MODULE 4 MICROPROCESSOR 8085

MICROPROCESSOR 8085 8088, 8086, 80186, 80286,

Microprocessor INTEL PENTIUM
 32-bit processor
 Microprocessor is a multipurpose programmable
INTEL 80386, 80387, 80486
clock driven register based device. That reads
binary instruction from a storage device called  64-bit processor
memory. That accepts binary data as input and INTEL CORE 2, CORE I3, CORE I5,
processes data according to instructions and CORE I7, etc
provides result as output.  By increasing no. of bits, processor speed
 A microprocessor is an integrated circuit designed increases. Because it takes more bits at a time.
to function as the CPU of a microcomputer.
 The main function of processor is to execute
program Features of 8085 microprocessor:
 Program is stored in memory. Program is a set of
instructions 1. it is an 8 bit microprocessor
2. it is a single chip with 6200 transistors
Functions of a microprocessor: 3. it requires a single +5V DC power supply.
 The processor execute program in an 4. It has 40 pins arranged as dual in line package
instruction cycle. It include 3 steps fetch- (DIP)
decode- execute. 5. It provides on chip clock generator, therefore there
1. The processor first takes or reads instruction is no need of external clock generator
from memory. This process is called 6. The maximum clock frequency is 3MHz
fetching. 7. It has16 address lines, 256 input ports and 256
2. The instruction is then decoded to determine output ports.
what action is required to be done. 8. It has five hardware interrupts: TRAP, RST 5.5,
3. Based on instruction the processor fetches RST 6.5, RST 7.5, INTR
data from main memory or I/O module if 9. It provides one accumulator, one flag register, 6
required general purpose registers and two special purpose
4. The instruction is then executed which may registers.
require performing arithmetic or logical Pin diagram and its functions:
operations on data.
5. In addition to execution, CPU also supervises  The pin details of 8085 is shown in figure.
and controls/I/O devices. The pins on the chip can be grouped into 6 groups:
If there is any request from I/O devices, called  Address Bus.
interrupt, the CPU suspends execution of the  Data Bus.
current programs and transfers control to an  Control and Status Signals.
interrupt handling program.  Power supply and frequency.
Evolution of microprocessor  Externally Initiated Signals.
 Serial I/O ports.
 1st generation (1939-1954)>> the design of
computer is based on vacuum tubes.
 2nd generation (1954-1959)>>the design is
computer is based on transistor.
 3rd generation (1959-1971)>> the design of
computer is based on IC.
 4th generation (1971-present)>> the design of
computer is based on microprocessor.

 µp is identified with word size of data i.e.,

how much of data it is accessing at a time.
 If an ALU can perform 4 bit data operation at a
time, then that µp is called 4-bit µp.
 Examples:
 4-bit processor
INTEL 4004, INTEL 4040
 8-bit processor
8008, 8080, 8085, MOTOROLA 6800
 16-bit processor

