-81, mentioned VPF data
configuring 32-34
converting to shapefiles 41
T data model 29
Terrain 2D tool displaying
described 59 ArcMap table of contents 39
overview 60 overview 35
Terrain 3D tool using Best map set 40
described 73 using Lock map set 38
selected layer 74 exporting to shapefiles 28
Terrain 3D toolbar setting up 29
opening 75 VPF file structure 29, 32
overview 74 VPF index shapefile
Threat domes described 32
changing observer parameters 81 displaying 37
described 74 existing 33
generating 81 generating 34
using with viaibility layers 81 VPF products 29
INDEX 85

Using ArcGIS Military Analyst

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Using ArcGIS Military Analyst

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Raster Map tool 9

Vector Map tool 27

iv Using ArcGIS Military Analyst

Terrain 2D tool DTED tool Raster Map Vector Map Coordinate

2 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

INTRODUCING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST 3

4 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

INTRODUCING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST 5

extension 2. In the Extensions dialog box

6 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

toolbar 2. Click Military Analyst in the

INTRODUCING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST 7

contrast of the displayed images from the Raster Map Display

10 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

RASTER MAP TOOL 11

CIB05SCAL represents a CIB dataset that was copied directly

12 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

RASTER MAP TOOL 13

14 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

RASTER MAP TOOL 15

16 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

RASTER MAP TOOL 17

18 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

Click to select from available

Select to lock display to

Select to display the index shapefile.

Adjusts brightness of displayed imagery.

Adjusts transparency of displayed imagery.

Adjusts contrast of displayed imagery.

RASTER MAP TOOL 19

20 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

RASTER MAP TOOL 21

22 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

RASTER MAP TOOL 23

Open Vector Map Display Dialog—Click this button to open

28 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

VECTOR MAP TOOL 29

A VMap coverage (elev) and

30 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

VECTOR MAP TOOL 31

32 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

VECTOR MAP TOOL 33

34 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

VECTOR MAP TOOL 35

Map Feature Selection window

36 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

38 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

VECTOR MAP TOOL 39

40 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

VECTOR MAP TOOL 41

44 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

Tip 5. Ensure that the Draw point

46 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

Merge Selected DTED

Load DTED tool—Use the Load DTED tool to display available

Merge Selected DTED—This gives you the option to merge

48 USING ARCGIS MILITARY ANALYST

THE DTED TOOL 49

A = E (east) or W (west), based on the longitudinal hemisphere of the data

X = N (north) or S (south), based on the latitudinal hemisphere of the data

# = 0, 1, or 2, based on the level of DTED