BONGA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND

NATURAL

RESOURCE DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE

PRACTICAL ATTACHMENT FROM EAST INEMAY WERDA
AGRICULTURAL OFFICE IN AMHARA REGION, ETHIOPIA

Title of Field Attachment: - ORGANIC FERTILIZERS PREPARATION PROCUDERES

AND THEIR EFFECT

BY

NAME: - MEKUANNIT GETE

ID NO: RU/0350/13

SUBMITTED TO: - DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE

ADVISOR: TARIKU (MSC)

 LIST OF ABREVATION
(KM) Kilo Meter

(E.C) Ethiopian Calendar

(C) Carbon

(N) Nitrogen

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my special thanks and praise to almighty God, for helping me
to starting and reach this project successfully. And Mr. tariku (M.sc) who affair my projects that
gives necessary information. And also thanks my friends for help to relevant thought me to
strengthen psychologically and spiritually and special thanks Enemay woreda agricultural office
and department of plant science head.

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ABSTRACT
Composting is an economical, sustainable and environmentally benign alternative option for
solid waste Management. In this study, organic wastes generated at in Enemay Woreda
agricultural office were used as substrates for compost production. Three windrow piles
containing different proportions of organic wastes (fruits, vegetables, garden waste, poultry and
sheep manure) were initiated for compost production. Plant residues and sawdust were added
and mixed with the substrates and used as bulking agents to improve aeration and provide the
required carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio needed for efficient decomposition of organic matter.
Continuous monitoring of the chemical, biological and physical properties of composted matter.

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Contents
LIST OF ABREVATION.............................................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................................................iii
CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Objectives...................................................................................................................................................2
1.1.1 General objective................................................................................................................................2
1.1.2 Specific Objective................................................................................................................................2
1.2 Description Location of Enemay Woreda...................................................................................................2
1.3 History of the organization.........................................................................................................................2
1.3.1 Mission of Enemay woreda Agricultural office....................................................................................3
1.3.3 Objective of Enemay woreda agricultural office.................................................................................3
1.4 Main Program in the Enemay Woreda Agricultural Office.........................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO......................................................................................................................................................3
2. Type of compost practiced in Enemay woreda area........................................................................................3
2.1. Vermicomposting......................................................................................................................................3
2.1.1 Vermicomposting Materials Required.................................................................................................4
2.1.2 The Procedures for Vermicomposting Preparation.............................................................................4
2.2. FACTORS AFFECTING VERMICOMPOSTING...............................................................................................5
CHAPTER THREE....................................................................................................................................................8
3 Main activity carried out during the attachment...............................................................................................8
3.1. Importance of organic fertilizer preparation.............................................................................................9
4. Skill and experience........................................................................................................................................10
4.1 .Strong sides of the organization..............................................................................................................10
4, 2 .weak side of the organization.................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER FIVE.....................................................................................................................................................11
5. Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................... 11
6 recommendation.............................................................................................................................................11

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CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION
Organic fertilizers and soil improvers may be placed on the market within the European Union if
they are derived from Category II or Category III meat byproducts, if they have been produced in
accordance with the conditions for pressure sterilization or with other conditions to prevent risks
arising to public and animal health, and if they come from approved or registered establishments
or plants (EC, 2009). About 690,000 tons were destined to fertilizer in 2016 within the EU
(Dobbelaere, 2017). In the case of meat and bone meals derived from Category II material and
processed animal proteins intended to be used as organic fertilizers and soil improvers, they have
to be mixed with a component to exclude the subsequent use of the mixture for feeding purposes
(EC, 2009). Such meat byproducts can improve the soil health by either adding carbon or
nutrients to feed the microorganisms or indirectly by adding organic matter that improves the
plant health. They also improve the soil structure by increased permeability, cation exchange
capacity and aggregate stability, and a decreased bulk density. Associated benefits are thus a
higher infiltration and moisture and nutrients retention, and better plant growth (Irshad and
Sharma, 2015).Compost is a mixture of ingredients used to fertilize and improve the soil. It is
commonly prepared by decomposing plant and food waste and recycling organic materials. The
resulting mixture is rich in plant nutrients and beneficial organisms, such as worms and fungal
mycelium. Compost improves soil fertility in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban
agriculture, and organic farming, reducing dependency on commercial chemical fertilizers.