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Address Bus: -
(Bus is a group of wires)
 Address bus is used to transfer information (not
data) of 16 bit.
 16 pins are used as address bus (0-15), they split
into two segments. A15-A8 and AD7- AD0.The
A15-A8 are unidirectional and are used as higher
order address bus.
Address/Data bus: - AD7- AD0 are bidirectional
pins. They can be used as lower order address bus as
well as data bus.
Data bus – it is used to transfer 8 bit data.
Control and status signals:-
1. ALE (Address latch enable): if this pin is high it
indicates that the bits on AD7-AD0 are address
bits. If this pin is low, it indicates bits on AD7-
AD0 are data
2. RD (Read): It is active low signal. it indicates the
selected I/O or memory device is ready to read and
the data are available on the data bus.
3. WR (Write): It is active low signal. It indicates
the data on the data bus are to be written into a
selected memory or I/O location.
4. Io/M:- It is used to differentiate between memory
and I/O operations.
 When it is high it indicates an I/O operation. When
it is low it indicates memory operations
5. S0 and S1:-These are status signals
Power supply and clock frequency:-
 VCC:+5V power supply
 Vss:- ground
 X1,X2:- These are crystals. The oscillator provides
frequency of 6MHz and is divided into two to
operate the system at 3MHz
 CLK out (clock out) : it is used as system clock for
other devices.
Externally initiated signals including interrupts:-
(INTERRUPT is an event which requires attention of
processor to perform a specified task)
 INTR (Interrupt request):- This is used as general
purpose interrupt
 INTA ( Interrupt acknowledge): This is used to
acknowledge an interrupt
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MICROPROCESSOR 8085
 RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 ( Restart interrupts)
:These interrupts will tranfer the program control
to the specific memory locations.Their priority
order is 7.5,6.5,5.5
 TRAP: It is a non maskable interrupt and has the
highest priority
 DMA (Direct Memory Access) pins – HOLD,
HLDA
 These pins are used when data transfer is to be
performed directly between an external device and
the main memory of the system.
 HOLD: This indicates a controller is requesting the
use of address and data buses
 HLDA:-Hold acknowledge.This signal
acknowledges the HOLD request
 READY:-This signal is used to delay the
microprocessor READ or WRITE cycles until a
slow responding peripheral is ready to send or
accept data
 RESET IN :-When the signal on this pin goes
low, the program counter is set to zero i.e., resets
the processor
 RESET OUT:-This pin is used to. This can be used
to reset other devices.
Serial i/o ports
 It has two pins SID and SOD which are used for
serial communication
 SOD (serial output data line) : The output
SOD is set/reset as specified by the SIM
instruction.
 SID (Serial input data line) − The data on this
line is loaded into accumulator whenever a
RIM instruction is executed.
CPU architecture and its functional blocks:-
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 ACCUMULATOR:-It is a 8-bit register which is
used to perform airthmetical and logical operation.
It stores the output of any operation. It also works
as registers for i/o accesses.
 TEMPORARY REGISTER:-It is a 8-bit register
which is used to hold the data temporarily on
which the accumulator is computing operation.
 It is also called as operand register because it
provides operands to ALU.
 REGISTERS:-These are general purposes
registers. Microprocessor consists 6 general
purpose registers of 8-bit each named as
B,C,D,E,H and L.
 Generally theses registers are not used for storing
the data permanently.
 It carries the 8-bits data. These are used only
during the execution of the instructions.
 These registers can also be used to carry the 16
bits data by making the pair of 2 registers.
 The valid register pairs available are BC,DE HL.
We can not use other pairs except BC,DEand HL.
 These registers are programmed by user.
ALU:-ALU performs the arithmetic operations and
logical operation.
FLAG REGISTER:-It consists of 5 flip flops which
changes its status according to the result stored in an
accumulator. It is also known as status register. It is
connected to the ALU.
1.Sign flag(S) - If D7 bit of the result is 1 then sign
flag is set otherwise reset.
if D7 is 1: the number is negative.
if D7 is 0: the number is positive.
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MICROPROCESSOR 8085
2.Zero flag(Z) -If the result stored in an accumulator
is zero then this flip flop is set otherwise it is reset.
3. Auxiliary carry flag(AC)-If any carry goes from
D3 to D4 in the output then it is set otherwise it is
reset.
4. Parity flag(P) -If the no of 1's is even in the output
stored in the accumulator then it is set otherwise it is
reset for the odd.
5. Carry flag(C) -If the result stored in an
accumulator generates a carry in its final output then it
is set otherwise it is reset.
INSTRUCTION REGISTERS(IR):-It is a 8-bit
register. When an instruction is fetched from memory
then it is stored in this register.
INSTRUCTION DECODER:- Instruction decoder
identifies the instructions. It takes the informations
from instruction register and decodes the instruction to
be performed.
PROGRAM COUNTER:-It is a 16 bit register used
as memory pointer. It stores the memory address of the
next instruction to be executed.
STACK POINTER:-It is also a 16 bit register used
as memory pointer. It points to the memory location
called stack which is the last memory location used
TIMING AND CONTROL UNIT:-It provides
timing and control signal to the microprocessor to
perform the various operation.It has three control
signal. It controls all external and internal circuits. It
operates with reference to clock signal. There are three
control signal:
1.ALE-Airthmetic Latch Enable, It provides control
signal to synchronize the components of
microprocessor.
2.RD- This is active low used for reading operation.
3.WR-This is active low used for writing operation.
There are three status signal used in microprocessor
S0, S1 and IO/M. It changes its status according the
provided input to these pins.
SERIAL INPUT OUTPUT CONTROL-There are
two pins in this unit and are used for serial data
communication (SID & SOD)
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INTERRUPT UNIT- Interrupts are the signals 1.13 XTHL the content of SP is exchanged
generated by external devices which requires attention with HL pair
of processor.
1.14 PUSH rp PUSH B the content of
 When a processor executing a main program some register pair BC is pushed to stack)
interrupts may arises, so processor stops the
current program and shifts the control to interrupt 1.15 POP rp POP D the content in
program. stack is popped to register pair DE
 After completing that program, processor comes
back to main program. There are 6 interrupt pins
in this unit.
 Generally an external hardware is connected to
these pins.
 These pins provide interrupt signal sent by
external hardware to microprocessor and
microprocessor sends acknowledgement for
receiving the interrupt signal. Generally INTA is
used for acknowledgement

