electronics
Article
Design of a MIMO Antenna with High Gain and Enhanced
Isolation for WLAN Applications
He Peng, Ruixing Zhi, Qichao Yang, Jing Cai, Yi Wan and Gui Liu *






Citation: Peng, H.; Zhi, R.; Yang, Q.;
Cai, J.; Wan, Y.; Liu, G. Design of a
MIMO Antenna with High Gain and
Enhanced Isolation for WLAN
Applications. Electronics 2021, 10,
1659. https://doi.org/10.3390/
electronics10141659
Academic Editor: Emilio Arnieri
Received: 7 May 2021
Accepted: 8 July 2021
Published: 12 July 2021
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
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iations.
Copyright: © 2021 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
4.0/).
Electronics 2021, 10, 1659. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141659
College of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China;
184511087167@stu.wzu.edu.cn (H.P.); 16451186183@stu.wzu.edu.cn (R.Z.); 194511881381@stu.wzu.edu.cn (Q.Y.);
20451941040@stu.wzu.edu.cn (J.C.); jsj_yiwan@wzu.edu.cn (Y.W.)
* Correspondence: gliu@wzu.edu.cn
Abstract: A multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN)
applications operating in 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz frequency bands is proposed in this paper. The
proposed dual-band MIMO antenna is composed of two symmetrical radiation elements, and the
isolation performance is improved by adopting parasitic elements and a defective ground plane. The
measured reflection coefficients are less than −10 dB in the bandwidth range of 2.12–2.8 GHz and
4.95–6.65 GHz, respectively. The measurements show excellent isolation of −21 dB and −15 dB in
both desired frequency bands, respectively. The total peak gain is greater than 4.8 dBi. The calculated
envelope correlation coefficients (ECC), based on the measured S-parameters, are smaller than 0.01
and 0.024 in the lower and higher frequency bands, respectively. The dimension of the presented
antenna occupies 50 × 40 × 1.59 mm3 . It is suitable for IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n (2.4–2.4835 GHz,
5.15–5.35 GHz and 5.725–5.85 GHz) WLAN applications.
Keywords: multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO); wireless local area network (WLAN); dual-band
antenna; IEEE 802.11
1. Introduction
In recent years, the available wireless communication spectrum has faced a high
degree of traffic limitation due to rapid growth in the number of subscribers, and the need
for a higher data transmission rate, better reliability and spectrum allocation efficiency
has stimulated considerable research on multiple-input multiple-output technology [1–3].
In addition, in order to enable modern mobile devices to operate at multiple frequencies,
miniaturized multi-band antennas are required.
It is challenging work to improve the isolation of a MIMO antenna, and so various
methods have been proposed [1–11]. Several decoupling technologies, such as a neutraliza-
tion line (NL) [2,3], parasitic elements [4,5] and a defected ground structure (DGS) [6–8],
have been presented. However, decoupling technology requires a certain amount of space
to increase isolation, which limits the miniaturization of the antenna. In addition, some
shapes of isolation elements have also been used to improve MIMO performance, such as
quasi-loops on the outermost ground planes [9], a T-shaped slot on the ground plane [10]
and four identical octagonal-shaped radiating elements [11]. Recently, metamaterials [12]
have been applied to various mobile terminals, such as artificial magnetic conductor
(AMC) [13], also called meta-surface or reactive impedance surface (RIS) [14]. Nevertheless,
a method of designing antennas with miniaturized, excellent isolation and low correlation
is still a challenge [15,16].
In this work, a dual-band high-gain MIMO antenna, which occupies an area of
50 × 40 mm, is presented. The antenna element is composed of two semicircular annulars
with rectangular microstrips. The two elements of the antenna are placed symmetrically,
and a pair of h-shaped slots are etched on the ground plane. The defects on the ground
affect the current distribution, reduce the coupling between ports and increase the isolation
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/electronics
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Electronics 2021, 10, 1659 2 of 10

the current distribution, reduce the coupling between ports and increase the isolation to
to improve
improve thethe antenna
antenna radiation
radiation efficiency.
efficiency. The polarization
The polarization of theofproposed
the proposed antenna
antenna is lin-
ear polarization. It shows excellent antenna performance at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz, GHz,
is linear polarization. It shows excellent antenna performance at 2.4 GHz and 5.8 espe-
especially
cially in terms
in terms of gain
of gain betterbetter
thanthan 4.8 and
4.8 dBi dBi and isolation
isolation better
better thanthan 15 respectively.
15 dB, dB, respectively.

