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    Book 2020-03-05 18.28.36

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    Rahul Kumar

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    SLORY TL] Knowledge ee | 1 | Success Elementary Computer Application Software Based onCBCS Pattern Vm foe Scanned with CamScanner Unit 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM Unit 2; MICROSOFT OFFICE 2007 AND LATEST VERSIONS . MCQ SET . MCQ SET MCQSET | MCQ SET . MCQ SET . MCQ SET |. MCQ SET . MOQ SET . MCQ SET 10. McQ SET ll. McQ SET .McQ SET © ANSWERS Scanned with CamScanner UNIT-A INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEM Basic Computer Concept ' A computer is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes the input as per user instructions and provides output in desired format. Block Diagram of a computer Arithmet Control Uni Input Unit Output Unit The basic parts of a computer are as follows— e Input Unit—Devices like keyboard and mouse that are used to input data and instructions to the computer are called input unit. © Output Unit—Devices like printer and visual display unit that are used to provide information to the user in desired format are called output unit. © Control Unit—This unit controls all the functions of the computer. All devices or parts of computer interact through the control unit. © Arithmetic Logic Unit—This is the brain of the computer where all arithmetic ‘operations and logical operations take place. © = Memory—All input data, instructions and data are stored in the memory. Memory is of two types—primary memory Characteristics of Computer © Speed—typically, a computer can cai @ Accuracy—Computers exhibit a, may occur are usually due to jj chips ~ all human errors. fat 3-4 million instructions per high degree of accuracy. Errors th: curate data, wrong instructions or bug in Scanned with CamScanner 2 | Elementary Computer Application Software Reliability—Computers can carry out same type of work repeatedly without ° throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom, which are very common among humans. © Versatility—Computers can carry out a wide range of work from data entry and ticket booking to complex mathematical calculations © Storage Capacity—Computers can store a very large amount of data at a fraction of cost of traditional storage of files. Also, data is safe from normal wear and tear associated with paper. Input Output Devices Input Devices Keyboard s Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to yboard is like that of traditional input data to the computer. The layout of the keyboa o iti although there are some additional keys provided for performing additional typewriter, functions. Keyboard keys. Keyboards are generally of 104 keys or 108 The keys on the keyboard are as follows— S.No Keys & Description 1. Typing Keys. These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (09) which generally give the same layout as that of typewriters. 2. Numeric Keypad. It is used to enter the numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machines and calculators. 3. Function Keys. The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has a unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose. Control keys. These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes 4. four directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc). Special Purpose Keys. Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen, Mouse Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It sends corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed. St ENTS Scanned with CamScanner Introduction to Computer System | 3 Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between the buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer. Mouse Joystick Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions. Joystick The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games. Scanner Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further manipulation. Scanner Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a digital form that can be stored on the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed. SHII LENS Scanned with CamScanner 4 | Elementary Computer Application Software WebCam A webcam is a hardware camera and input device that connects to a computer and the Internet and captures cither still pictures or motion video of a user or other object. Webcam Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR) MICR input device is generally used in banks as there are large number of cheques to be processed every day. