Efficiency of Kitchen Food Waste and Natural

Ingredients as Novel, Organic Fertilizer

on the growth and development
of Pechay (Brassica rapa
pekinensis) plants

Maria Alexa C. Talaban, Renee Isabel C. Sorilla, Althea Angeline S. Pulido

Daniel R. Aguinaldo National High School, Matina, Davao City, Philippines

ABSTRACT
Objectives. To discover an organic, eco friendly, cheap and locally available ingredients
essential in creating and formulating an organic, novel fertilizer, not only improving the
growth and development of Pechay (Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants, enriching its ground
soil but also providing a strong, fertile and healthy foundation to its surrounding array of
plants and living organisms benefitting from it.
Methods. Egg shells and dry fish bone remains were incinerated, crushed and pulverized.
White rice were then cooked and ingredients were mixed in with muscovado sugar, white
rice, powdered egg shells and fish bones. 7 days of fermentation underground is done and
plotting of 12 pechay leaves in each Treatments were done. 3 treatments were subjected:
fertilizer in soil, fertilizer + water solution and no fertilizer (control variable).
Results. The average height and width for the pechay (Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants
subjected in Treatment 1 is 22 cm (height) and 12 cm (width), Treatment 2 with 18 cm
(height) and 9 cm (width) while Treatment 3 garnered a 16 cm (height) and 7 cm (width) for
its dimensions.
Conclusion. The results indicate that there is a significant difference between Treatment 1
(fertilizer directly applied to the soil) and Treatment 2 (fertilizer mixed with water). The
qualitative observations of the pechay plants and leaves revealed that fertilizer directly
applied to soil (Treatment 1) resulted in succulent dark green leaves, as opposed to fertilizer
mixed with water (Treatment 2) and the negative control (Treatment 3).
Keywords: organic fertilizer, food waste, plant growth, Brassica rapa pekinensis

INTRODUCTION
Fertilizer is widely regarded, as an essential
input in crop production, and mineral
fertilizer in recent times is considered a
major source of plant nutrients. [1] The
successful production of plants, including
crops, flowers, young tree saplings and the
like, involves optimizing the soil fertility in
order to produce growth and maturity. [2]
Agriculture and farming plays a very

1
important role in the country’s economy. For
the last 20 to 30 years, farmers in the
Philippines have been practicing a
chemical-based agricultural production
strategy. [3] There are six major inorganic
fertilizer grades available in the market,
namely: Urea (46-0-0); Ammonium Sulfate
(21-0-0); Ammonium Phosphate (16-20-0);
Diammonium Phosphate (18-46-0);
Complete (14-14-14), and Muriate of Potash
(0-0-60). [4] However, chemical based
production strategy created numerous
problems for people. Fertilizer applications
could affect soil physical properties directly
or indirectly such as aggregate stability,
water holding capacity, porosity, infiltration
rate, hydraulic conductivity and bulk density
due to increases in SOM and SOC content.
[5] Groundwater pollution is considered a
result of chemical farming practices.
Adverse human and animal health effects
are caused by residual and cumulative
agricultural chemicals used for crop
protection. Excessive soil erosion caused by
conventional farming systems has seriously
reduced soil fertility and crop productivity.
[6] In addition, essential fertilizers are
frequently unavailable and unaffordable by
most farmers due to high cost of imported
materials. [1]
Worldwide, there is growing interest in the
use of organic fertilizer due to depletion in
the soil fertility because continuous use of
potential polluting effects due to chemicals
in the. [7] The use of organic by-products to
improve yields of agricultural crops and to
recycle nutrients is a traditional alternative
for disposing of industrial residues, with
additional advantages of avoiding some
environmental impacts and generating
incomes for industries and farms. [8]
Organic matter improves the soil
physicochemical condition and increases
the biological activities within the soil. This
property ultimately affects the production
in a positive way. [6] The organic fertilizers
provide nutritional requirements, suppress
plant pest populations, and increase the
yield and quality of agricultural crops in
ways similar to inorganic fertilizers. [9]
The researchers has scanned and
searched all throughout the internet and
found little to no existing studies on the
efficiency of the novel, organic fertilizer on
the growth and development of Pechay
(Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants. Hence,
this study was designed to investigate the
efficiency of novel, organic fertilizer on the
growth and development of Pechay
(Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Organic Fertilizer Preparations
Collection of Ingredients
Meticulous preparation of necessary
ingredients and materials required for the
study were secured successfully. The
main natural ingredients, 1 kg. of
Muscovado Sugar and 1 kg. of White Rice
had been obtained from Tagyamon Store,
located in Nabua, Matina Crossing.
Kitchen Food Waste constituents such as
1/2 kg. of White Egg Shell Deposits and
1/2 kg. of Dry Fish Bone Remains used
and consumed by the researchers were
eagerly collected all throughout,
beforehand the official beginning of the
research study experimentation phase.
2
Additional Fish Bone Remains were bought
by Roderick Pulido, an adult supervising
guardian in Bangkerohan Public Market.