2. Antenna Design
2. Antenna Design
Table 1 shows some performance requirements of the MIMO antenna design process.
Table 1 shows some performance requirements of the MIMO antenna design process.
The simulation software of this antenna design is high-frequency structure simulation
The simulation software of this antenna design is high-frequency structure simulation
(HFSS).
(HFSS).
Table 1. Some performance requirements of the antenna.
Table 1. Some performance requirements of the antenna.
Types of Antenna WLAN MIMO Antenna
Types of Antenna WLAN MIMO Antenna
Frequency 2.4–2.4385 GHz and 5.725–5.8 GHz
Frequency 2.4–2.4385 GHz and 5.725–5.8 GHz
IsolationIsolation
(dB) (dB) >15 dB >15 dB
ECC ECC <0.3 <0.3

Figure
Figure 11 shows
shows the
the geometry
geometry of
of the
the proposed
proposed dual-band
dual-band MIMOMIMO antenna.
antenna. The
The antenna
antenna
was fabricated
was fabricated on a FR4
on a FR4 substrate with εεrr of
substrate with of 4.4,
4.4, tan
tan δδ of
of 0.02
0.02 and
and aa thickness
thickness ofof 1.59
1.59 mm.
mm.
The proposed
The proposed antenna
antenna radiation
radiation element
element consists
consists of
of aa pair
pair of
of symmetrical
symmetrical semicircular
semicircular
annular
annular microstrip lines and
microstrip lines and zigzag
zigzag rectangular
rectangular microstrip
microstrip lines,
lines, which
which cleverly
cleverly allocates
allocates
higher and lower frequencies to different locations on the top view view of of the
the substrate.
substrate. The
feed lines with a width of 3 mm areare used
used for
for better
better impedance
impedance matching.
matching. On the bottom
view of the substrate, the methods of isolation are to etch two symmetrical h-shaped slots
on the ground plane and to form a fork-shaped microstrip
microstrip line.
line.

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure 1.
1. Geometry
Geometry of
of the
the proposed
proposed antenna.
antenna. (a)
(a) Top view; (b)
Top view; (b) bottom
bottom view.
view.

As shown in Figure 2, the evolution of the designed antenna structure and simulated
S11
11 and
and SS2222are
arelisted.
listed. The
The introduction
introduction of the zigzag rectangular
rectangular microstrip
microstriplines
linesininAnt.
Ant.2 2
can tune both the S11 11 and
and the
the SS22
22 of
ofAnt.
Ant. 11to
tothe
the higher
higher frequencies
frequencies in
in the
the higher
higher frequency
frequency
band, while
while those
thosein inthe
thelower
lowerfrequency
frequencyband band remain
remain almost
almost unchanged.
unchanged. TheThe introduc-
introduction
tion
of theoffork-shaped
the fork-shaped microstrip
microstrip line inline
Ant.in3 Ant. 3 cantoused
can used to improve
improve the isolation
the isolation S21 of theSAnt.
21 of

2. However,
the the S11 ofthe
Ant. 2. However, Ant.
S11 3ofinAnt.3
the lower-frequency band deteriorates
in the lower-frequency to a certain
band deteriorates extent.
to a certain
Finally,Finally,
extent. the twothe symmetrical h-shaped
two symmetrical slots onslots
h-shaped the on
ground plane reduce
the ground the influence
plane reduce of
the influ-
the neutralization
ence current on
of the neutralization the S11on
current , sothe
thatSthe S11that
11, so parameter
the S11 in the lower-frequency
parameter band
in the lower-fre-
is significantly
quency band isimproved.
significantly improved.
Electronics 2021,
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3 of

