Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 11, 2020

WAYS TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF THE SURFACE OF THE PARTS

Turakhodjaev Nodir1, Chorshanbiev Shukhrat2, Kamalov Jamaliddin3,Yuldashev Bekzod4,
Egamshukurov Jaloliddin5, Chorshanbiev Kulmukhammad6
1Head of Department, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor of Tashkent State Technical University.
2Phd Student of Tashkent State Technical University.
3Independent Researcher, Director of Specialized School.
4Master Student of Tashkent State Technical University.
5Student of Tashkent State Technical University.
6Master Student of Tashkent State Technical University.

Е-mail: anvarrovichsarvar908@gmail.com

Received: 06.04.2020 Revised: 13.05.2020 Accepted: 04.06.2020

Abstract
This article presents the results of a study conducted to develop a technology for increasing the service life of the shaft-gear teeth
obtained by casting in the electric school recycling shop used at the Central mechanical repair plant of Almalyk KMK. In particular, the
existing methods of increasing the rigidity and wear resistance of the gear surface of the teeth and the developed mode of heat treatment
are presented. The diagram of the device used for heat treatment, and the indications for changing the flow rate are given in the form of a
table. As a result of the research, a new method of heat treatment was developed to improve the wear resistance and service life of the
product obtained by casting in the electric school remelting shops. At the end of the article, we recommend heat treatment modes for
increasing the service life of injection molding products obtained on the basis of repeated dissolution of the electric school.
Keywords: Temperature, Steel, Wear Resistance, Durability, Gear Teeth, Heat Treatment Technology, The Method of Electroslag.

© 2020 by Advance Scientific Research. This is an open-access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.11.67

INTRODUCTION
The shaft-gear is widely used at metallurgical enterprises of the
Republic of Uzbekistan, including in ore-crushing units at the
Almalyk KMK enterprise. The result of ingestion of the teeth
applied to the shaft of Shesternev their life is not at a high level.
The average service life of the shaft-gear used in this system is 3-
4 months. Therefore, in the course of their preparation, a number
of measures are taken to increase the strength of surfaces that
are prone to cracking, and new technologies developed are put
into practice. One of these technologies is to increase its
hardness and mechanical properties as a result of heat treatment
of the resulting cast products [1-2].
Work was carried out on the development of technology to
increase the service life of the working conditions of the shaft-
gear teeth obtained by pouring 45-grade steel in the Cex melting
shop at The Central repair and mechanical plant of Almalyk KMK.
One of the factors contributing to the failure of the gear shaft
obtained by the method of cast steel grade 45 is the eating,
cracking and breaking of the teeth of their working surfaces,
which leads to an increase in the cost of production [3-5]. The Figure 1: Casting
analysis showed that it is necessary to optimize the method of
heat treatment (softening, normalization, cleaning and emptying) Using a milling machine in the mechanical compartment, the
in order to increase the processing resource of the product metal was cut, each of the two shaft-gear teeth was cut for 14
obtained by pouring into the remelting shops of factories and hours, and the teeth were prepared by opening (Fig.2 b).
enterprises[6-9]. One of the valves obtained for heat treatment was placed in an
electric furnace in the process shop of the Central repair and
MATERIALS AND METHODS mechanical plant, and the other in a closed chamber furnace in
As a result of heat treatment of several castings of the Steel-45 the machine shop[11-12].
brand in the electrotherapeutic shop of the Central repair and
mechanical plant in order to study their hardness and THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY
mechanical properties in laboratory conditions, castings with a In the process shop, spilled valves were subjected to heat
diameter of 310, 750 mm in length were obtained (Fig.1) [10-11]. treatment in an electric furnace. The main factors affecting the
The blank obtained by filling was taken with a size of 350 mm thermal characteristics of alloys are time and temperature. The
and a length of 100 mm (Fig. 2). graph of heat treatment in an electric furnace is shown in figure
3.

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 WAYS TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF THE SURFACE OF THE PARTS

(a) (b)
Figure 2: a)The state of the cut of the casting; b) Shaft gear teeth.

Figure 3: Graph of heat treatment of a Shaft-gear in an electric furnace.

