Vector (1)

Concept Example
A. Introduction of Vector
1. Vector
Vector is a quantity that has magnitude
and direction
2. Vector Notation ~
a
B
a) Can be represented by a directed line
segment. A
b) Direction of a vector represented by a The vector can be written as AB or AB. It
arrow can also be denote with a small letter

B AB  a
3. Negative Vector BBA   AB
Negative vector for AB is vector which A BA  a
opposite direction to vector AB
A

4. Zero Vector
Zero vector is the vector which has no
magnitude.
This vector is known as a zero vector and is
denoted by 0

5. Magnitude Vector
Magnitude vector for AB is written as
AB . B
4

A 3
AB = 5 unit
6. Parallel Vector
Two vectors are same if both
vectors has same magnitude and
direction.
 a

a = b because a = b and the direction

are same

VECTOR (2)
Concept Example
B. Multiplying vector by scalars
The product ka is a vector with a
magnitude that is k times of a.

b -b
2b

C. Parallel Vector
1) Given vector u and v
i) If u = kv, k is constant
Hence, u and v are parallel
ii) If u and v are parallel,
hence u = tv, t is constant

CD  2 AB, CD is parallel to AB
3
RS  PQ, RS is parallel to PQ
2
2) If EF  k FG, k is constant Given PQ  3u and QR  5u
 Hence: i) Show that P, Q, and R lie on a straight line.
EF is parallel with FG
ii) EFG lie on a straight Solution:
line. PQ  3u , QR  5u
1 1
u  PQ , u QR
3 5
1 1
 PQ  QR
3 5
3
 PQ  QR
5
 PQ parallel with QR and PQR lie on a straight line

VECTOR (3)
Concepts Examples
3. When ma=nb, hence m = n = 0 Given (m-2)x= (2n+5)y, m and n are
When constant. Find the value of m and n if x and
i) Vector a and b non-parallel y non-parallel and not a zero vector.
ii) Vector a and b not a zero vector
Solution:
m-2=0 , 2n + 5 = 0
5
m=2 , n= 
2
D. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION Example 1:
OF VECTORS
1. Addition and Subtraction parallel
vectors.
a) Addition of two parallel vectors
which have same direction will give a
new vector which have
i) A same magnitude of the ab  c
two addition vectors Example 2:
ii) A same direction of the 3x  5 x  8 x
two vectors 4u  5u  9u
b) Subtracting of two vectors are
addition negative vectors 5u  3u  2u
a – b = a + (-b) 4v  v  3v
2. Addition and Subtraction non-
parallel vectors
 a) Addition of two non-parallel vectors
can be determined by:
i) Triangle Law

a + b be represent as the diagram

below and above

ii) Parallelogram Law

VECTOR (4)
Concept Example
b) Subtraction of two non-parallel vectors
a
and b is
a – b = a + (-b)

a–
b = a + (-b)
as the diagram.
E. VECTORS AS OTHER LINEAR D
COMBINATION
1. Vectors which represented by
consecutive sides of a polygon. E C

A B

AB  AE  ED  DC  CB
AC  AE  ED  DC
or  AB  BC
 AB  ( CB )
 AB  CB
2. Represent vectors as the combination
of two non-linear vectors
 r=p+q

VECTOR (5)
Concepts Examples
F. VECTORS IN THE CARTESIAN
PLANE

1. Vectors in Cartesian coordinate can

be written as
a) x i + y j [ in i and j form]

i = Unit vector which parallel to x-axis

j = Unit vector which parallel to y-axis

x
b)   Called column vector.
 y 

3
OP  3i  4 j   
4
3
 OP  3i  4 j or OP   
4
2. Magnitudes of vectors
x
If u = xi + yj =  
 y 
Hence magnitude u = u  x2  y2
 3
OP  3i  4 j   
4
 OP  3 2  4 2  25  5

VECTORS (6)
Concepts Examples
3. Unit Vector in given direction

If a  xi  yj
Then the unit vector is the same
direction with a is:
a a xi  yj
aˆ   
a x y2 2
x2  y2

