IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 63, NO.
12, DECEMBER 2015
easy to be implemented in practical applications, e.g., for a given street
crossing, only its transition region df should be decided.
B. Implementation of the Proposed Path-Loss Model and Berg’s
Model
For a given street crossing in a urban microcell, the proposed path-
loss model can be implemented as follows:
1) check its d1 and wms and compare with the corresponding
values in Table II as well as Section V in the validation mea-
surement to decide the size of its transition region df ;
2) using (2) to calculate the path-loss for the side streets and the
transition region.
The Berg’s model can be implemented as follows:
1) check its d1 and wms and compare with the corresponding
values in Table II as well as Section V in the validation mea-
surements to find the corresponding route number;
2) find parameters q90 and v for Berg’s model in Table III;
3) using (13)–(15) to calculate the path-loss for the side streets and
the transition region.
VI. C ONCLUSION
In this communication, a full path-loss model for urban micro-
cells at 5 GHz is developed including the LOS and NLOS transition
region, which is proven to be a more accurate model by comparisons
with measurements, the ITU-R, Hassan, and Berg’s models. The full
path-loss model is concise and easy to be applied in practical urban
microcells.
The ITU-R and Hassan’s models have large deviation from the mea-
surements in all the routes. The large deviation of Hassan’s model is
mainly because the model itself does not include the transition region.
However, it is a good model in some cases for side street path-loss pre-
diction. Berg’s model is relative a good path-loss model. However, the
shortage is that it is a recursive model which is more complicated to
be implemented. Moreover, two empirical parameters are required to
be derived by real measurements.
The proposed full path-loss model at 5 GHz in this work can be
extended roughly to the other carrier frequencies by introducing fre-
quency correction factor as proposed in [9] to predict the path-loss
within 2–6 GHz for a street crossing. However, measurements at a
specific carrier frequency might be required to validate the usage of the
proposed path-loss model. It should be pointed out that the proposed
model has some limitations in practical applications. For example, if
the heights of the BS and MS as well as the street widths are not com-
parable with the measurements in this work, then large prediction error
could be caused by using the proposed path-loss model. Moreover,
the antenna directionalities at the transceiver can also influence the
proposed path-loss model and the statistics of shadow fading.
R EFERENCES
[1] X. Zhao, S. Geng, and B. M. Coulibaly, “Path-Loss model including
LOS-NLOS transition regions for indoor corridors at 5 GHz,” IEEE
Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 217–223, Jun. 2013.
[2] H. Fernandez, L. Rubio, V. M. Rodrigo-Penarrocha, and J. Reig, “Path
loss characterization for vehicular communications at 700 MHz and
5.9 GHz under LOS and NLOS conditions,” IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 931–934, May 2014.
[3] X. Zhao, T. Rautiainen, K. Kalliola, and P. Vainikainen, “Path-loss models
for urban microcells at 5.3 GHz,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett.,
vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 152–154, Apr. 2006.
0018-926X © 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
Authorized licensed use limited to: HCT Ibra. Downloaded on September 20,2021 at 15:19:53 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
5883
[4] C. Phillips, D. Sicker, and D. Grunwald, “A survey of wireless path loss
prediction and coverage mapping methods,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tuts.,
vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 255–270, Feb. 2013.
[5] “Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of short-range
outdoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the
frequency range 300 MHz to 100 GHz,” ITU-R Recommendation P.14
11–7, International Telecommunications Union, Geneva, Switzerland,
Sep. 2013.
[6] H. M. El-Sallabi, “Fast path loss prediction by using virtual source tech-
nique for urban microcells,” in Proc. IEEE 51st Veh. Technol. Conf.
(VTC’00-Spring), Tokyo, Japan, May 2000, vol. 3, pp. 2183–2187.
[7] J. E. Berg, “A recursive method for street microcell path loss calcu-
lations,” in Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Pers. Indoor Mobile Radio Commun.
(PIMRC), Toronto, Canada, Sep. 1995, vol. 1, pp. 140–143.
[8] Propsound Multidimensional Channel Sounder, Anite Plc., Oulu,
Finland, 2013 [Online]. Available: http://www.anite.com/propsim
[9] P. Kyö et al., “WINNER II channel models,” European Commission,
Deliverable IST-4-027756-WINNER II, D1.1.2, v1.2, Feb. 2008.
[10] P. Kyö et al., “METIS Initial channel models based on measure-
ments,” European Commission, Deliverable ICT-317669-METIS, D1.4,
Feb. 2015.
High-Gain Filtering Patch Antenna Without Extra Circuit
Xiu Yin Zhang, Wen Duan, and Yong-Mei Pan
Abstract—This paper presents a novel kind of patch antenna with high-
selectivity filtering responses and high-gain radiation performance. The
proposed antenna is mainly composed of a driven patch and a stacked
patch, with its entire height being 0.09λ. Three shorting pins and a U-slot
are embedded in the driven patch to enhance out-of-band suppression lev-
els and skirt selectivity near the lower band-edge, whereas the stacked
patch provides a sharp roll-off rate at the upper band-edge and also an
enhanced gain. Without using extra filtering circuits, the proposed antenna
exhibits a quasi-elliptic boresight gain response with three radiation nulls.
For demonstration, an antenna is implemented covering the LTE band
(2.3–2.7 GHz). The antenna achieves an average gain of 9.7 dBi within
passband, and out-of-band suppression levels of more than 21 dB.
Index Terms—Filtering antenna, high gain, quasi-elliptic response,
radiation null, shorting pins, stacked patch.
I. I NTRODUCTION
In wireless communication systems, it is common that the antenna
and filter are designed as two independent components and then cas-
caded together. In this case, additional transmission lines are required
for connecting, which inevitably increase system size, introduce extra
loss, and may deteriorate filtering performance.
In recent years, some co-design methods for filters and antennas
were proposed. A simple way is to cascade the filtering circuit and
Manuscript received April 10, 2015; revised July 03, 2015; accepted
September 14, 2015. Date of publication September 23, 2015; date of cur-
rent version November 25, 2015. This work was supported in part by NSFC
under Grant 61422106, in part by the Guangdong Natural Science Funds for
Distinguished Young Scholar under Grant S2013050014593, and in part by the
Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou under Grant 2014J4100249.
The authors are with the School of Electronic and Information Engineering,
South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China (e-mail:
zhangxiuyin@scut.edu.cn).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this communication are
available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2015.2481484
5884 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 63, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2015

