€ ae A. clomain X-ihtercept y-intercept B. intercepts set Y=O set X=0 C. even functon dd_ function perivdic Cuncnen ¥ First dervarve test E- Inereasing/ Pecreasting Mneveasing : F'0d20 dlecreasing : #10060 F. \ Sea tein. : local max Sree CracrAl #7 \ ene £OOLE. £LD> 0 GS. Concave wp/ focal cave down mi &wa_denvanve +est is H. Skeroin graph F'CD>0 bencove up END cane owe, eee x steps @vowain: {x|X#I} or Cool) UC, 09) hole -© 1 (©) intercepts x-intercept: y=o y-intercept : x=0 o- xX Ne) tote Not x1 wn@el| =i x20 Y=o Asymptotes F vertical asymptote : xX-l=0 set denominator =O x= (algerrm wey)orcas wey) tt awe — —4 = Tral very Sra nlmber =I)is @ verncal asymptote Horizontal asymptote: fim x ix Xaco KT eK Lim X xoea Lim yoo dim, xo Linn x30 ) 18 @ horizontal asymetore © srereasing) decreasing $'60>0 increasing FD 0 decreasing fe XK x sugyiene FCO. O6DO9'=0O0eN' 5 #100) ODF (: FOO= EDL nu | PASS PUNS: high F040 througho 2,9 vCr eS eae Is eerenstng. demain increasing | Teasing /cecreasra) ® Local_mox { Loco\_min. Aq mon eO2e/ #0060 fo 06 Br Ver rg og min focal mex pNE) 5 roughour the domo: As £1000 throughout the domem; en Ne there iS ne local max or local min toe © concave up / concave down, £"GD.>0 concave up £"CO 0 Concave down FO) oA FOOD = “LO IY™ £002 20673. Gc0! FOE 2O-TF £800 = £OOD= ° concave coun concave Up Gyro SFB Sewre x4 er ' Semper, | resi a oncave clown: (—29, 1D) No inflectivn pont SMnce’d “Scar” belo doen 1 ¢ Doman.y= x74 3x? © dowean au numbers concave 4p polmumial: (29, e0) ne infection point domain: (-02, 02) concave down Tntercepts yointereep + xantercept ° yo Y= 07+ 300)? Os x? 43x? (X74 3x) O= x8 (x +3) © fermprotes : Since £18 a polynomial, / there are no asymptores © trecensing) decreasing ~ LOQ= Bx #0D= 3x74 OX @®, © ,@ o 2 “Be ° & " Salven Flor FOO 0 forall x= cand fx) <0 forallx> c then le) (6) HEF () <0 forallx< cand f(x) > O forall x> then fe) the Jacl maz waistorf the Leal main wale off [Sesion 47 Optimization Problems sions ofa rectangle with area 1000 whose periete isa smal x posible square bse and open op must have a volume of 32,000 cm Find the dmesions | ‘fi box that minimize the use. | available ro make a box witha square base and an open top, Fd Ue ‘volume ofthe bos. the poiat on he line ind the dimen loses Tt "(e)/. Show that ithe average cost sa minimum, then the marginal cost uals the average b) IF C(x) =16,000% 200s 4x, in dollars find () he cos. average cost and marginal costata | production level of 1000 units. (i) the production level that wll minimize the average cost. and (ithe Increasing Ipecreasing FX Ferd FY food Locat_maxymin Fash slernonine test #60.First denvanve Teter) c yesh ; a REY 1 \FeO) Test: Fed=0 "cy f'CC)20 local min (c, FO) @ Find the dimensions of a rectangle Whose area is as P'OO=0. Ceritical 4) "(x)= SD- 2x SU-2X =O 2(US-x)= 0 2S-xX=0 substitute in O Perimeter 209) 2y = 100 with perimeter 100m large_as_ possible Wak Perimeter= 2X + 2y = loom Areas XY —7 maximize (A) 2x +2y = 100 Als *Y x+y = SD Y= 'So+x fioo Of ~cO 2s = or Find 2nd denvative. AM Os -2 Local max (25,25) -2<0 tells us its (AD 7 ' i ANLo ANG{)4Z0 concave doun. ! 2s 2x t2y =100 Lengtn: 25m width + 225m F2y = 10d 2: SoGEN) Box volume = 32,000 cm? _ (open +P) Find dimension’ that minimize meterial Usedl o Gsurtace area. 1d0@ rw Ve Biwsh = ———> yz xt- ue Voume of box = x*Y a base B2000= x2y x square pase = xt aren (ew) Base is a square, with de = x om y area sides: x. (face) Heigint = y cm Minimize tne surface avec. (open top) Gaz x4 Ux) Painimiee bur change fy one vero Coase area + sidle face areas) x*Y= 31000 RMS x2Y . 32000 [ xe y= 22900 xt P0020 S= xt + 4x (320005 xe 40 $!A)= vo 2x*-2000 = 0 Siusd= 26,6 2x%= 2000 Local minimum: x240 x%= 1000 4 suerte mnte 2x%129000 Che ees? peers Tye t (W2y = 32000 ax? 1g000 =o 1 ites 2x%= 128000 Demensins: y=20 x7 Gyoo0 J edocs Pease 40) Ae xy ioe xy Find critical qumbers te Fanimiee POO= 2~- Boge Ka) pl 4 dara telah inl ava reed place! 