CASE MAPPING
2. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
1. Possess critical thinking skills to analyze situations.
2. Assess and formulate nursing diagnoses and identify
expected outcomes.
3. Plan nursing interventions and implement nursing care
4. Evaluate expected outcomes for achievement and
effectiveness of care.
CONCEPT MAPPING
▪ a visual representation that allows you graphically
show the connections between a client’s many
problems.
▪ an effective learning strategy to understand the
relationship that exist between client problems.
▪ allows the student to organize and link information
about a client in unique and meaningful ways.
CONCEPT MAPPING
Application to Nursing Practice
▪ A concept map allows the student to organize and link
information about a client in unique and meaningful
ways.
▪ The relationship seen between multiple nursing
diagnoses allow students to plan interventions that are
therapeutic for more than one problem area.
▪ Use of concept maps helps students to reflect and
critically think about relationships between clinical
information in a way that promotes clinical decision
making.
ETIOLOGY
▪ Is defined as the science of finding causes and origins.
▪ An example of etiology is knowing that some of the
causes of high blood pressure are smoking, lack of
exercise, stress and a diet high in salt and fats.
COMPONENTS OF CONCEPT MAP
1. RISK FACTORS
- Are conditions that increase your risk of developing a
disease.
‣ Modifiable risk factors - meaning you can take
measures to change them.
Examples:
▪ Alcohol consumption
▪ Overweight and obesity
▪ Physical activity
▪ Healthy eating
‣ Non – modifiable risk factor - which means they
cannot be changed.
Examples:
▪ Age according to American Heart Association
computations, about 80 percent of people who die from
cardiovascular disease are 65 years and older.
▪ Gender - Heart disease has long been considered
to be primarily a men’s disease
▪ Family history ▪ Ethnicity
▪ Race ▪ Sex
- is the study of the physical and biological
abnormalities occurring within the body as a result of the
disease.
3. MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS
- The process of identifying a disease, condition, or
injury from its signs and symptoms.
▪ A health history, physical exam, and tests, such as
blood tests, imaging tests, and biopsies, may be used to
help make a diagnosis.
4. DIAGNOSTIC TEST
- is any approach used to gather clinical information for
the purpose of making a clinical decision.
‣ MEDICAL AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
▪ MEDICAL - A medical condition involves a more
systemic, pharmaceutical approach to treatment.
▪ SURGICAL - A surgical disease is one that requires
some form of localized intervention such as, of course,
surgery, although various vascular interventions and
radiation techniques would also fall into this category.
5. SIGNIFICANCE/PERTINENT FINDINGS
- History and Physical Examination that formulate a
differential diagnosis
▪ For example: if the patient's chief complaint is
chest pain, pertinent findings would include things like:
Positive Findings - Clinical significance is essentially
a subjective interpretation of research findings as
meaningful for patient under care, and therefore likely
to influence the behavior of healthcare provider
6. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
- is a clinical judgment concerning human response to
health conditions/life processes
7. EXPECTED OUTCOMES
- are forecasted results-relate directly to program goals
and objectives.
8. NURSING INTERVENTIONS
- are the actual treatments and actions that are
performed to help the patient to reach the goals -that
are set for them.
‣ Types of Nursing Interventions
▪ INDEPENDENT – Auscultate apical pulse, assess
heart rate, rhythm. Document dysrhythmia if telemetry
is available.
▪ DEPENDENT – Administer diuretics as indicated.
Administer IV solutions, restricting total amount as
indicated.
▪ COLLABORATIVE – Refer to dietitian for counseling
specific to individual dietary customs.
COMPONENTS OF CONCEPT MAP:
NURSING INTERVENTIONS
1. Health Teaching/Health education
- is a social science that draws from the biological,
environmental, psychological, physical and medical
sciences to promote health and prevent disease,
disability and premature death.
 ▪ through education - driven voluntary behavior
change activities
▪ GOAL: to promote, maintain, and improve individual
and community health through the educational process.
2. EXERCISE
- bodily or mental exertion, especially for the sake of
training or improvement of health
▪ Example: Walking is good exercise.
3. DIET
- the sum of food consumed by a person.
▪ often implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for
health or weight-management reasons (with the two
often being related).
4. TREATMENT
- an act or manner of treating.
▪ action or behavior toward a person, animal, etc.
management in the application of medicines, surgery,
etc.
5. MEDICATIONS
- a substance used in treating disease or relieving pain
▪ the act or process of treating a person or disease with
medicine.
6. ENVIRONMENT
- means anything that surround us.
▪ It includes physical, chemical and other natural
forces.
7. SPIRITUALITY
- Involves the recognition of a feeling or sense or belief
that there is something greater than myself
▪ An opening of the heart is an essential aspect of true
spirituality.
8. DISCHARGE PLANNING
- is when the patient, career, family and any staff
involved make the necessary arrangements to ensure
there is a smooth transition from hospital to home,
residential care or somewhere else.
▪ It involves taking into account things like follow-up
tests and appointments.
▪ Outpatient follow up - was defined as an office visit
with any primary care or specialist physician.

CONCEPT MAP
1. Spider Mapping – Sub entities connecting to the main
entity
2. Hierarchy Mapping – Main entity at the tope and the
sub entities in the following hierarchy
3. Flowchart Mapping – Related entities in a linear
format
4. System Mapping – All the related entities with
relationships, inputs, and outputs