Banana Peel 1 2

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TRANSMITTAL SHEET
This research paper entitled DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF

CHICKEN FEEDSTUFF USING BANANA (Musa acuminata x balbisiana)
PEEL prepared and submitted by DAÑOZO, JHEANESE L., DULDULAO,
SHEENA L., PEÑAFLOR, LADYMER L., and VILLAMAYOR, DESIREE
JANINE F. in partial fulfillment for the requirements in the subject
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2, is hereby accepted and endorsed.
AMERA C. MALACO, MAT

Adviser
_____________________
Date Signed
Respectfully endorsed as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

course PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2.
ADONIS S. BESA, PhD ANAMARIE G. VALDEZ, MAT

LHS Chairperson LHS Research Coordinator
_____________________ _____________________
Date Signed Date Signed
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APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper has passed the standards set by the SULTAN
KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY - LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL and has
been successfully defended and approved on June 15, 2022 before this panel
of examiners.

Adviser
WELARD JAY C. VICERA, LPT MARK DAVE R. VILLAMOR, LPT

Member, Examining Committee Member, Examining Committee
ACCEPTED in PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the requirements for the

course PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2.
ADONIS S. BESA, PhD

Chairperson, Laboratory High School
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research would not have been possible without the participation
and assistance of a large number of people whose names would not all be
listed. Their contributions are heartily welcomed and appreciated. However,
the researchers would like to convey their appreciation and gratitude to the
following individuals:
Ma’am AMERA C. MALACO, adviser, for the unwavering support,
patience, motivation, excitement, and vast expertise, as well as for providing
the researchers with important supervision throughout the research;
Sir WELARD JAY C. VICERA, and Sir MARK DAVE R. VILLAMOR,
members of the examining committee, for their investment of time and
patience, support, insightful comments, and ideas for the greatest outcome of
this research study;
Ma’am VIVIALYN T. ASOY, statistician, for sharing her knowledge and
assisting in the data analysis and statistical computations that benefited the
researchers in the completion of the research study;
Sir ADONIS S. BESA, Chairperson of Laboratory High School, for
giving the researchers the consent and full support to conduct the study;
SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY - LABORATORY HIGH
SCHOOL, for offering the researchers exposure in the field;
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The family of the researchers, for their financial consideration and
unwavering support during the research study's development; and
Last but not the least, the ALMIGHTY GOD, for the strength, wisdom,
and sense of consistency He has bestowed upon the researchers.
The Researchers
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES PAGE
Flyleaf
Title Page i
Transmittal Sheet ii
Approval Sheet iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables viii
List of Figures x
List of Appendices xi
Abstract xii
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1

Conceptual Framework 3
Objectives of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 6
Scope and Delimitation 8
Definition of Terms 8
CHAPTER II- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED

STUDIES
Review of Related Literature 10

Synthesis 24
Review of Related Studies 25
Synthesis 30
CHAPTER III- METHODOLOGY
Materials 32
Research Design, Treatments and Experimental Lay-out 32
Locale of the Study 33
Method 34
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Data to be Gathered and Gathering Procedure 38

Statistical Treatment 38
CHAPTER IV- PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

DATA
Mass of Broiler Chickens under 39

Treatment 1 (100% Commercial Feeds)
Treatment 2 (50% Commercial Feeds - 50% Banana Peel)
Treatment 3 (75% Banana Peel - 25% Commercial Feeds)
Weekly Result of the ANOVA for the 44
Significant Difference between Treatments
Significant Difference on the 55
Mass of Broiler Chickens between
Treatment 1, Treatment 2, and Treatment 3
CHAPTER V- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 58
Conclusion 60
Recommendations 60
REFERENCES
Books 62
Dissertations 62
Journal 62
Master’s Thesis 65
News Article 65
Websites 65
APPENDICES 68
CURRICULUM VITAE 96
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Mass per week of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 39

1 (Control Group)

2 (50% Commercial feeds – 50% Banana Peel)

3 (75% Banana peel - 25% Commercial feed)
2.1 Week 1 Result of the ANOVA for the Significant 45

Difference Between Treatments 1, 2, and 3
2.2 Week 1 Post-Hoc Analysis of ANOVA 46

2.4 48
Week 2 Post-Hoc Analysis of ANOVA

2.6 50
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ix

2.8 52
2.9 Overall Result of the ANOVA for the Significant 53

3.0 54
Overall Post-Hoc Analysis of ANOVA
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1 Conceptual Framework of the Study 4
2 Experimental Lay-out 33
3 Locale of the Study 34
4 Waterfall Diagram of Data Gathering Procedure 37
5 Average Mass per Week of Broiler Chickens 56
under Treatment 1, Treatment 2, and Treatment 3
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LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Certification for Critic Reader 69
B Certification for Statistician 70
C Application for the Conduct of the Study 72
D Application for the Final Printing and Binding 73
E Raw Data 74
F Plagiarism Check 77
G Photo Documentation 83
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ABSTRACT
DAÑOZO, JHEANESE L., DULDULAO, SHEENA L. PEÑAFLOR, LADYMER

L., VILLAMAYOR, DESIREE JANINE, F. 2021. “DEVELOPMENT
AND EVALUATION OF CHICKEN FEEDSTUFF USING BANANA
(Musa acuminata x balbisiana) PEEL.” Sultan Kudarat State
University- Laboratory Science High School ACCESS EJC, Montilla,
Tacurong City. 96 pp.
Adviser: AMERA C. MALACO, MAT
This study aimed to determine the level of development in the gain in
weight of broiler chickens after four (4) weeks or twenty-eight (28) days when
they have been subjected to the following treatments: 100% commercial feed,
50% commercial feed - 50% banana peel, and 75% banana peel - 25%
commercial feed. The goal of this study was to identify which among the
treatments yields a better growth rate and final weight for chickens. A
quantitative-experimental approach was utilized in this study which
investigated the growth differences between chickens fed with banana peel
and chickens fed with commercial diets only. The study utilized twenty-one
(21) broiler chickens. Findings showed that Treatment 1 (100% commercial
feeds) has the highest average weight among the varying feed diets and at the
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same time gained the highest final weight at the fourth week. Treatments 2
and 3 showed significant differences in the average and final weight of the
broiler chickens. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected. With the results,
the researchers recommended further research to be done for the
improvement of organic feed supplements in broiler chicken feed diets.
Additionally, the determination of the nutritional components of banana peel
and the other substitute feed supplements that may contribute to better weight
gain in broilers was proposed. Furthermore, this work should be replicated on
native chickens and layer chickens for additional testing of effectiveness and
new research areas.
Keywords: Feedstuff, Broiler Chicken, Poultry, Banana Peel, Growth Rate,