1S as small as. possible. Area (A) = Xy = 1000 fenmmeter (P= 2x +2y —> minimite Pe 2x +2y pugin P= 2x+ 2(\000> tooo _) @) ¥ fe test PHLo® — reor0 @, Awsoe ere -= one Tt #'(32)= 0116 70 Pi(aed> 0.22 <0 Local minimum: x= 10ATS G png in 10 Are. A> xy A= Cows )y Wooo = CesT) y 1000 Towra 7 100Find the point on the line y= 2x43. thot is closest to the. onyin Gshorrest |. minimum distance (P) Point: (x, y) Distance benwen P and 0 (0) origin: (0, 0) (ayPo= SV rxay? #0 Ne oR dea d= Seay De dt s(QREFYZ® = YP Hy? Dextiy? Cminimize pemesty ys2v+3 tT B= x? ¢ (2¥ra)e G02 8+ (2043 DIOs 2x + Bl2x+3). (2x43)! DIF 2¥ + 2(2xt3)(2) BOF 2x4 YC 2K +S) Flee ge tie = love / oO lox +12 an Ll lod qe = 4) opus in CE, Brove Bre: Fire’ derwotne test: “P pd “E Pop ? beoeo fluoro eo fot @ min Ind _demvatne beet: DYK)=10 —_D"GO70 concave Up U meaning there 18a loca) minivaurn. (C48: Newton's Method Stppose we wanted ose an guaton such as sacl +99 (1499410 \We now howto solve quadrats equtons and there are formulas for tid and furt-epree poimemi ty serene mpl Isa aon a george re emo Newtons (One way to solve higher ordered problems isthe "retain called the Newton-Raphsan_ method. “The geometry behind Newtons method is shown a Figure 2, where the rot that we are tying to finds labeled We start ith afi approximation, which s obtained by guessing or fom a rough sketch of the graph or from a computer generated grph off Consider the tangeat ine Lo the curve of = i) at the point fi) an look at the intercept FZ, labeled. The idea behind Newton's method is that the tangent lin Is close tothe curve ands is intercept, i else to the intercept ofthe curve (he root that we ar seeking). “To ind formal fo inter of we use the fact thatthe slope of Li y=) = Sean) Since the sinercep of Ls, sey = Ot get 0-fin)=ftmkn=) fn) #0, we can solve this equation for: Lis) ‘Next we repeat this procedure with. replaced by the second approximation using the tangent ine at (Gof) Tie gives thi approximation: fey‘Section 4 Ys Method — ‘Use Newton's metho wit the peiied inal aprovimation +10 ind the third approximation 6 7 the root ofthe given equation. (Give your answer 1 four decimal places.) | Jorsisa ‘Us News method © approximate the given number sore prin ds [12 e00 3) (a) Explain how we now Hate given equation must Rave art nthe even mien. (6) Use [Newion's meth approximate the root sore 1 x Jima places [ae Tee neo, ‘mn genera ifthe th approximation i 5 nda) #0, then the nent approximation i ven by _ fo F RRO Dodgy “aecirnal Vere Ye Y-vars ae Function Xt ¥5(2.1)= 2.04 ° man 302.195 2.044stsi212 2x?-Bx?+2=0 0 X,=-1 Find Xz X= X,- £00) £(x)= 2x3-3K42. (Y,) #'(X2) FR) = Gxt-3x (Y2) Y3= X- Mi coteutator V2 Ys EDs X= 70. eet Ya (42)- = | Hal =O B28: Ystxs=t Xqe¥g 22-2 = = Leorst ig | meetin aes = (Ans Ye 4 se CAI lator ! 4 qs= 2.44 meant O= Ki +4S O= xi -7S £002 x7-75 £'aKd= Ux? Pick number x, Vie yl - Fo X,213 Sale Ux? Xa = Y3 (3D= 2.9444 yd) xo X= a= 2.4428 ye Xy= Yal%s)= 2.442% 304 7 Xs = YaQy)= 2.442 930956 3 CLL ET ead a (Xs 2.44283 04SHw WAT «x Profesor Anand 249: Antierivativs Cam x . . Detain: fnton Fis ale an ants desWNrfon an imeril #00) =A fr al xin We ‘Theorem: If F is an antiderivative of fon an interval J then the most general antiderivative of fon Fis = x74 ~ Wen (Reece 3 constant POO= x4-94 where Cis an abitary constant. ~ HOO= Yr x= was Yet) = 2.9352 i Xa = Yy0q)= 269924 9 MAE Ye(ug) = 2.93297 Mee Ye (Ky) = 2.7 324F FIGURE 1 Otttorant aamal Find the mos gna dar hatve ofeach ofthe flowingfnctons fannie annie Onees w eet Ds 2 yn fm ORO Oa y an on deniarive i, Letale x wy exe 4 oy Sixt cosnn= six oe pit sey ace Be coger #2) shen GR) oa 2x -(-sint + 0) ret General anndenva Ke atic orem Genero : xh PM DP ogpidernerne. Uniare an *S Sinxe (-cosx +e. -‘Table of Antidifferentiation Formulas To obain the most general antdervaive fom the partic (cr constants) asin Example SS ste) —— in wr et -_ "| 16) r(@) =sec@ tan = 26" \ masane|— Ravan wee rane wer er ae a Find 39 FoF. fH =5 30 fUyeseteect nt), —£12- ROOF ce U4 Bxt + BX? Enixlac ‘ hb on wens )e fo: D+ cee UxM, BON, OH eg yey nel ra a ai ae en ot 4 foo: D+ CK 4BX7 4 KF + 2x4 OT) —L (ynn) ne #0)=3 £U)=10 TxD Ie> ag (OD X B= Dr Clo)+ 20+ COPTIC — 10= B+ CUDFAETHCD™, = 2D ere i loraeca ob 142 lor BHC C=2@o a= 2+ Find the position, Positton = s(t) velocity vity= silty Recelerandn: alty= vict)= §"(4. lett a wae at hit Nv ‘ At)e Ut +1 vet)= 2pm £ a tt fx re SHS 2 lexi D V@), 2424 are Ye Wet SH Ey tarp v= 424% 40 Vioy=-2 S00)=3 HAE COM C = (oe si 4+ (OES 3- OP, Oy Epay+ 0 2-2 Des a ige se): Bat, ha +3 BB (Swe. et position a 2x43) EAD Marginal cost: c'CX) 1.42- 0.002« one item: 8562 CU)= S62 Find cost. of producing 100 items. Cliso)> ? elx)= 1.42- 0.002x COD= 1.42X = 0.0027 yo Zz c= Sur Sb2= 142()- 0.00102 + © Sb2z 1.42-9.001 te SeL= 1qd te Sr 1AIEC c= Sb0. 