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There are done in selected locations in the field, depending on the objective, a net or profile-
arrangement is used. The apparent resistivity can then be calculated using the known current, the
measured potential difference and the electrode spacing. Each reading includes current, voltage,
Self-potential (SP), resistivity, chargeability and spacing. The rapid development in the geophysical
techniques is offering reliable to great variety of environmental problems. There are direct and
indirect of geophysical methods for determining the resistivity and thickness of the layer using
Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data. The geoelectric section along north-south direction reveals
the presence of bedrock depression beneath VES 2 and this correlate well with traverse 1 Wenner-
Schlumberger pseudosection. One subsurface fault was detected along this cross section. HGI
typically conducts vertical electrical soundings alone or in conjunction with other methods, such as
microgravity or induced polarization. The SYSCAL R1 measures ground resistance from 1 ohmm up
to 1000 K ohmm. These parameters can be estimated matching the apparent resistivity curve to the
measured apparent resistivities. The true layer resistivity and thickness values of different layers
obtained from the VES data inversion were correlated with the available wells data. The aim was to
provide a data base for sustainable groundwater development in the study area. The VES method can
be quite versatile for reconnaissance surveying or when there are equipment limitations. The results
show coherent layering across the profile and these data can be used to interpret faults, bedrock, and
clay lenses. VES was used for the determination of the different lithological units including their
thickness and depth to the water table. The result of the borehole drill logs revealed that the aquifers
were within weathered and fractured zones and is in agreement with the models. These sections shed
the geometry of the aquifer and estimate the vertical and horizontal configuration of the seawater
intrusion ( Kouzana et al., 2009 ). The resistivity methods are used frequently in ore, in groundwater
investigation, mapping of geological formations, in geotechnical and in environmental problems (
Meju, 2002 ). The maximum output voltage is 800 volts peak to peak. I can't help but wonder about
the basic physics of it, why is it that increased distance between the electrodes results in an increased
depth of investigation. In practice, at a single sounding point, measurements are taken at different
electrode-spacing AB, varied by moving the current electrodes A and B to different positions. This
layer is interpreted as superficial deposits consisting of dry alluvium. Use of geophysical methods for
solving groundwater and environmental problem is becoming essential. High conductivities and thus
low specific resistivity are typical of sedimentary layers bearing large amount of water with a high
electrolyte concentration. The physical dimension of specific resistivity is ohm meter (ohmm).
Basement complex (Aqaba complex): This basement complex consists of granite, granodiorite and
basic and acidic intrusive rocks pre-cambrian age. It shows great variations in resistivity values across
the axis of the channel due to the lateral changes in grain size of the deposits. The top of this layer
occurs at a depth of 55 and 150 m beneath VES 51 and 49, respectively. Again the resulting
parameters are assigned to the VES object. Geoelectrical cross section 3: This cross section ( Fig. 3c
) correlates the soundings VES 49 and 51. Many authors have observed the effect of nonlayered
structures located in the vicinity of vertical electrical soundings ( Queralt et al., 1991 ). Numerous
consequences of unsustainable groundwater use are becoming increasingly evident owing to cover-
increasing demand for water supplies and increasing pollution and they key concern is to maintain a
long-term sustainable yield from aquifer ( Todd and Mays, 2005 ). The third layer has resistivity
values less than 52 ohmm where its average thickness is about 85 m.
In fact, the only time I've seen or known a Schlumberger or Wiener array being used, was in a
student demo that I participated in. There are different types of electrode configurations each type is
used for a special purpose. In practice, at a single sounding point, measurements are taken at
different electrode-spacing AB, varied by moving the current electrodes A and B to different
positions. The collected resistivity data were converted from the apparent resistivity to 2-D model
section using the least-square inversion algorithm with the help of Res2DInv software. Furthermore,
electrical sounding are accurate in the detection of buried channels. The example below shows an 11-
mile cross section (18,000 m) through a basin in the southwestern United States. I'll have a look at
the ref when I can download it. The results obtained revealed three to four geo-electric layers of the
subsurface. VES 3 can also be considered for groundwater development due its low resistive (106
?m) weathered layer, but the layer is thin (5.6 m) and thus VES3 can only be considered for a hand
dug well. The EKS and 222 Rn should be conducted to evaluate these features when high yield
boreholes are required. A large number of VES was obtained on a near-regular grid and data were
initially processed. The stored in the internal memory is up to 1000 readings. GB19 Canvas protector
bag for 18” rubber insulating gloves 48 Magid Electric. VES was used for the determination of the
different lithological units including their thickness and depth to the water table. Direct inverse
modeling methods, as resistivity inversion by numerical algorithms, involve the minimization of error
between the observed apparent resistivity and the computed one. The locations of the faults that
obtained in this study have been coinciding with the surface faults at the Aqaba area that were
delineated by Garfunkel et al. (1981), Klinger et al. (1999) and Barjous and Mikbel (1990). These
sections shed the geometry of the aquifer and estimate the vertical and horizontal configuration of
the seawater intrusion ( Kouzana et al., 2009 ). The resistivity methods are used frequently in ore, in
groundwater investigation, mapping of geological formations, in geotechnical and in environmental
problems ( Meju, 2002 ). The most efficient procedure to calculate this apparent resistivity curve is
the methodology of the linear filter originally proposed by GHOSH (1971) and improved by
GUPTASARMA (1982). The VES method can be quite versatile for reconnaissance surveying or
when there are equipment limitations. There are done in selected locations in the field, depending on
the objective, a net or profile-arrangement is used. This plate boundary comprises numerous and shot
fault segments. The sedimentary thickness up to Ignimbrite layer has been interpreted of
approximately 6 meters. VES 2 has a highly saturated weathered layer with resistivity value of 24 ?m
and thickness of 10.1 m. The partially weathered basement layer can also serve as an aquifer based
on its lower resistivity value (205 ?m). Typical physical properties measures are electrical resistivity,
electrical conductivity and velocity of elastic waves, gravity and magnetic fields. Fig. 1: Geological
map showing the outcropping layers in study area and the locations of the VES geophones, the most
of outcropping geological layers are alluvial, alluviums and sand (Modified after NRA 1988) For
above mentioned tasks, the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method was selected for this study.