Weight Gain
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Chicken is the most consumed meat worldwide and helps many low-
and middle-income families and a variety of nutrients is needed to meet the
global demand for quality meat. The feeds provided for poultry ensure proper
animal growth, development, and health because they contain nutrients in the
right proportions. The banana is rich in potassium and calcium but low in salt,
which made it a good supplement for poultry feedstuff. While banana pulp is
used as animal feed, little research has been done on banana peel meal as an
alternative chicken feed (Abel et al., 2015). More research is needed to
increase the value of leftover banana peels (Damat, 2013).
Biswal et al. (2020) stated that the COVID-19 pandemic and long-term
lockdown have adversely harmed several businesses, including agriculture in
India and other nations. Rumors about eggs and chicken meat possibly
spreading COVID-19 caused a decline in demand for poultry goods in
February 2020, soon before the lockout. The chicken crisis affected small
farmers to large integrators (Das & Samanta, 2021). 37% of 2019 production
was poultry meat. After March 2020, supply and transportation difficulties
halved production. COVID-19 lowered chicken and egg demand (Berkhout,
2020).
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In the Philippines, there are many aspects to the chicken industry: the
commercial and backyard sectors. In 2020, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region
in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) from 1,708 metric tons, liveweight in the first
quarter of 2020 to 844 metric tons, liveweight this quarter, the largest annual
fall of -50.6 percent was recorded (Southern Davao Agri-Best Farms, Inc.,
2021). This increase in prices was brought about by many factors. During the
lockdown period, strict implementations of rules and regulations to control the
spread of the disease have been put into action, making it hard for poultry
owners to have access to the feeds they provide for their animals as well as
the commercial feed production companies to gather raw materials for their
production. This sudden lockdown resulted in the market's shortage of chicken
feed supplies, followed by the death of chickens due to nutrient deficiency.
A lot of studies have been conducted regarding the nutritional value
of bananas as food supplements for animals, but only a few have emphasized
the effects of using the fruit’s outer covering in the growth and development of
chickens. Convocar et al. (2020) formulated a broilers’ diet where the flesh of
the banana fruit was supplemented with commercial feeds. Results showed
that the said treatment surpassed the rest, one of which is the 100%
commercial feed in terms of the chickens' growth rate and final weight.
Thus, the researchers decided to conduct a study in which the
evaluation of the growth and development of broiler chickens, which are widely
consumed nationwide, when fed with banana peels was emphasized. This
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study provided information on how much development it causes on broiler
chickens when an alternative feedstuff was used, which is more ecological,
budget-friendly, and time-saving. This study aimed to define and evaluate the
differences in growth between chickens fed with banana peel and chickens fed
only with commercial feed.
Conceptual Framework of the Study
In a study conducted by Convocar et al. (2020), the researchers made
use of an IV-DV Model to indicate the nutritional effects of the independent
variables; 100% commercial feeds, 50% commercial feeds, and Madre-de-
agua, 50% Banana, and 100% Malunggay Concoction to the dependent
variable which is the final weight of broiler chicken.
This study made use of the IV-DV Model. In this model, the
independent variable (IV) is the variable that the researchers manipulate to
see if it affects the behavior of another variable. The dependent variable (DV)
refers to the other variable that is measured and projected to be reliant on the
IV (tutor2u, 2021). This experiment predicted cause and effect between the
independent and dependent variables. The independent variables being
manipulated are the feeding formulations of chickens: 100% commercial feed,
50% commercial feed and 50% banana peel, and 75% banana peel and 25%
commercial feed. The researchers determined if the independent variables

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can bring consequent changes to the dependent variable; the growth rate of
chicken broilers.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Feeding Formulation Growth rate of the broiler

chicken
Control Group
Final weight of the broiler
T1 100% commercial feeds
chicken
Experimental Group
T2 50% commercial feeds
and 50% banana peel
T3 75% banana peel and
25% commercial feed
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study
Objectives of the Study
This study determined the growth responses of broiler chickens
undergoing different feeding formulations. The researchers also investigated
whether the treatments affected chickens' growth and development differently.
Specifically, the study aimed to:
1. Determine the level of development of chickens after they have been
subjected to the following treatments:

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1.1. 100 commercial feeds
1.2. 50% commercial feeds and 50% banana peel
1.3. 75% Banana peel and 25% commercial feed
2. Determine if there is a gain in mass of chicken after four (4) weeks or
twenty-eight (28) days of undergoing the following treatments:
1.1. 100 commercial feeds
1.2. 50% commercial feeds and 50% banana peel
1.3. 75% banana peel and 25% commercial feed
3. Determine if there is a significant difference between the control and
experimental groups in terms of:
1.1 Growth Rate; and
1.2 Final Weight.
Research Hypothesis
For the starting point of the experimental approach that will help support
the intent of the study, the following null hypothesis was made and was tested
at 0.05 significance level:

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𝐻0 : There is no significant difference between the control group and
experimental group in terms of:
1.1 Growth Rate; and
1.2 Final Weight.
Significance of the Study
Poultry provides people with companionship, food, and fiber in the
form of eggs, meat, and feathers as well as chicken feedstuffs provide
adequate amounts of needed nutrients and minerals to poultry. People acquire
eggs and meat from a large commercial poultry enterprise, which has helped
chickens become an important element of the food web. Thus, the conduct of
this study will be significant to some groups of people.
Households. The results of this study boost productivity among
households, especially when they start to solely depend on banana peels to
feed their chickens, specifically, those who raise broilers. Banana peels as a
supplement to chicken feedstuff may not add up to the family’s overall
expenditures considering banana peels are excess of bananas which are
attainable and cost less. In addition, if banana peels could create a difference
in the growth of broiler chickens, nutrient-rich meat being consumed is

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guaranteed. In addition, chicken meat is the most preferred source of protein
among households.
Farmers. Farmers supply meat and fresh eggs in the local market.
They would benefit from this study in a way that they can spend less on
chickens investments, considering some also crop bananas. Farmers would
use the fruit’s flesh and feed its peels to their chickens. Since a variety of
nutrients are present in banana peels, the chickens absorb these nutrients
upon consuming the feed. Thus, it results in producing first-rate meat
products. In addition, having the chickens sold in the local market at a good
price would earn better gains for farmers, leading to productivity
improvements.
Poultry Industry. The poultry industry has the same significance as
the farmers in that they could only invest a little in the feed since banana peels
are being utilized as feedstuff for the chickens. Through this, they can save
some money and, at the same time, produce a high-quality type of meat
because of the plentiful nutrients that they can acquire from the banana peel.
Society. Poultry farming is an important area of research in poultry
science that focuses on egg and meat production methods, industry structure,
processing, product development, egg and meat quality, and economics.
Poultry farming is an important and diverse component since eggs and meat
are important components of people's health and diets worldwide. Thus, this
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study would be significant to society since it would provide consumers with
good quality meat. Since less is spent on chicken feedstuff, there is expected
to be a decrease in the prices of meat in the local market.
Future Researchers. Future researchers would benefit from using
this work as a reference for their future studies, particularly those in agriculture
concerned about providing high-quality poultry products to fulfill the expanding
supply demand.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study was only limited to testing the effectiveness of Musa
acuminata x balbisiana as feedstuff in the growth and development of broiler
chickens. This requires the involvement of twenty-one (21) chickens to be
observed and evaluated for four (4) weeks with the use of the three (3)
treatments replicated thrice stated above. This study was conducted within
Tacurong City, Province of Sultan Kudarat.
Definition of Terms
For comprehensive analysis of this study, the following terms are
operationally defined:
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Banana. This refers to a type of tropical plant grown for its nutrient-
dense fruit.
Banana Peel. This refers to the outer covering of bananas being used
in this study as a supplement for chicken feedstuff.
Broiler Chicken. These chickens are typically white and raised for
optimum health and size to provide the buyer with a high-quality product.
Chicken feedstuff. This refers to the food provided for chickens.
Development. This refers to the process of chicken’s growth in terms
of weight and size when being fed commercial feedstuff, banana peel, and
mixed 50% banana peel and 50% commercial feedstuff.
Evaluation. This refers to the assessment of the chicken’s growth
through the process of observation.
Feedstuff. This refers to the foods that are provided for livestock.
Growth difference. This refers to the result of the examination of the
weight of the animal on a specific date of the study.