Incineration of Egg Shell Deposits and Dry

Fish Bone Remains
Collection of Egg Shell Deposits and Dry
Fish Bone Remains were incinerated
Figure 1. Incineration of Dry Fish Bone Remain
separately, with the same exact methods of collection under improvised grilling rack.
incineration. The following constituents were
gathered individually and placed on top of
an improvised grilling wire rack, obtained
from an Electric Fan casing. Two (2) hollow
bricks were then rested in positioned. A
mixture of Wooden Coals and Coconut
Shells with Husks were placed in between
the hollow bricks, ensuring enough fire
ignitions and burning heat. The built
Figure 2. Incineration of Egg Shell Deposit
furnace was then poured with small
collection under improvised grilling rack.
amounts of gasoline and was immediately
ignited using a matchstick. The grilling wire
Pulverizing of Incinerated Components
rack containing Egg Shell Deposits/Dry Fish
Bone Remains were then placed back onto The incinerated Egg Shell Deposits/Dry
the furnace. When black discoloration were Fish Bone Remains were then crushed
seen on the eggs outer casing/fish bone and pulverized individually, following
remains, it was then turned carefully on the exactly the same procedure of refining.
opposite side using metal tongs, drying out After cooling down the incinerated Egg
any excess moisture during the process. Shell Deposits/Dry Fish Bone Remains, it
Repeating these methods were necessary was then crushed manually using a heavy
until every single part of the egg shells/fish wooden block, pulverizing it completely
bones were completely incinerated. The until dry, refined, powder-like consistency
grilling casing was then removed away from is achieved while eliminating the rough,
the furnace and is left inside to cool for 1 lumpy bits at best. Smooth, pulverized
hour. The alternative furnace was then powder mixture of Egg Shell Deposits/Dry
extinguished by an adult supervising Fish Bone Remains were then
guardian, Nelson M. Talaban. With this bio- accumulated and placed in their respective
fertilizer providing available calcium to secure, air tight plastic container.
plants for normal cell processes, root Fertilizers produced from captured fish
growth, and fruiting given the potential of promote the recycling of nutrients from the
eggshells as a bio-fertilizer, there is limited sea and back to terrestrial environments.
research on the use of eggshell based [12]
fertilizer. [11]

3
 and was thoroughly mixed together until
everything is fully combined. The finished
organic fertilizer was then poured and
transferred on a huge ceramic clay pot,
securely covering the mulch with the
ceramic cover and protecting the fertilizer
from contacting onto dirt, dust and outside
elements.
Figure 3. (From Left-Right) Pulverized
Dry Fish Bone Remains and Egg Shell
Deposits.

Creating of Novel, Organic Fertilizer

Cooking of White Rice
One (1) kilogram of unrinsed, white rice was
poured on a rice pot, with measurements of
2/3 water per equal parts of rice. The rice
water solution was then given a thorough
Figure 4. Picture of the finalized novel, organic
mix around. After, the rice pot was then
Fertilizer product.
placed on a medium-high heat setting on a
burner stove and was left alone for a few
minutes. Once the rice pot had been Fermentation Process of Mulch
overflowing with simmering rice water, the
In improvisation to shoveling a deep
stove settings were then lowered to low-
burrow onto the ground, a rice sack was
medium heat. After a few minutes,
filled with hummus, loamy soil. A burrow
checking the consistency of the cooked rice
hole space in the middle was then
was necessary in avoiding over cooking and
shoveled up, giving space for the novel,
sticking of rice to the bottom pan. Once the
organic fertilizer to be positioned in. The
rice is thoroughly and evenly cooked at all
ceramic clay pot is then carefully placed
sides, the steaming hot rice needs to be
onto the dugged up soil, returning the
cooled off for 20 minutes. After waiting, the
excess dirt and smoothing out the hole
cooled rice can now be scooped and
using a hand shovel. Tying the rice sack
scattered around in order for the remaining
up in an air tight, secure knot, the organic
heat to escape, cooling down the rice
mulch was then matured for 7 days until
completely.
the fertilizer were fermented properly over
the given allotted period of time. Eggshell
Mixing of Ingredients has high calcium source. Calcium
regulates many metabolic process and
The Cooked White Rice, Incinerated Dry
biochemical function. Calcium is chemical
Fish Bone Remains, Burnt Egg Shell
element for the growth and development of
Deposits and Muscovado Sugar were then
plant. Without calcium, the development
incorporated on a big plastic container basin