(a)
0

-10
S11 (dB)

-20
Ant. 1
Ant. 2
Ant. 3
-30 Ant. Proposed

2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequence (GHz)

(b)

-10

-20
S21 (dB)

-30

Ant. 1
Ant. 2
-40 Ant. 3
Ant. Proposed

2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequence (GHz)
(c)
Figure
2. 2. Evolutionofofthe
Evolution theproposed
proposedantenna.
antenna. (a)
(a) Structure
Structure of
ofantenna
antenna1,1,2 2and
and3 and proposed;
3 and (b)(b)
proposed; simulated S11;S(c);simu-
simulated
Figure 11 (c)
lated S21.
simulated S21 .

In In a radiation
a radiation unit,
unit, thethe value
value of width,
of width, W5, W5, canused
can be be used to adjust
to adjust the bandwidth
the bandwidth of the of
the resonant frequencies. Figure 3a shows the simulated reflection coefficients
resonant frequencies. Figure 3a shows the simulated reflection coefficients of the proposed of the pro-
posed antenna with different values of W5. It can be seen that the −10 dB
antenna with different values of W5. It can be seen that the −10 dB bandwidth fully meets bandwidth fully
themeets the frequency
required required frequency band at 2.4–2.4835
band at 2.4–2.4835 GHz when GHz when
the W5 the W5
is 2 mm. is 2 3b
Figure mm. Figure
shows the3b
shows the
isolation isolation
S21 is S21−
less than is15
less
dBthan
at all−15 dB at all
required required bands.
bands.
 Electronics2021,
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10

(a)

(b)
Figure 3. Simulated parameters with different values of W5. (a) Reflection coefficients; (b) isolation.
Figure 3. Simulated parameters with different values of W5 . (a) Reflection coefficients; (b) isolation.

Adjusting
Adjustingthe
thefrequency
frequencyof ofthe
thehigher-frequency
higher-frequencyband,
band,as asshown
shownininFigure
Figure4a,
4a,can
canbebe
achieved by optimizing the value of R while the lower frequency band
achieved by optimizing the value of R1 , while the lower frequency band is unchanged.
1, is unchanged.
After
Afteroptimization,
optimization, the
the optimal
optimal size
size of
of the
the parameter
parameter RR is
is 8.8 mm. The
8.8 mm. The −10
−10dBdBimpedance
impedance
bandwidth
bandwidth can meet the requirements of band coverage. Figure 4b shows the isolation
can meet the requirements of band coverage. Figure 4b shows the isolation SS21
21
isisless
lessthan
than−15
−15dBdBatatallallrequired
requiredbands
bandsasaswell.
well.
Figure 5 shows the simulated current distribution of the antenna. When the antenna
functions at 2.4 GHz, the current is mainly concentrated on the entire semicircular annular.
When the frequency rises to 5.5 GHz, the current is concentrated on the rectangular rod.
 Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 11

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(a)

(a)

(b)
Figure 4. Simulated parameters with different values of R1. (a) Reflection coefficients; (b) isolation.

Figure 5 shows the simulated current distribution of the antenna. When the antenna
(b)
functions at 2.4 GHz, the current is mainly concentrated on the entire semicircular annu-
lar. 4.
Figure
When the frequency rises to 5.5 GHz, theofcurrent is concentrated on the rectangular
FigureSimulated
rod.
parameters
4. Simulated with
parameters different
with values
different values Rof1.R(a) Reflection coefficients; (b) isolation.
1 . (a) Reflection coefficients; (b) isolation.

Figure 5 shows the simulated current distribution of the antenna. When the antenna
functions at 2.4 GHz, the current is mainly concentrated on the entire semicircular annu-
lar. When the frequency rises to 5.5 GHz, the current is concentrated on the rectangular
rod.

(a) (b)

Figure 5. Simulated current distribution at two frequencies. (a) 2.4 GHz; (b) 5.5 GHz.

The optimized antenna dimensions (in millimeters) are shown in Table 2.