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable. Optical Character Reader (OCR) OCR is an input device used to read a printed text. OCR scans the text optically, character by character, converts them into a machine readable code, and stores the text on the system memory. Bar Code Readers Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading pays bar coded data (data in the form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a handheld scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner. See U3 pre pg ee - - ee Tt Scanned with CamScanner Introduction to Computer System | 5 Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image. converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the computer that the bar code reader is connected to. Optical Mark Reader (OMR) OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked. It is specially used for checking multiple choice questions. Output devices Soft Copy Devices Monitors Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU), are the main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of pixels. ‘There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors. @ Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) © Flat-Panel Display Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor The CRT display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution. ! CRT Monitor A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided into a series of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be placed. Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically. ‘There are some disadvantages of CRT— © Large in Size © High power consumption Se ee er Scanned with CamScanner 6 | Elementary Computer Application Software Flat-Panel Display Monitor The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power requirement in comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists. Current uses of flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computer, and graphics display. Flat-Panel Display Monitor The flat-panel display is divided into two categories— © Enmissive Displays— Emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. For example, plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes). © Non-Emissive Displays— Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. For example, LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device). Projectors ‘A projector is an output device that can take images generated by a computer or Blu-ray player and reproduce them onto a screen, wall, or other surface. Projectors Speakers Acomputer speaker is a hardware device that connects to a computer to generate sound. The signal used to produce the sound that comes from a computer speaker is created by the computer’s sound card. Hard Copy Devices Printers s Printer is an output device, which is used to print information on paper. Scanned with CamScanner Introduction to Computer System | 7 There are two types of printers— © Impact Printers © Non-Impact Printers Impact Printers—Impact printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then pressed on the paper. ! Characteristics of Impact Printers are the following— @ Very low consumable costs @ Very noisy © Useful for bulk printing due to low cost @ There is physical contact with the paper to produce an image— These printers are of two types— Character printers Line printers Character Printers Character printers are the printers which print one character at a time. ‘These are further divided into two types : Dot Matrix Printer (DMP) Daisy Wheel Dot Matrix Printer In the market, one of the most popular printers ig Dot Matrix Printer. These printers are popular because of their ease of printing and economical price. Each character printed is in the form of pattern of dots and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out to form a character which is why it is called Dot Matrix Printer. Advantages @ Inexpensive © Widely Used © Other language characters can be printed Disadvantages © Slow Speed @ Poor Quality Non-impact Printers Non-impact printers print the characters without using the ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a time, thus they are also called as Page Printers. ‘These printers are of two types— © Laser Printers © Inkjet Printers Dot Matrix Printer Scanned with CamScanner 8 | Elementary Computer Application Software Characteristics of Non-impact Printers © Faster than impact printers . . © They are not noisy © High quality © Supports many fonts and different character size Laser Printers duce the dots These are non-impact page printers. They use laser needed to form the characters to be printed on a page. ights to Pr Laser Printers Advantages © Very high speed © Very high quality output © Good graphics quality © Supports many fonts and different character size Disadvantages © Expensive © Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a document Inkjet Printers Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output with presentable features. They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have many. styles of printing modes available. Color printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple copies of printing also. Advantages © High quality printing © More reliable Disadvantages © Expensive as the cost per page is high © Slow as compared to laser printer She EL rs asingle printing Inkjet Printers Scanned with CamScanner Introduction to Computer System | 9 Plotters A plotter can be used to produce very large drawings on paper sizes up to AO (16 times as,big as A4). A plotter draws onto the paper using very fine pens. There are two types of plotter. They differ in the way that the pen can be moved about on the piece of paper to draw lines : ‘© Flatbed Plotter—The paper is fixed and the pen moves left and right and up and down across the paper to draw lines. © Drum Plotter—The pen moves up and down on the paper and the paper is moved left and right by rotating a drum.on which the paper is placed. Plotters Computer Memory and Processors Memory It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Memory hierarchy Memory hierarchy is a concept that manipulate data. Computer memory is classified in the below hierarchy. necessary for the CPU to be able to Access Time( Increasing) Storage (Increasing) Main Memory or RAM 1. Internal register is for holding the temporary results and variables. Accessing data from these registers is the fastest way of accessing memory. 