4
and growth of new root shoot
tissues stops. [13]
Figure 5. Fermented fertilizer after 7 days of
maturation below loamy soil.
Plotting of Plants in Seedbeds:
Division of Groups
After the fermentation process of the final
fertilizer product, division plotting and official
planting of the commercially bought Pechay
(Brassica rapa pekinensis) seeds onto a
garden seedbox were observed. The
pechay (Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants
were positioned to a garden seedbox, which
were then divided into 3 equal division parts
with approximately 12 pechay (Brassica
rapa pekinensis) plants endowed in each
boxset, separating the groups for different
treatments (3 in a row, 4 in a column).
Figure 5. Fermented fertilizer after 7
days of maturation below loamy soil.
Treatments and Controls
Treatment 1 referring to the hummus soil
and organic fertilizer direct combination
with regular tap water and sunlight,
Treatment 2 as directing to the dilution of
organic mulch to regular tap water, forming
a liquid fertilizer solution and sunlight while
the Treatment 3 continues acting as the
Control Variable, with no special
treatments subjected to the pechay
(Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants (only
regular tap water and sunlight). Watering
schedule of the pechay plants followed a
(M-W-F) planning, ensuring that the needs
and nutrients were given uniformly to the
divisions. Each Treatment were
experimented onto 12 pechay (Brassica
rapa pekinensis) plants on each divided
box set, following regular observation,
height and width measurement and data
documentation observed every 6 days,
which was the allotted period of
experimentation phase for observation and
inferencing. 30 days in totality for the
growth and development of pechay
(Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants were
manifested and compared.
Risk and Safety
The researchers thoroughly sanitized
themselves before starting the experiment
because of the COVID – 19 outbreaks in
Davao City. All rules, protocols, and proper
procedures were strictly followed
throughout the study. Personal protective
equipment, such as safety goggles,
closed-toe shoes, gloves, laboratory suits,
masks, and other protective clothing, was
required during the incineration process.
[14]
5
Waste Disposal
To ensure the prevention, safety, and
cleanliness of the materials and workspace
utilized by the researchers, the materials
and utensils used in this experiment were
washed thoroughly with antibacterial soap.
Excess eggshell, dried fish bone powder,
and cooked white rice were composted and
used as a calcium source for fertilizer. [15]
The researchers collectively stored the extra
muscovado sugar while continuing the
growth of pechay (Brassica rapa
pekinensis) plants for future use and
consumption.
Data Collection and Analysis
After the administration of the organic
fertilizer on the different treatment groups,
the inferential data for the plant height,
growth and characteristics were listed every
6 days, with 30 days totality for observation.
A ruler was used for the measurement of
height, while inferential data and descriptive
words were used for the growth progress
and plant characteristics.
qualitative analysis in recording datas
(height) and inferencing differences
(characteristics, dimensions) onto the
individual treatment groups in maintaining
the stability and development of the
pechay (Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants.
RESULTS
Growth of Pechay (Brassica rapa
pekinensis) plants subjected in Treatment
1 (Hummus soil mixed with Fertilizer),
Treatment 2 (Fertilizer + Water liquid
solution) and Treatment 3 (Negative
Control):
Final Average Height of Pechay plants
25
20
15
10
5

Statistical Analysis
0
Kruskal-Wallis H Test: This non parametric, Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3
independent group based test were used to
Final Average Height of Pechay plants
determine the presence of statistically
significant differences in the continuous
growth and development of pechay Chart 1. Final Average Height (in centimeters) of
Pechay plants after 30 days of subjecting to
(Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants under
different treatment groups .
different treatment circumstances. P-values
lower than 0.05 (p<0.05) were considered
as significant for the results.

Research Design
This study used a Completely Randomized
Block Design, keeping in track information
while basing on both quantitative and

6
 Kruskal-Wallis Test
Final Average Width of Pechay leaves
14 Factor Statistic df p
12
Treatment 6.574 2 0.037
10
8
6 Table 1. Kruskal-Wallis p-values on final average
4 height of pechay plants.
2
Kruskal-Wallis Test
0
Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Treatment 3
Factor Statistic df p
Final Average Width of Pechay leaves
Treatment 2.790 2 0.029
Chart 2. Final Average Width (in centimeters) of
Pechay plant leaves after 30 days of subjecting to
different treatment groups. Table 2. Kruskal-Wallis p-values on final average
width of pechay leaves.

The average height and width for the

Table 1 (p = 0.037) and Table 2 (p =
pechay (Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants
0.029) expressing both height and width of
subjected in Treatment 1 is 22 cm (height)
pechay leaves and plants had shown the
and 12 cm (width), Treatment 2 with 18 cm
presence of significant differences in the
(height) and 9 cm (width) while Treatment 3
variance of treatment groups applied,
garnered a 16 cm (height) and 7 cm (width)
portraying the rapid growth and stable
for its dimensions. The pechay (Brassica
development of pechay plants.
rapa pekinensis) plants subjected to
Treatment 1 had shown significant results in
inferential characteristics, with luscious and Growth Appearance of Pechay plants
succulent dark green leaves, milky white
sturdy stalk without any defective holes and
pest insects inhabiting the group of pechay
(Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants. While the
Treatment 2 portrayed signs of unripeness
with flaccid light green leaves and fragile,
yellowish stalk and the presence of small,
damaged cracks. Treatment 3 was the least
healthy, with thin, skinny yellowish-green
stalk, pests and leaf-eating caterpillar
insects, large scratches, holes and
discoloration on leaves and unbalanced
stalk to leaves ratio.