08) COO? 1.92% = 0,001 x + Svo.081 cio) = C1002 1,92(100)- 9.001010 + SLo. 08) Cio): F42. 081 GID) Cost of Preducmg 100 items Is $142.08‘3 C-M60-Practice Exam #3 (Ch. 4) Instructor: Bhagi Anand Show valid work to justify your answer. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of on the given interval. LG) = 2x3 - 3x? - 12x + 1, [-2,3] 1.61 ) Find the absolute maximum and F(x) = In(x? + x + 1), [-1,1] 4.2.5) Verify that the function satisfies the three hypotheses of Rolle's Theorem. x) = 2x? = 4x + 5,[-1,3] 2.11) Verify that the function satisfies the hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem on the given a0 ferval. Then find all numbers c that satisfy the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem. f(x) = 2x? ~ 3x + 1,0,2] 4.2.19) Show that the equation has exactly one root. 2x +cosx=0 4.3.5)The graph of the derivative f' of a function f is shown. a) On what intervals is f increasing or decreasing? b) At what values of x does f have a local maximum or minimum? imum values of on the given interval. yrs 43.011) a) Find the intervals on which f is increasing or decreasing. b)_ Find the local maximum and minimum values of f. ©) Find the intervals of concavity and inflection points F(x) =x* = 2x? +3 a) Find the intervals of increase or decrease. b) Find the local maximum and minimum values. ) Find the intervals of concavity and inflection points. d)__Use the information from parts a)-c) to sketch the 4.3.37) f(x) = x3 — 12x +2 Gaa9F0 Find the limit. Use U'Hospital’s Rule where appropriate. If there is a more elementary method, consider using it. If L'Hosital's Rule doesn't apply explain why. 44.30) Ee 4437) lin 4. 55) lim (x —Inx) dxt 4x? 43 arctan(2x) Use the guidelines of section 4.5 to sketch the curve. 4.5.1) y = x3 + 3x? Winimize 4.1.8) Find the dimensions of a rectangle with area 1000m? whose perimeter is af smalllas possible. )) A box with a square base and open top must have a volume of 32,000cm*. Find the sions of the box that minimize the amount of material used. “4.7.21) Find the point on the line y = 2x + 3 that is closest to the origin. Use Newton's method with specified initial approximation x: and xs, the approximation to the root of the given equation. (Give your answer to four decimal places.)2x3 37 4220. 4.8.11) Use the Newton's method to approximate the given number correct to eight decimal places. V5 4.8.13) 2) Explain how we know that the given equation must have a root in the given interval. b) Use Newton's method to approximate the root correct to six decimal places. 3xt = 8x3 +2 = 0,[2,3] 4-9.21))Find the most general Antiderivative of the function.(Check your answer by differentiation.) 2x4 + 4x3 - x eee antideriati .x>0 £(0) = 3,f(1) = 10 ing with the given data. Find the position of the particle. v(0) = =2 ‘company estimates that the marginal cost (in dollars per item) of producing x items is # 1.92 — 0.002x. If the cost of producing one item is $562, find the cost of producing 100 items. Marginal cost cx) Cloo= 1.42- 0.002% Me tem is $se2: CUD= Sez OK 100 items?: CLive=? C&D= 1.92X —0.002x* 2 nc (ee COO= 1-92 X- O.001K2 40 cOD= Sez S&2= 1.42010 -— 0.0010)*+C Sbr= 1.42-v.001 +¢. COO= 1.42% -0,001Xt 4 Su0.034 ES = > 1.41 CU00D= 1.42(100)-0,001(100)? + Sb0.074 Sore £4, te Oo. = 1q2- lo + Ser ekh c= Seo-e34 Soo. OF = HF 1421. 081 CCLOOJ=HFUA. 28 Fd 3 :Practice Exam. 3 Wud) FO)= 2x?>-|xt 12% +1 2,3] P'OO= Gxt -Gx—12 #(2) = -14 ENocat_ min O= &x*-bx AI FD = B local may O= 6 x*-x=2) £(-9=| “> O=xXt-K-2 £(@)= -¥ K-24 1D Xe xX=e-l Wb) £002 2n xttxrD ELI PO = \ i XESS oerat 2 a F(-4)= bn(%) + aD YH” e)= tncy 2x4) f= Ina) xe+x+ Oe p [Berl xtretl o= tx +\ -|= zx “Lex WZAD €Q)= 2x Bx +1 C0.) CWortmuous CO, treretere conmmuons at C02) : toble. at (0,2) ae a NOM at Coz) ster trot POs FOIE 4(2)= 3 B £009 ~ £0 fej fe £>= | £eos~ Bal F< 2_nor pact otepem internat (12)Fx) > 2x 3x41 0029 if ‘ Flos 4x -3 $= Hbd—Fe0d MBI)! yp tars || | efocesh Feeye Ver : BRARTE Oz NO-B if P Guy) de Seed + Gan 0: (6,0) 1. =k a ee dts x74? De x+y? ye 2x43 De 24 (2143) minimize. uc-3= 1 Doe xt + (24397 DOs 2x4 2(2x18D- (ext)! | 4u30) Lim x-sinn SAAD BEN quorwent 2x 4 202x439) = 2+ Yl2x+3) h fim esi! d= cosx 2 I fos we) = Pe ere | PeeanON Pa Neaweate TLCS 2nd $p BE LD ie ami = lox +12 OOK = lO +12 on / tox y il ») Bim I=cosx 2 Linn, inn I-asx, Cosrx Ey =)) yoo Jo 1 > xe0 Gostx=t = 0 ete Xe =i — N finn \iseoeix, [eobt Hl (cade, costa OL, FG? er BNGD= 1990 we Gaede as CoaseaXio eu: [ Ce t conceve up 35 BENcosen> SEITE = costx t Ay Gextt loca ats rnin oy $ 44.34) fim arctan @x> (?) voor Tami,wand) 2 xF 4 Wie Y Vee he +9 Y ba eng ie A Ve x*y =. 