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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
This chapter includes a review of related literature and studies that
serve as a foundation for conducting this research. Previous studies and
researches that are relevant to the current subject are included in the linked
literature.
Review of Related Literature
Challenges to Chicken Production
As consumer demand for poultry meat grows, the industry is faced with
difficulty meeting these demands. According to Petracci et al. (2013), poultry
flesh is regarded as one of the most efficient sources of protein. Due to low
costs, appropriateness for further processing, and the lack of cultural or
religious aversions, demand has risen in recent decades. Broiler growth rates
are constantly improving in order to boost production more efficiently, resulting
in higher yields and more products to meet market demands.
The poultry business's future expansion is hampered by several
reasons, including poultry immunity, health, and productivity. The sector will
continue to face significant issues related to consumer confidence, product

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quality and safety, product types, and the introduction and reemergence of
diseases (Hafez & Attia, 2020).
According to Attia and Hazef (2020), environmental challenges, poor
feed conversion, management issues, and low-quality chicks were the most
significant production issues affecting chicken production. Consumer
confidence, product quality and safety, product types, and the emergence and
re-emergence of diseases will all remain major challenges to the industry's
current situation and strategic future. COVID-19 really brought disturbance into
poultry production. National lockdowns, travel restrictions, border closures,
and controls have all been implemented by the government in an attempt to
contain the pandemic. As a result, there have been some unavoidable
negative repercussions. These have included: (i) local and international
movements of live animals and animal products; (ii) raw materials for feed and
medicine; (iii) other production inputs and equipment; and (iv) access to labor
and professional services in the livestock sector (Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic harmed the poultry industry,
partly due to the lockdown and suspicions that poultry products may spread
the disease, especially birds. There were rumors that chickens somewhat
contributed to the virus's widespread spread.
Although chickens are not particularly prone to SARS-CoV-2, several
coronavirus disease outbreaks in poultry processing facilities in various
countries have been described, resulting in unexpected consequences such

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as forced reductions in demand for some industries, transportation systems,
employment, and businesses due to public confinement. Besides that, the
close proximity on the line, cold, and humidity in poultry processing plants
intensify the risks (Bovera et al., 2021).
In addition, the Food and Agriculture Organization (2020) emphasized
that industrial feed businesses are losing efficiency due to physical separation
and the need for additional personal safety equipment. Labor shortages and a
reduction in the supply of raw materials and other ingredients result from
movement restrictions and illness. Feed delivery has been further delayed due
to disruptions in supply lines. Argentina, the world's top exporter of soy meal,
has cut soy supply to feed mills in half, potentially disrupting global trade flows.
This phenomenon can result in nutrient deficiency in chickens, considering
most households will solely rely on what is left in the market and have nothing
to choose from to feed their chickens; thus, it will add up to the current
problems of the poultry industry while simultaneously battling with the existing
ones.
Different physiological activities among chickens require different
vitamins and minerals. Vitamin B, for example, is critical for the health of the
neural system in chickens; it is not generally stored in the body, so chickens
must ingest it regularly to maintain normal nerve function (Jennifer, 2019). Any
nutritional deficiency can be caused by a number of factors, the most common
of which are insufﬁcient intake, improper absorption, and an increased

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requirement for a nutrient that is not met. Chickens kept in backyards are
prone to such complications for they are fed on excessive kitchen leftovers or
parasites, as well as old or rotten feed, thus, might create vitamin or mineral
deficiency in chickens.
According to Leeson (2016), the most common cause of vitamin
deficiencies in birds is the inadvertent omission of a complete vitamin premix
from their diet. As a result, a variety of symptoms appear, though signs of B
vitamin deficiency usually appear first. Because the body stores some fat-
soluble vitamins, these deficiencies take longer to manifest in the bird, and
vitamin A deficiency can take months to manifest in adult birds. Considering
the challenges experienced by birds on lack of nutrients as mentioned above,
it is crucial to find ways to create an alternative feedstuff that could suffice the
amount of vitamins needed by chickens, especially when under a state of
emergency where the availability of poultry feeds are at unstable levels. In line
with this, one must look for feeds that have an adequate amount of nutrients.
But the problem is that more efficiency of the food in the growth and
development of birds comes with high costs.
According to Atapattu and Senevirathne (2013, p. 179-182), feed costs
are the greatest recurring cost component in poultry production and hence
significantly impact the industry's profitability and consumer affordability of
poultry products. They also added that the primary reasons for the rapid
increase in poultry feed prices in recent years had been increased demand for
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cereals by the human food sector. Feed component price increases
significantly influence animal output and consumption, especially in
underdeveloped nations. In these conditions, examining, evaluating, and using
alternative and less expensive feed ingredients for poultry feeding is critical.
Feeds are always considered the most effective nourishment given to
chickens, for they are manufactured for that purpose. Little did people know
that vegetable and fruit waste as humans’ excess after consumption could be
successfully incorporated into livestock rations, resulting in less environmental
pollution (Salim et al., 2021). In addition, these vegetable and fruit wastes also
contain as many vitamins as the flesh. Some of the fruits people usually
consume every day are bananas.
Banana Peel
Bananas are tasty and versatile fruit that is frequently used in
smoothies, baked products, sauces, and desserts. Because of their portability
and affordability, bananas are one of the fruits that are frequently consumed,
especially after meals. In the majority of African nations, bananas are one of
the most significant, year-round staple foods. Bananas generate considerable
quantities of banana peels, part of which is frequently used as feed resources
in livestock production. The skin of the banana fruit is known as a banana
peel. Banana peels are a by-product of banana processing and domestic