3 
OP  3i  4 j  
 

 4
OP  52
1
* OP  from OP
5
1
  3i  4 j 
5

4. Addition, subtraction, and If a  5i  4 j , b  4i  j

multiplying Vectors Find i) a  2b
a)  x1 
ii) 3a  b
If a  x1i  y1 j   y 
 1 

 x2 
b  x2 i  y2 j   

Solution:
 y2 
 x1   x2 
 a  b   y   
 1   y2 

5   4
 x1  x 2  i) a  2b  

 4
  2
 
1


  


 y1  y2  5
 

  8
  
  


b) If a  xi  yj
 4 2 
5 - 8    3
 
   
  
 [Column Vect or]
 4  2 6 
 3i  6 j [Term i and j]
5  4

ii) 3a  b  3   
  

 4 1 

 x  19 

  

 k y 
 [ Column Vector]

ka 
11 
 19i  11 j [Term i and j]

 
 kx 

  

 ky 

k is constant

Vector Exercises
1.

Draw the combination vectors in the diagram given above

i) a  b
ii) 2a  b

2.

Estimate i) OP
ii) OR
in term of a and b

3.
 Y

4y
X
O 6y

OX  6 x
OY  4 y
Express each vectors in the term x and y
a ) OY  XO
b) XY

4.
S -2a Based on the diagram, PQ  a and PR  2a .
Express each of the question in term of a and b
S
a) QR b) PS
b

P
a
Q

5.
In the diagram, T is mid-point RQ. Find
R each vector in term a and b
a) PT
b) PR
T
2b

Q
6a
3
6. Given p  ( 2h  1)i  j and
2
q  4i  j . If p parallel with q, determine value of
a) h b) value of p  q

7
.
 R Q

4i  3 j

O P
6i  8 j
OPQR is a parallelogram with OP  6i  8 j and OR  4i  3 j
a) Find i) OQ
ii) Unit vector for direction OQ
b)T is mid-point with RT  5i  9 j
i) Find PT
ii) Determined whether is OPT is a
line

8. Complete the table given

A (a,b) B (c,d) AB AB
AB

AB  OB  OA
OA  ai  bj OB  ci  dj c  a
      1
= c   d  b  AB  (c  a ) 2  ( d  b ) 2 AB  AB
a   
  AB

b 
 d  c  a 
 
  
d  b
Example
P(2,-3) Q(5,-7) PQ PQ PQ

PQ  OQ  OP
5  2 
2  5    
  PQ  3 2  ( 4) 2 1 
OP  
  3
 OQ  
 7


 7
 
  3 PQ   (3i  4 j )
     3  5  5

  

  4

A(5,3) B(-1,2) BA BA
BA
A(X,Y) B(3,5) AB AB
AB

4 
AB  
  1

 

9. The diagram show AB  4 x, AC  6 y , CD  8 x

A 4x B

E
6y

D
C 8x

i) Express the following in term of x and y

a) AD b) BC

ii) Given AE  r AD and BE  t BC , Express AE

a) in term of r, x, and y
b) in trm of t, x, y
Then find value of r and t

2  1  1 
10) Given u   , v   
 1 and w   .
  1 If r  3u  2v  w , Find
   4  
a) r b) r c) r̂

11. Given p and q is two vectors which is not zero and non-parallel vectors.
If  2 x  y  6 p   2 x  3 y  12 q , find value of x and y

12. Given that PQRS is a parallelogram, PQ  3i  8 j and PS  2i  4 j

Find
a) PR
 b) QS
c) Unit vector to direction PQ

ANSWER FOR VEKOR EXERCISE

1.

2. i) OP =b +2a ii) OR  a  b

3. a) 4y+6x b)- 6x+4y

4. a) b- a b)b-2a

5. a) 6a+2b b)6a+4b

5
6. a) h= b)10.31 unit
2
1
7. a) i) 10i  11 j ii) ( 10i +11j)
14.866
b) i) 3 i +4j ii) OP =6 i +8j
PT =3 i +4j
OP =2 PT
O, P and T lie on a line
9. i) a) 8 x  6 y b)- 4 x  6 y
ii) a)8 rx  6ry b) (4-4 t ) x +6 ty
r =t = 1
3

5  1 5 
10. a) r  
  12  b) r =13 unit c) r   


 13 
  12 

 3 9
11. x  y
4 2

1
12. a) i  12 j b)-5 i  4 j c) ( 3i  8 j )
8.544