(a) (b)
Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 11

Figure 5. Simulated current distribution at two frequencies. (a) 2.4 GHz; (b) 5.5 GHz.
Electronics 2021, 10, 1659 6 of 10
The optimized antenna dimensions (in millimeters) are shown in Table 2

Table 2. Parameters of the proposed antenna (unit: mm).

Table 2. Parameters of the proposed antenna (unit: mm).
Parameters Value Parameters Value Parameters Value
W1
Parameters 23
Value W2
Parameters 0.5
Value W3
Parameters 2
Value
WW14 2.5
23 WW25 2
0.5 W
W36 32
W47 10.5
2.5 W58 232 W69 3
WW107 10.5
0.4 WW118 23
9.5 WW129 3
1.4
W10 0.4 W11 9.5 W12 1.4
W13 0.5 W14 1.3 W15 0.8
W13 0.5 W14 1.3 W15 0.8
L
L11 22 L
L22 11 L3
L 4.4
4.4
3
L44 11
11 L55 10.6
10.6 L66
L 5
L7 0.5
0.5 L8 15 L9 21
L
L10
10
5.7
5.7 L
L11
11
9.5
9.5 L
L12
12
R 8.8 R 5.8
R11 8.8 R22 5.8

Figure 66 shows
Figure shows the
the actual
actual shape
shape of
of the
the proposed
proposed antenna.
antenna.

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure 6.
6. The
The actual
actual picture
picture of
of the
the antenna.
antenna. (a)
(a) Top
Top view;
view; (b)
(b) bottom view.
bottom view.

Results and
3. Results and Discussion
Discussion
The S-parameters
The S-parameters of of the antenna
antenna port are measured by the PNA N5224A network
The measurement
analyzer. The measurement results
results are compared with the simulation results. Figure 7
measured reflection
shows the simulated and measured reflection coefficients
coefficientsSS1111 of the proposed antenna. The
measured −10
measured −10dB dB impedance
impedance bandwidths
bandwidths are are 680
680 MHz
MHz (2.12–2.8
(2.12–2.8 GHz)
GHz) and 1700 MHz
(4.95–6.65 GHz)
(4.95–6.65 GHz)in inthe
thedesired
desiredfrequency
frequency bands, respectively.
bands, respectively. When
Whenthethe
reflection coefficient
reflection coeffi-
of the port is tested, the measured results have a shift of the resonant frequencies
cient of the port is tested, the measured results have a shift of the resonant frequencies compared
with the simulation.
compared The S11 is The
with the simulation. less Sthan −10than
11 is less dB, which
−10 dB,meets
whichthe requirements
meets in both
the requirements
bands of interest.
in both bands of interest.
As shown in Figure 8, the isolation of the antenna can be evaluated by S21 . The
measured S21 at the operating frequency bands (2.4–2.4835 GHz and 5.15–5.85 GHz) are
less than −15 dB.
Figure 9 shows the measurement results of the peak gain and efficiency of the proposed
antenna. It can be seen that the peak gain and radiation efficiency have the same trend.
The measured peak gains are about 6.4 dBi and 4.8 dBi in the frequency band required, and
the radiation efficiencies at this time are 68.26% (65.03~75%) and 51.36% (48.60~52.28%),
respectively.
Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 11

Electronics 2021, 10, 1659 7 of 10

Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 11

Figure 7. Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the proposed antenna.

As shown in Figure 8, the isolation of the antenna can be evaluated by S21., The meas-
ured S21 at the operating frequency bands (2.4–2.4835 GHz and 5.15–5.85 GHz) are less
Figure 7. Simulated and measured reflection coefficients of the proposed antenna.
Figure 7. Simulated
than −15 dB. and measured reflection coefficients of the proposed antenna.

As shown in Figure 8, the isolation of the antenna can be evaluated by S21., The meas-
ured S21 at the operating frequency bands (2.4–2.4835 GHz and 5.15–5.85 GHz) are less
than −15 dB.

Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 11

Figure 8.
Figure 8. Simulated
Simulated and
and measured
measured isolation
isolation of
of the
the proposed
proposedantenna.
antenna.

