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The effects of bio-solid and tea waste application into different levels of
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DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0467-3 · Source: PubMed

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Environ Monit Assess (2009) 156:109–118
DOI 10.1007/s10661-008-0467-3
The effects of bio-solid and tea waste application into
different levels of eroded soil on N, P and K concentrations
Nutullah Ozdemir · Tugrul Yakupoglu ·
Orhan Dengiz
Received: 15 February 2008 / Accepted: 26 June 2008 / Published online: 12 August 2008
© Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2008
Abstract The main objective of the study was
to find out the effects of various organic matter
sources such as bio-solid (BS) and tea waste (TW)
on macro nutrient content of eroded soils. In or-
der to determine different soil erodibility levels
(slightly, moderately and severely), erosion ratio
(ER) and soil erodibility factor (K) parameters
were used. Soil samples used in this research were
taken from bulk surface (0–20 cm depth) located
on agricultural lands of Asagi Aksu village that
is 20 km far from Samsun province in the north
part of Turkey. These lands have been used as
agricultural activity. Some properties of the soil
classified as Vertic calciudoll were determined as
follows; fine in texture, organic matter content
varies between 0.83% and 0.90%. In addition, pH
and EC values of these soils are 8.0–8.1 and 0.64–
0.79 dSm−1 respectively. This study was conducted
by applying four different doses of BS and TW
(0%, 2%, 4% and 6%) in eroded soils under
greenhouse condition. Each treatment was repli-
cated three times in a split block design. After
18 weeks incubation period associated parameters
were determined in all pots. According to analysis
N. Ozdemir · T. Yakupoglu · O. Dengiz (B)
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture,
Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey
e-mail: odengiz@omu.edu.tr
results, it was found that while BS treatments
increased total N, available P and exchangeable
K content of all eroded soils comparing to con-
trol treatment, effectiveness of TW on P is very
low in slightly and moderately erosion levels. BS
and TW applications increased K content in soils.
However, it was determined not significant sta-
tistically between effectiveness of these various
organic residues whereas, N and P values signifi-
cantly correlated with BS and TW (P < 0.05). In
addition, change of N, P and K values depending
on the application doses and soil erosion levels
were found statistically significant (P < 0.001).
Keywords Bio-solid · Tea waste · Soil ·
Erodibility · Erosion · Fertility
Abbreviations
BS Bio-solid
TW Tea waste
ER Erosion ratio
K factor Soil erodibility factor
N Total nitrogen
P Available phosphorous
K Exchangeable potassium
OC Organic carbon
SOM Soil organic matter
CEC Cation exchangeable capacity
110
Introduction
One of the major environmental concerns is land
degradation, since there is an increasing aware-
ness that soil is a critical component of the
biosphere, not only by the production of food but
also by the maintenance of environmental quality
(Marcotea et al. 2001; Ferreras et al. 2006). The
accelerated soil erosion, exacerbated by anthro-
pogenic perturbations, is a destructive process.
It depletes soil fertility, degrades soil structure,
reduces the effective rooting depth and destroys
the most basic of all natural resources. Numerous,
once-thriving civilizations have vanished because
of the degradation of the resource base on which
Fig. 1 Location
of the study area
Environ Monit Assess (2009) 156:109–118
they arose (Lal 2003). Soil erosion is one of the
leading environmental problems of the world. In
many areas, loss of this valuable natural resource
takes place almost imperceptibly and slowly af-
fects the long-term productivity of the land. Soil
erosion also contributes to degradation of the
quality of surface and ground waters by adding
transported sediments, nutrients, pesticides and
increased turbidity (Cooke and Doornkamp 1990;
Mitra et al. 1998).
Effective factors on soil erosion are climate,
landscape components—land use/cover changes,
management applications, and soil properties.
Bayramin et al. (2008) state that an increasing rate
of land use/cover changes especially in semiarid
Environ Monit Assess (2009) 156:109–118 111

