Society, Culture and Family Planning with Population Education Mylene G. Almario Instructor__ INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY Sociology is the systematic study of social behaviour and human groups. It focuses primarily on the influence of social relationships upon people’s attitudes and behaviour and on how societies are established and change. It deals with families, gangs, business firms, computer networks, political parties, schools, religions, and labour unions. It is concerned with love, poverty, conformity, technology, discrimination, __ illness, ajienation; overpopulation and community.”DEFINITION OF SOCIOLOGY * George Simmel _- it is a subject which studies human inter-relationship. Max Weber — it is a science which attempts imperative understanding of social actions. Sorokin - sociology is a study first of all the relationship and correlations between various classes, second between the social and non social aspects of life and, third it studies general characteristics common to all classes of society.DEFINITION OF SOCIOLOGY + Ogbum - saeislogy is concerned with the study of social life and its relations to the factors of culture, natural environment, heredity and group. © Emile Durkheim - It is the science of collective representation. * ES Bugardus - Sociology may be defined as the study of the ways in which social experiences function in developing, maturing and repressing human _ beings through inter-personal stimulations.WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY? * To obtain factual information about our society and different aspects of our social life. © To understand our society and to analyse the social factors causing problems. * To learn the application of scientific methodology. © To enhance broad-mindedness and tolerance of the ways of the other people.THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION * According to Charles Wright Mills, it is the ability to see the relation between our personal life and the social world. It enables us to see things beyond our established ways of acting and behaving, and gain a better grasp of the situation by relating oneself to the bigger society. It is a set of mind that enables us to locate ourselves in the period in which we live and study the events in our personal lives against events in society, thus gaining a wider freedom. It can help us understand what is happening to us and why such social phenomena occur.SOCIOLOGY IS A SCIENCE? + According to Robert Stead sociology is a social science and not @ natural science, because it deals with human beings and social phenomena. It is positive and not normative science because it studies social phenomena as it is and not as it ought to be. It is pure and not applied science because it studies underlying factors of a social phenomenon. Sociology is an abstract and not a concrete science because it studies society in general. It is a science of generalization and not that of particularization because it studies a social problem in general and not in particular way. It does not study a social phenomenon from a particular angle. It is an empirical or rational science because it tries to follow logical method of data collection. >* Anthropology — is the study of humanity and the similarities and diversity of culture. © Psychology -— it is mainly interested in a wide range of mental, psychological, and behavioural processes. © Economics — concerned with the human activities related to the production, consumption, and distribution of goods, services, and wealth within societies. * Political Science — concerned with the history and theory of government. * History — the study of past events of human beings.__ DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY EUROPE “Auguste Comte (French) he coined term “sociology” which derived from the Latin word socius (social/being with others), and Greek logos (study/science). Father of Sociology *He believed that in order to improve society the theoretical science of society should be developed and a systematic investigation of behaviour should be carried. Positive Philosophy — a book summarizes the stages of development of all knowledge about humanity. a__ DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY * Karl Marx (Germany) - He wrote Communist Manifesto together with his life-long friend Friedrich Engels. - In Marx’s analysis, society was fundamentally divided between two classes i.e. Bourgeoisie and Proletariat who have opposite interests. In his examination of industrial society, he saw the factory as the centre of conflict between the exploiters (the owners of the means of production and the exploited (the workers).__ DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY * Emile Durkheim (France) He was the first professor of Sociology in the University of Paris. He taught and became a prolific writer and critic. He asserted that behaviour must be understood in that larger social context, rather an individual action. Division of Labour in the Society — rapid social change and specialized division of labour produce strains in society. Suicide -— showed the relationship between the individual and the society when the values of life become danger ous.__ DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY * Max Weber (Germany) - He studied legal and economic history in the University of Heidelberg, where he obtained his doctorate degree at the age of 25. He taught to his student the “Verstehen” (sympathetic understanding of the mind of others). He believed that understanding human action by examining the subjective meaning that people attach to their own behaviour and the behaviour of others. The significance of the subjective perceptions of power, wealth, ownership, and social prestige, as well as the objective aspects of these factors.__ DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY * Henri Saint-Simon - He believed that the law of human behaviour could be determine in the same manner that the law of nature had been arrived at by natural scientist. © Herbert Spencer His theory of social evolution espoused the idea that societies develop from relative homogeneity and simplicity to heterogeneity and complexity. (survival of the fittest)sao BE LOREM! Other sociologist were: © George Simmel Ferdinand Toennies Wilfredo Pareto © Karl Mannheim BN LOR SOCIOLOGY__ DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY UNITED STATES “Robert E. Park — pioneered in the multi-disciplinary approach and social ecology. “James Adams — popular female social thinkers who studies in the impoverished areas of Chicago. “Charles Horton Cooley “Herbert Mead ©W.1 Thomas - They formulated theories emphasizing the importance of social interaction in the development of human thought of action (Symbolic Interaction Perspective) a=_ DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY William Summer -— collected data on the customs and moral laws of different societies. * Talcott Parsons — he was the founder of the sociology if department in Harvard, developed general theory of action that analysed social phenomena ranging from individual behaviour to the larger structure of society. He was a follower of Durkheim. Robert K. Merton — known for the middle-range theory (concerning with linking general theory to empirical testing and developing concept of social structure — functions, self-fulfilling prophecies, deviance, and bureaucracies).DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY PHILIPPINES It was introduced in the Philippines after the Spanish Regime. First thought by Fr. Valentin Marin to criminology at UST, using social philosophical way. It was followed by American educators named A.W Salt and Murray Barlett (UP-D),Clyde Heflin (Silliman University in Dumaguete). Some Filipino educators named Condrado Benitez and Luis Rivera also taught sociology in western orientation. Serafin N. Macaraeg view sociology as a problem-oriented discipline using scientific view but wasn’t successful. a__ DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY Social sciences studies made by western social sciences on Philippine ethnic group when sociology and anthropology were merged by H. Otley Beyer. Significance of social facts increasingly became popular in decision-making, and Benicio Catapusan benchmark the data collection to the rural community of different region. Philippine Sociological Society (PSS) was organized by different universities such as (ADMU, UP-D and SU-D). The objective of the organization is to increase knowledge about social behaviour, gather data about social problems, train social sciences teachers and develop cooperation to the other countries. »__ DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY pine Social Science Council (PSSC) (1968), was formed to improved the quality and relevance of the social sciences. The PSSC Committee drafted a set of guidelines regarding the sets of responsibilities of social scientists in the “New Society”. It stated that Filipino social scientist had made significant contribution to society and urged them to continue their tasks under the new socal order. Some ino sociologists named: Randolf David, Cynthia Bautista, Sylvia Guerrero, Fr. Renato A. Ocampo, and Ledevina V. Carijio.THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN —— ___ SOCIOLOGY Structural - Functionalism Perspective It also referred as social system theory, equilibrium theory, or functionalism. *The society is composed of interrelated parts, each of which serves a function and contributes to the overall stability of the society. Societies develop social structure or institutions that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy. If anything adverse happens to one of these institutions or part are affected and the system no longer functions properly. etTHEOR ETICAL P. ERSPECTIVES IN Conflict Perspective SOCIOLOGY ‘A group in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scare resources. Conflict may take the form of Politics, litigation, negotiations or family discussions about financial matter. Simmel, Marx significantly to this perspective by focusing on the inevitability of clashes between social groups. Today, advocates of the conflict perspective view social continuous power struggle among competing social group. and Weber contributed * Conflict theorists are primarily concerned with the kinds of changes that can bring about, whereas functionalists look for stability and consensus. =THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES IN SOCIOLOGY Symbolic Interaction Perspective -It focuses on