Figure 9 shows the measurement results of the peak gain and efficiency of the pro-
posed antenna. It can be seen that the peak gain and radiation efficiency have the same
Figure 8. Simulated and measured isolation of the proposed antenna.
trend. The measured peak gains are about 6.4 dBi and 4.8 dBi in the frequency band re-
quired, and 9the
Figure radiation
shows efficiencies at
the measurement this time
results are
of the 68.26%
peak gain(65.03%~75%)
and efficiencyand 51.36%
of the pro-
(48.60%~52.28%), respectively.
posed antenna. It can be seen that the peak gain and radiation efficiency have the same
trend. The measured peak gains are about 6.4 dBi and 4.8 dBi in the frequency band re-
quired, and the radiation efficiencies at this time are 68.26% (65.03%~75%) and 51.36%
(48.60%~52.28%), respectively.

Figure 9. Measured peak gain and radiation efficiency.

Figure 9. Measured peak gain and radiation efficiency.

The proposed antenna test environment is carried out in a microwave anechoic

chamber. Since the two antenna elements have the same structure and size, one port is
excited, and the other port is connected by a 50 Ω load terminal. Figure 10 shows the nor-
malized radiation polarization of the antenna operating at 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz. Co-po-
Electronics 2021, 10, 1659 8 of 10
Figure 9. Measured peak gain and radiation efficiency.

The proposed antenna test environment is carried out in a microwave anechoic

chamber. Since theantenna
The proposed two antenna elements have
test environment the same
is carried out instructure and size,
a microwave one port
anechoic cham-is
excited,
ber. Sinceandthethe
twoother port is
antenna connected
elements havebythe
a 50 Ω load
same terminal.
structure andFigure 10 shows
size, one port is the nor-
excited,
malized radiation
and the other port polarization
is connected ofbythe Ω load operating
a 50antenna at 2.4 GHz
terminal. Figure and 5.5
10 shows theGHz. Co-po-
normalized
larization and cross-polarization
radiation polarization are demonstrated
of the antenna operating at 2.4 byGHz
a blackandsolid line and
5.5 GHz. a red dashed
Co-polarization
line, respectively. It can
and cross-polarization arebe observed that
demonstrated by the antenna
a black solid presents
line and aa red
half-end
dashed fire radiation
line, respec-
tively. Iton
pattern canthe
beEobserved
plane andthat the antenna presents a radiation
a quasi-omnidirectional half-end fire radiation
pattern on thepattern on The
h plane. the
E plane and
welding a quasi-omnidirectional
effect of the SMA connector radiation
may causepattern
the on the h plane.ofThe
deterioration thewelding effect of
high-frequency
the SMA connector
radiation pattern. may cause the deterioration of the high-frequency radiation pattern.

Electronics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 11

(a) (b)

(c) (d)
Figure 10.
Figure 10. Radiation
Radiation polarization
polarization of
of the
the proposed
proposed antenna.
antenna. (a)
(a) 2.4
2.4 GHz
GHz E-plane;
E-plane; (b)
(b) 2.4
2.4 GHz
GHz H-plane;
H-plane; (c)
(c) 5.5
5.5 GHz
GHz E-plane;
E-plane;
(d) 5.5 GHz H-plane.
(d) 5.5 GHz H-plane.

The
The envelope
envelope correlation coefficient (ECC)
correlation coefficient (ECC) is
is aa significant
significant parameter
parameter used
used to
to describe
describe
the degree of
the degree of correlation
correlation between
between communication
communication channels.
channels. Taking
Taking the
the proposed
proposed dual-
dual-
element MIMO antenna
element MIMO antenna as
as an
an example,
example, its
its ECC
ECC value
value can
can be
be expressed
expressed as:
as:
 ∗ *0 '  2
∗S * 0S '2
S S11 S12++S21
S12 S2222
21
ρe =ρ
e =
11
(1)
( ( )) ( ( ))
    (1)
|S11S|2 +2 |+S21S|2 2 11−− |SS22 |22 +
1 −1 − |
+ S12
S |22
11 21 22 12

