University Assignment

The biological basis of PTSD can be referred as a change of the chemical composition in the body
immune system, hormone system, and autonomic nervous system. When we experience any
traumatic event, the neural reaction of the body response would be arousal as well as vigilance.
But, for the case of PTSD patient the response is more intense and also hinders their ability to
function normally. If you face any traumatic stress our body automatically releases Dynorphin,
to relieve dysphoria, that’s the state of dissatisfaction, anxiety and/or restlessness. But, when the
stress is relieved the Dynorphin bind opioid receptor called Kappa, which process the Dynorphon,
as the result the body is returned to a natural state. But, when individuals suffer from PTSD,
Kappa opioid receptors loss the ability to function properly, therefore Dynorphin remains in the
body causing a constant state of dysphoria leading to emotional distress as well as anxiety.

The symptom criteria in the DSM-5.

Criterion A
1. The individual were exposed to one or more events that involved actual or threatened
serious injury or threatened sexual violation or death or threatened death.
Criterion B
1. The individual experience one of the following symptoms associated with the traumatic
event.
2. Expected or unexpected involuntary, reoccurring and intrusive upsetting memories of the
traumatic event.
3. Upsetting dream repeated and the content of the dreams is related with the traumatic
event.
4. The feeling as the traumatic event is happening again.
5. Strong and persistent distress either inside or outside of your body that are connected
with the traumatic event.
6. Strongly bodily reactions as a cause of traumatic event.
Criterion C
1. Frequent avoidance of reminders associated with the traumatic event, as demonstrated
by one of the following:
2. Avoidance of feelings, thoughts or physical sensations that’s relates with the traumatic
event.
3. Avoidance of places, activities, people, objects or situations that brings up the memories
of the traumatic event.
Criterion D
At least two of the following negative changes in thoughts and mood relates with the traumatic
event.
1. Unable to recall one of the important aspect of the traumatic event.
2. Persistent negative self-esteem or self-evaluation
3. Elevated self-blame or blame of others for the occurrence of the traumatic event.
4. Felling detached from family or friends
5. A negative emotion feeling such as shame, anger or fear
6. Unable to experience positive emotion such as love, happiness or joy.
Criterion E
At least two of the following changes in arousal started following the experience of the traumatic
event.
1. Aggressive behavior.
2. Self-destructive or impulsive behavior
3. Constant feeling danger is lurking around every corner
4. Difficult to concentrate.
5. Sleeping problem.
Criterion F
The above symptoms last for more than one month.
Criterion G
The symptoms bring about considerable distress and/or interfere greatly with a number of
different areas of your life.
Criterion H

The symptoms are not due to a medical condition or some form of substance use.
DSM-5 PTSD Diagnosis
In order to be diagnosed with PTSD according to the DSM-5, the following criteria should be
matched:
Criterion A
One symptom (or more) from Criterion B
One symptom (or more) from Criterion C
Three symptoms (or more) from Criterion D
Three symptoms (or more) from Criterion E
Criteria F through H
The syndrome are relate to the biological basis that has already been explained earlier.

Treatment
There are some treatments are available to cope with the PTSD to regain a sense of control over
life.
Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy are widely used to treat adult and children with PTSD. There are some types of
psychotherapy used in PTSD treatment include:: This a type of talk therapy help to recognize the
ways of thinking such as negative beliefs and thinking the traumatic event will happen again.
Exposure therapy:
This therapy is designed to face safely the same type of memories that frightening to cope with
the situation effectively. It may be helpful for the nightmare or flashbacks.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). EMDR combines exposure therapy with
a series of guided eye movements that help the patient to process traumatic memories and
change how the person react to them.
All the above approaches can help a patient to control the fear after a traumatic event.
No, the syndromes do not to address the biological basis of the disorder, as I have described
them.
We can conclude that, PTSD can be experienced by any individuals after exercising any traumatic
event. As we have discussed the reason of PTSD, symptoms of PTSD as well the way of treatment
to get rid of, therefore it might be helpful for the reader to grasp the depth knowledge about
PTSD.
Neumeister, P., Feldker, K., Heitmann, C. Y., Helmich, R., Gathmann, B., Becker, M. P. I., &
Straube, T. (2016). Interpersonal violence in posttraumatic women: Brain networks triggered by
trauma-related pictures. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsw165
NYU Langone Medical Center. (2014, September 17). Neurobiological basis for key symptoms
associated with post-traumatic stress disorder found by brain imaging research.ScienceDaily.
Retrieved March 30, 2016 fromwww.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/09/140917172738.htm
National Council on Disability. (2009). Section 3: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Retrieved March 30, 2016,
fromhttps://www.ncd.gov/publications/2009/March042009/section3