the communication aspects or language that enables the individual to develop a personal identity within a society with members having scripted statuses and roles. It involves the individuals in the society , their definitions or perceptions of situations, meanings, roles, and interaction patterns. ~The society is reflected in every socialized individual, and its external forms an structures are likewise reflected through the social institutions occurring among individuals at the symbolic level.SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRYGOALS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH * To understand the observable social world. © To test or verify a hypothesis. *To present repetitive human pattern of behaviour according to logically related hypothesis and supported by empirical evidence. * To be meaningful.STEPS IN CONDUCTING SOCIOLOGICAL _ INQUIRY efine the research problem and review related literature. * Formulate the hypothesis. © Plan the research design. © Gather the data. * Analyse the data. © Check or verify the results. * Communicate the results to others.METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN IN SOCIOLOGY ~ Experimental Method — it is a method for studying the relation between two or more variables under highly controlled conditions. * Survey Research — it involves a systematic and large-scale collection of information from people and about the people through the use of questionnaire. * Field Research (Participant Observation) — the researcher/s goes to the field lives with the people for some months, and participates in their activities in order to know and feel their culture. Participatory Research — this method utilizes the people who are the actual targets of the development projects, in the entire research process. >TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN —— SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY * Observation — it uses various senses in studying a social phenomenon or social behaviour. It can be overt or covert. * Interviews » Structured interview — the researcher followed a more definite order of questions. » Unstructured interview — the researcher leaves the it to the key informants to guide the conversation. Interview can also be guided by a questionnaire. * Historical Research — this involves the continuous and systematic search for information and knowledge about past events related to the life of a person, a group, society, or the world. __ >TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS IN SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY ife History — study of personal life of a person. Case Study — an extensive examination of a specific group over a long period of time is carried out. Ex. A case study of a drug addict, a prostitute, a professional or a gang. * Content Analysis — this involves the analysis of how people communicate and the messages people talk or write about. © Use of films and Tape recorder — used to gain more accurate data such as the visual information and to preserve in formation.SOCIETY AND GROUP. EVOLUTION OF HUMAN A). Origin of Species (Sir Charles Darwin) It traced the biological evolution of living organisms from simple unicellular amoeba to the most complex multi cellular organism like human being. B). Theory of CreationEVOLUTION OF SOCIETY A) Hunting and Gathering Society It is the oldest and the simplest form of society. It was also characterized by a small and sparse population and having a nomadic way of life and a very primitive technology. They have the most primitive tools such as stone axes, spears and knives. (e.g. Eskimo tribe) B) Horticultural Society It was associated with the elementary discovery that plants can be grown from seeds. While herding is common in areas with poor soil, horticultural is more common as means of subsistence in regions with fertile soil.(e.g. Masai tribe in Kenya)E EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY Agricultural or Feudal Society This society introduced the harnessing of animal power. The mode of production of the hunter gathering society which produces none of its food, and the horticultural society which produces food in small gardens rather than big fields. (e.g. early Egyptian society) Industrial Society This is a society based on the modern scientific knowledge. (e.g. European modern era) Post-Industrial Society It described the economic and social changes in the lateSOCIAL GROUPSSOCIAL GROUP Society - It includes the totality of social organizations and the complex network of interconnected, interdependent, and overlapping social relationships. ‘A large social grouping whose members share the same geographical territory and are subject to the political authority and dominant cultural expectations. According to Perucci and Knudsen: Society have two aspects. A) society is external to individual B) The members perceive society and its experiences as a constraints upon their lives.CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL GROUPS * Collection of individuals. © Interaction among members. © Mutual awareness. = “We’’-feeling. © Group unity and solidarity. * Common interests. © Group norms. * Size of the groups. © Groups are dynamics. © Stability.SOCIAL GROUP Clusters of the Society “Aggregates — a number of persons