Table 1: The modes of Shaft-gear heat treatment in an As can be seen from the graph, it took 29 hours to bring the
electric furnace are shown in table 1 electric oven to the desired temperature (845 C), and at this
№ The Heati Holdi Cooli Temperat Hardne temperature it was kept for 7 hours. This was done in
grad ng ng ng ure ( 0С ) ss (НВ) connection with the diameter of the alloy placed in the furnace,
e of time time time by heating every minute to a thickness of 1 mm. Then, in total,
met (min) (min) (min) the heat treatment process continued for 36 hours. After that,
al it was cooled at room temperature (23-25 C) for 14 hours [13].
1 Stee 1260 300 240 850 171 To determine the hardness of the cooled billet, a 40x40 mm
l-45 billet was cut and the hardness of the Central mechanical
2 Stee 1740 420 840 845 156 repair plant was determined in the laboratory (HB=156).
l-45 Figure 4 shows the mode of thermal characteristics in
3 Stee 930 240 180 860 185 graphical form.
l-45
4 Stee 990 280 210 855 172
l-45
5 Stee 1200 290 220 845 169
l-45

Figure 4: Graph of the Shaft-gear heat treatment process in an electric furnace with a closed chamber.

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 WAYS TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF THE SURFACE OF THE PARTS

Similarly, currently closed-cell furnaces are used for heat cleaning time was spent for more than an hour, and the cleaned
treatment in heating, and sometimes these furnaces are part of shaft-six was put in an oven with a temperature of 400 0C for
units intended for processing. The finished billet was installed in abatement. And this process took 4 hours. After that, it is
a closed chamber furnace for heat treatment purposes. Furnaces removed from the oven to cool down in a normal state at room
that are part of special units used for heat treatment are covered temperature. To measure the hardness of the cooled pinion shaft,
with a grid, on the inner side of which the flames are collected, a single 40x40 mm billet was cut. It is known that the emptying
and electric heating elements are installed on the inner side of of refined steel largely depends on the last operation of thermal
the furnace. execution, as well as on how correctly the properties of refined
Indicators of heat treatment in an electric furnace with a closed steel are transferred to the operation of emptying (tempering)
shaft-gear chamber are shown in table 2. [16-17].
After the above operations, it became known that HB=250 when
Table 2 we measured the hardness of our fill in the laboratory.
№ Th Heat Hold Harde Tempe Temper Hard As a continuation of our experimental tests, on November 11,
e ing ing ning ring ature ( ness 2019, when the clock had passed 1309 minutes, we placed 4
gra time time time time 0С ) (НВ) pieces of steel grade 45 in an electric furnace with a closed
de (min (min (min) (min) chamber for heating (annealing). During heating, it was kept for
of ) ) 300 C for 3 hours (exposure), because during this time, the entire
me part of our metal, that is, until the inside is completely warmed
tal up, if we give more heat to the temperature or raise the
1 Ste 480 180 120 120 845 212 temperature, we can observe cases of internal tension in our
el- metal, which leads to the formation of cracks, cracks (crack).
45 Such splits occur in much larger parts or in parts made of steel
2 Ste 510 270 270 240 850 250 with multiple carbons (steel-45, 50, 60).
el- After the process of aging on heating, it was carried out every
45 hour from 100 C to 840 C for five hours, and even at this
3 Ste 960 300 180 240 845 171 temperature it was kept for 3 hours (exposure), because at this
el- temperature it was tied to the size of the diameter of the metal,
45 due to the fact that it was kept for three hours. [18]
4 Ste 900 280 210 210 840 172 It is also important to heat to a certain temperature, and then
el- cool the caught steel at the desired speed. The cooling method
45 was cooled in the furnace in its fineness from 840 C to 400 C, and
5 Ste 920 260 200 200 850 178 then cooled at room temperature.
el- We place the cooled 3 pieces of steel in an electric furnace with a
45 closed chamber with a temperature of 400 C for the purpose of
heat treatment and quenching (HB), tempering (quenching).
To bring the closed chamber of the furnace to the desired
temperature of 850 degrees of heat, it is heated for 830 hours,
since the temperature of the sample in the furnace increases by
100 degrees every hour. Since the diameter of the sample was
310 mm, it was kept at the same temperature for 430-5 hours.
The heated sample was hardened in water and oil [14-15]. The