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usage. Consumers often disregard the peels, for they are not most likely to be
eaten by humans. Thus, they are less valued compared to the flesh it
envelopes. Banana peels are just being dumped in landfills beneficial to
microorganisms when their purpose can still be maximized with prior
knowledge of the fruit covering’s chemical contents.
Banana peels are a significant source of minerals, particularly
potassium and salt, and have a fiber level of roughly 30 percent, compared to
around 45 percent in most grass species. When compared to grasses, this
improves the digestibility of the peels, resulting in a higher intake (60.6 percent
digestibility of DM and 58.6 percent digestibility of organic matter). They also
include vitamins A, B1, B2, and C and a high concentration of harmless starch
resistant to -amylase and gluco-amylase due to its high crystalline
characteristic structure (Esmail, 2021).
Although bananas are a sweet, mushy fruit that is widely consumed
worldwide, in Western countries, their thick, fibrous peels are a less favored
source of nourishment. Contrary to popular belief, Banana peels are not only
safe to eat but also have several health benefits. According to WebMD (2020),
banana peels are said to aid some of the symptoms of depression and other
mood disorders in humans. Due to the presence of vitamin B6 on the peel,
when mixed with tryptophan in bananas, it can create positive effects on mood
over time. Banana peels are also high in fiber and can help regulate the
digestive system, reducing constipation and diarrhea. In addition, the vitamin A

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present in both banana's flesh and peel can help maintain the eyes healthy
and robust.
Aside from humans, animals can also benefit from the nutritional
composition of banana peel, for it offers several advantages that make it
excellent for use as animal feed or as a supplement to forage during periods of
scarcity. They contain a high moisture content (about 15% DM), which aids in
animal hydration (Esmail, 2021). Many households, especially those with low
income, use their excess food to feed their animals. These kitchen wastes
include rice, bread, watermelon rind, and the outer covering of fruits,
especially the banana peels. Their nutritional values cannot be specifically
determined, for they are only for household consumption, and less attention is
being paid to them. As a result, the exact effects of these feedstuffs on the
growth and development of backyard animals cannot be identified.
A study was undertaken on breastfeeding goats to see if they could
replace the grain component of their diet with either green or ensiled banana
peels. It was discovered that completely replacing the grains with banana
peels resulted in significantly better dry matter intake, milk yield, and feed
efficiency (Esmail, 2021). Also, Rusdy (2019) conducted a study where he
found out that the nutritional value of banana waste varied depending on the
plant part, but fruit peel had the highest nutritional content, followed by banana
pseudo-stem and leaf. Banana waste has a high dry matter potential but
imbalanced nutritional value. When treated and supplemented properly,

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Banana wastes can be a good ruminant feed, and feeding ruminants banana
wastes can result in a decent animal product (milk output and daily gain).
Furthermore, Hernan (n.d.), as cited by Siyal et al. (2016), confirmed that
banana peel added into the diet resulted in increased live body weight and
feed conversion ratio of cattles.
Howard (2021) states that banana peels are packed with some good
nutrients starting from vitamin B6, which benefits the chicken’s nervous
system. Chickens will also benefit from the presence of B vitamins. B vitamins
help with neurological function, skin, liver, metabolism, vitality, and eye health.
Furthermore, chickens will benefit from banana peels for the peels contain
potassium which will help poultry with stress, physical strength, metabolism,
and electrolytic function. In the food chain, plants are the major source of food
and nutrients. In contrast, animals and humans are the primary consumers.
The aforementioned nutrients, when acquired by chickens, can make them
healthy in some ways that when consumed by humans, the essentials present
in the flesh and egg will be passed on, making it crucial for the bodily functions
of a human body.
Broiler Chickens
Broilers (Gallus gallus) chickens have been engineered to have a
consistent size for maximum meat yield. Broilers, often known as broiler
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chickens, are birds raised purely to produce meat. Their genes allow them to
grow more quickly than native layers and hens. Broilers can gain significant
weight in a matter of weeks, causing their vents to protrude or rendering them
handicapped and unable to walk as a result of their excessive weight increase.
Broiler meals are designed to provide extra energy to help them gain weight
(Sharma, 2020). Also, broiler rearing takes roughly 42 days or six weeks to
reach market weight, though it can take up to 8 weeks in some cases. This is
a brief window of opportunity. It implies that a large number of broiler chicks
can be raised in a year. This is especially useful when there is a disease
outbreak. Some hens may be lost due to illness outbreaks, but another group
of broiler chickens may grow within three months.
Broiler chickens were bred to be fast-growing since if they are raised for
meat, it will only take seven (7) to nine (9) weeks for broiler chickens to reach
their ideal weight of four (4) pounds (1,814 grams) (Animal Welfare, 2019).
However, compared to native chickens, it has already been proven that
broilers have a higher calorie content. Native chickens survive even though
their diets are composed of commercial feeds supplemented with kitchen
wastes or whatever they could find. Some native chickens are lucky enough to
be fed pure commercial feeds during their starter phase. Whereas broiler
chickens are fed with commercialized feeds throughout their life cycle.
The broiler chickens have three (3) life stages; starter, grower, and
finisher. Broiler chickens aged from zero (0) to three (3) weeks old are
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considered starters. The broilers are already in their grower stage at three (3)
to six (6) weeks. The chickens are at the finisher stage, reaching six (6) to
eight (8) weeks or until slaughter. According to Akinbobola (2015), during
broiler chickens' starter and grower stage, their diet must consist of high
protein concentrations to achieve weight gain. On the other hand, small
concentrations of fiber must be given since broiler chicks aged zero (0) to ten
(10) days old cannot digest fiber very well, and the maximum amount of fiber
they can only take is 5%. However, during the finisher stage of the broilers, he
emphasized that large amounts of metabolized energy are a requirement to
sustain life for chickens until slaughter. At this stage, the birds are expected to
have already achieved their ideal weight.
Chicken Nutrition
Chicken meat is a food originated from animals that are eaten in
practically every household worldwide. Chicken is the principal source of meat
in many familiar recipes, thanks to the ever-increasing popularity of fast-food
franchises and cafes. Chickens raised on poultries to produce meat are
referred to as boilers. Broiler chickens are produced commercially in climate-
controlled poultry buildings with automated feeding and watering systems. The
amount of feed taken and the nutritional levels in the feed determine the
number of nutrients chickens consume. The diets given to chickens must be