22,000 Se X44 «(BLD x B2000> Xx?y falebeo yaa ze y= 22000 Seper ee fh. domain. {x1 x#1} 4 mini te Cea, 0U¢ 60)= X* + BEDCo x S16 = 2x - 12sv00 x O= 2% - wepoo x2 O= 2k-xe _ I2s0% 2% \eeee 200 2x? = 12. 5000 xe O= 2x3- 2eD0D 2x32 \2 "00d ¥3= Wooo x= 4o FIO) 60 v #1) 2? y or SNOXD2 2 — Er ues xe FOE 2x?- BK £0024 yt 743, O= 2x3-8x Vey 07 2x(x?-4) opi ) xO ve cuenty @) imereasieg COVA, 2) 2 Ge-DBD=O anger Ve lwooy ail i® ay t decrecsmg odo PEDC FONE FGEDE 32000= {wovy ° ee yz £OD=b FED=-b #)>30 Length: 2@ 40 om width: 42 om heyht: 20 cm dwwensions: UOem xUgem x 20m c) FD) 2x?- 3x mM erie tdate 2 ake fore piano e979 a -2 Do ore 8 Ee x -F & g 3 3 NS Os 2¢ay-H) |Co de oraey | (RET Coal uly x) am (STZ)inflecton points shee (S-8) CB) Te +2 | 13 FO= Sy 4s Yt rs “B14 1OBD= LST) WY 3 eeigyils = 2(S)-4(4)+3 ale) B43 side Lipa 2 Ae, 29) Poop - ets) 9g- +P -8 2 2- Was =u gir te sera paii hy) B C2) loca i Vocal ennYW.4.2UD 89%: Axt eM? Sh¥ bx 48% Bx ax ° y Ye aay We can approximate each strip by a rectangle that has the same base as the strip and whose height is the same as the right edge of the strip [see Figure 4(b)]. In other words, the heights of these rectangles are the values of the function f(x) = x? at the right end- (a) o) points of the subintervals [0,4], [3.4]. [3.3]. and [4,1]. Each rectangle has width } and the heights are (4)*, (3)*, (3)?, and 12. If we let Ry be the sum of the areas of these approximating rectangles, we get Axe y Bat (tC) HE GPE s= onows = 1 (¢ctD eFC D4 MRDYEOD) From Figure 4(b) 950 Hat the Src oF 6 Nees than Ra, 30 n Ommn A < 0.46875 factor. FIGURE 5 Instead of using the rectangles in Figure 4(b) we could use the smaller rectangles in Figure 5 whose heights are the values of f at the /eff endpoints of the subintervals. (The leftmost rectangle has collapsed because its height is 0.) The sum of the areas of these approximating rectangles 1s +t (UP +4 GP +4: = 8 = 0.21875 We see that the area of Sis larger than 4, so we have lower and upper estimates for A: 0.21875 < A < 0.46875 We can repeat this procedure with a larger number of strips. Figure 6 shows what happens when we divide the region 5 into eight strips of equal width.lee ort et ¥ (a) Using left endpoints (©) Using right endpoints By computing the sum of the areas of the smaller rectangles () and the sum of the areas of the larger rectangles (Rs), we obtain better lower and upper estimates for A: 0.2734375 < A < 0.3984375 So one possible answer to the question is to say that the true area of S lies somewhere between 0.2734375 and 0.3984375. We could obtain better estimates by increasing the number of strips. The table at the left shows the results of similar calculations (with a computer) using a rectangles whose heights are found with left endpoints (Z.) or right endpoints (R.). In particular, we see by using 50 strips that the area lies between 0.3234 and 0.3434. With 1000 strips we narrow it down even more: A lies between 0.328335 and 0.333835. A good estimate is obtained by averaging these numbers: A ~ 0.333335. = a Ly x 10 | 0.2850000 | 0.3850000 20 | 0.3087500 | 0.3587500 30 | 0.3168519 | 0.3501852 50 | 0.3234000 | 0.3434000 100 | 0.3283500 | 0.3383500 1000 | 0.3328335 | 0.3338335 Definition 2: The @¢€.0. A of the region S lies under the graph of continuous function fis the limit of the sum of the areas of approximating triangles: rectang les A=limR, = fim, f(x Jart f(xy, )Ar t+ f(x, )Ax] = + \ 4% bX bX AK, Ot, AX X= Xe Xo Xy Xr Xe Xyq XI ZO Xpe Xe # 2a% a+ Ba%It can be proved that the limit in Definition 2 always exists, since we are assuming that fis continuous. It can also be shown that we get the same value if we use left endpoints: A= lim L, = lim[ f(x Jae + f(x )Ae+...+ f(x] Instead of using left endpoints or right endpoints, we could take the height of the ith rectangle to be the value of fat any number x; in the ith subinterval [x:., xi]. We call the numbers x/", x2", ... 