1.

Engineering Materials Presented By:

Narendra.k.mupparaju
2. 2. TIMBER: The wood which is suitable or fit

for engineering construction or engineering

purpose is called timber. 2
3. 3. WOOD: The organic matter obtained from

trees is called wood. 3

4. 4. LUMBER: The sawed wood meant for

construction in the form of boards is called

lumber.
5. 5. Structure of a Tree

6. 6. TYPES OF TREES: Trees are classified

into two groups depending upon growth

pattern. (1) Endogenous trees: The trees
which grow inwards in longitudinal fibrous
mass are called endogenous trees.
7. 7. (2) Exogenous tress : The trees which grow

in out wards across horizontal section of stem

are called exogenous trees. These trees are
only fit for engineering construction.
Exogenous trees are again subdivided in to
two types. 7
8. 8. Conifers or Evergreen: They give soft wood.

They have pointed leaves. Examples: Deodar

Pine Chir Kail,etc 8
9. 9. Deciduous: These have hard wood. These

have broad leaves. Examples: Teak Sal

Shisham, etc. 9
10. 10. SEASONING OF TIMBER: As fresh timber

which is obtained from trees contains about 30

 to 40 % sap or moisture. This sap is very
harmful for the life of a timber. Therefore, it is
necessary to remove that sap by applying
some special methods. All those methods
which are used for removing the sap from
timber are collectively termed as seasoning of
timber. 10
11. 11. Advantages of seasoned timber: It has

reduced weight, It is strong and durable, It has

resistance to decay or rot, It takes high polish,
It is easier to work, Its life is more. 11
12. 12. Types of Timber Seasoning: The main

types of timber seasoning are as under.

(1)Natural Seasoning, (2)Artificial Seasoning,
(a) Kiln Seasoning, (b) Chemical Seasoning,
(c) Electric Seasoning, (3) Water Seasoning,
12
13. 13. (1) Natural Seasoning: In the air seasoning

or natural seasoning or natural drying,

seasoning of timber, timber is dried by direct
action of air, wind and sun. In this method, the
timber logs are arranged one over the other,
keeping some space or distance between
them for air circulation of fresh air. Generally
this type of seasoning requires few months to
over a year, this is very slow process. 13
14. 14. 14

15. 15. (2) ARTIFICIAL SEASONING (a) Kiln

Seasoning, (b) Chemical Seasoning, (c)

 Electric Seasoning, Developed by:G.S.Solangi
15
16. 16. (a) Kiln Seasoning: In kiln seasoning

timber is placed in a chamber with some

special heating arrangement. In this process
one thing should be kept in mind that heating
system should be under control, other wise
timber will be crack or wrap. The time required
for this seasoning is 3 to 12 days. This is quick
process. 16
17. 17. Kiln Seasoning 17

18. 18. (b) Chemical Seasoning: In chemical

seasoning carbon dioxide, ammonium

carbonate or urea are used as agents for
seasoning, those are applied in dry state, the
inter surface of timber dries first than outer
side. This ensures uniform seasoning. The
time required for this seasoning is 30 to 40
days. 18
19. 19. (c) Electric Seasoning: In this method

electric current is passed through the timber

logs. The time required for this seasoning is 05
to 08 hours. 19
20. 20. Electric Seasoning Developed

by:G.S.Solangi 20
21. 21. (3) Water Seasoning: In water seasoning,

timber logs are kept immersed whole in the

flowing water. The sap present in timber is
washed away. After that logs are taken out
from water and are kept in open air, so water
 present in timber would be dried by air. The
time required for this type of seasoning is 2 to
4 weeks. 21
22. 22. USES OF TIMEBR: Timber is used in:

1.Building construction, 2.Construction of

house posts, 3.Construction of beams,
4.Construction of rafters, 5.Construction of
bridges, 6.Construction of piles, poles and
railway sleepers, Continued-------Prepared
by:G.S.Solangi
23. 23. 7. For furniture making, 8. For light packing

cases, 9. For high packing cases (for

machinery and similar stores), 10. For
manufacturing of agricultural implements, 11.
For making toys, etc, 12. For manufacturing of
veneers and ply woods. 23
24. 24. VENEER: Thin sheet of uniform thickness

of wood is called veneer. PLYWOOD: Veneers

used for making plywood are known as plies
and ply wood is made by gluing together plies
in odd numbers. Gluing is done under
pressure. 24
25. 25. DEFECTS IN TIMBER: Most common

defects in timber are: 1. Heart Shakes 2. Star

Shakes 3. Cup Shakes 4. Radial Shakes 5.
Rind Galls 6. Wind Cracks 7. Knots 8. Dead
Wood 25
26. 26. (1) Heart Shakes: These are splits

occurring in the centre of the tree and running

from the pith (inner most part) to wards the
 sap wood from the medullary (vascular
tissues) rays. In some timbers, these splits are
hardly visible and in some timbers these are
quite permanent. Heart shakes are caused
due to shrinkage of interior parts due to age. A
heart shake straight across the trunk is not a
serious defect. 26
27. 27. Heart Shakes

28. 28. Medullary Rays: These are thin horizontal

veins radiating from the pith to wards the bark.