2. Cache is used by the CPU for memory which is being accessed over and over again. Instead of pulling it every time from the main memory, it is put in cache for fast access. It is also a smaller memory, however, larger than internal re; ister. SEL Scanned with CamScanner ee 10_| Elementary Computer Application Software ther classified to L1, L2 and L3 sed without any d to access than LI cache, Cache is @) LI cache : it is ace: (b) L2 cache : It takes more clock cye (©) L3 cache : It takes more clock cycles to access than L2 cache. 3. Main memory or RAM (Random Access Memory) : It is a type of the computer memory and re component. It can be increased provided the operating system can handle it. 4. Hard disk : A hard disk 1s a hardwa:e component in a computer. Data is kept permanently in this memory. Memory from hard disk is not directly accessed by the CPU, hence it is slower. As compared with RAM, hard disk is cheaper per bit. Magnetic tape : Magnetic tape memory is usually used for backing up large data, When the system needs to access a tape, it is first mounted to access the sed, it is then unmounted. The memory access and it usually takes few minutes to access a 1 hard data, When the data is access time is slower in magnetic tape tape. Primary Memory Main Memory) 5 only those data and instructions on which the computer in hi is a ering I sas linjited capacity and data is lost when power is switched vie It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM. : Characteristics of Main Memory — ‘@ These are semiconductor memories. It is known as the main memory. Usually volatile memory. ; Data is Jost in case power is switched off. Inis the working memory of the computer. Faster than secondary memories. ‘Acomputer cannot rup without the primary memory. o a stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer backup Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) RAM is volatile, i.e.. dat “ocif'there isa power failure. Hence, a often used with computers. RAM is of two types— © Static RAM (SRAM) _.. © Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Static RAM (SRAM)—The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied. However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature Characteristic of Static RAM - © Long life © No need to refresh @ Faster WLS TST) Scanned with CamScanner Introduction to Computer System | 11 @ Used as cache memory @ Large size @ Expensive @ High power consumption Dynamic RAM (DRAM) DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. Characteristics of Dynamic RAM @ Short data lifetime Needs to be refreshed continuously Slower as compared to SRAM Used as RAM Smaller in size Less expensive Less power consumption ROM stands for Read Only Memory—The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of | memory is non~ volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave oven. Rom Various types of ROMs and Their Characteristics PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory) PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters the desired contents using a PROM program.’ It can be programmed only once and is not erasable. EPROM (Fracable and Procrammahle Read Qnlv Memorv) Scanned with CamScanner % 12 _| Elementary Computer Application Software Advantages of ROM The advantages of ROM are as follows — © Non-volatile in nature . | © Cannot be accidentally changed ! © Cheaper than RAMs © Easy to test © More reliable than RAMs © Static and do not require refreshing © Contents are always known and can be verified Secondary Memory If we need to store large amount of data or programs permanently, we need; cheaper and permanent memory. Such memory is called secondary memory. ‘Characteristics of Secondary Memory these are some characteristics of secondary memory, which distinguish it from primary memory— It is non-volatile, i.e., it retains data. when power is switched off. It is large capacities to the tune of terabytes. * It is cheaper as compared to primary memory. Hard Disk Drive Hard disk drive is made up of a series of circular disks called platters arranged one over the other almost ¥% inches apart around a spindle. Disks are made of non- magnetic material like aluminum alloy and coated with 10-20 nm of magnetic material. Hard Disk Data is stored by magnetizing or demagnetizing the magnetic coating. A magnetic reader arm is used to read data from and write data to the disks. A typical modem HDD has capacity in terabytes (TB). : CD Drive . * €D stands for Compact Disk. CDs are circular disks’ that use optical rays, usually lasers, to read and write data. They are very cheap. There are three type§ of CDs— © CD-ROM (Compact Disk — Read Only Memory)—The data on these CDs are recorded by the