The resistivity values of gravel and sand increase with depth from 20 ohmm to greater than 300
ohmm. Along this section, four layers of different resistivity were observed. A geoelectrical
investigation is capable of mapping aquifer systems and thickness of that aquifers as well as
groundwater quality ( Todd, 1980; Fetter Jr, 1994 ). The top of this layer occurs at a depth of 55 and
150 m beneath VES 51 and 49, respectively. The specific electrical resistivity of rocks and the
electrical conductivity of a sediment is essential electrolytic and consequently depends on the nature
amount and concentration of the electrolyte in the voids of the sediments.
The equipotential surface (surface of equal voltages) runs perpendicular to the current lines. The VES
measurements in vicinity of the boreholes with the aim to get the layered resistivity model which
obtained from interpretation constrained by the available geological data in the boreholes were
carried out. Results show that the three geophysical techniques are efficient to identify groundwater
accumulation zones. But it shows small variations are observed in the parallel direction. The current
lines are refracted at interface depends quite strongly on the distance between the two current-
electrodes A and B. The maximum thickness of this layer is about 135 m below VES 40. The result
shows the weathered regolith to be thicker than the fractured bedrock layer; average depth range of
boreholes in the area is between 30m-35m while the average static water levels in dug wells is 8.3m.
It is highly recommended that a spread of between 75-85m be used in the future and also the use of
EM method to locate deep fractures as important in maximizing the borehole yield. Aqaba region
area located at 87900 and 89000 North and 147000 and 158000 East (Palestine grid) as shown in
Fig. 1. Tectonically Aqaba area lies within the tectonic plate boundary along the Arabian and African
plate slide. The third weathered basement and a forth fractured basement rock constitutes the
Aquiferous water bearing layers with resistivity ranges from 6?m -265?m respectively with average
thickness of 19m and 15m respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Geoelectrical cross sections:
Results of the electrical soundings are shown in three cross-sections of Fig. 3a - c. Geoelelectrical
section 1: This cross section as shown in Fig. 3a, represents the correlation between VES 38, 39, 37,
40 and 42 along this cross section; three layers of different resistivity have been observed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials: Electrical sounding techniques have been used
effectively for shallow prospecting. In both cases, the electrical resistivity lies approximately within
the range of 1-50 ohmm. Encroachment of sea water also caused the rapid increase in salinity. The
topographic of the basement is characterized by rugged mountain. By moving the electrodes further
apart, you can sample deeper, but you are still measuring a composite resistance. Fetch Content A
VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING METHOD FOR AGRICULTURAL SOIL. CrossRef
Meju, M.A., 2002. Geoelectromagnetic exploration for natural resources: Models, case studies and
challenges. Surv. Geophys., 23: 133-206. CrossRef Queralt, P., J. Pous and A. Marcuello, 1991. 2-D
resistivity modeling: An approach to arrays parallel to the strike direction. Many authors have
observed the effect of nonlayered structures located in the vicinity of vertical electrical soundings (
Queralt et al., 1991 ). Numerous consequences of unsustainable groundwater use are becoming
increasingly evident owing to cover-increasing demand for water supplies and increasing pollution
and they key concern is to maintain a long-term sustainable yield from aquifer ( Todd and Mays,
2005 ). Loading Vertical electrical sounding. Part 1. - Duration: 0:32. if65group 2,867 views. 0:32..