antenna. The port impedance of the separated filter or antenna is no

longer 50 Ω. Instead, an extra impedance transformer is employed
between the filter and antenna [1] or optimized impedance is chosen
at the interface between them [2]. In [3]–[9], planar filtering antennas
are realized by using the antenna radiator to replace the last-stage res-
onator of the filter. However, the multiple resonators usually occupy
large area. The size can be reduced by utilizing defected ground plane
[10], [11] or 3-D configurations that put cavity resonators under the
radiators [12]–[16]. Besides, compact integrated designs can also be
obtained by integrating the filtering power divider [17] or balun filter
[18] into the antenna feeding networks.
In all the above designs, filtering performance is obtained by insert-
ing extra filtering circuits to antenna feeding networks. Therefore,
insertion loss cannot be avoided and it consequently degrades the
antenna gain. To overcome this problem, filtering circuits can be
merged with the original antenna. For example, the filtering antenna
is realized by adding a parasitic loop to a unidirectional loop antenna
[19]. Two radiation nulls in the gain curve as a function of frequency
are obtained at the lower and upper band-edges, showing enhanced
skirt selectivity. However, the measured out-of-band suppression lev-
els are only ∼13 dB, and the gain of the unidirectional antenna is
∼4.4 dBi.
In this paper, a novel kind of high-gain filtering patch antenna Fig. 1. (a) Upper stacked patch. (b) Side view of the proposed antenna.
without extra filtering circuits is investigated. The proposed antenna, (c) Driven patch with a U-slot and three shorting pins.
modified from our previous design [20], is composed of a driven patch
and an upper stacked patch. The stacked patch can not only enhance
the impedance bandwidth and antenna gain but also introduce a radia-
tion null near the upper band edge. Three shorting-pins and a U-slot are
inserted into the driven patch to provide two radiation nulls in the lower
stopband. As a result, a quasi-elliptic bandpass response in the bore-
sight gain is achieved. Without using any filtering circuit, compactness
is obtained and antenna gain is not reduced. For demonstration, an
antenna is designed for the LTE applications. Simulated and measured
results are presented.