manufacturer. Proprietary Software, audio or video are released on CD-ROMs. © CD-R (Compact Disk — Recordable)—Data can. be written by the user once on the CD-R. It cannot be deleted or modified later. SET Scanned with CamScanner Introduction to Computer System | 13 © CD-RW (Compact Disk — Rewritable) ” Data can be written and deleted on these optical disks again and again. DVD Drive DVD stands for Digital Video Display. DVD are optical devices that can store 15 times the data held by CDs. They are usually used to store rich multimedia files that need high storage capacity. DVDs also come in three varieties — read only, recordable and rewritable. DVD Drive Pen Drive z Pen drive is a portable memory device that uses solid state memory rather than magnetic fields or lasers to record data. It useg:a technology similar to RAM, except that it is nonvolatile. It is also called USB drive, key drive or flash memory. Pen Drive Blu Ray Disk Blu Ray Disk (BD) is an optical storage media used to store high definition (HD) video and other multimedia filed. BD uses shorter wavelength laser as compared to CD/DVD. This enables writing arm to focus more tightly on the disk and hence pack in more data. BDs can store up to 128 GB data. Magnetic Disk Partitions + Before a hard disk can be used it must be partitioned and formatted. Partitioning determines how many drives you will end up with, and how big they are. In the DOS/Windows world, this is done with a program called FDISK.EXE. Se ELLY Scanned with CamScanner 14 | Elementary Computer Application Software There are three types of partitions : primary partitions, extended partitions a logical drives. A disk may contain up to four primary partitions (only one of whieh can be active), or three primary partitions and one extended partition. Formatting encodes the disk with the information necessary for data to stored on it : the Master Boot Record and the File Allocation Tables. This is done with a program called FORMAT.COM. File System A file system or filesystem controls how data is stored and retrieved. Withoy, a-file system, information placed in a storage medium would be one large body of data with no way to tell where one piece of information stops and the next begins, Windows makes use of the FAT, NTFS, exFAT etc. Basic Processor Architecture Instruction Decetic and Protetch Unit Branch Frodietor Integer ALU ree Execution Code Cache TN ene | dam Ux be-bitBus, Data Level Cacho Bus Irtertace ‘A Pentium processor's major functional components are— ’ © Core : The heart of a Pentium is the execution unit. The Pentium has two parallel integer pipelines enabling it to read, interpret, execute and despatch two instructions simultaneously. @ Branch Predictor : The branch prediction unit tries to guess which sequence will be executed cach time the program contains a conditional jump, so that the Prefetch and Decode Unit can get the instructions ready in advance. © Floating Point Unit : The third execution unit in a Pentium, where non- integer calculations are performed. © Level 1 Cache : The Pentium has two on-chip caches of 8KB each, one for code and one for data, which are far quicker than the larger external secondary cache. Bus Interface : This brings a mixture of code and data into the CPU, separates the two ready for use, and then recombines them and sends them back out. CPU architecture dictates the design of the processor itself, including its strengths and imitations . SHIKSHA SAGAR Scanned with CamScanner Introduction to Computer System,|.15 - It can be divided into 2 categories— © Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) , or “Big A” architecture © Micro architecture , sometimes referred to as ISA implementation An instruction set defines the basic characteristics of a processor designed with it. It typically defines register count, OPcodes syntax, available instructions etc . . ‘Type of Processor Every PC has a Central Processing Unit (CPU) this acts as the brain of your system. It connects to the Motherboard and works alongside the other components. processing many instructions at the same time between the different hardware and memory systems. Advancements in CPU technology now mean systems typically come at least, Dual Core, Quad Core or more processors (on one single chip) instead of the traditional one core per chip. Now the total number of cores can slot into a socket as before and a single heat sink and fan can keep everything to the right temperature. Ui Intel and AMD are the two companies who dominate the PC Processor market. Both have been around for decades andjhave become the main Chip suppliers for the home and business markets. Processor Speed In a computer, clock speed refers to the number of pulses per second generated by an oscillator that sets the tempo for the processor. Clock speed is usually measured in MHz (megahertz, or millions of pulses per second) or GHz (gigahertz, or billions of pulses per second). Number System and Logic Gates : A digital system can understand positional number system only where there are a few symbols called digits and these symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the number. Decimal Number System The number system that we use in our day-to-day life is the decimal number