The benefits of compost include providing nutrients to crops as fertilizer, acting as a soil
conditioner, increasing the humus or humid acid contents of the soil, and introducing beneficial
colonies of microbes that help to suppress pathogens in the soil.Animal manure it is the basic
composting ingredients are animal manure generated on the farm as a nitrogen source, and
bedding as the carbon source. Straw and sawdust are common bedding materials. Non-traditional
bedding materials are also used, including newspaper and chopped cardboard. The amount of
manure composted on a livestock farm is often determined by cleaning schedules, land
availability, and weather conditions.
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Green manure is a specific crop grown with the purpose of being dug into the soil while still
green. Such crops are usually planted on unoccupied land between the main
crops. Vermicomposting is the product of the decomposition process using various species of
worms, usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of
decomposing vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and vertices

1.1 Objectives
1.1.1 General objective
To know or understand organic fertilizer preparation and there effect

1.1.2 Specific Objective

 To identify vermicomposting and benefits
 To describe green manure compost for suitable soil health.
 To identify farmyard manure benefit for soil and for crop production.

1.2 Description Location of Enemay Woreda

Enemay woreda is one of the most productive woreda in South Ethiopia and it is the main type
of composite producing woreda in South Ethiopia Region the administrative center of this
woreda. Enemay woreda is different types of composite applied found in Bichena zuria farmers.
It is suitable for a variety of agricultural products such as for maize and sorghum crop fruits and
vegetable as livestock production.

1.3 History of the organization

in Enemay woreda agricultural office The foundation of the institution was laid down in
OCTOBER 1994 Ec. Enemay woreda is one of these 27 kebele found in south east, South
Ethiopia Regional State of Ethiopia, which is located around 265km amhar of Addis Abeba and
east gojjam of zone bichena town small scale different types of compost applied found in that
area farmers and the local people are practice on organic fertilizer or compost.

1.3.1 Mission of Enemay woreda Agricultural office

To promote scientific knowledge about FarmerTo increase technological assistance for
farmingTo promote sustainable development of farmers

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1.3.2 Vision of Enemay woreda agricultural office

To observe Different types of compositeTo appreciate And The Excellent And model farmers To
increase technological assistance for farmingTo promote sustainable development of farmers

1.3.3 Objective of Enemay woreda agricultural office

Supply organic fertilizer Enemay bichena zuria farmers and give advice its application methods
Increase crop productivity and enhanced soil fertility Control of expensive commercial fertilizer.
Management of land degradations.

1.4 Main Program in the Enemay Woreda Agricultural Office

Natural resource management: case team soil and water conservation. Animal health: direct
animal disease treatment and animal vaccination. Irrigation: direct plant protection, vegetable.
Food security: supply of cash and food aid. Plant sciences: conducting crop development and
protection work.

CHAPTER TWO

2. Type of compost practiced in Enemay woreda area.

In Enemay area three type of compost practiced such as: Vermicomposting, farmyard manure
and green manure.

2.1. Vermicomposting
Vermicomposting Is the product of the decomposition process using various species of worms,
usually red wigglers, white worms, and other earthworms, to create a mixture of decomposing
vegetable or food waste, bedding materials, and Vermicomposting. Benefits of vermicomposting
have a plethora of benefits, most importantly as follows: It acts as bio fertilizers, restores soil
nutrients, stabilizes soil, and enhances soil fertility at a long-term period; It attends to social
issues and recycles waste; andIt is shown to be a profitable enterprise as a circular economy

2.1.1 Vermicomposting Materials Required.

Water, Cow dung, Thatch Roof, Soil or Sand, Gunny bags, Earthworms, Weed biomass, A large
bin (plastic or cemented tank.)