Table 1 Some chemical and physical characteristics of

slightly to severely eroded Vertic calciudoll from the Sam- nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In order to
sun region of Northern Turkey prevent of nutrient loss, Bio-solid (BS) and tea
Soil properties Erosion levels waste (TW) can be used in agricultural systems as
soil conditioners. The application of BS to agricul-
1 2 3
tural land has become a common practice over the
Soil texture (%)
Sand (S) 14.6 13.1 15.2
past several decades. This practice has some ad-
Silt (Si) 26.0 30.8 31.7 vantages such as inexpensive, logical and easy to
Clay (C) 59.4 56.1 53.1 carry out. Like BS or TW, since they contain plant
Textural class C C C nutrients and organic matter, they may be used to
pH 8.0 8.1 8.1 supplement or replace commercial fertilizers for
EC (dSm−1 ) 0.79 0.65 0.64 crop production (Bozkurt and Yarılgaç 2003).
SOM (%) 0.99 0.84 0.83
The aim of this study was to determine effects
Total N (%) 0.14 0.13 0.11
CEC (meq 100 g−1 ) 37.4 23.9 21.4
of BS and TW that applied to soils eroded in
CaCO3 (%) 16.6 19.4 21.9 different levels on macro element (NPK) contents
Erosion indices of agricultural lands.
ER 5.36 6.65 12.17
K (t.ha.h.ha−1 .MJ−1 .mm−1 ) 0.014 0.015 0.016
1 Sligtly, 2 moderately, 3 severely
Material and method

Description of the study area

mountainous areas has resulted in important
Soil samples (0–20 cm depth) used in this study
effects on physical and ecological processes,
was taken from on the same line footslope (1),
causing many regions to undergo accelerated
backslope (2), and hillslope (3) eroded area in
environmental degradation in terms of soil ero-
Asagi Aksu village of Samsun—Turkey (Fig. 1).
sion, mass movement and reservoir sedimen-
tation. Soil organic mater is one of the most
important parameter for soil healthy and quality.
Application of conditioners into the eroded soils is
Table 2 Chemical properties of organic wastes applied to
increased organic matter content. Added organic
Vertic calciudoll subjected to multiple levels of erosion
residue to soil is a way efficiently for conflict
Propertiesa TW BS
against soil erosion. The beneficial effects of using
organic residues on agriculture have been proven Organic Non-organic
by numerous researchers. It has been shown that OC (%) 54.78 22.20
organic residues application improves the physical N (%) 2.45 2.40
C:N 22.36 9.25
(Benbi et al. 1998; Aggelides and Londra 2000;
Fe2 O3 (%) 2.30
Gulser and Candemir 2004), and chemical (Wong CaO (%) 11.50
et al. 1999; Whalen et al. 2000; Zibilski et al. 2000; MgO (%) 1.34
Özenc et al. 2006) properties of soils. Also soil bio- P (%) 1.30
logical properties such as enzyme activity, organic K (%) 0.23
matter content of earthworm cast (Kızılkaya 2005; NaO (%) 0.22
Kızılkaya and Bayraklı 2005), CO2 productivity Al2 O3 (%) 4.40
Cd (μg g−1 ) 6.30
(Ataman and Arcak 2000), C/N ratio (Uyanöz
Cu (μg g−1 ) 214.50
et al. 2002) change depending on incubation pe- Cr (μg g−1 ) 135.20
riod and properties of added residues. Pb (μg g−1 ) 180.40
On eroded soils, nutrient loss so called “chem- Ni (μg g−1 ) 75.80
ical erosion” is especially one of the most im- Zn (μg g−1 ) 435.90
portant problems for agricultural lands. Organic a Quantities of nutrients and heavy metals were determined

matter includes some plant nutrition such as as total

112 Environ Monit Assess (2009) 156:109–118

Table 3 Variance analysis of the total N data

Sources DF SS SM F
Replicate 2 7,500.0 3,750.0 0.857 ns
Erosion level (A) 2 2,402,500.0 1,201,250.0 274.571***
Error 1 4 17,500.0 4,375.0
Conditioners (B) 1 268,888.889 268,888.889 101.895*
Error 2 2 5,277.778 2,638.889
A×B 2 36,944.444 18,472.222 6.488 ns
Error 3 4 11,388.889 2,847.222
Doses (C) 3 139,736,111.111 46,578,703.704 14,170.423***
A×C 6 1,223,055.556 203,842.593 62.014***
B×C 3 116,666.667 38,888.889 11.831***
A×B×C 6 1,530,833.333 255,138.889 77.620***
Error 36 118,333.333 3,287.037
General 71 145,475,000.0 2,048,943.662
ns Not significant, DF degree of freedom, SS square sum, SM square mean, F calculated statistical criteria
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001