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assessed, for it is crucial in terms of their nutritional effects on the human body
when consumed. The majority of chicken diets consist of a corn-soy ration that
is heavy in omega-6 fatty acids (FA). According to Aldelís (2018), chicken has
a caloric content of 145 kcal per 100 grams of the edible portion (with skin).
According to the Spanish Nutrition Foundation and Fedecarne's meat
nutritional guide, 70.3 percent of 100 grams of chicken is water, 9.7% is lipids
or fats, and 20% is protein. As a result, protein is the most prominent
macronutrient in the nutritional makeup of chicken, excluding water. Although
a lot of nutrients present in chicken meat are needed by the human body,
chickens cannot be just subjected to multiple feedings for the convenience of
humans, for it could possibly have an adverse effect on the bird’s
performance.
Aside from humans, chickens are also subjected to diets in which the
food being fed on them is balanced. Chicks would benefit from a more
balanced nutrient profile, notably protein and amino acids, even though
nutrition has traditionally focused on providing energy. Knowledge of
formulation feedstuffs for chicken is crucial to meet the nutrient requirements
and must not cause digestive disturbances and toxic effects on birds (Khan,
2019). Nutrient-rich foods taken by chicken will contribute to its overall
performance and health.
One of the benefits of chicken flesh is that the fat is easily visible;
therefore, removing components like the skin reduces the calorie value of the
21
piece. Saturated fats are abundant in today's western diets given to chickens,
contributing to chronic human metabolic illnesses (Bonvisutto, 2020).
Feedstuff being fed on chickens greatly affects the health of the organisms
taking them. William (2016) emphasized that chickens raised without steroids
and chemicals offer healthier meat and eggs. The foodstuffs being fed to these
birds will not have any side effects. Thus, organic farming can really be
beneficial to both chickens and humans. Large-scale businesses or small-
scale individual farmers can both produce organic poultry. In organic
production, all of the ingredients used in the diet must come from organic
sources, be certified by the Department of Agriculture, and follow the
Department of Agriculture's management criteria. In order to produce high-
quality poultry products, feedstuffs consisting of all valuable nutrients
beneficial to the chickens and humans must be formulated with prior
knowledge and careful processes.
Existing Feedstuff
Feed formulation is the process of calculating the proportions of feed
components that must be mixed to create a single consistent solution (diet)
that meets all poultry's nutritional needs. Because feed accounts for 65-75
percent of total live production expenses for most varieties of chicken across
the world, a simple diet formulation error may cost a poultry producer a lot of
22
money (Poultry Hub Australia, 2022). In addition, feed formulation
necessitates a detailed understanding of (1) the nutrient requirements of the
poultry class, particularly for meat chickens, (2) feed components in terms of
nutrient content and nutritional processing restrictions, and (3) the availability
and price of the ingredients. Akinbobola (2015) emphasized that the proper
amount of broiler feed is critical for the health and well-being of hens. He also
added that a broiler feed consumption chart and a weight chart could help in
figuring out how much feed to give the broiler chicks. It also helps farmers
discover the correct balance for their birds by reducing overfeeding, which can
result in a loss of earnings. This will ensure that the chickens are healthy and
grow at a healthy rate if utilized appropriately.
Poultry Hub Australia (2022) emphasized that if optimum development
and output are to be attained, poultry diets must be devised to meet all of the
bird's nutritional needs. Nutrients are divided into six categories:
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water. In addition,
Jeniffer (2019) stated that weight loss might be a healthy by-product of
improving the chicken diet. Also, weather, changes in their diet, getting
broody, and any tensions in the coop can all affect weight and should be taken
into account if the birds are losing weight.
According to Business Queensland (2017), grains such as wheat,
barley, sorghum, protein meals consisting of soybean meal, canola meal,
animal protein meals, lipids and oils, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals are
23
all included in poultry feed. It was also emphasized that a cleaned and flushed
drinker system must be present in the poultry, specifically on the bird’s diet, to
meet its requirement. The presence of salt in water must be considered for
high salt content may lead to lower performance, increased water intake,
wetter droppings, and moist litter concerns. In short, it will not be beneficial to
chickens if there is the presence of high levels of salt in their food and drinking
system.
Globally, developing nations are experiencing the biggest rise in poultry
meat consumption (Diarra & Anand, 2020). With the growing demand for egg
and poultry meat, the demand for poultry feed is also increasing. Most of the
feed ingredients which are used in poultry feed are also used for human
nutrition. So these major feed ingredients and cumulatively poultry feed are
facing market competition with increased cost (Mallick et al., 2020).
The peel of banana is used for food or feed; however, minimal work has
been done on the nutritional composition of banana peel meal as alternative
feedstuffs in the poultry industry. According to Abel et al. (2015), feeding is the
most expensive single input in the poultry production industry, accounting for
65-70 percent of the overall cost of production. Banana peel may be obtained
from local banana market stalls and the banana processing sector as an
alternative diet for animals.

24
In the article of Atapattu and Senevirathne (2013), discarded banana
peel (cavendish) was collected and processed into two types of meals -
cooked and uncooked. A cooked banana meal was prepared by cooking it at
100℃, while an uncooked banana meal was prepared by drying at 80℃ for
three days. Both meals were served to broiler chickens on specific days, and
the results were that cooked banana meal significantly increased the weight of
the crop and the liver, and uncooked meal can be added to the broiler’s diet as
a finisher without any adverse effect on performance. This concluded that
banana peels, cooked or uncooked, can contribute to the overall being of the
birds.
Synthesis
To sum up, banana peels could be of any use when providing
alternative feedstuffs to chickens. Banana peels contain many vitamins and
minerals that are very beneficial to human and animal consumption, especially
in today’s situation, where challenges to chicken production have risen due to
many factors. One of them is Covid-19 which led to many restrictions and
affected many chicken processors. Furthermore, feed cost is also affected,
making other local farmers suffer in buying the necessary feed and resulting in
a nutrient deficiency in chickens.

25
However, this study has figured out that the meat and eggs from
chickens grown without steroids or pesticides are considered much healthier.
The nutrients supplied to these birds will have no adverse implications on
humans. Through organic farming, humans and the chickens can
tremendously benefit from it by making use of the banana peel waste that can
help foster a much healthier environment.
Additionally, this study will also be helpful and useful in a state of
emergency, especially when the supply of poultry feeds is on the verge of
jeopardy. Creating an alternative feedstuff that can be made at home using
banana peels is a good idea because aside from the fact that it is accessible
and easy to make, these peels also contain a lot of nutritional values that can
help suffice the vitamins and nutrients that the commercial feeds contain.
Review of Related Studies
In a study conducted by Siyal et al. (2016) entitled “Effect of Orange
and Banana Peels on the Growth Performance of Broilers,” it was found that
feed price is a critical element impacting poultry farming productivity. Feed
formulators and farmers aim to make low-cost diets by including vegetable and
fruit wastes, depending on their rate, accessibility, and nutritional value. It was
emphasized that more attention is needed to improve the use of crop wastes
and by-products in livestock feeding. They suggested that agricultural wastes

