Growth and Yield Performance of Container - Grown Radish (Rhapanus Sativus L.) Applied With FFJ and FPJ Combinations

Republic of the Philippines
ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
Address, Iloilo | email: coag@iscof.edu.ph
website: iscof.edu.ph | Contact No
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) belongs to the mustard family
(Brassicaceae), grown as an annual or biennial, or perennial life
spans. It is a popular root vegetable in both tropical and
temperate regions. It is a popular root vegetable in both
tropical and temperate regions. They are generally consumed raw,
such as in salads or as an appetizer
(Petruzzello, 2015)
Radish is a quick growing and short duration vegetable
crop.It has a high nutritive value.It is a good source of
ascorbic acid and trace elements. They also have a lot of
vitamin C,which acts as an antioxidant to protect our cells from
damage and also a good source of natural nitrates, which may
help to improve blood flow.
Global agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers has risen
significantly between 1961 and 2019, (FAO, 2021). Inorganic
fertilizers are widely used in agriculture, but their production
and use can have negative effects to the soil quality,
environment, animals and especially, the human.
Concoction is a fermented extract of a plant's sap and
chlorophyll's. It is a mixture or blend of various ingredients or
elements, often created by combining different substances or
components, and its benefits can include providing unique flavors
in culinary creations, offering effective remedies in traditional
medicine, or enabling creative problem-solving by combining
various ideas and elements.

Fermented fruit juice is an organic concoction made from fruits
materials, use to enhance the soil and increase production of
leafy plants in gardens,and also used to increase sweetness and
yield of fruiting plants as well as building healthier soil.
Other,is the fermented plant juice it is an organic concoction
made from plant material,preferably young shoots of vigorously
growing plants,which are made to ferment with the aid of
molasses and brown sugar that contain nutrients in plant (Gerald
Usanna, 2019) ·
Therefore, the researchers come up to use FFJ and FPJ
combinations as fertilizer on container-grown radish to determine
its growth and yield performance and to produce healthful and
hazard free crop.
Objectives of the Study
This study will be conducted to determine the growth and
yield performance of container-grown radish applied with FFJ and
FPJ combinations.
Specifically it seeks to:
1. Determine the growth performance of radish applied
with FFJ and FPJ combinations in terms of plant height and
number of functional leaves and canopy.
2. Determine the yield performance of container-grown
radish applied with FFJ and FPJ combinations in terms of the
length of harvested tubers, weight of harvested tubers, and
weight of marketable tubers and weight of non-marketable tubers.

3. Determine if there is a significant difference on the
growth and yield performance of container-grown radish applied
with FFJ and FPJ combinations.
4. Compute the return of investment of the container-grown
radish applied with FFJ and FPJ combinations.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study is limited to find out the growth and yield
performance of container-grown radish applied with FFJ and FPJ
combinations. The growth will be determined in terms of plant
height and number of functional leaves and canopy, while yield
will be determined in terms of the length of harvested tubers,
weight of harvested tubers, weight of marketable tubers and
weight of non-marketable tubers . There will be six (6)
treatments replicated four (4) times using Randomized Complete
Block Design (RCBD). The treatments are: Treatment A-30% FFJ +
50% FPJ, B-50% FFJ + 50% FPJ, C-70% FFJ + 30% FPJ, D- 100% FFJ
E- 100% FPJ, F-control 1 (No fertilizer applied), G- control 2
(Inorganic Fertilizer).
An experimental area of 72.25 square meters will be
utilized in which containers of sacks with 30 kilograms soil
capacity will be distributed with a distance of 0.5 meter between
treatments and 1 meter between replications. There will be four
sacks per treatment with two hills each, having one seeds per
hill with a distance of 12 centimeters.
The data will analyzed using the Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and data with
significant results will be further subjected to Duncan’s
Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

This study will be conducted at Iloilo State College of
Fisheries-San Enrique Campus, San Enrique, Iloilo, Crop Science
Research Area from February 16, 2024 to April 1, 2024.
Significance of the Study
The result of the study will help the radish farmers choose the
appropriate FFJ and FPJ combinations to be applied on radish.
To the extension workers, this will provide information
about effects of applying FFJ and FPJ combinations. The result
will also serve as their basis to encourage farmers to utilize
FFJ and FPJ combinations as fertilizer.
To the researcher, this will give them information about
the appropriate FFJ and FPJ combinations applicable to radish
and will serve as basis for the conduct of similar studies.
For the environment-conscious people, the result of the
study will be used for their advocacy, a stepping stone towards
the discovery of more organic fertilizers which could help
lessen the environmental pollution.
Definition of Terms
The following terms will be defined to clarify their
meaning and to avoid confusion arising from varied view points of
the readers:
Container Growing. The cultivation of radishes within
confined spaces like pots or boxes, offering controlled
conditions for better management of growth factors. In this study
empty sacks will be used.