cluster but do not interact with each other. (Example: people standing in a street corner waiting for a jeepney) *Social Category — the groups whose members may never met and do not interact socially, but possess common identifying status characteristics. (Example: males, females, infants, adults) *Collectivity — temporary group like crowds, masses, public, and social movements interacting with each other, but the interactions are passing or short-lived.TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS PRIMARY GROUP They are characterized by intimacy, sympathetic understanding and friendliness | among the members. The small face-to-face structures, where personalities are fused into common whole. SECONDARY GROUP - They tend to impose the patterns of conformity on their members. - They serve to offset the prejudices or vested control of the immediate locality. - This may be observed in the planning of business, labour, economic, political and religious organizations.TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS GEMEINSCHAFT Close communal relationship or community. - It is a community of intimate, private, and exclusive living and familism. - They live and work together and share a common language, traditions, and customs which are not questioned. > GESSELSCHAFT - Organized impersonal relationship or society. There is division of labour, specialization, functional dependence, and solidarity or cohesion are achieved. - The members are guided by rational will characterized by forethought and deliberation.IN-GROUP The individual identifies and which gives on her a sense of belonging, solidarity, camaraderie, espirits de corps, and a protective attitude towards the other members. ~ “we are in” TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS OUT-GROUP - It is a group which an individual is in sufficient contact with as to be aware of its existence, but he or she is prone to criticize. - “they are out”TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS They are social structures which are deliberately organized for the attainment of specific goals which meet their most fundamental needs. Examples: schools, hospitals, churches, industrial establishments, etc. INFORMAL GROUPS the formal They are within structure of organizations. - They may introduced new and unofficial goals into the group, redefine channels of communications and interactions, or create new procedures to get job done.RACE AND ETHNICITY RACE The classification of humans according to physical characteristics transmitted at birth to a group of people. It is biological concept is determined on the basis of a group's blood line. ETHNICITY The culturally — defined differences between ethnic group in the society. - It involves a sharing of culture and certain culture traits.RACE AND ETHNICITY Ethnic Group - It refers to the group with common cultural backgrounds. The theory of “definition of the situation” in ethnic group relations implies that, what is important is not the physical characteristics that identify a group but how such relationship determine the feeling of belonging to each other. The Philippine population is composed of Christian Malay(91.5%), Muslim Malay (4%), Chinese (1.5%), and other cultural minorities (3%).RACE AND ETHNICITY Minority Group It refers to the group that is numerically lesser than the rest of the population. There are in a non-dominant position, whose members possess ethnic, religious, or linguistic characteristics which distinguish them from the rest of the population. Some features of minority group are: .The members suffer various disadvantages at the and of the another group. b They are identified by group characteristics that are socially visible. clt is a self-conscious group with a strong sense of “oneness). »CULTURE AND ITS SOCIETYa CULTURE AND ITS SOCIETY Culture It is that complex whole which includes knowledge belief, art, law, morals custom and other capabilities and habit acquired by man as a member of society. (Edward Taylor) It is the complex whole that consists of all the ways we think and do and everything we have as member of society. (Robert Bierstadt) The realm of styles of values of emotional attachments of intellectual adventures. (Maclver and Page) *Therefore, culture define as the sum total of behaviour traits which a person, comes to acquire through instruction and learning. a“FUNCTIONS OF CULTURE * Culture defines situations. © Culture is the treasury of knowledge. © Culture provides behaviour patterns. © Culture defines attitudes, values and goals. * Culture models personality. © Culture decides our careers.