Middle East Technical University

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EE301: Signals and Systems I

Solutions for Homework 3

November 24, 2019
If you face any problem or mistake please contact Ömer Çayır, ocayir@metu.edu.tr, DZ-10.

1 (a) i. x(t) = δ(t − 3) − 2δ(t + 2)

Z∞ Z∞
−jωt
X(jω) = x(t) e dt = [δ(t − 3) − 2δ(t + 2)] e−jωt dt = e−j3ω − 2ej2ω
−∞ −∞

ii. x(t) = e−3t u(t)

Z∞ Z∞ !
−3t −jωt −e−(3+jω)t ∞ 1
X(jω) = e u(t) e dt = e−(3+jω)t dt =  =
3 + jω 
t=0 3 + jω
−∞ 0

iii. x(t) = e−3(t−5) u(t − 5)

F 1
e−3t u(t) ←→ (Result from part-ii)
3 + jω
F e−j5ω
x(t) = e−3(t−5) u(t − 5) ←→ X(jω) = (Time shifting)
3 + jω

iv. x(t) = e−2|t| cos(t)

Let x1 (t) = e−2|t| . The Fourier transform X1 (jω) of x1 (t) is found as below.
Z∞ Z0 Z∞
−2|t| −jωt 2t −jωt 1 1 4
X1 (jω) = e e dt = e e dt + e−2t e−jωt dt = + =
2 − jω 2 + jω 4 + ω2
−∞ −∞ 0

ejt + e−jt F
cos(t) = ←→ π [δ(ω − 1) + δ(ω + 1)]
2
F 1 h  i
x(t) = x1 (t) cos(t) ←→ X1 (jω) ∗ π [δ(ω − 1) + δ(ω + 1)]
X(jω) =
2π
1 2 2
X(jω) = [X1 (j(ω − 1)) + X1 (j(ω + 1))] = 2 +
2 4 + (ω − 1) 4 + (ω + 1)2
x(t) = F −1 {X(jω)} = F −1 ej5ω + e−j7ω = δ(t + 5) + δ(t − 7)

(b) i.
ii. x(t) = F −1 {X(jω)} = F −1 {2πδ(ω − 3) + 2πδ(ω + 3)} = ej3t + e−j3t = 2 cos (3t)
  
−1 −1
n  π o −1 1 j π j2ω −j π
−j2ω
iii. x(t) = F {X(jω)} = F cos 2ω + =F e 4e +e 4e
4 2
1 π 1 π
x(t) = ej 4 δ(t + 2) + e−j 4 δ(t − 2)
2 2
2. (a) The signal x(t) is neither square integrable nor absolutely integrable since it satisfies the none
of conditions
Z∞ Z∞
2
|x(t)| dt < ∞ and |x(t)| dt < ∞
−∞ −∞

necessary for being square integrable and absolutely integrable, respectively.

The signal does not satisfy the conditions that guarantee the existence and convergence of
its Fourier transform X(jω).
(b) i. We can express x(t) in the form x(t) = c + (r ∗ r)(t), where c = 2 is a constant and
r(t) is a rectangular signal given by
(
1, 0 < t < 1
r(t) =
0, otherwise

as shown below.
x(t) (r ∗ r)(t)

3
2 2
= +
1

1 2 t t 1 2 t

(r ∗ r)(t) r(t) r(t)

1 = 1 ∗ 1

1 2 t 1 t 1 t

ii.
(
1, |t| < 12 F 2 sin(ω/2)
p(t) = ←→ P (jω) =
0, otherwise ω
F 2e−jω/2 sin(ω/2)
r(t) = p t − 12 R(jω) = e−jω/2 P (jω) =


←→ (Time shifting)
ω

iii.
F
2 ←→ 4π δ(ω)
F 4e−jω (sin(ω/2))2
(r ∗ r)(t) ←→ R(jω)R(jω) =
ω2
F 4e−jω (sin(ω/2))2
x(t) = 2 + (r ∗ r)(t) ←→ X(jω) = 4π δ(ω) + (Linearity)
ω2
(c) d F
y(t) = x(t) ←→ Y (jω) = jωX(jω) (Differentiation in time)
dt
j4e−jω (sin(ω/2))2 j4e−jω (sin(ω/2))2
Y (jω) = j4πω δ(ω) + =
| {z } ω ω
j4π 0 δ(ω)=0
3. (a) Z∞
X(j0) = c and X(j0) = x(t) dt = 1 =⇒ c = 1
−∞

As x(t) is real and even, X(jω) is real and even. Using the relation X(jω) = X(−jω) and
the given information, X(jω) = c = 1 for ω ∈ [0, 2π] and X(jω) = ce2ω = e2ω for ω < −2π,
we find X(jω) as below. 
2ω ω < −2π
e ,

X(jω) = 1, |ω| 6 2π

 −2ω
e , ω > 2π

X(jω)

e−4π
−2π 2π ω

(b) We can express X(jω) found in part (a) as below.