∗ ∗ 0
where S11 ∗ and S21∗are the imaginary parts of S11 and S21 parameters, respectively. S12 and
where
0 and are the imaginary parts of S11 and S21 parameters, respectively.
S22 are the real parts of S12 and S22 parameters, respectively.
and are the real parts of S12 and S22 parameters, respectively.
In general, an ECC value of less than 0.3 is within the limits [17,18]. For a wireless
communication system, the lower envelope coefficient can obtain the larger channel ca-
pacity. Figure 11 shows the calculated ECC values of the fabricated antenna, which are
smaller than 0.01 and 0.024 at 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz, respectively.
 element MIMO antenna as an example, its ECC value can be expressed as:
2
S11* S12' + S21
* '
S22
ρe =
( ( )) ( ( ))
2 2 2 2
(1)
Electronics 2021, 10, 1659
1 − S11 + S21 1 − S22 + S12 9 of 10

where ∗ and ∗ are the imaginary parts of S11 and S21 parameters, respectively.
and are the real parts of S12 and S22 parameters, respectively.
In
In general,
general, an
an ECC
ECC value
value ofof less
less than
than0.3
0.3isiswithin
withinthethelimits
limits[17,18].
[17,18]. For
For aawireless
wireless
communication
communicationsystem,
system,thethelower
lowerenvelope
envelope coefficient
coefficientcancan
obtain thethe
obtain larger channel
larger capac-
channel ca-
ity. Figure 11 shows the calculated ECC values of the fabricated antenna, which
pacity. Figure 11 shows the calculated ECC values of the fabricated antenna, which are are smaller
than 0.01than
smaller and 0.01
0.024and
at 2.4 GHz
0.024 andGHz
at 2.4 5.5 GHz, respectively.
and 5.5 GHz, respectively.

Figure 11. Calculated ECC of the MIMO antenna system.

Figure 11. Calculated ECC of the MIMO antenna system.

In Table 3, the operating frequency band, minimum isolation, peak gain and size of the
proposed antenna are compared with some recently reported dual-band MIMO antennas.
The results show that the proposed design exhibits good performance in peak gain.

Table 3. Performance comparison with recently published work.

Operating Frequency Minimum Peak Gain

Reference Size (mm3 )
Bands (GHz) Isolation (dB) (dBi)
2.2–3.8
[4] >15 2.8 30 × 26 × 1.6
5.7–6.2
1.73–2.28
[6] >10 2.33 50 × 110 × 1.56
2.45
2.9–5.3
[10] >14 4 26 × 26 × 0.762
5.3–5.8
2.25–3.15 5.59
[16] >15 50 × 50 × 1.59
4.89–5.95 5.63
2.12–2.8
This work >15 6.4 50 × 40 × 1.59
4.95–6.65

4. Conclusions
A novel dual-band MIMO antenna is presented in this paper. The antenna uses a
pair of symmetrical antenna elements to radiate the frequency band of interest, and the
parasitic elements and defective ground form an outstanding isolation of better than 15 dB,
which improves the radiation efficiency of the proposed antenna. The measured−10 dB
impedance bandwidth can cover the 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz WLAN frequency band. The
ECC, calculated based on measured S-parameters, is within the acceptable threshold. The
comparison between measurement results and simulation results is relatively successful.
The proposed antenna has excellent characteristics for WLAN applications

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, H.P. and R.Z.; methodology, H.P.; data curation, R.Z. and
Q.Y.; investigation, J.C.; measurement, J.C.; writing—original draft preparation, H.P.; writing—review
Electronics 2021, 10, 1659 10 of 10

and editing, Y.W.; supervision and funding acquisition, G.L. All authors have read and agreed to the
published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research work was partially funded by the Science and Technology Department of
Zhejiang Province under Grant No. LGG19F010009, National Natural Science Foundation of China
under Grant No. 61671330, and Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Program under Grant
No. C20170005 and No.2018ZG019.
Data Availability Statement: The data supporting this research article are available upon request to
the corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication
of this manuscript.

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