system. Decimal number system has base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9. In decimal number system, the successive positions to the left of the decimal point represents units, tens, hundreds, thousands and so on. SSE Scanned with CamScanner 16 | Elementary Computer Application Software Each position represents a specific power of the base (10). . For example, the decimal number 1234 consists of the digit 4 in the units positi 3 in the tens position, 2 in the hundreds position, and 1 in the thousands position, ang its value can be written as- (1*1000) + (2 = 100) + (3 x 10) +(4* 1) (1 = 103) + (2 x 107) +3 x 10!) + (4 = 10%) 1000 + 200+ 30+1 1234 Binary Number System Characteristics | © Uses two digits, 0 and 1. | © Also called base 2 number system Example Binary Number : 101012 Calculating Decimal Equivalent : Step | Binary | Decimal Number Number Step 1 101015 (Cl x 24) + 0 x 23) +1 +22) + © * 2!) + (C1 * 2Mip Step 2 101015 (16+04+440+1)i9 Step 3 10101, 21h Octal Number System Characteristics : @ Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7. @ Also called base 8 number system © Each position in an octal number represents a 0 power of the base (8). Example : 8° Example Octal Number : 12570 Calculating Decimal Equivalent. Step Octal Decimal Number Number Step 1 12570, (Cl = 84) + (2 x 83) + (5 + 82) +(7 x 81) + (0 8°) Step 2 12570g (4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)19 Step 3 12570, 54960 Hexadecimal Number System Characteristics © Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. Sis Scanned with CamScanner Introduction to Computer System |-17 + © Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A= 10, B = 11, C= 12, D= 13). E=14,F=15. © ~Also‘called base 16 number system. @ Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a 0 power of the base (16).” Example 16°. - Examble Hexadecimal Number : 19FDE,¢ . Calculating Decimal Equivalent : Step | Hexadecimal Decimal Number Number Step 1 19FDE;,¢ =| ((1 x 164) + (9 = 163) + © + 163) + (D x 16!) +E x 16% 15 Step 2 19FDE\6 (Gl = 164) + (9 « 163) + (15 + 162) + (13 x 16!) +(14 = 16%) 19 Step 3 19FDE\, | (65536 + 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14),9 Step 4 I9FDEy¢ _ | 1064629 Inter Conversion between number system = Decimal to @5)19 = M2 (25)19 = (11001), ary Conversion: Binary to Decimal Conversion (11001). = (9 (11001), = (25)19 Octal to decimal Examble Octal Number : 259 Calculating Binary Equivalent : Step 1 : Convert to Decimal _Step Octal Number | Decimal Number Step 1 25g (2 8!) + (5 « 80))19 Step 2 25g (16+ 5)i9 Step 3 25g 211 Octal Number : 25g = Decimal Number : 2110 SHIKSHA SAGAR Wer Scanned with CamScanner 18 | Elementary Computer Application Software Logic gates ad Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital system. It is &n electronic circuit having one or more than one input and only one output: The’ relationship between the input and the output is based on certain’ logic. Based on-this, logic gates are named as AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate etc. . AND Gate The AND gate is a digital logic gate with ‘n’ i/ps one o/p, which perform logical conjunction based on the combinations of its inputs. The output of this gate is true only when all the inputs are true. When one or more inputs of the AND gate’s i/ps are false, then only the output of the AND gate is false. The symbol and truth table of an AND gate with two inputs is shown below. tops O _Oviput o= Symbol Truth Table OR Gate ith ‘n’ i/ps and one o/p, that performs a The OR gate is a digital logic gate with Jogical conjunction based on the combinations of its inputs. The output of the OR gate is true only when one or more inputs are true. If all the i/ps of the gate are false, then only the output of the OR gate is false. The symbol and truth table of an OR gate with two inputs is shown below. Inputs | Outputs A_|B oO] rps 4 Ouput 0 0 0 “A+B 0 1 1 1 [0 1 Symbol 1 1 1 Truth Table NOT Gate The NOT gate is a digital logic gate with one input and one output that operates an inverter operation of the input.The output of the NOT gate is the reverse of the input When the input of the NOT gate is true then the output will be fase and vice versa. Ihe symbol and truth table of a NOT gate with one input is shown below. BY using this gate, we can implement NOR and NAND gates Inputs | Outputs | i A out Input 4. O outut 0 1 ° 1 0 Symbol TruthTable + Se eT Scanned with CamScanner Introduction to Computer System | 19 NAND Gate ‘The NAND gate is a digital logic gate with ‘n’ i/ps and one o/p, that performs the operation of the AND gate followed by the operation of the NOT gate. NAND gate is designed by combining the AND and NOT gates. If the input of the NAND. gate high, then the output of the gate will be low.The symbol and truth table of the NAND gate with two inputs is shown below. Inputs | Outputs a— A |B oO Inputs © output 0 | 0 1 . i. tfol 4 Symbol 1 1 7 Truth Table NOR Gate The NOR gate is a digital logic gate with n inputs and one output, that performs the operation of the OR gate followed by the NOT gate. NOR gate is designed by combining the OR and NOT gate. When any one of the i/ps of the NOR gate is. true, then the output of the NOR gate will be false. The symbol and truth