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2.1.2 The Procedures for Vermicomposting Preparation
First we select for suitable vermicomposting site then using found in around in Enemay woreda
significant for all type of composts. After that from all different material add by then add little
water then mixed all materials collect earthworm and adding the middle vermicomposting It is
essential that the site area is kept shady, moist, and properly ventilated, which is why an open
shed is recommended. There should be proper drainage and a temperature of 20°C to 30°C
should be kept. Overall, it takes the earthworms around 45 to 60 days after first releasing them in
beds, for the vermicomposting to be ready. Different tools and methods are used throughout the
procedure, from its cultivation to its extraction. Most commonly, the bedding is placed in bin-
like containers. The bedding and vermin-meal (as previously listed) may vary depending on the
crops, available resources, and geographical location. There should be proper drainage and a
temperature of 20°C to 30°C should be kept. Overall, it takes the earthworms around 45 to 60
days after first releasing them in beds, for the vermicomposting to be ready.

The soil extraction involves sieving in order to separate the earthworms and leftover scraps.
These can then be deposited in a fresh bed to start the process anew.

 Vermicomposting process is considered up to 35˚C, whereas in conventional

composting (including thermophiles composting), it may reach up to70˚C. Therefore,
vermicomposting process does not attain the favorable temperature to kill pathogens, and

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 if the temperature exceeds 35˚C, it may lead to the death of earthworms which further
stop the process of vermicomposting.
 Biologically, vermicomposting contain diverse nature of microbial populations that are
more diverse and larger when compared with the thermophiles composts.

2.2. FACTORS AFFECTING VERMICOMPOSTING

Vermicomposting need shady

 The optimum temperature for earthworms in vermicomposting. Enhances growth and

reproduction of earthworms and production rate of cocoon.
 The feeding rate is influenced by moisture, particle size, and substrates organic content
and feed pretreatment.
 High organic matter reduces the activity of worms, therefore enhancing anaerobic
activity of microorganisms which creates anaerobic and foul odor conditions.
 Toxic metals if present in the organic feed become fatal for wormsDifferent type’s
amendments such as cow, sheep, horse, and goat dung may result in better
vermicomposting producing better organic manure.

The organic fertilizers can be grouped as follows:

1. Manures and composts

2. Green manures

3. Plant, stubble and root residues

4. Other fertilizers

1. Manures and composts

Out of the organic fertilizers the good quality manures, which consist of the solid and liquid
faces and litter, are at the first place. The fresh manures from the stock-yards cannot be used
immediately, because the good quality is provided by the suitable storing and curing. The
purpose of curing (fermentation) is to humiliate the components of the manure, the straw would
decay, and the manure would be a homogenous, loose mass to ensure even distribution.
Fermentation is done by micro-organisms and during the process the high temperature sterilize

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the manure, at the same time the contents will get more favorable indicated by the adequate
(20:1) ratio of C: N as well as the water content reduced down to 6070 %. At the beginning the
manure is harmful for man, animals and environment this is why its fermentation and storage are
regulated by strict laws in the EU member states. These also apply to transport and distribution.
Besides the physical-chemical-biological effects the absorbable nutrient contents cannot be
neglected either.

Compost can be produced from the waste originated from food industry, industry or agriculture
as well as organic materials from farms and also from peat. During closed system composting
biogas can be extracted. Composts do not nearly reach the nutrient contents of manures, but the
physical chemical and bio-dynamical effect on the soil is more powerful. Worm humus can also
be mentioned here.

2. Green manure

Green manures have a past of several thousand years; however they were effaced by the
spreading use of manures in the 19th and by chemical fertilizers in the 20th century. Due to the
objectives mentioned in the Introduction the significance of green manures increased again in the
third millenary. Certain EU supports even determine the use of green manures as a prerequisite
(e.g. agrienvironmental supports) Green fertilizing is a method of organic fertilizing when a plant
is produced for the purpose of turning its whole mass into the soil as a fertilizer before it begins
to bloom. It can be grown as primary or secondary crop. As a result warming and drought due to
climate changes the secondary crop does not always produce a sufficient quantity of fresh mass,
although its effectiveness depends on that. Any plant is suitable for green manure that gives a
sufficient amount of fresh mass under given climate and soil circumstances and the sowing seeds
are not too expensive. Using Nitrogen collecting plants Papilionacea has a particular advantage,
since they help to distribute as much organic material and Nitrogen into the soil as 1016 t/ha
manure could provide. Green manure growing often serves soil protection on loose or aslope
soils. The biological culture condition, the structure and the physical-chemical characteristics of
the soil are improved. Green manures provide protection against weeds, and the deep roots
improve the water balance of the next plant sowed in that soil. The green fallow (fallow covered
with vegetation) also must be mentioned as a process with the purpose of conditioning the soil
for one or several years. Mostly a special seed mixture is sown and the green fallow at the

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harvest has the same features as the green manure. The green stubble and the volunteer seedlings
are also beneficial for the soil in case they produce a sufficient amount of fresh mass.

