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Application of electrical resistivity tomography for investigation of landslides

Conference Paper · April 2017

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4 authors, including:

Atanas Kisyov Christian Tzankov

University of Mining and Geology University of Mining and Geology
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 3% NaCl 1.1106 7.888 90 2160 4.584
2
Mine Water 1.3528 7.7911 90 2160 5.584
The improved understanding of environmental conditions in underground hard rock mines led to the delin-
eation of two separate environments; namely, atmospheric and groundwater affected. Uniform corrosion rates have
been established for a range of atmospheric and groundwater affected environments with atmospheric corrosion
rates being found to be much less than groundwater affected. Atmospheric corrosion is controlled by the relative
humidity of the atmosphere. It has been found that the load bearing capacity of bolt is decreased due to corrosion
effect. As this being a watery mine, rate of corrosion was significantly higher.

V. References
1. Hutchinson, D.J. and Diederichs, M.S. 1996. Cablebolting in underground mines. Vancouver:
Bitech
2. Aziz, N, (2002). A new technique to determine the load transfer capacity of resin anchored bolts
3. Kilic A M, 1999. The effects of grout properties to the bolt capacity
4. ASTM G1-90 1999, 'Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Tests
Specimens'. ASTM International.
5. Bardel, E 2004, Corrosion and Protection, Springer, London.
6. Bieniawski, ZT 1989, Engineering Rock Mass Classifications, Wiley, New York.
7. Jones, DA 1996, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle Rive, USA.
8. Aziz, N 2004, 'Bolt surface profiles - an important parameter in load transfer capacity appraisal',
Ground Support in Mining and Underground Construction, eds. E Villaescusa & Y Potvin, Balkema, Perth, pp.
221-30.

IVANOV YANKO VASILEV, KISYOV ATANAS IVANOV,

TZANKOV CHRISTIAN VESELINOV, NIKOLOV SPAS PAVLOV
University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”, Sofia, Bulgaria

APPLICATION OF ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY FOR

INVESTIGATION OF LANDSLIDES
Abstract
Landslides are a common natural hazard, often leading to disastrous situations. In the majority of cases,
sliding processes are not accidental, which allows their monitoring and control. Conducted surveys demonstrate the
effectiveness of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) for establishing the geometrical characteristics of land-
slides needed in the planning of preventive and strengthening activities.
Landslides are often characterized with the most diverse combination of contrast differently oriented sur-
faces graduallychangingtheir physical properties. Being a common natural hazard,which affects the stability of large
rock or earth masses and create preconditions for their movement down the slope, they often lead to loss of human
lives and damage to property and infrastructure, turning into a natural disaster.
Methodology
The main difficulties in the investigation of landslides are associated with the subsurface geology and the
hydrological conditions, often the depth and the lateral distribution of the sliding surfaces cannot be established by
drilling or geological methods. Geophysics, on the other hand, offers flexible, noninvasive and relatively quick
methods to obtain information about the internal structure of the rock and earth masses.The strong dependence of
resistivity on moisture content favorsthe use the electrical methods, while the high resolutions of the derived models
make the Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) the method of choice for investigation of landslides [1, 2, 3,
4].The field set-up requires the deployment of an array of regularly spaced electrodes connected to a central control
unit via multi-core cables. Resistivity data set is collected via combinations of systematical changes of the location
of the four active electrodes (two current and two potential). The depth of investigation depends on the electrode
spacing and the geometry of the used array. Incremental increase of the electrode spacing allows for successively
deeper sub-surface levels to be investigated. The underlying resistivity distribution is computed by means of inverse
modeling and used to produce a resistivity cross-section [5].

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 Area of Investigation
Tectonically represented by the Strandzha anticlinorium
the area between Cape Sozopol and the mouth of Rezovska Riv-
er, flowing into the Black Sea in the Bulgaria’s most south-
easterly point, is 96 km long and formed by Upper Cretaceous
volcanites. Landslides are typically small and relatively shallow
but widespread in the whole region as a result of deluvial-
proluvial covers sliding on clays or basic rocks (volcanic rocks
and tuffs), or calcareous sandstones sliding on clays within the
zone of Miocene sediments. Their activation (Fig. 1) usually oc-
curs in waterlogging condition during the prolonged winter and
spring rainfall (500 - 1000 mm) which reduce the internal soil
strength and increase the downslope forces [5].

Fig. 1.Orthophoto mosaicof the landslide above

Results the Alepu beach.
ERT surveys, conductedin the Budzhaka peninsula (Fig.
2) and the nature reserve Alepu (Fig. 5), cover the two typical types of landslides in the investigated area with the
purpose of creating models of their internal structure and the interfaces with the bedrocks.

Fig. 2.ERT profiles of the landslide in the Budzhaka peninsula.