© Culture is learned. © Culture is transmitted. © Culture is social and collective. © Culture is ideational. © Culture is gratifying. © Culture is adaptive. © Culture is an integrated whole. * Culture is shared. >COMPONENTS OF CULTURE A. Knowledge - the total range of what has been or perceived as true. It includes: .)Natural knowledge — the accumulated facts about the natural world, including both the biological and physical aspects. ») Technological knowledge — these are useful in dealing practical problems. «Supernatural knowledge — the perception about the actions of gods, demons, angels or spirits. Magical knowledge — perceptions about the methods of influencing supernatural events by manipulating certain laws of nature.COMPONENTS OF CULTURE B. Norms — It pertains to society’s standards of propriety, morality, ethics and legality. Some examples are: eating, talking, dressing, cooking, courtship, child rearing, working, spending leisure time and some special occasions. It was divided into three: folkways, mores and laws. i. Folkways - are commonly known as the customs, traditions, and conventions of society. Example: In the Tagalog areas, people eat three times a day with merienda in the afternoon.COMPONENTS OF CULTURE ii. Mores - norms people consider vital to their well being and most cherished values; they are special customs with moral and ethical significance, which are strongly held and emphasized. Kinds of Mores \.Positive mores/Duty - it refers to the behavior, which must and ought to be done because they are ethically and morally good. E.g. Giving assistance to the poor and needy. 2.Negative mores/Taboo - it refers to societal prohibitions on certain acts which must not be done because they are not only illegal, but amoral and unethical. E.g. incest, rape, cannibalism, murder etcCOMPONENTS OF CULTURE awe - these are formalized norms enacted by people vested with legitimate authority. They are group expectations, which have formal sanction by the state. Examples: Republic Acts, Revised Penal Code of the Philippines, statutes and Batas Pambansa. >COMPONENTS OF CULTURE C. Ideas, Beliefs and Values ildeas - the non-materials aspects of culture and embody man’s conception of his physical and cultural world. E.g. idea of a marriage, an educated person ii Beliefs - the person’s conviction about a certain idea, it embodies people’s perception of reality and includes the primitive ideas of the universe as well as the scientist's empirical view of the world. Eg. spirits, life after death, superstitions iii Walues - abstract concept of what is important and worthwhile. E.g. nationalism, heroismASPECTS OF CULTURE Cultural Relativism - states that cultures differ, so that a cultural act trait, act, idea has no meaning or function by itself, but has a meaning only within its cultural setting. Culture Shock - the feeling of disbelief, disorganization and frustration one experiences when he encounters cultural patters or practices which are different from his. Ethnocentrism - the tendency to see the behaviors, beliefs, values, and norms of one’s owns group as the only right way of living and to judge other by those standards. Xenocentrism - the idea that what is foreign is best and that one’s lifestyle, products or ideas are inferior to those others.ASPECTS OF CULTURE Noble Savage Mentality - the evaluation of one’s culture that of others based on the romantic notion that the culture and way of life of the primitives or other simple cultures is better, more acceptable, and more orderly. Subculture - the smaller group which develop norms, values, beliefs and special languages which make them distinct from the broader society. Counterculture or contra-culture - the subgroups whose standards come in conflict with and oppose the conventional standards of the dominant culture. >ASPECTS OF CULTURE Culture Lag - the gap between the material and non- material culture. Cultural Diversity - the differences and variety of beliefs Practices, values and meanings to each culture universal by the members of a society or by different cultural group. Universal Patterns of Culture - the broad areas of social living found in all societies. The features and elements common to all cultures rather than to the special culture traits.PHILIPPINE VALUESVALUES INCONSISTENCY AND CONFLICT A) Affective — a person’s choice is prized and cherished, and the person publicly affirms it. (eg. one’s valuing hisfher professions, but not saying “teacher lang po ako”) B) Behavioural — if ones values something, he or she shows this in his or her actions, acts positively about it, and does it habitually. (e.g. values honestly does not cheat because it is he right thing to do not because someone is watching) C) Cognitive — something that one’s values should be chosen freely from alternatives after careful thought. (eg. A wornan who decides to marry must have a good reason in doing so.)BASIC FILIPINO VALUES *Emotional closeness and security in a family, however it tends to make the Filipino a nation of dependent people. © Approval from authority and of society. “Economic and social betterment. This can be considered a positive value, but negates itself if one goes to the extent of “selling” oneself and sacrificing other values. * Patience, endurance and suffering.ADOPTED FILIPINO VALUES © Equal opportunity * Achievement and success * Material comfort © Activity and work © Practically and efficiency © Progress ience * Democracy and free enterprise © Freedom © Racism and group superiority =KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN __.-PHILIPPINE..WAY_OF_ LIFE Non-rationalism States that the people have to adapt themselves to nature and the forces outside themselves. Rationalism - The belief that one can actively control and manipulate his or her destiny by systematic planning, studying, and training.KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN __.PHILIPPINE WAY OF LIFE: Personalism It attach to the major importance to personal factors which guarantees intimacy, warmth and security of kinship, and friendship in getting things done. Interpersonalism - The tendency to eliminate the influence the friendship or kinship in working situation.KEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN Particularism A person concern’s is centred on subgroups made up of relatives, friends, colleagues, associates, religious affiliates of his/her ethnical regional group. - Ethical rules PHILIPPINE WAY OF LIFE Universalism - A person’s concern is the advancement of the collective national good. - Legal rulesKEY VALUES THAT DOMINATE IN PHILIPPINE WAY OF LIFE ino Nationalism The advocacy of making ones own nation distinct and separate from others in the intellectual, social, cultural, economic, political, and moral matters. It is the feeling of oneness among the nationals who seek to establish the identity and the good of the nation in these matters. iFAMILY PLANNINGFAMILY PLANNING This is a concept of enhancing the quality of life of every member of the family through the use of family planning methods to regulate the number of the children. It reduces the need for unsafe abortion. Some family planning methods help prevents the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. It reinforces people’s rights to determine the number and spacing of their children. It allows people to attain their desired number of children and determine the spacing of pregnancies. It is achieved through use of contraceptive methods and the treatment of infertility. >ENEFITS OF FAMILY PLANNING * Preventing pregnancy-related health risks in women. © Reducing infant mortality. * Help to prevent HIV/AIDS. * Empowering people and enhancing education. © Reducing adolescent/pre-marital pregnancies. * Slowing population. Note: Benefits of family planning was not only for the society but also for individual health.METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING Natural family planning The natural way of avoiding pregnancy by observing, recording, and interpreting changes in the cervical mucus or basal body temperature in order to determine the safe and unsafe days of menstrual cycle. The couple prevents pregnancy by avoiding unprotected vaginal sex during most fertile days, usually by abstaining or by using condoms. There should be an observation of few cycles which is necessary before effective practice of method.METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING Calendar rhythm The use of calculations to determine safe and unsafe days of the menstrual cycle, based on past cycles. This method is recommended for women with regular menstrual cycles ad who feel themselves capable of following the requirements of method and for women who cannot use artificial contraceptive. Coitus interruptus (Withdrawal) Withdrawal The male withdraws his penis from his partner's ad and ejaculates outside the vagina, keeping semen away fi her external genitalia.temperature °C SAFE SAFE DAYS ovulation 7.0 | mensituation menstruation 123.4567 8 9 1011219 151617 18 19202) DZ DMA w1 294567 days of menstrual cycle ‘Calendar Method Serenity il ma Cervical MucusMETHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING Tubal ligation This is don by cutting-off the fallopian tube to block completely the passage of ovum and prevent it from meeting the sperm. Vasectomy -This requires a simple operation by cutting-off the vas deference so that the sperm will not entre the semen that is discharged. Note: Minor discomfort is experienced by the acceptor, who need to rest from work for two to three days after the operation. >Tubal Ligation VasectomyMETHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING Intrauterine device (IUD) ‘A small, soft plastic device that is inserted into the uterus. It can be placed or removed by trained personnel only. The acceptors may experience minor discomfort after insertion and the possibility its being expelled. Pills|}Oral contraceptive It is a combination of synthetic hormones. It is intended for women 19 to 34 years old who desire to space child- bearing. It may be inconvenient since the pills is taken dailyIUD’s Pills_ METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING Injectable Contraceptive This is administered by one-dose injectable contraceptive containing progesterone and injected every three months. This is intended for women 18-40 years old who wish to space or limit child-bearing. It gives women freedom from menstruation an the associated blood loss. however, one advantages of this method may be vaginal spotting even before the regular menstrual period. wi Ss KOeMETHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING Implants -It is a small, flexible rods or capsules placed under the skin of the upper arm; contains progesterone hormone only. Only the health-care provider must insert and remove this product. It can be used for 3-5 years depending on implant. Like injectable irregular vaginal bleeding is common but not harmful. Condom ‘It is a soft and thin rubber sheath worn on the erect penis before sexual intercourse to prevent the sperm. It gives protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. However, this may cause inconvenience to users, since they have to interrupt love-making in order to put it on. >Implants Condom