26
can be used as a resource for animal feed if managed properly. However, they
added that these fruit wastes' nutritional value is crucial to designing low-cost
balanced diets for poultry, particularly chicken. In most Asian countries, the
mango, apple, pine apple, citrus, banana, and tomato are the most often
processed fruits, and their waste can be fed to cattle as a dry product or as
silage. This study concluded that broiler fed ration with banana peel resulted in
increased live body weight and FCR (Feed Conversion Ratio). Broilers fed
with a banana peel ration gained more live weight than broilers on an orange
peel ration, presumably because of the higher protein content.
Furthermore, the study of Siyal et al. (2016) was carried out to look for
possible alternatives to chicken feeds, given that formulators and farmers are
struggling whenever there is an increase in feed prices. They are worried
about what might be the effects of the gradual increase in feed prices on the
productivity of the poultry industry. This study emphasizes that the researchers
can use fruit wastes as additives to livestock feed to lessen the environmental
impacts and feeding costs.
Haryanto et al. (2016), in the paper "Effects of Banana Peel Meal on
the Feed Conversion Ratio and Blood Lipid Profile of Broiler Chickens,"
explored how banana peel meal can be utilized as an alternative nutrient
source in commercial broiler chicken feed to lower production costs. As
mentioned in their study, the FCR was calculated by dividing the total amount
of feed consumed by each group by the last broiler body weight taken before
27
harvesting the chicken and affected by several factors such as age, breed, the
feed nutrient content, temperature, and the chicken condition. The study
indicated that 90% BR-1 mixed with 10% banana peel meal had the highest
level of fed efficiency relative to all other groups with (1.48±0.20) FCR result,
while the lowest was the 60% BR-1 mixed with 40% banana peel meal with
(1.72±0.33) FCR result. A smaller FCR value means the chickens could utilize
their feed efficiently for growth. However, the mean FCR was not significantly
different between the control chicken and treatment groups, meaning that
mixing banana peel meal with commercial feed did not significantly affect the
FCR (p>0.05). Their result in FCR suggested that mixing 10% banana peel
meal with 90% BR-1 feed provides an optimal FCR and desired weight gain.
After a 35-d rearing period of their conducted study, body weight, FCR,
total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, and LDL levels in ser were quantified and
analyzed by ANOVA. The results showed that FCR, total cholesterol, and LDL
levels were not significantly different (p>0.05) after administration of banana
peel meal, while HDL and triglyceride levels were significantly different
(p<0.05) among the treatment groups. These results indicate that banana peel
meal can be used as an alternative nutrient material in commercial broiler
chicken feed to reduce the cost of production.
According to a research study conducted by Ao et al. (2019) entitled
“Growth performance and bone characteristics of broiler chickens fed corn-soy
diet supplemented with different levels of vitamin premix and sources of

28
mineral premix,” vitamins are necessary for human diets. They are among the
most costly feed elements in animal feed. However, most vitamins are not
stable and might deteriorate significantly during feed preparation and storage.
Trace minerals such as Zn, Cu, and Fe, among other things, harm vitamin
stability owing to redox reactions, which is an essential concern in feed
premixes containing both vitamins and trace minerals.
According to this research, when vitamin B6 was included in a
multivitamin premix including inorganic trace minerals and kept at 36.7°C for
three months, 55 percent of its activity was lost, compared to 24 percent in a
comparable premix having no trace minerals. Free metal ions, followed by
sulfates, carbonates, and oxides, are the most reactive and harmful to
vitamins in premixes. In vitro studies have shown that chelated minerals have
a lower impact on vitamin stability than inorganic versions. To conclude, the
growth and bone characteristics of broiler chickens, combined with the
analytical results of vitamin activity, showed that total replacement of inorganic
trace minerals with organic minerals could improve the storage stability of
vitamins in feed premixes containing both vitamins and trace minerals.
In a study conducted by Afolayan (2015) entitled “Performance of
Broilers fed On-Farm versus Commercial Feeds,” he compared the growth
rate of chickens fed with organic feeds commonly utilized on farms and
chickens fed with commercial feeds. It was emphasized that in poultry
production, poultry feeding is a major item of cost. The type of feed used to
29
feed the broilers chickens has a considerable impact on their performance.
The effects of feed on the performance of birds stand out as the most
dependable means of determining a feed's quality. Many farmers are seeking
new ways to increase their profitability, switching from one commercial feed to
another in quest of better feed. So, to boost profitability in the poultry sector, it
is necessary to develop practical feeds that will aid in lowering production
costs while maintaining high levels of performance in the birds. When feeds
are purchased from commercial feed millers, farmers may not directly
influence the feed cost.
As a result, although one of the commercial feeds beat all others in
terms of weight gain and feed efficiency, results showed that total growth
performance on on-farm feeds was equivalent to commercial feeds, even
when one of the on-farm feeds had suboptimal amounts of energy. In his
study, in terms of feed cost per kg growth, there were significant differences
(P0.05) between the on-farm diets T1-T3 and the commercial diets T4-T6. On-
farm feeds were far less expensive than commercial feeds. As a result of this
research, they concluded that the extensive use of on-farm feeds by poultry
farmers could be justified based on cost-effectiveness and profitability factors.
Due to the fact that the entire cost of production and the ultimate returns after
sales are the two key concerns of poultry farmers, producers are urged to
seek advice from experts in feed formulation to reap these benefits.

30
Accordingly, in the study "Comparative effect of self-formulated and
four commercial diets on the growth performance, carcass and hematological"
by Sanusi et al. (2015), they found that the treatments had a big effect on
average Daily Feed Intake (DFI), Daily Weight Gain (DWG), and Feed
Conversion Ratio (FCR). The study was conducted to determine if there is an
advantage in utilizing self-formulated feeds for broiler chickens and have the
results compared to commercial feeds. The study resulted in a little difference
in the efficacy rate of using self-formulated feed and feed purchased
commercially. Finally, the study found that most commercial feeds used in the
study area may be successfully replaced by self-formulated feed at the finisher
stage. When compared to commercial feeds, using self-formulated feed at the
finisher stage will be less expensive and may result in more profit for the
farmer.
Synthesis
To summarize, chicken feeding has been identified as a significant cost
concern in poultry production. Feed pricing has been revealed to be a crucial
factor determining chicken farming productivity. The kind of feed supplied to
broiler chickens greatly impacts their performance. It is believed that if
agricultural wastes are handled correctly, they may be utilized as a source of
animal feed. Fruit wastes, such as banana peel feed, can be used as feed
31
additives for animals, reducing environmental and feeding costs. They did
point out, however, that the nutritional value of these fruit wastes is crucial in
producing low-cost, well-balanced fowl diets, particularly for chicken.
Nowadays, many farmers are looking for new ways to increase their profits,
and many are switching from one commercial feed to the next in search of a
higher-quality feed rich in vitamins and minerals. All of these research studies
have revealed that using self-formulated feed made from agricultural waste,
particularly banana peels, is less expensive and may yield more profit for
farmers when compared to using commercial feeds.