table of the NOR gate with truth table is shown below. Tnputs | Outputs A A_[B Oo Inputs. O output 0 oO 1 B O=AFB 0 1 oO 1 | 0 0 Symbol 1 1 0 Truth Table i i be used t Universal Gate : A universal logic gate is a logic gate that can be used to Construct all other logic gates. NOR Gate as Universal Gate eee ep RETA ty fase * o> te A [= jes Scanned with CamScanner 20 | Elementary. Computer Application Software \ NAND Gate as Universal Gate : Computer Software Hardware is the pert of an information system you'can touch — the physical components of the technology. Computers, keyboards, disk drives, iPads, and flash drives are all examples of information systems hardware. Software Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem. Relationship between Hardware and Software Essentially, computer software controls computer hardware. These two components are complementary and cannot act independently of one another. In order for a computer to effectively manipulate data and produce useful output, its hardware and software must work together. There are two types of software— System Software The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control, and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software is generally prepared by the computer manufacturers. Operating System, Compilers, Interpreter, Assemblers, etc. eg Application Software ‘Application software products are designed to satisfy a particular need of a particular environment. All software applications prepared in the computer lab can come under the category of Application software. Microsoft Office Suite Software @ Microsoft Word @ Microsoft Excel @ Microsoft Power Point Compiler / Interpreter A program written in high-level language is called a source code. We need to wnvert the source code into machine code and this is accomplished by compilers Seas e.g. Scanned with CamScanner »_ Introduction to Computer System | 21 and interpreters. Hence, a compiler or an interpreter is a program that converts program written in high-level language into machine code understood by the computer. ‘The difference betweén an interpreter and a compiler is given below : Interpreter Translates program one statement at a time. It takes less amount of time to analyze the source code but the overall execution time is slower. No intermediate object code is generated, hence are memory efficient. Continues translating the program until the first error is met, in which case it stops. Hence debugging is easy. Programming language like python, ruby use interpreters. ‘Compiler Scans the entire program and translates it as a whole into machine code. It takes large amount of time to analyze the source code but the overall execution time is comparatively faster. Generates intermediate object code which further requices linking, hence requires more memory. : It generates the error message only after scanning the whole program. Hence debugging is comparatively hard. Programming language like C, C++ use compilers. High level programming languages High level programming languages are languages that abstract away the low level details of the machine itself. C, C++, Basic, Fortran, Perl, python, Java are considered high level as they don’t force the user to be concerned about things like CPU registers, call stacks, and building literally every piece of flow control and logic from the ground up. Free Domain Software “Free software” means software that respects users’ freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. The GNU operating system is the Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free. Internet and Its Uses The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/ IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private. public, academic, business. and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. WWW: The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of online content that is formatted in HTML and accessed via HTTP. The term refers to all the interlinked HTML pages that can be accessed over the Internet. Se Scanned with CamScanner 22 | Elementary Computer Application Software Web Browser Web browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve and display content on the World Wide Web, including webpages, images, video and other files. There are three most popular desktop browsers, according to Net Marketshare, is Chrome, followed by Microsoft Internet Explorer, Firefox and Edge Surfing the Internet Alternatively referred to as web surfing, surfing describes the act of browsin, the Internet by going from one web page to another web page using hyperlinks in an Internet browser. The term “surfing” was first coined by Mark McCahill, Online Chat : You can access many ‘chat rooms’ on the web that can be used to meet new people, make new friends, as well as to stay in touch with old friends, You can chat in MSN and yahoo websites. E-mail : Email is now an essential communication tools in business. With e-mail you can send and receive instant electronic messages, which work like writing letters. Your messages are delivered instantly to people anywhere in the world, unlike traditional mail that takes a lot of time. E-mail is free, fast and very cheap when compared to telephone, fax and postal services. Features of