X(jω) = e−2ω u(ω − 2π) + u(ω + 2π) − u(ω − 2π) + e2ω u(−ω − 2π)
| {z } | {z } | {z }
X1 (jω) X2 (jω) X3 (jω)

Z∞ Z∞
−1 1 −2ω jωt 1 e−2π(2−jt)
x1 (t) = F {X1 (jω)} = e u(ω − 2π) e dω = e−ω(2−jt) dω =
2π 2π 2π(2 − jt)
−∞ 2π

Z∞ Z2π
−1 1 jωt 1 sin(2πt)
x2 (t) = F {X2 (jω)} = [u(ω + 2π) − u(ω − 2π)] e dω = ejωt dω =
2π 2π πt
−∞ −2π

e−2π(2+jt)
x3 (t) = F −1 {X3 (jω)} = F −1 {X1 (−jω)} = x1 (−t) = = x∗1 (t)
2π(2 + jt)
x(t) = F −1 {X(jω)} = F −1 {X1 (jω) + X2 (jω) + X3 (jω)} = x1 (t) + x2 (t) + x∗1 (t)
( )
e−2π(2−jt) e−4π
 j2πt 
e−4π
 j2πt 
∗ e e (2+jt)
x1 (t)+x1 (t) = 2 Re {x1 (t)} = 2 Re = Re = Re
2π(2−jt) π 2−jt π 4+t2
The denominator of the term in Re {·} is real, and we need only to find the real part of the
numerator.

Re ej2πt (2+jt) = Re ej2πt Re {2+jt}−Im ej2πt Im {2+jt} = 2 cos (2πt)−t sin (2πt)
  

After adding the signals found above, we obtain the signal x(t).

e−4π (2 cos (2πt) − t sin (2πt)) sin(2πt)

x(t) = 2 Re {x1 (t)} + x2 (t) = +
π(4 + t2 ) πt
4. (a) 1

−1
sgn(t) x(t) for a = 0.3

−1
sgn(t) x(t) for a = 0.1

−1
sgn(t) x(t) for a = 0.01

−1
sgn(t) x(t) for a = 0.001

From these plots, we observe that x(t) = e−at u(t)−eat u(−t), where a > 0 is real, approaches
the signum function given by 
−1, t < 0

sgn(t) = 0, t=0

1, t>0


as a → 0.
(b) F 1
e−at u(t), a>0 ←→ , a>0
a + jω
F 1
eat u(−t), a>0 ←→ , a>0
a − jω
F 1 1 −j2ω
x(t) = e−at u(t) − eat u(−t), a > 0 ←→ X(jω) = − = 2 , a>0
a + jω a − jω a + ω2
−j2ω −j2ω 2
lim X(jω) = lim = = = F {sgn(t)}
a→0 a→0 a2 + ω 2 ω2 jω
 (
(c) 0, t<0
u(t) =
1, t>0
1
u(t) 2 sgn(t)

1
= 0.5 + 0.5

t t t
−0.5

1 1 1 1
u(t) = α + β sgn(t) = + sgn(t) =⇒ α = and β =
2 2 2 2
1 F
←→ π δ(ω)
2
1 F 1
sgn(t) ←→
2 jω
1 1 F 1
u(t) = + sgn(t) ←→ U (jω) = π δ(ω) + (Linearity)
2 2 jω

∞ ∞
5. (a) X F
X
ak ejkω0 t ←→ 2π ak δ (ω − kω0 )
k=−∞ k=−∞
∞ ∞ ∞
X F
X X 2
x(t) = ak ejkt ←→ X(jω) = 2π ak δ (ω − k) = 4δ(ω) + δ (ω − k)
k2
k=−∞ k=−∞ k=−∞
k6=0

X(jω)

2 2
2 1 1 2
1 1
9 2 2 9
8 8
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 ω