Concoction. The a mixture or blend of different elements
or ingredients, often created for specific purposes such as
culinary flavor, medicinal remedies, or creative problem-
solving.In this study, FFJ and FPJ will be used as concoctions.
Combination.The blending of plant extracts or fruit
juices to create a potent natural fertilizer or soil conditioner
to radish crop.
FFJ( Fermented Fruit Juice). A natural liquid fertilizer
made by fermenting crushed fruits, providing plants with
essential nutrients for healthy growth used to nourish plants
like radish.
FPJ ( Fermented Plant Juice). A natural plant-based
liquid fertilizer produced by fermenting specific plant parts
beneficial for radish growth.
Growth Performance. The increase in height, number of
functional leaves of radish plant applied with FFJ and FPJ
combinations.
Marketable Tubers. The salable radish root that are
damage free and clean and suitable for market.
Non- Marketable Tubers. A radish roots that are not
salable,do not meet the commercial standards for sale and
distribution due to their size, quality, or other factors. These
tubers may be smaller, misshapen, or damaged in some way, making
them unsuitable for the regular market.
Organic Fertilizer. A natural material used to nourish
plants and soil, derived from organic matter like compost,

manure, or plant-based sources. In this study, FFJ and FPJ
combinations will be used.
Performance. Refers to how well the radish plants are
growing and producing, including factors such as their size,
quality, and yield. In this study, the performance of radish will
be determined in terms of its growth and yield applied with FFJ
and FPJ combinations.
Radish. Known as Raphanus sativus L., is a species
belonging to the genus Raphanus included in the Rapa/Oleacera
lineage according to phylogenetic studies of
the Brassicaceae family (Nishio, 2017). In this study sinandok
variety will be used.
Randomize Complete Block Design. Is a standard design for
agricultural experiments in which similar experimental units are
grouped into blocks or replicates. It is used to control
variation in an experiment by, for example, accounting for
spatial effects in field or greenhouse (Trudi Grant,2019). It is
a design that will be used in the study.
Tubers. It is a short, thick, round, root or stem that is
a part of certain plant that grows underground.
Yield Performance. The production of radish applied with
FFJ and FPJ combinations based on the length of harvested tubers
and weight of harvested, marketable tubers and non-marketable.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature
and studies relevant to the present study. The topics included
are FFJ and FPJ combinations and radish.
FFJ and FPJ combinations Applied to Radish.
Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ)is an artificial honey.It is a
nutritional activation enzyme and is very effective in natural
farming. FFJ is a kind of FPJ that only uses fruits as its main
ingredients. It is used to revitalize crops, livestock and
humans. FPJ is a natural liquid fertilizer used in radish
farming,combining the benefits of both Fermented Fruit Juice
(FFJ) and Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ). It is a sustainable and
organic method to enhance soil fertility and promote healthy
radish growth(name,2021).
FFJ helps promote flowering and fruiting. It is a good
source of potassium which speeds up the plant's absorption,
resulting in sweeter tasting fruits. It helps maintain vigor in

with plants and resistance against pests. It adds to soil
fertility and the advent of good colonies of microorganisms and
(Agricultural Training Center, 2006).
The usage of Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) and
Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ)as foliar fertilizer along
with the fertigation system is expected to increase and
improve yield and quality of the radish. The foliar
application becomes promptly available to the crops
because form of nutrient application is better than
direct fertilization (Naz et al. 2011). The major aims
of this study is to investigate the influence of
different combinations of FFJ and FPJ on the
performance and changes of vegetative growth,
physiology, yield and quality of radish(name,2021).
According to Gonzaga (2019), A global population began to
show rapidly. Thus, the need for those sustainable farm practices
scared only towards fields but additional pressure of growth.The
organic agriculture method is believed to be more environmentally
control that intensive agriculture which is dependent on the
routing use.This study focuses on the determination of the
effectiveness of Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) and Fermented Plant
Juice (FPJ)to vegetables specifically in radish.
According to Janong (2013), Another concoction is
Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) which is prepared in similar manner
to Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ).It is use as foliar spray to
enhance fruit quality as a feed supplement for animals and as a
food for human. In general, FFJ is generally used more during the
flowering stage.
According to Jensen et al. (2006),these concoction are
introduce to produce sanitary spray, soil conditioner and compost
enhancer. Result of concoction in their study
According to Borhan (2011), water spinach can be a good
growth promoter as it grow fast and may contain high natural
growth hormones such as auxin. FFJ pineapple gave better result
in total leaf area rather than FFJ banana at 90 DAT. Pineapple
contained with high amount of K which is about 1.09 mg in 1.00 g
of fresh pineapple and it is good for stimulating early growth of
plants.
Higher plant height was observed in plant treated with FPJ
bamboo shoot at vegetative stage and FPJ pineapples at flowering
and fruiting stage.Better performance of plant height might
probably because new shoot plant has higher auxin content,
therefore it might be useful to trigger generation and
differentiation of new shoot cell (Reddy, 2011).The results will
demonstrates the effectiveness of organic fertilizers such as
fermented fruit juice (FFJ) and fermented plant juice (FPJ)to
vegetables specifically in eggplant (Solanum melongena) in
contrast to commercial fertilizers Alam, Md. Amirul (2017).
The composition of organic fertilizers of that have a large
number tomato fruits the combination of vermicompost, Fish Amino
Acid, Fermented Fruit Juice, and CalPhos.
Radish
Radish scientifically known as (Raphanus sativus L.)
belongs to the family brasicacceae. It is one of the most popular
root crops in the Philippines. It can be cultivated under cover
for early production but large scale production is common in the