32
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents and explains the different materials utilized,
research design and treatments, the methods carried out, the data gathered
and the procedure, and the statistical analysis the researchers employed.
Materials
The materials utilized in this study are the following: 21 broiler chickens
aged 27 days old; commercial feeds (Integra 2500); banana (saba) peels;
water; dextrose powder; a digital weighing scale; chicken waterer; plastic
linear feeder; a pen; and a recording sheet.
Experimental Design and Treatment
This study used the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three
treatments replicated thrice. Following the separation on treatments one to
three, the chicks were separated and marked as Treatment 1, Treatment 2,
and Treatment 3.
T1 - 100% commercial feeds (control group)

33
T2 - 50% commercial feeds and 50% finely chopped and dried banana peel
(experimental group)
T3 - 75% finely chopped and dried banana peel and 25% commercial feed
(experimental group)
T0 R2 T2 R3 T2 R2
T1 R1 T2 R1 T1 R3
T0 R1 T1 R2 T0 R3
Figure 2. Experimental Lay-out
Locale of the Study
The broiler chickens were bought from Isulan, Sultan Kudarat, and were
transported to Tacurong City. For close monitoring, the conduct of the study
took place in Barangay New Isabela, Tacurong City. The chickens were
placed in the backyard of a researcher’s residence. In contrast, the banana
peels were obtained from the city's Turon and Banana cue vendors.
34
Photo Source: Google
Figure 3. Locale of the Study
Methods
The detailed activities are done, and procedures in the conduct of the
study are discussed below.
A. Procedure of Purchasing/Settling the Broiler Chicks
Twenty-one (21) broiler chickens aged twenty-seven (27) days old were
purchased at a poultry farm located at Barangay Laguilayan, Isulan, Sultan
Kudarat. The birds were then transported to Tacurong City, Sultan Kudarat,
where the study was conducted. Upon arrival, 50 grams of Dextrose powder
35
was mixed with two (2) liters of mineral water to supplement anti-stress after
the birds underwent a long travel from the poultry site to the experimental site.
Three (3) separate cages were built especially for the comfort of the
chickens which were subjected to the experiment. Each cage accommodated
seven (7) broiler chickens and was provided one (1) feeding cup and one (1)
plastic feeder. The initial mass of the broiler chickens was measured and
recorded using a digital weighing scale before proceeding to the distribution of
feedstuffs to the three (3) different treatments.
B. Procedure of Feed Preparation
The first procedure in feed preparation was the collection of banana
peels from banana turon vendors, after which the acquired banana peels were
thoroughly washed to ensure that there were no remains of chemicals or dirt
from the previous usage. After ensuring that they were all clean, the banana
peels were boiled for about ten (10) minutes until they softened, safely and
easily enough to be eaten by the chickens. When the peels were soft, they
were finely chopped, diced, dried, and supplemented on the existing
commercial feed at a 50:50 ratio under T2. 75% banana peel mixed with 25%
commercial feed was also fed to chickens under T3, and chickens were also
fed with 100% pure commercial feeds (control group).

36
C. Procedure of Feed Diet Formulation
According to their treatments, the chickens under commercial feed were
given Integra 2500. One hundred fifty (150) grams of diced banana peel was
added to commercial feed at a 50:50 ratio under Treatment 2. In Treatment 3,
two hundred twenty-five (225) grams of banana peel was mixed with twenty-
five (25) grams of commercial feed. The chickens were fed following their
treatments three times a day. The feed treatment in regards to the day-weight
table for Treatments 1, 2, and 3 are as follows:
T1 - 100% commercial feeds (control group)
T2 - 50% commercial feeds and 50% finely chopped banana peel
mixed thoroughly (experimental group)
T3 - 75% finely chopped and dried banana peel and 25% commercial
feed (experimental group)
D. Procedure on Feeding Schedules
The chickens were fed daily, thrice a day, according to their
treatments for four (4) weeks.

37
E. Procedure of Weighing the Chickens
The chickens were weighed every Saturday, starting seven days after
the conduct of the study. During all treatments, the mass of each chicken was
recorded and organized according to their treatment groups. For detailed
measurement of the mass of the chickens, a digital weighing scale, to be
specific, was used.
Procedure of Purchasing/Settling the Broiler

Chicks
Procedure of Feed Preparation
Procedure of Feed Diet Formulation
Procedure on Feeding Schedules
Procedure of Weighing the Chickens
Figure 4. Waterfall Diagram of Data Gathering Procedure

38
Data to be Gathered and Gathering Procedure
The researchers utilized the following in the data-gathering phase of the
study:
Measurement of each treatment. The measurements of each
treatment were calculated and recorded.
Weekly mass of chicken. The mass of the chickens every week was
weighed using a weighing scale and was recorded.
The mass gain. The mass gain was calculated by subtracting the initial
and final weights.
The growth rate. It refers to the mass gain per week. The growth rate
of chickens was monitored weekly.
Treatment’s measurements (gram). The measurements of each
variable were measured using a weighing scale.
Statistical Treatment
The study was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in
Completely Randomized Design (CRD) at a 0.05 level of significance. Tests
for the significant differences among treatment means will be subjected to the
Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

39
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter deals with the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of
the data gathered from the conducted experiment on the Development and
Evaluation of Chicken Feedstuff using Banana (Musa acuminata x balbisiana)
Peel. Results and discussions are presented following the problems and
hypotheses of this study.
Mass of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 1 (100% Commercial Feeds)
Treatment 1 (control) feed diet was fed to the broiler chickens in order
for the researchers to determine the average mass per week. The numerical
values are the following:
Table 1.1. Mass per week of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 1 (Control
Group)
Replication Initial Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week Mean

Weight 4
1 1490 g 1770 g 1980 g 2320 g 2395 g 2116.25 g
2 1488 g 1570 g 1860 g 2005 g 2225 g 1915 g
3 1500 g 1790 g 1805 g 2205 g 2575 g 2093.75 g
Weighted Mean 2041.67 g

40
The initial weights of broiler chickens, when not yet subjected to the
experiment, are shown in table 1.1. Broiler chickens were given treatment 1
(100% commercial feed) as their feed diet for four weeks or 28 days. Each
week, the researchers' body weight is recorded and presented in the table
above. Also, the researchers calculated the mean mass of every replication
after the four weeks of observation, but the initial weight was excluded.
Replication 1 gained the highest mean weight value of 2116.25 g,
followed by replication 3, which accumulated a mean value of 2093.75 g.
Lastly, replication acquired the lowest mean of 1915 g.
Since variation in mass gained among replications was observed during
the four (4) weeks of experimenting, it is evident that broiler chickens’
response to the given diet varies. Akinbobola (2015) clarified that genetic
potential, feed, and water consumption are the most important determinants in
broiler performance and weight gain. It is evident because, as observed,
although replication 3 had the highest initial weight of 1500 g since the start of
the study, replication 1 appeared to obtain the highest mean weight value of
2116.25 g. Whereas, replication 3 only had 2093.75 g as its mean value and
1915 g on replication 2. He also added that the intimidation felt from the other
broilers in the same cage could affect the feed intake of the birds, thus,
resulting in a variation in weights due to the increase or decrease in feed
conversion. All in all, treatment 1 acquired a weighted mean of 2041.67 g.