II. A NTENNA C ONFIGURATION AND M ECHANISM Fig. 2. (a) Conventional patch antenna. (b) Stacked patch antenna.

A. Antenna Configuration
Fig. 1 illustrates the configuration of the proposed filtering antenna.
It consists of two layers of patches and a ground plane. As shown in
Fig. 1(a), the square stacked patch with a side length of p1 is fab-
ricated on top face of the sup-substrate which has a permittivity of
εr = 2.65, a thickness of h1 = 2 mm and a size of l1 × l1 . As shown
in Fig. 1(c), the lower driven patch and the ground plane are printed on
the top and bottom surfaces of sub-substrate which has a permittivity of
εr = 2.65, a thickness of h3 = 3 mm and a size of g × g. The side
length of the square driven patch is given by p2 . Three shorting pins
and a U-slot are embedded in the driven patch for providing filtering
responses. An SMA connector is launched at the edge of the driven
Fig. 3. Realized gain of the conventional patch antenna and the stacked patch
patch for exciting the antenna. The outer conductor of the SMA is con-
antenna at the boresight direction.
nected to the ground plane, whereas the inner conductor is soldered to
the driven patch. An air gap with the height of h2 is introduced between
the two pieces of substrate. The operating mechanism is explained in Fig. 2(a). Fig. 3 shows the simulated realized gain at boresight direc-
detail in the following section. tion (θ = 0◦ ) of the two antennas. As can be observed from the figure,
the antenna with the stacked patch exhibits wider impedance band-
width and higher gain as expected. Furthermore, it is interesting to
B. Antenna Mechanism
note that a radiation null close to the upper band edge is generated due
To explain the mechanism for the radiation null in the upper stop- to the stacked patch.
band, the antennas with and without stacked patch are compared. Next, to improve the roll-off rate at the lower band-edge, a shorting-
Fig. 2(a) and (b) shows the conventional probe-fed patch antenna and pin is introduced close to the edge of the driven patch, as shown in
the stacked patch antenna, respectively. The two antennas have the Fig. 4(a). The simulated boresight gain curve is shown in Fig. 5. As
same dimensions except that the upper stacked patch is removed in indicated by the dashed line, a radiation null is realized at 1.1 GHz,