field (Kumar, 2014). Radish is grown for its young tender
tuberous root which is consumed either cooked or raw. It is a
good source of Vitamin C and minerals like calcium, potassium and
phosphorous(name,2021).
Radish is one of the fastest growing vegetables. Radish
roots can be harvested 40 to 60 days after the seeds are planted.
Growing radish seeds in pots produce quickly with minimum effort
whereas container gardening allows the farmer to control
diseases, pest, moisture and other conditions compared to ground
planting (Grant, 2000).
According to Adams (2008), eating radish is a good alternative
treatment for various health problems like cough, cancer, gastric
discomfort, liver problems, constipation, dyspepsia, gallbladder
problems, arthritis, gallstones, kidney stones and intestinal
parasites.
Rakesh Joshi, et al., (2014) stated that the application
of FFJ and FPJ increased seed germination, stem height, number of
leaves, leaf area, leaf dry weight, root length, root number,
total yield, number of fruits/plant.
Fermented plant juice (FPJ) and fermented fruit juice (FFJ)
are organic farming inputs gaining recognition for their
potential to enhance crop growth and soil health. These natural
farming techniques align with sustainable agriculture principles
by utilizing locally available resources (Choi et al., 2017).
Studies on FPJ have shown its efficacy in improving plant
growth and soil quality. Choi et al. (2017) conducted experiments
demonstrating increased crop yields and enhanced nutrient uptake
with FPJ application. Moreover, the presence of beneficial

microorganisms in FPJ can contribute to improved soil structure
and microbial diversity (Gupta & Sharma, 2018).
Similarly, FFJ has garnered attention for its positive
effects on fruit-bearing plants. Tan et al. (2018) conducted
research involving FFJ applications on various fruit crops,
observing enhanced flowering and fruiting. The natural sugars,
vitamins, and nutrients in FFJ have been shown to promote fruit
development and overall plant vigor (Santos & Perez, 2019).
Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a versatile root vegetable
sensitive to soil quality and environmental conditions. Factors
such as nutrient availability, soil structure, and pest pressure
influence radish growth (Hussain et al., 2016).
While studies have explored organic farming methods to
enhance radish production, limited research has investigated the
specific effects of FPJ and FFJ on radishes. This research gap
presents an opportunity to examine how these fermented juices can
influence radish growth, root development, and resistance to
pests and diseases.
This study aims to assess the influence of both FPJ and FFJ
on radish growth and development. Through a series of controlled
experiments, we seek to investigate the effects of FPJ and FFJ
application as foliar sprays and soil drenches on radish crops.
Our objectives include evaluating changes in root morphology,
leaf development, and radish bulb yield. Additionally, we aim to
determine whether FPJ and FFJ treatments enhance the resistance
of radishes to common pests and diseases.

Summary
The related literature of this study includes the
advantages and benefits of using fermented fruit juice and
fermented plant juice combinations as organic fertilizer to
crops. It also discusses the nutrient component of based on the
fermented fruit juice and fermented plant juice combinations
result of chemical analysis. FFJ and FPJ combinations is not only
a good source of nutrients but it also improves the soil
physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The related
studies included in this study have shown the different treatment
applied of FFJ and FPJ which affected the growth and yield
performance of vegetables.
It also includes the production of radish, its uses and health
benefits. Radishes are suggested as an alternative treatment for
various health problems like cough, cancer, gastric discomfort,
liver problems, constipation, dyspepsia, gallbladder problems,
arthritis, gallstones, kidney stones, and intestinal parasites.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter includes the materials and methods that will
used in the study.
Materials
The following will be the materials used in the study:
Fermented Fruit Juice (FFJ) and Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ),
sacks, sprinkler, meter stick, weighing scale, spade, trowels,
ruler, sandy loam soil, bamboo sticks, card board, black V-net
and three hundred eighty four (384) radish seeds.