E-mail : One-to-one or one-to-many communications Instant communications Physical presence of recipient is not required Most inexpensive mail services Components of an E-mail Address : As in the case of normal mail system, e-mail is also based upon the concept of a recipient address. The email address provides all of the information required to get a message to the recipient from anywhere in the world. Consider the e-mail [D. mer@gmail.com In the above example mer is the username of the person who will be sending/receiving the email. gmail is the mail server where the username mer has been registered and com is the type of organization on the internet which is hosting the mail server. Online document management makes it possible to access documents and files online, securely, from anywhere in the world over the Internet. Computer Network : It is the interconnection of multiple devices, generally termed as Hosts connected using multiple paths for the purpose of sending/receiving data or media. There are also multiple devices or mediums which helps in the communication between two different devices which are known as Network devices. Ex. Router, Switch, Hub, Bridge. Local Area Networks A LAN is a privately owned network that operates within and nearby a single building like a home, office or factory. LANs are widely used to connect personal computers and consumer electronics to let them share resources (e.g., printers) and exchange information. When LANs are used by companies, they are called enterprise networks. SLE Scanned with CamScanner Introduction to Computer System | 23 Wired LANs usc a range of different transmission technologies. Most of them use copper wires, but some use optical fiber. LANs are restricted in size, which means that the worst-case transmission time is bounded and known in advance. Knowing these bounds helps with the task of designing network protocols. Typically, wired LANs run at speeas of 100 Mbps to 1 Gibps, have low delay (microseconds or nanoseconds), and make very few errors. Newer LANs can operate at up to 10 Gbps. ‘The topclogy of many wired LANs is built from point-to-point links. IEEE 802.3, popularly called Ether.net Kecess] To wired network Ethemet Point Ports Switch To rest of network Figure 1-8. Wireless and wired LANs (A) 802.11. (b) Switched Ethernet. Switched Ethernet ; Each computer speaks the Ethernet protocol and connects to a box called a switch with a point-to-point link. A switch has multiple ports, each of which can connect to one computer. The job of the switch is to relay packets between computers that are attached to it, using the address in each packet to determine which computer to send it to. Metropolitan Area Networks MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) covers a city. The best-known ex- amples of MANS are the cable television networks available in many cities. At first, these were locally designed, ad hoe systems. Then companies began jumping into ihe business, getting contracts from local governments to wire up entire cities. When the Internet began attracting a mass audience, the cable TV network operators Legan to realize that with some changes to the system, they could provide two-way Internet service in unused parts of the spectrum, Recent developments in high-speed wireless Internet access have resulted in another MAN, which has been standardized as IEEE 802.16 and is popularly known as WiMAX. Wide Area Networks WAN (Wide Area Network) spans a large geographical area, often a country cr continent. We will begin our discussion with wired WANs, using the example of a company with branch offices im different cities. Suppose each of these offices contains computers intended for running user (ie., application) programs. We will follow traditional usage and call these machines hosts. The rest of the network that connects these hosis is then called the communication subnet. or just subnet for short. The job of the subnet is to carry SHIKSHA SAGAR A Scanned with CamScanner 24 | Elementary Computer Application Software messages from host to host, just as the telephone system carries words (really just sounds) from speaker to listener. In most WANs, the subnet consists of two distinct components. transmission lines and switching elements. Transmission lines move bits between machines, They can be made of copper wire, optical fiber, or even radio links. Most com- panies do not have transmission lines lying about, so instead they lease the lines from a telecommunications company. Switching elements, or just switches, are * specialized computers that connect two or more transmission lines. : Antenna _ 8 — sae 7 &2 £2 & ge {Head end, t LT 1 L nowy \ pf Transmission Media Types of Medium Medium can be classified into 2 categories : 4. Guided Media : Guided media means that signals is guided by the presence of physical media i.e., signals are under control and remains in the physical wire. For e.g., Copper wire. 2. Unguided Media : Unguided Media means that there is no ph. tl for the signal to propogate. Unguided media are essentially electromagnetic waves. There is no control on flow of signal. For e.g., Radio waves. Guided Transmission Media In Guided transmission media generally two kind of materials are uséd : 1. Copper © Coaxial Cable © Twisted Pair 2. Optical Fiber 1. Coaxial Cable : Coaxial cable consists of an inner conductor and an outer conductor which are seperated by an insulator. The inner conductor is usually copper. The outer conductor is covered by a plastic jacket. It is named coaxial because the two conductors are coaxial. Typical diameter of coaxial cable lies between 0.4 inch 1 inch, The most application of coaxial cable is cable T.V. The coaxial cable has 1 bandwidth, attenuation is less. GLEE EEN Tis = __ ee Scanned with CamScanner +-Introduction to Computer System }'25' Central conductor Outer protective sheath’ . Outer braid Dielectric spacing 2. Twisted Pair : A twisted pair consists of two insulated copper wires, typically 1 mm thick. The wires are twisted together in a helical form the purpose of twisting is to reduce cross talk interference between several pairs. Twisted Pair is much cheaper then coaxial cable but it is susceptible to noise and electromagnetic interference and’attenuation is large. Twisted Pair can be further classified in two categories : Unshielded twisted pair : In this no insulation is provided, hence they are susceptible to interference. ; Shielded twisted pair: In this a protective thick insulation is provided but shielded twisted pair is expensive and not commonly used. The most common application of twisted pair-is the telephone system. Nearly all telephones are connected to the telephone company office by a twisted pair. ‘Twisted pair can run several kilometers without amplification, but for longer distances repeaters are needed. Twisted pairs can be used for both analog and digital transmission. The bandwidth depends on the thickness of wire and the distance travelled. Twisted pairs are generally limited in distance, bandwidth and data rate. 3. Optical Fiber : In optical fiber light is used to send data. In general terms prescence of light is taken as bit 1 and its absence as bit 0. Optical fiber consists of inner core of either glass or plastic. Core is surrounded by cladding of the same material but of different refractive index. This cladding is surrounded by a plastic jacket which prevents optical fiber from electromagnetic interference and harshy environments. It uses the principle of total internal reflection to transfer data over optical fibers. Optical fiber is much better in bandwidth as compared to copper wire, since there is hardly any attenuatior- or electromagnetic interference in optical wires. Hence there are fewer requirements to improve quality of signal, in long distance transmission. Disadvantage of optical fiber is that end points are fairly expensive. (eg. switches) LSE ety Scanned with CamScanner 26 | Elementary Computer Application Software Differences between different kinds of optical fibers : 1. Depending or material © Made of glass ® Made of plastic. 2. Depending on radius © Thin optical fiber © Thick optical fiber 3. Depending on light cuurce © LED (for jow bandwidth) © _ Injectioa tased diode (for high bandwidth) Node: A network node is a connection point that can receive, create, store q sead data along distributed network routes. Host : A network host is a computer or other device connected to; computer network. A network host may offer information resources, service and applications to users or ther nodes on the network. Workstation : A werkstation is a special computer designed for technical q scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time; the are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operatig; systems. Bandwidth : Bandwidth’ is the capacity of a wired or wireless netwon communications link to transmit the maximum amount of data from one point jy another over a computer network or internet connection in a given amount of time Network Components : Computer networks share common devices, functions, and features including servers, clients, transmission media. shared data, shared printers and other hardwar and software resources, network interface card (NIC), local operating system (LOS), and the network operating ¢: rgtern (NOS). Servers—Servers are ediaputers that hold shared files, programs, and th network operating system. Sétvers provide access to network resources to alll the users of the network. Th ‘¢ many different kinds of servers, and one serve can provide several function: example, there are file servers, print servers, mail servers, commvnica‘ion servers, database ser vers, fax servers and web server, to name a few. Clients-—Clients arc computers that access and use the network and share network resources. Client computers are basically the customers (users) of the network, as they request and receive services from the servers. Transmission Media---Transmission media are the facilities used to interconnet computers in @ netycak, such as twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, and optical fibe ‘cable. Transmission roedia are sometimes called channels, links or lines. Wireless netwarks arz computer networks that are not connected by cable of any kind. The us of a -wireiess network enables enterprises to avoid the costly ss of introducir.g cables into buildings or as a connection between differetl equipment locations. ‘The ba

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