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 63, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2015
Fig. 4. Stacked patch antenna with (a) one shorting pin and (b) three shorting
pins.
Fig. 5. Realized gains for the stacked antenna with one shorting pin and three
shorting pins.
Fig. 6. Current distribution on the driven patch at 1.1 GHz for the antenna
(a) without shorting pin and (b) with one shorting pin.
which enhances the skirt selectivity at the lower band edge. To clarify
the mechanism for generating the radiation null, the current distribu-
tions on the driven patch at 1.1 GHz with and without the shorting pin
are compared in Fig. 6(a) and (b). It can be seen that the currents on left
and right sides of the patch are nearly in-phase for the antenna without
shorting pin. In contrast, they become out-of-phase after shorting pin
is added. Consequently, a radiation null is produced since the radiation
caused by the out-of-phase currents is canceled.
The radiation null at 1.1 GHz is little far away from the passband
centered at 2.5 GHz, and therefore another two shorting pins are added
to improve the roll-off rate of lower band-edge. The antenna configu-
ration is shown in Fig. 4(b) and the simulated gain is depicted by the
solid line in Fig. 5. It is seen that the radiation null is shifted from
1.1 to 1.5 GHz and the roll-off rate has been improved from 37.5 to
44 dB/GHz. Fig. 7 shows the current distribution on the driven patch
at 1.5 GHz. Again, out-of-phase currents with respect to each shorting
pin are observed.
To further enhance the roll-off rate at the lower band edge, a U-slot
is introduced in the driven patch to produce another radiation null [21],
as illustrated in Fig. 1. Fig. 8 shows boresight gain for the two antennas
with and without the U-slot. It can be seen that a radiation null at 2 GHz
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5885
Fig. 7. Current distribution on the driven patch at 1.5 GHz for the antenna with
three shorting pins.
Fig. 8. Realized gains for the stacked antenna with and without a U-slot.
is now realized. Obviously, the roll-off rate is also optimized from 44
to 105 dB/GHz. The three radiation nulls at 1.5, 2.0, and 3.1 GHz
ensure the antenna a very good filtering response, with the out-of-band
suppression levels greater than 21 dB.
It should be mentioned that the introduction of both shorting pins
and U-slot nearly has no impact on the flat gain within the passband,
which is very desirable.
III. PARAMETRIC S TUDIES A ND D ESIGN G UIDELINES
A parametric study for the antenna covering LTE band (2.3–
2.7 GHz) was carried out using HFSS to further characterize the
antenna.
A. Effect of the Driven Patch
The effect of the driven patch was first studied. Fig. 9(a) and (b)
shows the simulated reflection coefficients and gains for different patch
lengths p2 . It can be seen that both the impedance and gain passbands
shift downward as p2 increases. This is as expected because a larger
resonator patch always has a lower resonance frequency. The radia-
tion nulls at 1.5 and 3.1 GHz also shift to lower frequencies with
the increase of p2 , but the radiation null at 2.0 GHz remains almost
unchanged. This is because the latter is caused by the U-slot as dis-
cussed above. The optimal value of the length p2 for this antenna is
42 mm.
B. Effect of the Distance Between the Two Patches
The effect of different distances (h2 ) between the driven and stacked
patches is shown in Fig. 11. It can be seen that the resonance frequen-
cies change slightly but the input impedance changes significantly as
5886 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 63, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2015

Fig. 11. Effect of the parameter d2 on (a) reflection coefficient, (b) realized
Fig. 9. Effect of the side length p2 of driven patch on (a) reflection coefficient gain.
and (b) realized gain.
TABLE I
D IMENSIONS OF THE P ROPOSED A NTENNA

Fig. 12. Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the antenna.

upper band-edge. However, lower suppression levels are caused. The

situation is reverse for the antenna with a large distance h2 = 10 mm.
Fig. 10. Effect of the distance between the two patches on (a) reflection As a compromise, the middle value of h2 = 6 mm is used in the
coefficient and (b) realized gain. prototype.

h2 increases from 2 to 10 mm. This is because the aperture coupling

C. Effect of the Shorting Pins
level is changed with the variation of h2 . With reference to Fig. 10(b),
the distance also affects the gain response considerably. The antenna Then, the effect of shorting pins was investigated. As shown in
with a smaller distance h2 = 2 mm has a very sharp roll-off rate at the Fig. 11, both the reflection coefficient and out-of-band suppression

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 63, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2015 5887

Fig. 13. Simulated and measured realized gains of the antenna.

levels are affected significantly as the parameter d2 varies from 11.5 to

17.5 mm. The effect of the parameter d3 and pin radius r was also stud-
ied. It is found that good match can always be obtained as d3 changes
greatly from 6 to 12 mm, but larger d3 is good for enhancing the sup-
pression levels. By varying the pin radius r from 0.3 to 0.7 mm, the
changes of both reflection coefficient and realized gain are very slight.
The results are not shown here for brevity.

D. Design Rule
Based on the above parametric study, a design guideline is recom-
mended as follows. It is assumed that the desired center frequency and
wavelength are given by f0 and λ0 , respectively.
1) First, setting the dimensions of the driven and stacked patches as
p1 = 0.34 λ0 , p2 = 0.32 λ0 , and h = 0.09 λ0 . Using a square
ground plane with a side length of g = λ0 .
2) Inserting three shorting pins of radius 0.5 mm into the driven
patch. Setting the initial dimensions of three shorting pins as
d1 = d2 = 0.017 λ0 , d3 = 0.17 λ0 , and then optimizing their
positions.
3) Etching a U-slot with a length of half-wavelength at the fre-
quency of lower band edge on the center of the driven patch,
and optimizing its width and position on the patch.
4) Finally, refining each parameter to optimize the design for
obtaining good filtering performance and a required bandwidth.