This site is located in the Black Sea Region,
Northern Turkey (Latitude 41◦ 19 N; longitude
36◦ 02 W). The climates is semi humid (R f =
47.21) with monthly mean temperatures ranging
from 6.6◦ C in February to 23◦ C in August. The
annual mean temperature is 14.2◦ C, annual mean
precipitation 670 mm (Anonymous 2002).
Soils of the study area were classified as ver-
tic calciudoll according to soil taxonomy (Soil
Survey Staff 1999). Some physical and chemi-
cal soil properties were determined as follows;
Organic matter was determined in air-dry samples
using the Walkley–Black wet digestion method
(Nelson and Sommers 1982); Lime content by
Scheibler calsimeter and pH, EC—electrical con-
ductivity by method of the Soil Survey Laboratory
(Soil Survey Staff 1992). Particle size distribu-
tion was determined by the hydrometer method
(Bouyoucos 1951). Exchangeable Na and micro
nutrient content were measured by Kacar (1994).
Some soil properties were determined as Table 1.
According to Table 1, clay, silt and sand con-
tents for slightly eroded soil are 59.4%, 26.0%,
and 14.6% respectively. While clay, silt and sand
distribution are 56.1%, 30.8%, and 13.1% for
moderately eroded soil, severely eroded soil has
53.1%, 31.7%, and 15.2% respectively. The soils
showed a slightly alkaline reaction having a pH

Table 4 Variance analysis of the available P data

Sources DF SS SM F
Replicate 2 59.645 29.822 1.988 ns
Erosion level (A) 2 36,260.892 18,130.446 1,208.387***
Error 1 4 60.015 15.004
Conditioners (B) 1 485.733 485.733 53.452*
Error 2 2 18.175 9.087
A×B 2 5,079.479 2,539.739 119.468**
Error 3 4 85.035 21.259
Doses (C) 3 30,212.215 10,070.738 1,237.681***
A×C 6 21,338.988 3,556.498 437.089***
B×C 3 802.732 267.577 32.885***
A×B×C 6 8,785.185 1,464.198 179.948***
Error 36 292.924 8.137
General 71 103,481.018 1,457.479
ns Not significant, DF degree of freedom, SS square sum, SM square mean, F calculated statistical criteria
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001
Environ Monit Assess (2009) 156:109–118 113

Table 5 Variance analysis of the exchangeable K data

Sources DF SS SM F
Replicate 2 2.688 1.344 0.362 ns
Erosion level (A) 2 28,776.570 14,388.285 3,873.224***
Error 1 4 14.859 3.715
Conditioners (B) 1 3.832 3.832 2.238 ns
Error 2 2 3.424 1.712
A×B 2 120,851.671 60,425.835 2,357.995***
Error 3 4 102.504 25.626
Doses (C) 3 851,587.830 283,862.610 18,441.802***
A×C 6 25,788.999 4,298.166 279.240***
B×C 3 3,939.933 1,313.311 85.322***
A×B×C 6 27,690.115 4,615.019 299.826***
Error 36 554.124 15.392
General 71 1,059,316.550 14,919.951
ns Not significant, DF degree of freedom, SS square sum, SM square mean, F calculated statistical criteria
*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001

value (in 1:2.5 soil–water suspension as w/v) 8.0,
8.1 and 8.1, respectively. Electrical conductivity
values of soils were determined as 0.79, 0.65, and
0.64 dSm−1 , respectively. Organic carbon (OC)
values belong to soils are 0.573%, 0.486%, and
0.480% respectively. Total nitrogen (N) contents
into the soils are 0.14%, 0.13%, and 0.11% and
C/N ratios 4.093, 3.739, and 4.364 respectively.
ER and K values of three different eroded soils
were found as 5.36, 6.65, 12.17 and 0.014, 0.015,
0.016 respectively, and were given in Table 1. Lal
(1988) indicated that ER and K parameters are
used as indices to evaluate soil sensitivity agains
to erosion and values of these parameters increase
whereas, structural stabilities of soils decrease.
This case was also determined in the study area
soils.
Bio-solid and tea waste
The bio-solid (BS) was obtained from Bafra Mu-
nicipality. BS used in the present study had 37%
organic matter content. As based on weight,
22.2% and 2.4% of the organic fractions were car-
bon and nitrogen, respectively, having a C/N ra-
tio of 9.25. Non-organic fractions of the bio-solid
includes 2.3% Fe2 O3 , 11.5% CaO, 1.34% MgO,
1.3 P %, 0.23% K, 0.22% NaO and 4.4% Al2 O3 .
pH, and water-soluble P content of the bio-solid
were found to be 7.2 and 581 μgg−1 respectively.