Methods
This section discusses the experimental design and
treatments, cultural management practices and procedures,
instruments for data collection, methods of data gathering,
statistical tools and analysis.
Experimental Design and Treatments
The experimental area will be laid-out in Randomized
Complete Block Design (RCBD) using seven (7) treatments
replicated four (4) times as shown in Figure 1, through random
sampling. Seven (7) treatments will be used: Treatment A-30% FFJ
+ 50% FPJ, B-50% FFJ + 50% FPJ, C-70% FFJ + 30% FPJ, D-control 1
(100% FFJ) E- control 2 (100% FPJ), F-control 3 (No fertilizer
applied).
R E P L I C A T I O N
I II III IV
A B C D
B C D E
C D E F
D E F A
E F A B
F A B C
Figure 1. Experimental lay-out of the study
Legend:
A-30% FFJ + 50% FPJ
B-50% FFJ + 50% FPJ
C-70% FFJ + 30% FPJ
D-control 1 (100% FFJ)
E- control 2 (100% FPJ)
F-control 3 (No fertilizer applied).
Cultural Management Practices and Procedures
The cultural management practices and procedures include
the following: site and location, preparation of FFJ and FPJ,
land preparation and field lay-outing, sowing of
seeds,application of FFJ and FPJ, water management, weeding,
control of pest and diseases, harvesting and post-harvest
operation.
Site and Location. The study will be conducted at the
Iloilo State College of Fisheries-San Enrique Campus, San
Enrique, Iloilo, Crop Science Research Area. The area will be
enclosed with a black v-net to avoid the entrance of stray
animals.
Fermenting of FFJ and FPJ. Prepared Fermented Fruit Juice
(FFJ) by selecting fruits, chopping them, and fermenting the
mixture under controlled conditions. Additionally, prepared
Fermented Plant Juice (FPJ) by selecting plant materials,
chopping them, and fermenting the mixture similarly. duration

Land Preparation and Field Lay-Outing. An experimental
area of 20 square meters will cleaned thoroughly of weeds with
the use of the spade and trowels. This will enclosed with black
V-net to prevent the entrance of stray animals. After this,
experimental sacks representing the experimental treatment will
distributed following the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD)
with the distance of 0.5 meter between treatments and 1 meter
between replication. There will be 96 sacks in the experimental
area, each treatment will composed of 4 sacks with a distance of
12 cm between sacks.
Sowing of Seeds. Seeds of radish will be sown directly on
the sacks with two seeds per hill and will thinned out when the
true leaves had developed leaving only one seedling per hill.
Distance of hill
Water Management. Watering will done immediately after
sowing of seeds to provide enough moisture for the uniform
germination of seeds. Watering will done preferably early in the
morning or late in afternoon or as needed.
Weeding. Weeding will done manually using bare hands to
control and prevent competition of weeds and radish plants. Extra
care will also be observed to avoid root damage. Weeding will
done one week after sowing or as needed.
Control of Pest and Diseases. Clean culture will be
practiced to prevent pest, and diseases infestation of the
experimental plant. Regular monitoring for the presence of pests
and diseases will be observed. Control will done by hand picking,
and crushing insect pests. Spraying of botanical pesticides will
done two (2) weeks after planting and synthetic chemicals will
also sprayed one week after spraying of botanical pesticides to
control the pests.