These carry sap from outer side to inner side.
29. 29. (2) Star Shakes: These are splits which

radiate from the centre of the timber or from

the bark (outer side), running in the planes of
medullary rays. These occur due to severe
frost or scorching heat of the sun. 29
30. 30. (3) Cup Shakes: These are curved splits

which separate the whole or part of one

annual ring from an other. These are caused
due to the unequal growth of the timber. 31
31. 31. Cup Shakes

32. 32. (4) Radial Shakes: These are similar to the

star shakes and occur in felled timber when

exposed to the sun during seasoning. Radial
shakes are generally irregular, fine and
numerous. In this many splits are appeared.
33
33. 33. Radial Shakes

34. 34. Radial Shakes

35. 35. (5) Rind Galls: These are typical enlarged
swellings and occur due to branches cut-off.
36
36. 36. Rind Galls

37. 37. Rind Galls

38. 38. (6) Wind Cracks: These are shakes or

splits on the sides of a bark of timber due to

shrinkage of exterior surface exposed to
atmospheric influence. 39
39. 39. Wind Cracks

40. 40. (7) Knots: These are the roots of the small

branches of the tree. These are not harmful.

41
41. 41. Knots

42. 42. (8) Dead Wood: It is the deficient in

strength and weight and is the result of trees

being felled after maturity. 43
43. 43. Dead Wood

44. 44. DETERIORATION OF TIMBER (OR)

DECAY OF TIMBER: 45
45. 45. DETERIORATION OF TIMBER (OR)

DECAY OF TIMBER: There are so many

agencies which may cause decay of timber.
But there are three main harmful agencies
which cause timber decay.
46. 46. (1) Decay or Rot: Decay or rot of timber is

the result of the activity of various bacterias

and fungi, which utilize various portions of
timber as food; they require both oxygen and
 excess moisture. Hence timber having
moisture content below 25 % will not rot easily.
47. 47. (2) Insects: There are so many insects

which attack the wood, out of them termites

(white ants) are the main insects which are
very dangerous for timber. Termites of one
class live under ground and eat wood and
forms tubes or tunnels inside it.
48. 48. (3) Fire: Fire is also the damaging factor

for timber. As timber has tendency to burn, so

fire can damage it easily.
49. 49. PRESERVATION OF TIMBER 50

50. 50. TIMBER PRESERVATIVES: There are

three main classes of timber preservatives. (1)

Oily substances insoluble in water (2) Water
soluble salts
51. 51. (1)Oily substances insoluble in water: Coal

tar oil is the best known and widely used

preservative material of this class. It is
obtained during the destructive distillation of
bituminous coal. It is available in many grades
and types. It has high degree of penetration. It
has highly toxic effect to wood destroying
fungi.
52. 52. (2) Water soluble salts: Zinc chloride is the

most extensively used preservative of this

type. It is clean and odourless.
53. 53. SPECIAL PAINTS TO SAVE TIMBER

FROM FIRE: Following paints are used to

save timber from fire. Diammonium
 phosphate, Mono ammonium phosphate,
Mono magnesium phosphate, Phosphoric
acid.
54. 54. METHODS OF APPLYING

PRESERVATIVES: Before applying

preservatives, the timber should be completely
seasoned. There are some important methods
of applying timber preservatives which are
given below. 1.Painting and dipping method
2.Pressure process or full cell process
3.Empty cell process
55. 55. (1) Painting and dipping method: This is

the most common method in which the

preservative material is applied by means of a
brush several times. The timber is also
immersed in a tank full of liquid (preservative
material). In both types the penetration hardly
exceeds 1/16’’. The duration of immersion and
temperature of solution is increased the
penetration rate.
56. 56. (2) Pressure process or full cell process: In

this process, the timber is placed in an air tight

chamber, from which air is with drawn by
creating a vacuum. The cells are full emptied
to receive preservative material. After that
preservative material is pumped under
pressure of 100 to 200 psi and at a
temperature of 120degreeF. As the timber
contains required quantity of preservative a
low vacuum is maintained to remove excess
 preservative. Such a timber is generally used
in case of piles in salt water and railway
sleepers.
57. 57. (3) Empty cell process: This method is

similar to the full cell process but initial

vacuum is not to be maintained and no
attempt is to be made to remove the air from
cells. The preservative material is applied
under pressure of 200 psi.