Pharmacology
• is the study of drugs Chemotherapy
(chemicals) that alter
• Treatment of systemic
functions of living
organisms.
• Derived from the
Greek word
‘Pharmakon” which
mean drug and logos
means study
Drug therapy
• also called
pharmacotherapy.
• Is the use of drugs to
prevent, diagnose or
treat signs and
symptoms and disease Pharmacy
processes
• It is the art and science
Medications
• drugs given for
therapeutic purposes.
• is a substance that is
taken into or placed in
the body that does one
of the following things
most medications are Toxicology
used to cure a disease
• The study of poisonous
or condition for
example antibiotics are
given to cure infection.
PHARMACODYNAMICS &
PHARMACOKINETICS
SOURCES OF DRUGS
NATURAL SOURCES:
infections/malignancie
s with specific drugs.
1. Antibiotics
- Substances
derived from micro
organisms used
against micro
organisms[Antimic
robial agents]
DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS
of compounding and
dispensing drugs or
preparing suitable
dosage forms for
administration of
drugs in man or
animals.
effects of drugs and
other chemicals (house
hold, environmental
pollutants, industrial
chemicals, etc), with
emphasis on
detection, prevention
and treatment of
poisoning
1.) Plants – e.g.
Atropine SO4
2.) Animals – e.g. Insulin
3.) Minerals – e.g. Mg
SO4
4.) Microbiological –
e.g. antibacterial
agents
5.) DNA RECOMBINANT
TECHNOLOGY: -
Human Insulin,
Human Growth
Hormone
A. PRESCRIPTION
DRUGS
- have prescription
legend in their labels.
It is prescribed by
the physicians,
dentist, veterinarian
and other medical
practitioners.
B. NON-PRESCRIPTION
DRUGS
- may be legally
acquired by the
client without the
prescription order.
Also known as OTC.
C. INVESTIGATIONAL
DRUGS
- A new drug which
a manufacturer
wishes to market
and must fulfill the
requirements of FDA
 studies have
D. ORPHAN DRUG shown an adverse
- Are drugs that are effect on the fetus
discovered but are and there are no
not financially viable adequate and well-
and therefore have controlled studies
not been adapted by in humans, but
any drug company. potential benefits
may warrant use
E. ELLICIT DRUG of the drug in
- Also known as pregnant women
street drugs. Those despite potential
that are used or risks.
distributed illegally. • Category D
- There is positive
evidence of human
fetal risk based on
Legal Regulation of Drugs
adverse reaction
FDA Pregnancy Categories data from
investigational or
• Category A
marketing
- Adequate studies
experience or
in pregnant
studies in humans,
women have not
but potential
demonstrated a
benefits may
risk in the fetus in
warrant use of the
the first trimester
drug in pregnant
of pregnancy and
women despite
there is no
potential risks.
evidence of risk in
later trimester. Controlled Substances
• Category B
• Schedule I
- Animal
- Drugs that are not
reproduction
approved for
studies have failed
medical use and
to demonstrate a
have high abuse
risk to the fetus
potentials such as
and there are no
heroine, lysergic
adequate and well-
acid, and
controlled studies
marijuana
in pregnant
• Schedule II
women.
- Drugs that are
• Category C
used medically and
- Animal
have high abuse
reproduction
potentials such as
opioid analgesics,
CNS stimulants,
barbiturate
sedative hypnotics.
• Schedule III
- Drugs with less
potential for abuse
than those in
schedule 1 and 2
but abuse may
lead to
psychological or
physical
dependence such
as antigens and
anabolic steroids
and some CNS
stimulants.
• Schedule IV
- Drugs with some
potential for abuse
such as
benzodiazepines
and other sedative
hypnotics
medications and
some prescription
appetites
suppressants such
as mazindol.
• Schedule V
- Products
containing
moderate amounts
of controlled
substances. They
may be dispensed
by the pharmacists
without a
physician
prescription but
with some
restrictions
 regarding amount dosages, routes of • Contraindications
record keeping administration, -
A list of conditions
and other ADME, and for which the drug
safeguards toxicity. should not be
included are the • Phase II given.
antidiarrheal drugs - A few doses are • Side effects and
such as given to a few adverse reactions
diphenoxylate and subjects with the - a list of possible
atrophy. disease or dangerous effects
symptoms for other than the
DRUG NAMES
which the drug is desired effects.
• being studied and
GENERIC NAME - not • Interactions
capitalized responses are
- a list of other
• TRADE NAME- compared with
drugs and foods
capitalized first letter those of healthy
that may alter the
• CHEMICAL NAME- subjects.
effects of the
exact chemical formula • Phase III
drugs and usually
of the drug. - The drug is given
should not be
• OFFICIAL NAME - to larger and more
given during the
name of the drug in representative
same course
the official reference. group of subjects.
health therapy.
• Phase IV
DRUG APPROVAL - After a drug is Basic Concepts and
PROCESSES FDA approved for Processes
market, it enters a
FDA (Food and Drug
phase of continual
Administration) is
evaluation. DRUG TRANSPORT
responsible for assuring that
new drugs are safe and THROUGH CELL
TERMS INDICATING DRUG