Table 6 LSD0.05 analysis of the N data Table 7 LSD0.05 analysis of the P data
N content P content
Erosion level Erosion level
Slightly 3,304.2a Slightly 76.8a
Moderately 3,004.2b Moderately 39.8b
Severely 2,866.7c Severely 23.0c
Organic wastes Organic wastes
BS 3,119.5a BS 49.1a
TW 2,997.2b TW 44.0b
Application doses Application doses
0 1,266.7a 0 20.7a
1 2,350.0b 1 35.6b
2 3,627.8c 2 54.5c
3 4,988.9d 3 75.3d
LSD values: for erosion level: 53.014; for organic waste: LSD values: for erosion level: 3.105; for organic waste:
52.097; for application dose: 38.789 3.057; for application dose: 1.930
114 Environ Monit Assess (2009) 156:109–118

Table 8 LSD0.05 analysis of the K data

levels × 2 organic wastes × 4 waste application
K content doses) × 3 replications]. All of the pots were
Erosion level incubated for 18 weeks in greenhouse condition.
Slightly 338.8a
After incubation period, treated soil samples were
Moderately 300.5b
Severely 293.3c
rubbed by hand and sieved from a sieve with
Organic wastes 2.0 mm openings (Tümsavaş and Katkat 2000).
BS 310.7a After the experiment, total N by Kjeldhal
TW 311.1a method, available P by 0.5 M NaHCO3 extrac-
Application doses tion and Exchangeable K by 1 N NH4OAc ex-
0 190.5a traction (Rowell 1996) were determined in all
1 239.5b
pot soil samples. In addition, ER and K factor
2 338.6c
3 475.0d
were determined according to Lal (1988) and
Renard et al. (1997) as metric unit by using follow
LSD values: for erosion level: 1.545; for organic waste:
1.327; for application dose: 2.654
equations.
dispersion ratio
ER =  (1)
colloid content moisture equivalent
Total Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn contents of the
bio-solid were found to be 6.3, 214.5, 135.2, 180.4,
K = 2.8×10−7 M1.14 (12−a)+4.3×10−3 (b −2)
75.8 and 435.9 μgg−1 , respectively. These heavy
metals values were found low level according to +3.3 × 10−3 (c − 3) (2)
Smith (1996). TW has organic carbon (C) 54.78%,
nitrogen (N) 2.45% and C/N ratio 22.36 (Table 2). where

K soil erodibility factor (t.ha.h.ha−1 .MJ−1 .

Experimental design
Soil samples were dried in shadow and sieved
from 4 mm (Jackson 1958). The BS and TW used
for this research were sieved from 0.50 mm (Ryan
et al. 2001). The soil samples were treated with
the organic residues (BS and TW) at four different
levels (0%, 2.0%, 4.0% and 6.0%, w/w) and each
treatments was replicated three times in a split
block design [(3 soils that have different erosion
mm−1 )
M particle size parameter (% silt + % very fine
sand) × (100 − % clay)
a percent organic matter
b soil structure code (very fine granular, 1; fine
granular, 2; medium or coarse granular, 3;
blocky, platy, or massive, 4)
c profile permeability class (rapid, 1; moderate
rapid, 2; moderate, 3; slow to moderate, 4;
slow, 5; very slow, 6)

Fig. 2 Changes in total

N (μgg−1 ) content of
the soils depending on
erosion levels (slightly,
moderately, and
severely), type of organic
wastes (BS and TW)
and application doses
(0%, 2%, 4% and 6%)
Environ Monit Assess (2009) 156:109–118 115

Fig. 3 Changes in
available P (μgg−1 )
content of the soils
depending on erosion
levels (slightly,
moderately, and
severely), type of organic
wastes (BS and TW)
and application doses
(0%, 2%, 4% and 6%)

Statistical assessment was done using Statistical
Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software
program (1998).
Results and discussion
After incubation period for 18 weeks, changes
in total N, available P, and exchangeable K of
eroded soils were determined. Significant differ-
ences in these properties were observed depend-
ing on soil erosion levels, kind of organic residues,
and application doses. Soil organic matter content
depends on the complex interaction of several fac-
tors including the quantity and quality of litter fall,
climatic factor, soil properties, and soil erosion
(Dahlgren et al. 1997). Variance analysis results
of these properties are presented Tables 3, 4,
and 5.
As shown in Table 3; total N values were
significantly influenced from the organic condi-
tioners depending on erosion level (P < 0.001),
kind of residues (P < 0.05), and application
doses (P < 0.001). Mean of square values of the
amendment materials and their levels were found
statistically significant. As shown Table 3; also
interactions of erosion level × application dose,
conditioner × erosion level, and erosion level ×
conditioner × application dose were significant
(P < 0.001) while interaction of erosion level ×
conditioner was not significant, statistically. As
shown Table 4; available P values were signifi-