Figure 5: Graphic representation of the state of steel and its hardness, hardened in water

We heated our billet in a closed electric stove from 400 ° C to Table 3: Heat treatment of the table in an electric furnace
840-850 C, until it reaches the temperature, that is, we know with a closed chamber shaft-gear
that the oven temperature rises to 100 C every hour. For 440 № The Heati Holdi Hardeni Temperat Hardn
hours, the temperature inside the oven reached 840 C, since gra ng ng ng ure ( 0С ) ess
the internal temperature of the oven is at 400 C, but 7 hours de time time time (НВ)
are spent in the cooled state. After that, it was kept at the same of (min) (min) (min)
temperature for 2 hours, because the diameter of our steel is met
120 mm. We cleaned one of the heated steels in room al
temperature water (quenching) and this process lasted about 1 Stee 250 120 100 845 628
two hours. When we measured the hardness of our cooled l-45
metal in the laboratory conditions of the flattening plant, that 2 Stee 260 120 120 840 651
is, to regulate the two-sided irregularities of the sections in the l-45
grinding machine (sanding) of the machine, it became known 3 Stee 260 120 120 840 647
that HB=651 [19] (Fig.5).

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 WAYS TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF THE SURFACE OF THE PARTS

l-45
4 Stee 270 140 150 850 637
l-45
5 Stee 300 130 140 850 631
l-45

Figure 6: Graphic representation of the state of steel and its hardness, hardened in water and oil

Of course, even in this case, the processes described above 4 Ste 300 130 0.3 13 845 501
were repeated, and the second of our heated steels was cleaned el- 0 0
in a small amount (20 seconds) of water, and then the oil was 45
heated in the room, which we cleaned for two hours. When 5 Ste 330 150 0.2 13 845 511
preparing the cooled metal on a mechanical grinding machine el- 0 0
and measuring its hardness in the laboratory, it was found that 45
HB=513 (Fig. 6).

Table 4: Heat treatment of the table in an electric furnace

with a closed chamber shaft-gear
№ The Heati Holdi Hardenin Tempera Hardn
gra ng ng g ture ( 0С ) ess
de time time time (НВ)
of (min) (min) (min)
met
al
1 Ste 260 120 In In 840 513
el- wat oil
45 er
0.2 12
0 0
2 Ste 420 120 0.2 12 845 512
el- 5 0
45
3 Ste 260 120 0.2 12 840 513
el- 0 0
45

Figure 7: Graphic representation of the state of steel and its hardness, hardened in oil.

Journal of critical reviews 383

 WAYS TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF THE SURFACE OF THE PARTS

when using a solid carburetor. We also used this method because

Just like the processes described above, our third piece of steel cementing in a gas environment has many aspects of
turned out to be HB=244 when we measured it in the laboratory convenience. This; details heat up quickly, easy to regulate the
after heat treatment in an electric furnace with a closed chamber amount and composition of gas that is introduced into the
(Fig.7). furnace, we can clean the sintered parts from the furnace, the
labor force is much reduced and economic efficiency is also
Table 5: Heat treatment of the table in an electric furnace higher.
with a closed chamber shaft-gear
We put our metal (workpiece) in the oven at 0100 night on
November 22 this year, the cementation process and heated it for
№ The Heati Holdi Hardeni Temperat Hardne
9 hours until the heating temperature reaches 920 C, and then it
grad ng ng ng ure ( 0С ) ss (НВ)
was kept at the same temperature for 12 hours. Usually
e of time time time
cemented parts are heated to 910-950 C of heat and kept for 7-9
met (min) (min) (min)
hours at this temperature, after which the surface layer of the
al
part is cemented with a thickness of 1.2-1.6 mm. As the
1 Stee 420 120 120 845 235
temperature increases, the depth of cementation also increases.
l-45
2 Stee 260 120 120 840 244 After holding the metal for a certain time, we cleaned it with
l-45 water (quenching) in room heat.
3 Stee 260 120 110 845 259
l-45 Depending on the task of the cemented part and the amount of
4 Stee 270 130 125 850 239 carbon contained in it, we know several methods of heat
l-45 treatment, namely: once cleaned, then cleaned twice, then
discharged at a low temperature, and then emptied at a low
5 Stee 290 125 115 840 237
temperature, and then cleaned from the heat of cementing and
l-45
emptied at a low temperature (tempering).
Cementing, the process of saturating the surface layer of steel to We changed the thermal characteristics in the above process and
carbon was called carbon, that is, cementing was known to us cleaned our heated metal in water, in water-in oil, and in oil, but
during our study of information from the literature. In addition, we did not discharge at a low temperature.
there are three different ways of cementing, and this is; the fact
that it is in a solid medium, in a gaseous medium, and in a liquid After the processes described above, it became known that
medium. And we took advantage of the gas environment, in this HB=796, when we tested the hardness of our metal on a sectional
method, we put the parts that need to be cemented into a sealed sander with a two-sided correction to a normalizing state, in the
chamber of the furnace, through which the gas was transferred to factory laboratory conditions (Fig. 8).
separate the atomized carbon. The saturation of the surface layer
of the required part thickness to carbon is much greater than