5 Xn" the . So a more general expression for the area of Sis im[ Pa) + flay Yat nt £2, Ox] Note: The expressions in Definition 2 can be written as follows: A=lim Df )ax and A= Jim SflsaAx, kD ‘The Distance Problem: Find the distance traveled by an object during a certain time period if the velocity of the object is known at all times. If the velocity remains constant, then the distance problem is easy to solve by means of formula distance = Velocity. x time. Bier py Xt Kr on. Me LAK nae a tn LX 4X7 Xn5.1 — Areas and Distances Use six rectangles to find estimates of each type for the area under the given graph of mx=0 tox=12, ca Tr 1, (ample points are left endpoints) ' i) R, (sample points are right endpoints) M, (sample points are midpoints) (©) Is L, an underestimate or overestimate of the tru area? (©)Is R, an underestimate or overestimate ofthe true area?” (4) Which of the numbers Z,, R,, or M, gives the best estimate? Explain. )The speed of a runner increased steadily during the first three seconds of a race. Her ‘dat half-second intervals is given in the table. Find the lower and upper estimates for the distance that she traveled during these three seconds. 1s) 0 | os 1s | 20] 25 | 30 vift/s)| 0 | 62 | 108| 14.9] 18.1] 19.4 | 20.2 G D Use Definition 2 to find an expression for the area under the graph of fas a limit. Do not evaluate the limit. 5 2x =, Isxs3 f= FF ISH 24) Determine a region whose area is equal to the given limit. Do not evaluate the I tim 2 1+ mollyProfessor Anand C- 5.2: The Definite Integral Defiian of Definite Integral: Iffis a function defined for a ==}, we divide the interval [a,b] into» subinterval of equal width Ax =(6—a)/1, We lt x(= Ay 41-1 34(=6) be the endpoints in these subintervals and we let xi’, x2', ... 44” any sample points in these subintervals so a subinterval [x:., xi]. Then the de tinite inteqalof f from atobis Pf reode= tim Y, f5 yA" provided that this limit exists and gives the same value forall possible choiedg of sample points. 1 exist, we say that fis Integrable on [a, 5]. MeO xX=bb Note 1 The symbol | was introduced by Leibniz and is called an joteqnal sige lt is an elongated S and was chosen because an integral is a limit of sums. Inthe notation [’ f(#)dx 2) is called the teg cand and aand bare called the stig us Upper limit. For now, the symbol dr has no meaning by itself; [{ Flede is all one symbol. The dx sais the ewer \imitand b is the ‘simply indicates thatthe independent variable is x. The procedure of calculating an integral is called in. pro cess Note 2 The definite integral [° f(=)dx is a number; it does not depend on x. In fact, we could use any letter in place of x without changing the value of the integral: Pree = fred = [yd Note 3 The sum Dear Peieann Sum ) 1t says that the definite integral of an integrable gree of accuracy by a Riemann sum. We know that if happens to be positive, then the Riemann su) Si be interpreted as a sum of areas of approximating rectangles (see Figure |). By comparing Definition 2 with the definition of area in Section 5.1, we see that the definite integral ato b. (See Figure 2.) that occurs in Definition 2 is called function can be approximated to wi 1 f' flax can be interpreted asthe area under the curve y= fix) from ex: FoD2xX Sean grees Sree QBFIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 If ftakes on both positive and negative values, as in Figure 3, then the Riemann sum is the sum of the areas of the rectangles that lie above the x-axis and the negatives of the areas of the rectangles that lie below the x-axis (th areas of the blue rectangles minus the areas of the gold rectangles). When we take the limit of such Riemann sums, we get the situation illustrated in Figure 4. A definite integral can be interpreted as a_Net area. that is, a difference of areas: anove % Ax [fea nae Rvevw x ans where Ar is the area of the region above the x-axis and below the graph of f, and 2 is the area of the region below the x-axis and above the graph of f Az Ay-Aaz nega FIGURE 3 flx*) Axis an approximation to the net area. FIGURE 4 fisted isthe net area,Theorem 4: If fis integrable on [a, 5], then 7 z Reimann J fede = lim YF) | sum ee ‘Summation Properties: a Sia net) Tlie (4+243¢4eS the tne » Cth) ee if oF x Sp = neeevensy) 2 eazregteut tats NCaeD@ntd | 5 i ce ist e ue yt menn))t. 107+) 5 a 2] 4284 Bat HHP Cee ee Mu @& Ce etcte= Bc Le -y=La-Zh Midpoint Rule: [Lferae= LG ax=ae[ /H)+4 1] where a= 28 7 and (x,.,+%,) = midpoint of [x,..