View Video Vertical Electrical Sounding To Determine Fracture. Making statements based on
opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. The genetic algorithm simulation
technique has been applied for solving the groundwater inverse problems with some demonstrated
use in the area of parameter estimation ( Jha et al., 2006 ). Wenner profiling, Pole-pole surveys, pole-
dipole and dipole-dipole profiles and gradient maps are the different possible arrays as Schlumberger
sounding. Read Article Vertical Electrical Sounding Of Water-Bearing Sub-Surface Of. The results
suggest that the hydrogeology of the study area is highly complex since the development of
groundwater is generally due to secondary porosities. A geoelectrical investigation is capable of
mapping aquifer systems and thickness of that aquifers as well as groundwater quality ( Todd, 1980;
Fetter Jr, 1994 ). Inversion of the data is run over multiple iterations to determine the best-fit models
of the acquired dataset. The VES method can be quite versatile for reconnaissance surveying or
when there are equipment limitations. The resistivity equipment which was used in the study area, is
SYSCAL R1 which is a high quality general purpose. Close to the air port well, E 150.950, N
5888.450 VES No. 37 was conducted. A layer at 40 m depth with a resistivity of 77 ohmm the top
of which is interpreted as the Static Water Level (SWL) of the groundwater in that site which is the
real SWL measured in the well. Aircraft engines are almost always either lightweight piston engines
or gas turbines, Wright vertical 4-cylinder engine. 1848: John Stringfellow. VES 3 can also be
considered for groundwater development due its low resistive (106 ?m) weathered layer, but the
layer is thin (5.6 m) and thus VES3 can only be considered for a hand dug well.
Close to the air port well, E 150.950, N 5888.450 VES No. 37 was conducted. A layer at 40 m depth
with a resistivity of 77 ohmm the top of which is interpreted as the Static Water Level (SWL) of the
groundwater in that site which is the real SWL measured in the well. CONCLUSION In this study
Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) survey were carried out at many different sites in the Aqaba area
using the Schlumberger electrode configuration. Field surveys were conducted with the Electrical
Resistivity Imaging (ERI) technique, Electrokinetic System (EKS) sounding technique and Radon
(222 Rn) technique with the objectives of determining the best geophysical methods for borehole
siting and its efficiency in the Volta Basin (VB) in the Northern Region of Ghana. The rapid
development in the geophysical techniques is offering reliable to great variety of environmental
problems. There are direct and indirect of geophysical methods for determining the resistivity and
thickness of the layer using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data. There are done in selected
locations in the field, depending on the objective, a net or profile-arrangement is used. The third
layer has relatively high resistivity (the resistivity is about 334 ohmm or more). Read More
SCHLUMBERGER VERTICAL SOUNDINGS: TECHNIQUES AND. In each single sounding,
direct current is applied to the earth through current. It is interpreted as a basement complex and it
occurs at a depth of about 125 m beneath VES 38. The SYSCAL R1 includes a transmitter and
receiver within one single compact box. Read Article Vertical Electrical Sounding Of Water-Bearing
Sub-Surface Of. The ERI, EKS and 222 Rn are efficient to identify discontinuities, calculate
hydraulic conductivity of discontinuities and identify areas of water circulation respectively. Several
subsurface faults were detected along this section. VES No 42 lies in the vicinity of the palm forest
well No 2. All surveys are designed to comply with the Ausgrid Network Standard NS116. Many
authors have observed the effect of nonlayered structures located in the vicinity of vertical electrical
soundings ( Queralt et al., 1991 ). Numerous consequences of unsustainable groundwater use are
becoming increasingly evident owing to cover-increasing demand for water supplies and increasing
pollution and they key concern is to maintain a long-term sustainable yield from aquifer ( Todd and
Mays, 2005 ). The surrounding rock can be modeled as a set of parallel resistors. The top layers have
a maximum resistivity of 2642 ohmm below VES 50. Contact us to speak to one of our team about
how we can be of assistance for your design project. The physical dimension of specific resistivity is
ohm meter (ohmm). Emad Akawwi, Abdallah Al-Zoubi, AbdelRahman Abu-Alades and Rami Al-
Rzouq, 2014. It is one of the oldest methods for acquiring resistivity and one of the least expensive
to conduct per unit depth. GBG combines industry-proven geophysical methods, geotechnical
physical characterisation, hydrogeological modeling and assessment, and airborne methods for point-
based data capture in assessing your requirements. Resistivity of the second layer ranges between 26
and 110 ohmm. Science Alert works with a wide variety of publishers, including academic societies,
universities, and commercial publishers. Its thickness ranges from 15 m beneath VES 50 m and up to
42 m beneath VES 49. Return Doc Application Of Vertical Electrical Method In Groundwater. The
aim was to provide a data base for sustainable groundwater development in the study area. It was
used also to locate faults, dykes and other geological structures. Ancient boreholes made in the area
of study corroborate the interpreted lithology.