5 5
(b) ej 2 t + e−j 2 t
      
5 F 5 5
cos t = ←→ π δ ω− +δ ω+
2 2 2 2
(
sin(t) F 1, |ω| < 1
g(t) = ←→ G(jω) =
πt 0, |ω| > 1
  " (     )#
5 F 1 5 5
h(t) = g(t) cos t ←→ H(jω) = G(jω) ∗ π δ ω − +δ ω+
2 2π 2 2
1 3 7
       ,
  < |ω| <
1 5 5
H(jω) = G j ω− +G j ω+ = 2 2 2
2 2 2 0, |ω| < and |ω| > 7
 3
2 2
 (c) 1 1
Y (jω) = X(jω) H(jω) = [δ(ω − 2) + δ(ω + 2)] + [δ(ω − 3) + δ(ω + 3)]
4 9

(d) 1 1
y(t) = F −1 {Y (jω)} = cos(2t) + cos(3t)
4π 9π

6. (a) The noisy signal x(t)

20

10
x(t)

-10

-20
0 0.5 1 1.5
t

We hear only noise. No, it is not possible to recognize the sentence in the signal.
To plot the noisy signal in MATLAB, the sample code is given below.
load x . mat
T = length ( x );
t = (1: T )/44100; % convert sample index to CT
plot (t , x );
title ( ’ The noisy signal x ( t ) ’ );
xlabel ( ’t ’ );
ylabel ( ’x ( t ) ’ );
(b) i.
4000

3000
|X(jw)|

2000

1000

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
w

The original speech signal lies within the frequency range ω ∈ [−1, 1], i.e., B = 1.
 ii.

The real part of X(jw)

4000

2000

ReX(jw) 0

-2000

-4000
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
w
The imaginary part of X(jw)
4000

2000
ImX(jw)

-2000

-4000
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
w

As x(t) is a real signal, we expect Re {X(jω)} and Im {X(jω)} to have even and odd
symmetry, respectively. If we compare Re {X(jω)}, especially for ω close to 1 and
−1, we observe that Re {X(jω)} = Re {X(−jω)} and Re {X(jω)} has even symme-
try. If we compare Im {X(jω)}, especially for ω close to 2 and −2, we observe that
Im {X(jω)} = − Im {X(−jω)} and Im {X(jω)} has odd symmetry.
To plot the real and imaginary parts of X(jω) in MATLAB, the sample code is given
below.
figure ;
subplot (211); plot (w , real ( X_jw ));
xlabel ( ’w ’ );
ylabel ( ’ Re { X ( jw )} ’ );
title ( ’ The real part of X ( jw ) ’ );
subplot (212); plot (w , imag ( X_jw ));
xlabel ( ’w ’ );
ylabel ( ’ Im { X ( jw )} ’ );
title ( ’ The imaginary part of X ( jw ) ’ );
(c) The spectrum H(jw) of the low-pass filter
1
H(jw)

0.5

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
w
(d) The spectrum of the output signal for the cut-off frequency B=0.2
600

400

|Y(jw)|
200

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
w

The spectrum of the output signal for the cut-off frequency B=0.5
600

400
|Y(jw)|

200

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
w

The spectrum of the output signal for the cut-off frequency B=1
600

400
|Y(jw)|

200

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
w

The spectrum of the output signal for the cut-off frequency B=1.5
4000

3000
|Y(jw)|

2000

1000

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
w

To plot the spectrum of the output signal in MATLAB, the sample code is given below.
B = [0.2 0.5 1 1.5];
for b =1: length ( B )
H_jw =( abs ( w ) < B ( b ));
H_jw = double ( H_jw );

Y_jw = H_jw .* X_jw ;

figure ; plot (w , abs ( Y_jw ));
 xlabel ( ’w ’ );
ylabel ( ’| Y ( jw )| ’ );
title ([ ’ The spectrum of the output signal for the ’ ...
’ cut - off frequency B = ’ num2str ( B ( b ))]);
end
(e) The output signal y(t)
0.5
y(t)

-0.5
0 0.5 1 1.5
t

From the output signal y(t), we can observe the silence period before speech and the time
intervals corresponding to the softer or louder speech. On the other hand, we cannot observe
such information from the noisy input signal x(t).
To plot the output signal in MATLAB, the sample code is given below.
B = 1;
H_jw =( abs ( w ) < B );
H_jw = double ( H_jw );
Y_jw = H_jw .* X_jw ;
y = ifft ( ifftshift ( Y_jw ));
plot (t , real ( y ));
title ( ’ The output signal y ( t ) ’ );
xlabel ( ’t ’ );
ylabel ( ’y ( t ) ’ );
(f) The sentence in the speech signal is “I have a dream”.