STATISTICS COLLECTION OF

LESSON 2
DATA
 1. Survey.
2. Observation.
METHODS OF
DATA 3. Existing records.
COLLECTION
4. Simulation.
5. Experiment.
Identify the Method: Survey, Observation, Use of Existing
Records, Simulation, Experimental.

a) A researcher wants to determine the admitting diagnosis of patients

admitted to a mental health clinic.
b) A study of motorcycle helmet usage in a city without helmet law.
c) A study of earthquake behavior of hospitals and other concrete
buildings.
d) A study of the effectiveness of a new allergy drug.
Answers:
a) Existing Records c) Simulation
b) Observation d) Experimental
 SAMPLING
A good data represents the population and is not
biased.
Basic Terms
• Sampling Technique - a procedure used to
determine the members of a sample.

• Sampling Frame - a list, or set, of the elements

belonging to the population from which the
sample will be drawn.
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Probability procedure wherein every element of the

Sampling population is given a nonzero chance of
being selected in the sample

Nonprobability procedure wherein not all the elements

Sampling in the population are given a chance of
being included in the sample
 COMMON PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

1. Random Sampling – Use a simple random sample from the

entire population (giving each sampling unit an equal chance of
being included in the sample).
• Lottery method

• Use of table of random numbers

COMMON PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

2. Systematic Sampling – Subjects are selected by using every kth

individual from a population. The first individual selected is a random
number between 1 and k..
COMMON PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

3. Stratified Random Sampling – Subjects are obtained by separating the

population into nonoverlapping groups called strata and then obtaining a simple
random sample from each stratum. The individuals within each stratum share a
common characteristic.
COMMON PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS

Cluster Sampling – subjects are

selected by dividing the population into
groups (clusters) and then some of the
groups are selected randomly. The final
sample would include all the subjects in
the groups (clusters) randomly selected.
COMMON PROBABILITY SAMPLING METHODS
COMMON NONPROBABILITY
SAMPLING METHODS
• Purposive Sampling. Purposive sampling is a method
where the participants are selected by the researcher
subjectively. Respondents are selected by using the
judgement of the interviewers.

• Convenience Sampling. Create a sample by using data

from population members that are readily available.
 COMMON NONPROBABILITY
SAMPLING METHODS

• Quota Sampling. This is the nonprobability equivalent of stratified

sampling. Then convenience or judgment sampling is used to select the
required number of subjects from each stratum.

• Snowball sampling. A special nonprobability method used when the

desired sample characteristic is rare. Snowball sampling relies on referrals
from initial subjects to generate additional subjects.
Examples: Classify the type of sampling used as simple
random, systematic, stratified, cluster or convenience.
a) A radio station asks its listeners to call in their opinion
regarding the use of Armed Forces in peacekeeping missions.
b) The 50 states in the United States were numbered alphabetically
and a researcher decided to randomly select a number and then
survey every sixth state on unemployment rates.
c) Students in the college of nursing are divided into eight groups
according to year level and gender. Then 20 are randomly
selected from each group for an interview.
d) In an effort to determine customer satisfaction, Philippine
Airlines randomly selects 20 domestic flights during a certain
week and surveys all passengers on the flights.
e) Fifty households from Puting Kahoy were randomly selected to
determine annual household income for the community.
f) A survey regarding download time on a certain Web site is
conducted on the internet by a market research firm to anyone
who would visit the sight.
g) An interviewer in a mall is told to survey every fifth shopper,
starting with the second.
ERRORS IN SAMPLING

• Sampling Errors – errors that result from using sampling to estimate

information regarding a population. This type of error occurs because a sample
gives incomplete information about the population.

• Nonsampling Errors – errors that result from the survey process. They are
due to the nonresponse of individuals selected to be in the survey, to inaccurate
responses, to poorly worded questions, to bias in the selections of individuals to
be given the survey, etc.