3. Plant, stubble and root residues

Out of the fertilizing materials listed here it is the root residues that have the greatest
importance. The roots of cultivated plants play a significant role in the maintenance of the
fertility, digestion of nutrients and improving the structure of the soil. They have a great
advantage on the organic manures that they homogenously net in the soil and in this way the
organic material distribution is even. The digested nutrients keep transforming and they are
continuously available for the plants. The amount of the root residues is considerable, in the
upper 200 mm layer of the soil expressed in dry matter per hectare the values are the following:
autumn cereals 1200kg, spring cereals 900kg, peas 600kg, maize 2500kg, sunflower 3900kg,
alfalfa 2 year 8300kg and alfalfa 4 year 10200kg. Beside the roots the stem residues also have a
remarkable role. The amount is influenced by the sowing density and the stubble height. On
average, the stubble residues come up to 30-50 % of the dry matter in the roots. products are
most suitable. One important principle is after the harvest the organic materials that remained
back have to be turned into the soil as soon as possible.

4. Other fertilizers Turf (peat)

Is also suitable for organic fertilizing but primarily to correct the harmful characteristics of
manures and sub serve composting. Its advantages are the great hygroscopic ability and
bactericidal effect, which facilitate the use of malodorous materials and the considerable
decrease of the number of pathogens. Turf also diminishes the nitrogen loss of the manure. The
exploitation of peateries are allowed only under strict regulations. The sludge gained from
communal wastewater by purification is also valuable organic fertilizer in case it does not
contain harmful materials. Its use is impeded by its great water content that is the reason why it
is sold mixed with turf and composted. Turf disinfects it as well. The inhabitants of the coasts
have been using the nutrient supply of the algae (fucaceae and sea-weed) to improve the soil for
centuries. The N, P, K contents of the algae is 1-2 % but their micro-element content is valuable
the main component of humus, this is why it is important to degrade stem and root residues, -it is
produced weekly only on order, so it can preserve its quality, -environmentally friendly solution,

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-improves soil structure, -phosphorus digestion according to demand, -50-60kg nitrogen active
agents develop in the soil when applying a dose of 10 l/ha; this amount from a chemical fertilizer
would cost twice as much. The secret of the effectiveness of bacterial fertilizers is in their
freshness (living products) and in their immediate turning into the soil (they are UV sensitive).

CHAPTER THREE

3 Main activity carried out during the attachment.

Introduce and practice agronomic requirement of different compost from land preparation to
organic fertilizer or compost prepared were the main activates of the attachment and which are
necessary for any type of composite it is needs careful management and other activity. By
controlling the commercial fertilizer that improves soil fertility we have used various tings to
control the soil acidity. Organic fertilizers using citrus waste bear the potential to enrich soil
quality via the addition of nutrient components and by maintaining pH, thus enriching the soil
with beneficial microbes. Microbial action in turn digests complex biomolecules into simpler
ones, which may allow easier uptake by plants. Guerrero et al. (1995) reported faster growth of
lettuce while using orange pulp and peel as fertilizer compared to the control. Dry orange waste
exhibits the same effects as mineral fertilizers and has been associated with positive effects on
soil (Tuttobene et al., 2009). In Valencia orange production utilization of organic fertilization
with industrial orange wastes improved the nutritional status, fruit set, and yield of fruits
(Maksoud et al., 2015). Soil to soil technology claims to use the natural, unutilized resources to
produce fuel where by-products can be converted into fertilizers. The residual citrus waste after
bioethanol or biogas production can be further valorized to biomanure as the solid residue.
Nutrient-enriching microorganisms like Nostoc muscorum, Fischerella muscicola, Anabaena
variabilis, Aulosira fertilissima, Cylindrospermum muscicola, Azospirillium lipoferum, and
Azotobacter chroococcum facilitate in the enrichment of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and
potassium (K) composition in biomanure with the desired ratio. The utmost important of this
enrichment lies in the production of biomanure with customized NPK ratios for any specific crop
production, since NPK ratios for different crops like rice, potato, sorghum, cotton, and wheat
vary from 4:2:1 to 4:2:2. These enriched biomanure residues act as excellent sources of essential
nutrients for plant growth and humus development Hence citrus waste from ethanol or biogas