Fig. 3.Geoelectrical model of Profile 1,parallel to the coastline.

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 Near the surface (Fig. 3), the resistive zone 1 (150 - 480 Ωm) is a result of embankment, while the body of
the landslide composed from water saturated sandstones is outlined by the conductive zone 2 (10 - 50 Ωm). In
depth, the highly resistive zone 3 (150 - 500 Ωm) represents the bedrock of andesites.

Fig. 4.Geoelectrical model of Profile 2,following the slope of the coastal cliff.
Near the surface (Fig. 4), the resistive zone 1 (150 - 480 Ωm) is a result of embankment. The resistive zone
2 (150 to 350 Ωm) corresponds to the remains of an ancient church visible on the surface. Below the first two zones
lies the body of the landslide as the conductive zone 3 (10 - 50 Ωm)and the localized highly water saturated sub-
zones (7-10 Ωm). In depth, the highly resistive zone 4 (150 - 500 Ωm) represents the bedrock of andesites.

Fig. 5.ERT profile of the landslide in the nature reserve Alepu.

Fig. 6.Geoelectrical model of theprofile,parallel to the coastline

Near the surface (Fig. 6),the resistivezone 1 (over 50 Ωm)is gravel cover applied next tothe asphalt
road.The landslide process is practically stimulated by the highlyconductive zone 2(2 - 10 Ωm) sliding over the bed-
rock of clays defining the resistivezone 3 (over 50 Ωm).

Conclusion
Driven by the influence of gravity, landslides usually do not happen accidentally unless enhanced by in-
creased water content in the sediments along with other factors, which allows their monitoring and control. The
conducted surveys demonstrate the effectiveness of ERT for reconstruction of the geometry of the landslide body,
delineation of the possible failure surfaces and characterization of the water saturated zones whose increased pore
pressure could weaken the slope and trigger the movement. Derived geoelectrical models shed a light on the internal
structure of the landslides and help to understanding their mechanical behavior needed in the planning of strengthen-
ing activities for prevention of potential health and economic risk.
Geophysical surveys were supported by Field Camp program of SEG Foundation and TGS.

References:
1. Griffiths, D.H, R.D. Barker, Two Dimensional Resistivity Imaging and Modeling in areas of
Complex Geology, Journal of Applied Geophysics, 1993

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 2. Dimovski, S. et al., Application of electrical resistivity techniques for investigation of landslides,
Int. Conf. on remote sensing techniques in disaster management, Croatia,2008
3. Jongmans D., S. Garambois, Geophysical investigation of landslides: a review, Bulletin Société
Géologique de France, 2007
4. Telford, W. M., P.Geldart, R. E.Sheriff, Applied Geophysics, 2nd Edition, 1990
5. Loke, M. H., R. D. Barker, Rapid least-squares inversion of apparent resistivity pseudosections by
a quasi-Newton method, Geophysical Prospecting, 1996
6. Добрев, Н., и колектив, Национална програма за превенция и ограничаване на свлачищата
на територията на Република България, ерозията и абразията по Дунавското и Черноморското крайбрежие
2010-2015г., МРРБ, 2015

HANS LESNY
TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany

TOXICOLOGICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS

WITH COORDINATION COMPOUNDS OF SILICON, GERMANIUM,
AND TIN
Antibiotic resistance is currently a major problem. For this reason, it is important to find new active sub-
stances with antibiotic properties. The focus is increasingly set on metal ions and their complexes.
Various investigations already confirmed the antibacterial effect of metal complexes having Schiff Bases
(Chohan et al. 2001; Yousif et al. 2013). Zamudio-Rivera et al. (2005) investigated a tin complex for its antibacterial
effect. The studies were carried out with the bacteria B. subtilis, E. coli and P. aeruginosa and showed concentra-
tion-dependent inhibitory properties of the complexes. Analyzes by Jain et al. (2004) showed fungicidal, insecticidal
and nematicidal properties of silicon and tin compounds as well as a concentration-dependent effect. Some metal-
organic tin complexes with Schiff Bases turned out to be more effective than traditional medication in the treatment
of cancer cells (Gerasimchuk et al. 2007; Nath et al. 1997).
In this scientific work, complex compounds with Schiff Bases were investigated regarding their microbial
properties. No data were available on the hydrolytic stability of the compounds, so this was initially tested by 1H
NMR spectroscopy. A comparison of the proton signals of solutions of the compounds in d6-DMSO in the presence
and absence of D2O provided evidence for a chemical reaction of three complexes as well as a ligand. In contrast,
the remaining compounds showed no measurable changes over a time span of 24 hours.
The complexes HL-01, HL-03, HL-05 and HL-07, which were characterized to be sufficiently stable as
well as the free ligand HL-L2 (see table 1) were subsequently subjected to two toxicological in-vitro standard test
methods.

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