Fig. 4 Changes in
Exchangeable K (μgg−1 )
content of the soils
depending on erosion
levels (slightly,
moderately, and
severely), type of organic
wastes (BS and TW)
and application doses
(0%, 2%, 4% and 6%)
116
cantly influenced from the organic waste appli-
cations depending on erosion levels (P < 0.001),
variety of residues (P < 0.05), and application
doses (P < 0.001). This table illustrated that in-
teractions of erosion level × conditioner (P <
0.01), erosion level × application dose, condi-
tioner × application doses, and erosion level ×
conditioner × application dose were statistically
significant (P < 0.001). Variance analyses results
belong to exchangeable K data were given at
Table 5. According to Table 5, it was deter-
mined that organic waste applications affected
on changes of K contents in eroded soils. While,
this case depends on erosion level and appli-
cation dose (P < 0.001), effectiveness of or-
ganic waste types was not significant, statistically.
Also all interactions were significant (P < 0.001),
statistically.
According to variance analyses results, F val-
ues were found significant. Therefore, LSD0.05
(least standard deviation) comparison test was
used to evaluate the effect of application dose,
erosion level and residue type on N, P and K
contents of the soils. Results of tests were given in
Tables 6, 7 and 8. Tables 6 and 7 show that ef-
fects of all applications on N and P mean values
was found different each other. In the same time,
according to Table 8, each erosion levels and
application doses have different effects whereas,
residue type has no effect on increasing of K
values.
Changes in macro element contents of eroded
soils compared with control treatments are shown
in Figs. 2, 3 and 4. Whereas, the erosion level
ranging from slightly to severely of the control soil
samples increased, their total N, available P, and
exchangeable K contents decreased from 1,400
to 1,100 μgg−1 , from 28.96 to 14.94 μgg−1 , and
from 221.33 to 168.51 μgg−1 , respectively. It was
determined that N content increased in all eroded
soils applying BS and TW. The highest amount
of the N content in all eroded soils was occurred
in severe erosion level using 6% BS dose taken
into consideration control treatments. Similar re-
sults are supported by different many researchers
(Mueller et al. 1998; Hartl et al. 2003; Kara and
Uygur 2004; Hadas et al. 2004) used organic
residues. Enough amount of total N for tillage
Environ Monit Assess (2009) 156:109–118
soils is 900–1,700 μgg−1 (FAO 1990). Therefore,
it is necessary to increase organic matter content
of the eroded soils. Thus, application with 2%
both BS and TW is enough for total N content
to improve soil physical, chemical and biological
properties in all soil erosion levels. In addition,
in the all eroded soils; the most effective material
for available P content is BS (Fig. 3). The highest
increase was occurred in moderately erosion level
by 6% BS application dose in terms of available P
content ranging from18.03 μgg−1 to 164.49 μgg−1 .
Similar relationships were notified with related
to available P by Aganon et al. (1997), Zarkovic
et al. (2000), Özenç et al. (2006). Enough amount
of available P for tillage soils is 14–26 μgg−1
(Olsen et al. 1954). Control soils belong to all ero-
sion levels have enough quantity P content. Con-
sequently in this study, waste application doesn’t
important for P content into these eroded soils.
It was also found that the highest increasing oc-
curred in moderately level by 6% BS application
dose in terms of K content ranging from 181.49 to
489.35 μgg−1 . Besides, both organic waste applica-
tions increase contents of these eroded soils. Also
some researchers (McGrath et al. 1988; Whalen
et al. 2000; Aşık and Katkat 2004) had reported
that organic waste application increases K content
in soils. Moderate level of exchangeable K for
agricultural soils is 150–200 μgg−1 (Pizer 1967).
It was determined that used organic conditioners
increase exchangeable K content in eroded soils
but doses for 4% and 6% were needless.
Conclusion
Soils of the study area have consistently low or-
ganic matter. In the study area, the reasons of the
low level organic matter are attributable to soil
erosion, rapid decomposition and mineralization
of organic matter especially due to intensive agri-
cultural activities. As a conclusion, in this paper,
in order to maintain a sustainable agricultural ac-
tivity, it should be increase organic matter of soils
that was especially affected by erosion. Therefore,
BS and TW can be used as a soil conditioner
to improve soil physico-chemical and biological
properties of eroded soils.
Environ Monit Assess (2009) 156:109–118
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