Instruction sets of 8085

1. Data transfer instructions
2. Arithmetic instructions
3. Logical instructions
4. Branching instructions
5. Machine control instructions

Instruction classifications of 8085:

1.1

1.10 LHLD 16 bit LHLD 1050 load HL pair

with contents of location 1050

1.11 SPHL the content of HL pair is moved to

stack pointer

1.12 XCHG the content of HL pair is 3.12 CMA CMA complement the
exchanged with DE pair content in accumulator

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MOV A, C (the content of C is copied into the register

A).

3. Direct Addressing Mode: - in this addressing

mode, the address of data is specified in the instruction

Eg: - LDA 3000H (it indicates load the data available

in the location 3000H to register A).

3. Indirect Addressing Mode: - in this addressing

mode, the instruction specifies the name of a
register in which the address of data is available.
Here the data is in memory and its address is in
a register pair.

Eg: - MOV A, M (data is transferred from the memory

location pointed by the register to the accumulator).

5.Implied Addressing Mode: - This mode doesn't

4.8 JP 16 Bit JP 2050 jump on plus (D7=0 &
require any operand. The data is specified by opcode
S=0)
itself.
4.9 JM 16 bit JM 2051 jump on minus (if
Eg: - RRC (rotate accumulator A right by one bit)
D7=1&S=1)
RLC (rotate accumulator A left by one bit)
4.10 JPE 16 bit JPE 2055 jump on even
parity (if P=1) to 2055

4.11 JPO 16 bit JPO 2058 jump on odd

parity (if P=0) to 2058

Simple assembly language programs:

1. Write a program to Add 49H and 56H

LXI H,2501H ;Get address of 1st no.: in HL

pair
MOV A,M ; move the 1st no. to accumulator
Addressing Modes in 8085 INX H ; increment content of HL pair
ADD M ; Add 1st and 2nd NO:
There are five addressing modes in 8085. STA 2503 ; Store sum in 2503H
HLT ; Stop
1. Immediate Addressing Mode: - In this addressing
mode, the data is specified in the instruction itself. The
2. Write a program to Subtract 32H from 49H
data is a part of instruction

Eg: - MVI A, 30H (30H is copied into the register A) LXI H,2501H ;Get address of 1st no. in HL pair
MOV A,M ; move 1st no. to accumulator
MVI B,40H (40H is copied into the register B). INX H ; increment content of HL pair
SUB M ;Subtract 1st and 2nd no.
2. Register Addressing Mode: - in this addressing INX H ;increment content of HL pair
mode, the instruction specifies the name of register MOV M,A ;Move result to the incremented
in which the data is available. HL pair
Eg: - MOV B, A (the content of A is copied into the HLT ; Stop
register B) 3. Write a program to Multiply 05H and 02H

LXI H,2501H ;Get address of 1st no. in HL pair

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MOV A,M ; move 1st no. to accumulator

INX H ; increment content of HL pair
MUL M ; Multiply 1st and 2nd no.
STA 2503 ;Store sum in 2503H
HLT ; Stop
4. Write a program to find one’s complement of 96H

LDA 2501H ;load number from 2501H to

accumulator
CMA ; complement the content of
accumulator
STA 2502H ;Stores the result at 2502
HLT ;program ends

5. Write a program to find two’s complement of 96H

LDA 2501H ;load number from 2501H to

accumulator
CMA ;complement the content of
accumulator
INR A ;takes 2’s complement
STA 2502 ;Stores the result
HLT ;program ends

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