7

Figure 6. 30th Day Development Progress of
Pechay plants (from Right-Left: Treatment 1,
Treatment 2, Treatment 3)
The recorded data and
inferential analysis containing
evidences showing that the
novel, organic fertilizer
subjected to the direct mixing
with hummus, loamy soil as
the most efficient and suitable approach to
the growth and development of pechay
(Brassica rapa pekinensis) plants, inhibiting
the rapid growth and healthy development
of the plants while showing significant
differences between the different  experience that it inhibits shoot elongation
applications based on the 3 treatments.  is certainly due to calcium additions far
DISCUSSION
Plants require 14 essential nutrients of
which the macronutrients nitrogen (N) and
the minerals potassium (K), calcium (Ca),
magnesium (Mg), phosphorous (P) and
sulfur (S) are present in plant tissues in
relatively large amounts. [16] The entity of
this study, the novel organic fertilizer is
composed of cooked white rice, incinerated
dry fishbone remains, burnt eggshell
deposits and, muscovado sugar. These
materials have nutrients and minerals
present in them that are helpful in plant
growth.
One of the main ingredients in the fertilizer,
specifically the white cooked rice was
unrinsed hence making the starch of the
rice remain. Starch is the most abundant composition
in the rice grain. [17] Starch is the most common
storage carbohydrate in plants and is one of the most
important agricultural products to man. [18] Starch is
composed of amylose and amylopectin. Other
components of starch granules include lipids, proteins,
minerals and moisture. [18]
The novel fertilizer also has fish bones which is rich in
micronutrients. Fish contain a significant amount of
lipid and
micronutrients in skeletal tissues including
collagen. [19] Due to the high mineral
content of fish bones, this material can be
well suitable as a natural calcium source.
[20] Calcium is a crucial regulator of
growth and development in plants. [21]
Calcium is required for cell elongation in
both shoots and roots; the common
above actual requirement. [22]
Pulverized eggshell was one of the
ingredients of the organic fertilizer.
Eggshell contains more than 94% of
calcium carbonate. [23] Calcium carbonate
comprises more than 90% by weight of an
eggshell. [24] As plant protection agents,
calcium carbonate particles were relatively
safe and friendly for human and
environmental use as compared with
chemical pesticides. [25]
Muscovado sugar is unrefined cane sugar
that contains natural molasses. It has a
rich brown color, moist texture, and toffee-
like taste. [26] Approximately 40 to 60
percent of molasses is sucrose and invert
8
sugars, with the remainder
being inorganic nonsugars. [27]
It is generally accepted now that
Sucrose plays an essential role
in the regulation of important
metabolic processes including
carbon and nitrogen assimilation
and transport, and responses to
oxidative damage, and that its
role cannot be replaced by that
of other sugars such as
Glucose. [28]
CONCLUSION
The current study showed that there is a
significant difference between Treatment 1
(fertilizer directly applied to the soil) and
Treatment 2 (fertilizer mixed with water).
The qualitative observations of the pechay
plants and leaves revealed that fertilizer
directly applied to soil (Treatment 1)
resulted in succulent dark green leaves, as
opposed to fertilizer mixed with water
(Treatment 2) and the negative control
(Treatment 3), which exhibited damaged
cracks and discoloration, respectively. Thus
showing that the novel, organic fertilizer
especially the Treatment 1 with the hummus
soil containing eggshell deposits, dry
fishbone remains, muscovado sugar and
cooked, white rice evidently shows effective,
positive results in promoting pechay
(Brassica rapa pekinensis) plant growth and
stable development.
RECOMMENDATIONS
For future studies and replication, thorough
and proper incineration of dry fish bone
remains must be done to avoid the
remaining fish oil getting in contact with the leaves,
burning the leaves and leaving hole marks within.
Utilization of other natural ingredients and kitchen food
waste can also be done and explored to establish
much significant differences in the progress results of
the various treatment groups.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to express their heartfelt
appreciation to their research mentor, Sir Dinnes
Salaga, for his guidance and assistance in ensuring
the success and completion of this study. Addressing
our
sincerest gratitude to Mr. Paulo Prudente
for guiding the researchers and allowing
them to conduct this research. Also,
deepest thanks to their parents for their
never-ending cooperation from the
beginning until the end. The completion of
this research study wouldn't have been
possible without their support.
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