Figure 8: Сementation steel (in water) and its hardness graphic depicting the location.

Table 6: Heat treatment of the table in an electric furnace

with a closed chamber shaft-gear (cementation)
№ The Hea Holdi Hardeni Temperat Hardne
grade ting ng ng ure ( 0С ) ss (НВ)
of tim time time
metal e (min) (min)
(mi
n)
1 Steel- 480 600 120 920 707
45
2 Steel- 540 720 180 920 796
45
3 Steel- 510 630 140 920 742
45
4 Steel- 520 700 160 910 691
45
5 Steel- 530 710 170 915 696
45

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 WAYS TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF THE SURFACE OF THE PARTS

Figure 9: Сementation steel (in water and oil) and its hardness graphic depicting the location.

Table 7: Heat treatment of the table in an electric furnace 3 Ste 510 710 0.2 18 920 481
with a closed chamber shaft-gear (cementation) el- 5 0
№ The Heati Holdi Hardenin Tempera Hardn 45
gra ng ng g ture ( 0С ) ess 4 Ste 520 700 0.2 16 910 469
de time time time (НВ) el- 0 0
of (min) (min) (min) 45
met 5 Ste 505 690 0.2 17 900 471
al el- 0 0
1 Ste 540 720 In In 920 481 45
el- wat oil
45 er We prepared the metal heated in a closed chamber furnace for
0.2 18 hardening in water and oil, and after 20-25 seconds for
0 0 hardening in water and more than an hour in water, and then
2 Ste 480 700 0.2 16 920 480 the process of emptying at a low temperature continued (Fig.
el- 5 0 9). It turned out that when we took heat-treated metal in a
45 crusher and measured it in the laboratory, it was HB=481 [20].

Figure 10: Сementation steel (in oil) and its hardness graphic depicting the location.

Table 8: Heat treatment of the table in an electric furnace when we tested the hardness of our cooled metal on a sander in a
with a closed chamber shaft-gear (cementation) two-sided plane on a sander in the factory laboratory (Fig. 10).
№ The Heati Holdi Hardeni Temperat Hardne
grad ng ng ng ure ( 0С ) ss (НВ) CONCLUSION
e of time time time Based on the above, a technology is being developed to increase
met (min) (min) (min) the service life of the shaft-gear teeth obtained by pouring;
al To increase the processing life by 1.2-1.4 times, it is
1 Stee 480 700 160 920 331 recommended to change the method of heat treatment;
l-45 The use of the low-temperature discharge method in the
2 Stee 540 720 180 920 350 production of gross gears is based on ensuring energy efficiency
l-45 of 10-12%;
3 Stee 510 710 140 900 342 Development of resource-saving technology for the production of
l-45 shaft gears and, based on its application, increasing resource
4 Stee 520 700 150 910 347 saving to 6-8%;
l-45 A heat treatment mode is being developed that increases the
5 Stee 490 690 170 920 344 permeability of the gear shaft to 12-14 %.
l-45
As in the above cases, in this process we heated the metal until it
reached 920 0C, kept it at the same temperature for 11 hours,
and refined it in oil for 3 hours. It became known that NV=350

Journal of critical reviews 385

 WAYS TO INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF THE SURFACE OF THE PARTS

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