%]Properties of Definite Integral [Lrepdr=-f' pone [i fe)ax=0 al $ 00 axe S, 482 Properties of Integral b [ 2 Serax + §)t00 dx uf [eae = (b- =a) where ois any constant ~ e 2. [[/@)+e@]ax =f Seadde+ f° glade \ 3. fet aar=ef? f(a)de, where cis any constant . 4. PU@-swar=[’ pende—f gona b Sf fo axe area under the graph of €0O bounded by ~ lines X=® and x=b. ic FOD=C a 5 CdX= area eS Y ~ 2 Lew WW), 7 2 (b-a(c) Tee xeb 2 Clb-a> b-o“9 increasing Ro right SAm= overestimated Section 5.2 — The Definite Integral Tgeunde Ie ‘A table of values of an increasing function f is shown. Use the table to find the lower and upper estimates for R fade. * 10 | 4 18 22 26 wo sey [=n] -6[-2 [1 [3 Ts *8) The table gives the values of a function obtained from an experiment. Use them to estimate [ Ff (x)dx using three equal subintervals with (a) right endpoints, (b) left endpoints, and (c) midpoints. If the function is known to be an increasing function, can you say whether your estimates are less than or greater than the exact value of the integral? x 3 4 5 6|7|8 9 fQ) | -34 | -21 | -06] 03 | o9 | 14 | 18 8) express the limit as a definite integral on the given interval. fis Dixy +x, Ax,, [2,5] @4x42)de Gusing Reimann sum PT 23) [\,G? +a) PT 22)Use the form of the definition of the integral given in Theorem 4 to evaluate the integral. 24) Use the form of the definition of the integral given in Theorem 4 to evaluate the integral. fex-x de PT 37) Evaluate the integral by interpreting it in terms of areas. fiarvo-F ae 40) ['12x-1] de estrvete 48) if f° f()ae=73 and f'f(de=5.9, find f* fGde.ane £00) increasing [ TI Rus right SUM= overestimate — (upper) “Loe lett Sums unclerestimate (lower) #6) decreasing Rye right sum: underestimate Loe = left sum= averestimate YO 14 ig 22 26 30 FOO)| 12-6 =2 38 1 tt it 10 Wy 1 22} ally 3io! | AS” Ax= 4 —| 43.p S teoax = [Foy #014) + #18) + F@2) + €@.cy (AD to 2 (e+ -G+ -24+ 143) Lg = ab (underestimate) 30 s* § £0) AX = Cray + Tle) + F(22)+ (20) 4 #030) (4) ie = Cog +2 +lLit a4] eyes =e CRs = IG Loverestimate)oe tin Sw [roe ox TRIS) t a=! are | tem J tevin ae a fveeinmgmttirm — S23 ont fn, BS rrdux t s ® See ax {ine ax x Kit asian = 1 rile) ° & i op $2) fi Jeremie Aim 2 # (1+ 3)(%) (x? 4x+2) ax J J (1+ BE) =H BED 2 Goa = ae ME pected J orvcradan = Rae ax]! > stim i rai 2 Bay 2x1" ete = FUW)- FU) ert [e- 20+ 200 ]-[ 3-204 209] = tim aS Bt = (Gi-arr8)-(L- 248) + dm arg 2 Boy f fee be De acne RAS 2 © 2.3 = Bay & HL tele i ai eee din, (3-18 nS, + 24" tine tined ) 7-3 Congweg bur net the pe Ps ee 3UEDy LD. Lemennd) Remand Sum metned ey Theor Y method os BaGa-sceageg Intense tne |) Sreoae- bio 2 eer ox were bes be Miso 1a BE 3-4 rade gq Wen) —_= nse > Phy -3-4i+0)4 2(2t 0 +e) "WM, ~3-4 +a Gy - tin 4 FD (2, Bh ee: H3-qcie hy + Bh + ¢ +a e+ 7) s Stondx= 7.3 2 8 Fin i ai id Si FODd x § finde = 5.4 1 By property @) 5 a ‘ Sean = § fOOdx + § 40 ay, 2 2 A i aa t% 232 5.44 Vey ax ¥ GC # At FOL) AxProfessor Anand C- 5.3: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus ‘The first part of the Fundamental Theorem deals with functions defined by an equation of the form a= floar where fis a Contivous function on [a, 5) andx_ lies _ between a and b. Observe that g depends only on x, which appears to be the variable upper limit in the integral. If x is a fixed number, then the integral [ #(0)de is a definite number. If we letx vary, then the number J £@at also varies and defines a function of x denoted by g(x). Iffhappens to be a positive function, then g(x) can be interpreted as the area under the graph of ffrom a to x, where x can vary from a to b. (Think of g as the “area so far” function; see Figure 1.) 2 Ft 4 The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 1: If fis continuous on [a, 5], then the function g defined by g)=[' sd — asxsb x = S Fleydt us : gue S$ is Afton [a,b] and digkerentiablon a, 5), and ge) = foo. = - = AGO) gi x | " TM= FG 4 fe Example 2: Find the derivative ofthe function g(x) =f‘ Vivdr. an? & (S #tae) x goos SST dt K Ft guxys tf siete #0)wt ay Example 4: Find 4 (" AW? ee - : Fink Sect de) = qu % be _. du Scect dt ae ee ete AX? = We" mec) = Ce Speer The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part 2: If fis consinuyus on [a, by, then [fends =F6)-Fe@) where Fis any _Qnti-dedVativeof f, that is a function such that F’= f. 4 . Examples: Evaluate the integral ['e@r. > F(b)~ Fla), Fis an antiderivetive of f. = ox)? FQ) = &% er] = FX) = Setaxs 2” The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Suppose fis continuous on (a, 6]. 