IV. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION

To demonstrate the idea, an antenna was designed for LTE fre-
quency band. The detailed parameters of the proposed antenna are
listed in Table I. In this design, simulated results were obtained by
using HFSS. Reflection coefficients were measured using an Agilent
N5230A network analyzer, while radiation patterns and antenna gains
were measured using a Satimo Startlab System.
Fig. 12 shows its simulated and measured reflection coefficients. It
can be seen from the figure that the measured impedance bandwidth
(|S11 | < −10 dB) is given by 19.6% (2.25–2.74 GHz), agreeing rea-
sonably with the simulated value of 20.7% (2.2–2.71 GHz). Two
resonant modes are observed, which are generated by the driven patch
and the stacked patch. Fig. 13 compares the simulated and measured
realized boresight gains. It can be observed that the gain curve is desir-
ably flat across the passband. Due to the stacked configuration, the
antenna has a measured average gain of 9.74 dBi and maximum gain
of 10.4 dBi, much higher than the typical value of ∼6 dBi. The antenna
also shows a quasi-elliptic filtering response. With reference to the
figure, there are three radiation nulls occurring at 1.5, 2.0, and 3.1 GHz.
As discussed above, the three nulls are caused by the shorting pins,
the U-slot, and the stacked patch, respectively. Out-of-band rejection
Fig. 14. Simulated and measured radiation patterns of the antenna in E-plane
and H-plane at (a) 2.3, (b) 2.5, and (c) 2.7 GHz.
levels of more than 21.5 dB are obtained within the frequency ranges
1–2 GHz and 3–5 GHz.
The measured and simulated radiation patterns of antenna at 2.3,
2.5, and 2.7 GHz are shown in Fig. 14. As can be observed, stable bore-
sight radiation characteristics are obtained across the entire passband.
The measured co-polarized field in the boresight direction is at least
22 dB stronger than the corresponding cross-polarized counterpart, and
the measured front-to-back ratio is more than 22 dB over the operating
frequency band. It can be seen that the H-plane pattern is symmetri-
cal but the E-plane pattern is asymmetrical, which is mainly caused by
the asymmetric antenna configuration. The 3-dB beamwidths of the
H- and E-plane patterns are ∼74◦ and ∼55◦ , respectively
A comprehensive comparison is summarized in Table II. With refer-
ence to the table, extra circuits are used in all the previous designs, with

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5888 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 63, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2015

TABLE II
C OMPARISON W ITH P REVIOUS W ORK
inescapable size increase. Moreover, the antenna gains or radiation pat-
terns are also degraded by the extra circuits. In contrast, our design
achieves filtering performance without extra filtering circuits. Thus,
there is no size increase as compared to the original antenna without
filtering performance. Also, since the mechanism that improves the fil-
tering responses has no impact on the antenna radiation performance,
our design provides a relatively higher gain than the others.
V. C ONCLUSION
A novel kind of compact filtering patch antenna which possesses
both good radiation and filtering performance has been investigated
in this paper. The operating mechanism of the antenna has been stud-
ied in detail. It has been shown that three out-of-passband radiation
nulls can be achieved and controlled by the combination of stacked
patch, U-slot, and shorting pins. They provide good skirt selectivity
of 105 dB/GHz and high out-of-band suppression levels of more than
21 dB. Since no extra filtering circuit is involved, the antenna con-
figuration is very simple. Moreover, due to the eliminated insertion
loss of filtering elements, the filtering antenna can provide a relatively
high gain of ∼9.7 dBi. To verify the proposed design, an antenna for
LTE band has been fabricated and measured. It has been found that
the antenna has a measured bandwidth of 19.6%, an average gain 9.71
dBi, and suppression levels of greater than 21.5 dB.
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