effective before approving MEMBRANES
ACTION
and allowing them to be
marketed. • Indications
- A list of medical
• Animal studies conditions or
- Testing and Clinical diseases for which
Trials Starts with the drug is meant
an animal study to to be used.
determine
• Actions
potential uses and
- Are descriptions
effects
of the cellular
• Phase I
changes that occur
- a few doses are
as the result of the
given to few
drug.
healthy volunteers
to determine safe
Schematic Representation
Of Drug Absorption,
Distribution, Metabolism
And Elimination
For a drug to cause
therapeutic response, it must
reach an adequate
concentration in the blood so
that it can reach and interact
with drug receptors in
adequate numbers to trigger
the desirable action.
PHARMACOKINETICS
1. ABSORPTION
• Absorption -refers to
the route a drug
takes from the time
it enters the body
until it is absorbed in
the circulating fluids.
• PHYSICAL FACTORS of the circulatory
INFLUENCING system and of the
ABSORPTION organs of excretion
1. BLOOD FLOW such as kidneys,
2. TOTAL SURFACE bowel, lungs, and
AREA skin.
3. CONTACT TIME
Serum Drug Levels
•serum drug level is a
BIOAVAILABILITY laboratory measurement
of the amount of a drug
in the blood at a
particular time.
•toxic concentration is
an excessive level at
which toxicity occurs.
•Serum half-life, also
called elimination half-
life, is the time required
for the serum concentration
2. DISTRIBUTION of a drug to decrease by 50%
• Distribution
- involves the
transport of drug
molecules within
the body.
- Depends largely on
the adequacy of
blood circulation.
3. METABOLISM
• •is the method by
which drugs are
inactivated or bio
transformed by the
VARIABLES THAT AFFECT
body.
DRUG ACTIONS
4. EXCRETION
Dosage - indicates the
• refers to elimination amount to be given at one
of a drug from the time and those stage refers
body. Effective to the frequency, size, and
excretion requires number of doses. Dose is a
adequate functioning major determinant of drug
actions and responses, both adjusted accordingly o INHALATION
therapeutic and adverse to variations from o INTRANASAL
effects. the norm. o INTRATHECAL
o VAGINAL
• Minimum dose– is ROUTE OF o TRANSDERMAL
the smallest amount ADMINISTRATION o TOPICAL
of drug that will
ENTERAL
produce a Drug–Diet Interactions
therapeutic effect. • ORAL -- the most
Food may alter the
• Maximum Dose – common route.
absorption of oral drugs.
largest amount of a Usually produces a
drug that will slower drug action • food slows
produce a desired than parenteral absorption by
effect without routes. slowing gastric
producing symptoms • SUBLINGUAL- emptying time and
of toxicity. prevents the altering GI secretions
and motility.
• Loading Dose - those destruction of the
drug by intestinal Drug–Drug Interactions
initial high doses
used to quickly enzymes or low ph in
the stomach. The action of a drug may be
elevate the level of increased or decreased by its
the drug in the blood • RECTAL- prevents
interaction with another
often followed by a the destruction of
drug in the body.
series of lower the drug by intestinal
doses. enzymes or low ph in
the stomach.
• Maintenance Dose-
is the dose PARENTERAL
administered
• IV (Intravenous)-
throughout a dosage
most effective
regimen to maintain
because the drug is
effective drug
injected directly into
concentrations.
the bloodstream. Synergism or potentiation
• Toxic Dose – is the • IM (Intramuscular)-
amount of drug that •Synergism is a coordinated
also produces drug or correlated action of two
will produce harmful action within or more agents.
effects of minutes because •Potentiation is an
symptom/symptoms muscles have a large interaction between two or
of toxicity. blood supply. more drugs or agents.
• Lethal Dose – these • Subcutaneous – it
are those dose that requires absorption
can cause death. and somewhat
• Therapeutic Dose – slower than the IV
dose that is route.
customarily given,
Interference Decreased Drug Effects Toxic Effects of Drugs
• Interference by one • Interactions in which •Drug toxicity (also called
drug with the drug effects are poisoning, overdose, or
metabolism or decreased are intoxication) results from
elimination of a grouped under the excessive amounts of a drug
second drug may term antagonism. and may cause reversible or
result in intensified irreversible damage to body
effects of the second tissues
drug.
Client-Related Variables

Intensified effects

TOLERANCE AND CROSS-

TOLERANCE
Displacement • Drug tolerance -
• Displacement of one larger doses must be
drug from plasma given to produce the
protein binding sites same effects
by a second drug • Cross-tolerance -
increases the effects Tolerance to
of the displaced pharmacologically
drug. The molecule related drugs
of the displaced drug ADVERSE EFFECTS OF
is freed from their DRUGS
bind form and
become • any undesired
pharmacologically responses to drug
active. administration
Increases the effects Common or serious
adverse effects
•CNS effects
•Gastrointestinal effects
•Hematologic effects
•Hepatotoxicity
•Nephrotoxicity •Drug fever
•Drug dependence
•Carcinogenicity
•Teratogenicity