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manufacturing units can be applied to the soil for better crop yield upon the characterization of
N, P, K, other nutrients, and organic matter content.

3.1. Importance of organic fertilizer preparation.

Essential for the development of healthy plants, fruits and vegetablesBy using green manure
Preventing Leaching and ErosionsImproving the Soil’s StructureEnhanced or improve soil
fertility Enhance crop production and improve crop production.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. Skill and experience

In Enemay Woreda Agricultural Office most all plant science filed .for example organic fertilizer
application (compost) sawing methods of wheat. In general; know the methods of types of
compost .The Organic fertilizer application on farm Land by using maize and sorghum practice
Enemay woreda bichena zuria farmers. Writing report by using compost from Keble to woreda .I
have get knowledge about agricultural work Management of degrading soil fertility and supply
using compost. Controlling in degrading soil fertility and commercial fertilizer.

4.1 .Strong sides of the organization

 I got a big opportunity in the two month of practical attachment to discover new
knowledge acting practically the theory what I learned in the university

 I get work experience

 I upgrade the theoretical knowledge to practical knowledge

 Becomes punctual and responsible person
 I got to interrelationship between the project employees (workers)
 The employees who work with us were very kind and they even give use a
material to help write our report

4, 2 .weak side of the organization

 Lack of computer and internet service

 When it was raining I was going to work using an umbrella

 Asking support to farm station

 Asking suggestion my coordinator in the farm

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CHAPTER FIVE

5. Conclusion
The conclusion of organic fertilizer preparation and it is effects is that organic fertilizers are
beneficial for soil health and plant growth they improve soil structure ,increase water retention
and provide essential nutrients to plant .organic fertilizers also promote the growth of beneficial
microorganisms in the soil which can help suppers plant disease and improve overall soil
fertility .additionally organic fertilizers are environmentally friendly and sustainable as they are
derived from natural sources and do not contribute to chemical runoff or pollution .overall the
use of organic fertilizer can lead to the healthier plants ,improved crop yield and mor sustainable
agricultural system

6 recommendation.
 Encourages the production of beneficial bacteria and fungi that break down organic
matter to create humus, a rich nutrient-filled material.
 Compost retains a large volume of water, thus helping to prevent/reduce erosion, reduce
runoff, and establish vegetation.
 Compost improves downstream water quality by retaining pollutants such as heavy
metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, oil and grease, fuels, herbicides, and pesticides Composting
is a safe and natural way to reduce landfill waste and help crops and plants grow.
 It may benefit the health of soil and food by increasing the nutrient content. Composting
may also help people use fewer chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which could have
positive health effects. Compost can replenish and stabilize soil, helping to boost and
sustain food production in the future.
 It can also help pull carbon out of the atmosphere, helping to tackle global warming, and
replace polluting chemical fertilizers, protecting public health. Compost benefits the
climate in a few different ways, including by reducing greenhouse gas emissions at
landfills, by promoting uptake of carbon dioxide by vegetation.

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 References

 From internet google Abbassi, B. E., Abubaker, S., Al-Manaseer, E., Nassour, A., Dababneh,
B., Shqairat, W., and Al-Jaar, M. (2015). "
 Optimization of operating parameters of windrow composting of animal manures”.
 Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management, 41 (1), 60-67. Abu Qdais, H., and Al-
Widyan, M. (2016)."
 Evaluating composting and co-composting kinetics of various agro-industrial wastes."
International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 5(3), 273-270
 Enemay woreda agricultural office (2015/2016).

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APPENDIX I
Vermicomposting

Green manur

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