1. If g(a) =f? f(Odt then g'(8) =f). 2. fir (x)de = F(b) - F(a) , where F is any antiderivative of f, that is a function such that F’ = f. a 2 Cany denvarve of ¢,Section 5.3 — The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Sketch the area represented by g(x). Then find g (&) in two ways: (a) by using Part | of the Fundamental Theorem and (b) by evaluating the integral using Part 2 and then differentiating. *5) g@)= [rar 6) g(x) =f(2+singde Use Part | of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find the derivative of the function. 8) a(x)= [Ind +A at Dao=fe-ora P Virsecr at 12) RO)=fe sin dt (PF PT 13 ex) = fine de 18) y=f, Viera Evaluate the integral. P23) {vx de ) J. sino ao \) PT 27) Jy (w+2\u~3)du 32) |" sc? ado rape ty ya 49 [ry =~. sinx if 0Sx cosy e = costx) Ginx) Plug wn upper hmit six t%=€n x) @ Use FTC 1 to fd dervanve s g'cs) 9) = V(E-42)¥ dt . s gi (= a g® - & ES (4-4) Fae) = (s-st)* Is cancel outGD) Fo: § rset ae FT * F\G2 ? FIOD= 4 Crapy = a (Sire ae) x “£05 ome ae) Was =o f Sivsece ae PO) = —ATt seo hoO= Jo Prt at Fret ‘ W002? senor, oF oper tii _ 4 P > (3) J NK ax FTCA: Crewe REE Rep 4 q Ax dx: Ma fF ane Sy ay xen) xy. ney bed Fe -2 2 3, > 3 [7 -(W*] - 207-1)= 4 @- @. EB) cowore wegen rf Ere 2) must Erow whith one if sin @ de 40 use. x oluare” G * § sine d@ = FLT)-F (te) is 4 = neon 615m = —[csse- cos(E)] eb ey 2 (CaB oe (2258) ° # 6122) 5 S wezyqursydu foe - @-wiow g-P-w), 2 wil-[-% we) ae 2. BB Ho cca aanicnaS“4 = -(0-1)+ (0-1) * ya) ave @ 7 Mbt. oars ‘ 2 fs trav? dv = Fl)- FU) : 2 = Unie), > [Bre + @P]- [Bray +c] = (4n2+8)-(tni41) = fn2ae-l Gray on f fOdx where Foo= ieee of xen : a MT 6%xET |—, © tn . H ia Sean: s Fondx 4 if Faydx VS ys. ° © a ct 2 te 7 : sinxdx + J coox dx ; z 2 7 eee a als uo din s = (005% cosy - : cos.) 4 (sin™sin J) be My are/ Professor Anand C- 5.4; Indefinite Integrals and the Net Change Theorem Both parts of the Fundamental Theorem establish connections between antiderivatives and definite integrals. Because of the relation given by the Fundamental theorem between antiderivatives and integrals, the notation Jf@ae is traditionally used for an antiderivative of f and is called an indefinite Thus integral. [/@)de=F(@) means F'@)=/(0) For example, we can write check: 3 So we can regard an indefinite integral as representing an entire family of functions (one antiderivative for each value of the constant C). Note: You should distinguish carefully between definite and indefinite integrals. A definite integral ff F0ddr isa number, whereas an indefinite integral j /(x)de isa function (or family of functions). [1] Toble of indefinite Integrals fetarar=ef naar [La + fadae= [adr + f fod a [kdr= kext [arm oS +€ (n¥-1) fhare nial +c fetarmer+e forar-Zec [sin xx = —cos x + C feos xax—sinx + € « ocerar= an ¢ fescxdx= -cotx+ C f sec xtan xa — sec x + C [ese xeot xax— -csex + C 1 “1 - +c i} +1" tan'—x { sinh xx = cosh x + C feos xdx= sinh x + CSl postion 2 F (oni denan eo ve b stkevit) Netouty a ki io Asan SIRE VICK): ALS a Semayon. p Feo ) JG) ) Net Change Theorem The integral of a rate of change is the net chang Pendle ~ [r&ac (b)- F(a) If (0) is the YoLUrmve of water in a reservoir at a time ¢, then its derivative (0) is the rate at which water flows into the reservoir at time 1. So “s ViOEVG)-V) i jeseGlarG If C(x) is the _Cost of X nits ofa commodity, then the marginal cost is the derivative C’(x). So JPcwae=Clx)—Clx) -» PEF ohenge CF cost is the increase in cost when production is increased from x1 units to x2 units. If an object moves along a straight line with position function s(1), then its is v()=s'@, 80 se J oar=s)-s04) soit isthe net change of position, or dissplaccanent ofthe particle during the time period from 1 to 2 displacement: is @ Vettor; hus horn magnimde and airechon. distenee? Seq tay magnitadeSection 5.4 — Indefinite Integrals and the Net Change Theorem “AWD _ [Find the general indefinite integral. 