Harvesting and Post-Harvest Operation. The radish will be
harvested 46 days after sowing. Data on the yield per treatment
will be taken from all the plants per treatment per replication.
Harvested plants will be bundled, weighed, cleaned and the
marketable tubers of radish will be brought to the market and
sold.
Instruments for Data Collection
Instruments such as ruler, baker and weighing scale will
be used in the study. The ruler will be used to measure the
height of the plant and the length of the radish tubers, while
baker will be used to measure the amount of FFJ and FPJ to be
applied on radish and weighing scale will be used to measure the
amount of garden soil and the total yield per treatment.
Methods of Data Gathering
The data on the growth and yield performance of container-
grown radish applied with combinations of FFJ and FPJ will
determined as follows:
Growth Parameters
Plant Height. The height of the radish plant will be
measured from the base of the plant up to the tip of the highest
leaf using a ruler. The average height will be determined by
summing up the height of the sample plants divided by the number
of the samples. This will be measured 14 days after sowing and
this will be repeated at 7 days interval until harvest.
Number of Functional Leaves.Functional leaves will be
determined by counting the leaves of radish from 14 days after
planting, and this count will be repeated weekly until harvest.
Yield Parameters
Length of Harvested Tubers. The length of harvested
tubers will be determined by measuring the length of all
harvested radish tubers in cm using a ruler.
Weight of Harvested Tubers. The weight of harvested
tubers will be determined by weighing the entire harvested
tubers in kilograms from each treatment per replication after
harvesting.
Weight of Marketable Tubers. The weight of the marketable
tubers will be determined by weighing all the harvested tubers
that are damage free using a 20 kg capacity weighing scale.
Weight of Non-Marketable Tubers. The weight of the non-
marketable tubers will be determined by weighing all the
harvested tubers that has damage using a 20 kg capacity weighing
scale.
Return of Investment. The return of investment (ROI) will
be determined by dividing the net profit from the total expenses
multiplied by 100. The net profit will determined by subtracting
the total expenses incurred during the conduct of the study from
the total sales of harvested tubers. The expenses will be
computed based on the prevailing price of materials used in the
study and the facilities were based on the depreciation cost
using straight-line analysis.
Statistical Tools and Analysis
The data on the growth and yield performance of
container-grown radish applied with FFJ and FPJ combinations
will be analyzed statistically using the Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) for Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data with
significant results will be subjected to Duncan’s Multiple Range
Test (DMRT).
Reference
Name, year, title, retrieved from:_____
Name, year, title of the book, printing press, publish at
--------------------------------===-----------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------
_________________________________________________________

Growth and Yield Performance of Container - Grown Radish (Rhapanus Sativus L.) Applied With FFJ and FPJ Combinations

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Growth and Yield Performance of Container - Grown Radish (Rhapanus Sativus L.) Applied With FFJ and FPJ Combinations

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Background of the Study

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) belongs to the mustard family

(Brassicaceae), grown as an annual or biennial, or perennial life

spans. It is a popular root vegetable in both tropical and

temperate regions. It is a popular root vegetable in both

tropical and temperate regions. They are generally consumed raw,

such as in salads or as an appetizer

Radish is a quick growing and short duration vegetable

crop.It has a high nutritive value.It is a good source of

ascorbic acid and trace elements. They also have a lot of

vitamin C,which acts as an antioxidant to protect our cells from

damage and also a good source of natural nitrates, which may

help to improve blood flow.

Global agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers has risen

significantly between 1961 and 2019, (FAO, 2021). Inorganic

fertilizers are widely used in agriculture, but their production

and use can have negative effects to the soil quality,

environment, animals and especially, the human.

Concoction is a fermented extract of a plant's sap and

chlorophyll's. It is a mixture or blend of various ingredients or

elements, often created by combining different substances or

components, and its benefits can include providing unique flavors

in culinary creations, offering effective remedies in traditional

medicine, or enabling creative problem-solving by combining

various ideas and elements.

Fermented fruit juice is an organic concoction made from fruits

materials, use to enhance the soil and increase production of

leafy plants in gardens,and also used to increase sweetness and

yield of fruiting plants as well as building healthier soil.

Other,is the fermented plant juice it is an organic concoction

made from plant material,preferably young shoots of vigorously

growing plants,which are made to ferment with the aid of

molasses and brown sugar that contain nutrients in plant (Gerald

Therefore, the researchers come up to use FFJ and FPJ

combinations as fertilizer on container-grown radish to determine

its growth and yield performance and to produce healthful and

hazard free crop.

Objectives of the Study

This study will be conducted to determine the growth and

yield performance of container-grown radish applied with FFJ and

Specifically it seeks to:

1. Determine the growth performance of radish applied

with FFJ and FPJ combinations in terms of plant height and

number of functional leaves and canopy.

2. Determine the yield performance of container-grown

radish applied with FFJ and FPJ combinations in terms of the

length of harvested tubers, weight of harvested tubers, and

weight of marketable tubers and weight of non-marketable tubers.

3. Determine if there is a significant difference on the

growth and yield performance of container-grown radish applied

with FFJ and FPJ combinations.

4. Compute the return of investment of the container-grown

radish applied with FFJ and FPJ combinations.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study is limited to find out the growth and yield

performance of container-grown radish applied with FFJ and FPJ

combinations. The growth will be determined in terms of plant

height and number of functional leaves and canopy, while yield

will be determined in terms of the length of harvested tubers,

weight of harvested tubers, weight of marketable tubers and

weight of non-marketable tubers . There will be six (6)