9) fer) Quau 1 joven PT 12) [ets a x * 13) [(sinx+sinhx) de PT 16))[seee(secr-+tan‘) dr ‘Valuate the integral. +23) Keune nd PT 27) fet +3sinx)de PT 31) f, x@lx + Vx) -/4 2 PT37) f° icone 40 wm | +45) f° (x-2)x) ae 54) A honeybee population starts with 100 bees and increases at a rate of m (@) per week. What does 100+ ("°n'(ode represent? PT 59) phe velocity function (in meters per second) is given for a particle moving along a line. Find (a) lacement and (b) the distance traveled by the paricle during the given time interval. v@)= 3-5, PT 61) The acceleration function (in m/s") and the initial velocity are given for a particle moving along ‘line. Find (a) the velocity at time and (b) the distance traveled during the given time interval. a()=t+4, v0)=5, 051510 67) The marginal cost of manufacturing x yards of a certain fabric is C(x) = 3 - 0.01x + 0.000006x" (in dollars per yard). Find the increase in cost if the production level is raied from 2000 yards to 4000 | yards.b ; : = Lf glk) de 4 | Be} Sa) Oe = displacement, @ Find the general indefmite mbregrat. ‘add ‘e"e » (arout) du il WN SQur #FUt4) dl " Rneed table to enow. (P9-1 of S.U) Ew) J sect (sec t+ tantddt distribute. = S (cect 4 seek tant) at) vity= 3-5 ofta3 ® £ Gete eee ae = F(®)-F~-2) Gs 3 2) displacement =f viedt - 45,49 _ #7]? 2 9, ot fear @y -istiptahl, {ett = {eee} = (aevae ° + aps «pt s05]- [AP s5] 7 GP-1s)-&) ° (CBE x(2ik+ UE )dx = FOe- FCO, ° = (~3241- 22 41 aveplacenerte 22-22 = = S684 xi) dx 1D aittaegn | 2 Zameyse> Sf |veed| ae > © Vlas} de Sis ° suet 1 3 ee ie 7 -Bees)de + if (@t-sydt ~o © 5 Nae COM x) ax [xe Art Si sy L 3 Senegaes i Gtesdt . 3 ; Fax) wg J. “fat. we) (ae, er") 2 P+ ase]? = (3+4)- (0) “(BS spf-Le] + [RY ve] [2 559) BGS + CBs) -(20D- 8) “BE, 2S, P-S BSy BS -SySDs cts a7Profesor Anand 55; The Subtitation Rule How would we evaite integrals such 8 a 18 Jaemarive he ax Jus 1xAK foal ie ducal Sine 2x5 ‘oppose we etu= 1 2, Then the diferent of ws d= 2 Sie du » Subsiting hs ita th above intra we bin Pounds WEE, ow inn * OTS Josow de fir ante = fd | 2arer ye 23 + Pee 3 expression in redial Best for "a", In general ths method works whenever we have an integral tht we can write inthe form [Ftetae nde, Observe thai F=f then erecneynerigtoec (iS =A EGER al SHIN Ero l [Atetsnetnae= [fer ms, ” 4 ‘Example: Find igor ‘Siperinte: Wa xt? vaeve ae Te coscetea) Pax Ye as cos 4) au dese Serr aw ae =A Fst dt ie - 2 tine +c2 (1 sina) +e — a Mv 7 ) (ok, one nema Somme Funaons Suppo is cominuouson ac), (S pean (o tps even ea) =A ten J nde=af fone (oy yn 244 tay pion [fend Suan—P Section 5.5 — The Substitution Rule Evaluate the integral by making the given substitution, *3) fe Ves de wart ite the indefinite integral. PT9) (12a) ae 10) [sins Vi+cosr at 12) Jsec? 20d0 T 13) Jw I-e' PT 17) = du ( PF 19) ae jax + bx 2 2) Fa dz sin (24) dt (FR forse AGS cos ‘sec? x 30) fee cos(z/ x (0yrGaa at 2 lSenioranl Evaluate the definite integral. PF, PT(43) fcos(21 /2) dt mip Sa 64) fixe = Fax 88) Ff is continuous and [’ f(e)de=4, find [xf de§ Grice? a us 1-2Xx dus ay = 72 »W du= -2dx I= J 4 fa 20)" dy ———____>. 4 = dx i fate red v \ i an Es a & 1 We IS Rat? 1 = ne | Cc 1° a) he tel ibe 20 4 Uz S- 3x PTI) a 2 Fay ae t= S-3% 5-3X Vid 1S) duz -S de L Aw = Su du C4 Sr axtare one in prrenibetis fr tae ~ aibe ay cheese the ore iM medical for us Bax + bx? dee za4 Bex dus (3a+bx%) Ax dur 3(a+bx*) dx BY (a tox® BPs (a tex DA a Su"? au De Us coe des nan ae dus (-2sin 2t) dt sin at dtOpt 4, cos (TM) Ax xz © (cosy. te ax > § costuy - au A: or Te Geos (uy de ct sial 1). ) ) oY ee us Ln x Ses (TEA) dt P(E) oe 2 tax § esw. adv ‘ 1 2 a =z 7 Sasa du) 48 Go snl. 2 estas] = [singh sin wy] = #(I-0)= (3 a i = Jute 2 is - ini = T=) = 2(2-4) = (2) ayOrea under tne function in meal b JS FO) dx *° a Taw Riemann Sum ’ Se Lin So dx: Lim 1 I Pde = oe 2 F(R) BX ETc Part 1: (derivative) x B= C Feeyat a i x GOO= Aigeoys £ Ste at ‘1 a + repiaced oes prer limit aad L F® i FIC parr 2s b J FOO AX= FUW)- FLA) urns out as numerical value) a oF let antidervarve devoteReyes a Oa 3 Subintervals? Axe b-a | 4-3 ee ee ee -e | n 47% -@ x © 4. § (4) dt = 4 pe Ss te ic Aeme = Jonx®- WX? = (Ur fame ) \ d: \ & S Jt at = —Assinxss sm! = -sinx- osx re a /ACKRMX d ain o4 aS, alt dt > to fii} variabk on top 6. sn ‘ . = F(b)-FIS) = xe = ev—eS = Lee — 2 > 2(eb-e*) increasing functin. decreas fihstienl. ” ing rignt sum gs Ry = ever eshmate Ry = underestimate a Ly = overestimate. Lye undereshmate.