41
Mass of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 2 (50% Commercial Feeds -
50% Banana Peel)
The researchers gave the broiler chickens Treatment 2 (50%
commercial feed and 50% banana peel) to measure the weekly average
weights of the broiler chickens. Compared to the first feed treatment, the feed
treatment was changed to 50 percent commercial feeds and 50 percent
banana peel to induce greater feed conversion. The following are the
numerical values:
Table 1.2. Mass per week of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 2 (50%
Commercial feeds - 50% Banana peel)
Replication Initial Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week Mean

Weight 4
1 1496 g 1365 g 1205 g 1245 g 1595 g 1353 g
2 1499 g 1365 g 1380 g 1410 g 1810 g 1491 g
3 1498 g 1395 g 1485 g 1555 g 1960 g 1599 g
Table 1.2 presents the data of the starting weight and the broiler
chicken's weekly weight gained in four (4) weeks or twenty-eight (28) days.
The researchers calculated the mean weight of every replication after the four
weeks of observation, but the initial weight was excluded. Broiler chickens in
42
treatment 2 were fed with a mixture of 50% commercial feed and 50% banana
peel.
From highest to lowest, replication 3 had a mean weight value of 1599
g, followed by replication 2 (1491 g) and replication 1 (1353 g). Since there
was a sudden change in the feed diet of the broiler chickens, their body
reacted in a way that during the first weeks of the experiment, weight loss
among replications was recorded. Jennifer (2019) has emphasized that
changes in the chicken diet can affect weight and should be taken into
account if the birds are losing weight. She also added that weight loss might
be a healthy by-product of improving the chickens’ diet.
Also, in a study conducted by Kempster (n.d.), in terms of growth,
chickens do not respond to diets in the same way. Some grow relatively
slower when young and make relatively great weight increases as they
approach maturity. It is evident that during the first 3 weeks of observation, the
weight of chickens was unstable because some lost weight while others
gained weight. However, on the fourth week of the experiment, upon reaching
eight weeks of age, all replications fluctuated greatly in terms of weight gain.
Treatment 2 had the lowest records of weight gain and final weight
among all treatments. This is the result of lower feed intake. Jacob (n.d.) says
chickens adapt their feed intake for energy, and feed intake is associated with
growth rate.
43
Mass of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 3 (75% Banana Peel - 25%
Commercial Feeds)
Treatment 3 (75% banana peel and 25% commercial feeds) was given
to the broiler chickens. After four weeks of experimentation, the average
weight possessed by the birds was determined and was subjected to further
assessment to know if the adjusted feed diet made a better feed conversion
compared to the initial feed treatment. The numerical values are the following:
Table 1.3. Mass per week of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 3 (75%
Banana Peel - 25% Commercial Feeds)
Replication Initial Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Mean

Weight
1 1503 g 1210 g 1230 g 1435 g 1730 g 1401 g
2 1495 g 1440 g 1535 g 1605 g 1885 g 1616 g
3 1497 g 1395 g 1490 g 1780 g 1970 g 1659 g
Table 1.3 shows the weekly weight of broiler chicks in treatment 3 given
a mixture of 25% commercial feed and 75% banana peel over the course of a
week. Excluding the initial weight, the researcher calculated the mean weight
of every replication after four weeks of observation.

44
In Treatment 3, replication 3 gained the highest mean weight value of
1659 g. It was followed by replication 2, which accumulated the second-
highest mean weight value of 1616 g, and replication 3, with the lowest mean
of 1401 g. Weight loss was noticeable during the experiment's first two (2)
weeks. Same with treatment 2, the broilers’ bodies reacted to the sudden
change in their feed diet, resulting in weight reduction. However, the birds in
treatment 3 were able to adjust way faster than those in treatment 2.
According to Rivadeneira (2020), six (6) of the nutritional requirements for
broiler chickens were provided by the banana peel, and these proteins
contributed to the building up of body tissues in the birds, which resulted in
weight gain.
Weekly Result of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the Significant
Difference between Treatments
Treatments 1 (control group), 2, and 3 (experimental group) were
subjected to Analysis of Variance for the researchers to determine the
significant difference between the treatments’ effects on broiler chickens. The
analysis was done every week for four (4) weeks. The numerical values are
the following:
45
Table 2.1. Week 1 Result of the ANOVA for the Significant Difference between
Treatments
Source Sum of DF Mean F Value P-value Decision

of Square Square
Variation
Between 0.244 2 0.122 12.204 0.008 Reject

Groups Null
Within 0.060 6 0.010

Groups
Total 0.304 8
*Significant at 0.05 level of significance
Table 2.1 presents the week 1 result of the ANOVA for the significant
difference between Treatments 1, 2, and 3. It is evident that the P-value of
0.008 is way less than the significance level of 0.05 (0.008<0.05), indicating
differences between the control and the experimental groups. This implies that
the treatments’ means showed significant differences. Thus, the null
hypothesis is rejected.
46
Table 2.2. Week 1 Post-Hoc Analysis of ANOVA
Treatments P-value (T-test) Bonferroni Significant

Corrected
Treatment 1 vs. 0.009 Yes

Treatment 2
Treatment 2 vs. 0.727 0.0167 No

Treatment 3
Treatment 1 vs. 0.022 No

Treatment 3
Table 2.2 shows the week 1 Post-Hoc analysis of ANOVA of treatments
1, 2, and 3. Treatment 1 and treatment 2 had a P-value of 0.009, the least
(0.009<0.0167). This implies that the two treatments showed significant
differences in their effects on broiler chickens. On the other hand, treatment 2
and treatment 3 had a P-value of 0.727 (0.727>0.0167), which is the highest,
signifying no significant differences in their effects on the broiler chickens. The
data revealed that either of these two treatments could be supplemented with
the birds’ treatment considering they showed the same effects. Furthermore,
treatment 1 and treatment 3 had a P-value of 0.022 (0.022>0.0167), revealing
no significant differences in their effects on the broiler chickens. This also
implies that either of these two treatments can be given to the broiler chickens
since they possess the same potential.

47
Treatments

of Square Square
Variation
Between 0.494 2 0.247 13.445 0.006 Reject

Groups Null
Within 0.110 6 0.018

Groups
Total 0.604 8
48

Corrected

Treatment 2

Treatment 3

Treatment 3
and treatment 3 had a P-value of 0.648, which is the highest, signifying no
significant differences in their effects on the broiler chickens (0.648>0.0167).
The data revealed that either of these two treatments could be supplemented
with the birds’ treatment considering they showed the same effects.
Furthermore, treatment 1 and treatment 3 had a P-value of 0.012, signifying
significant differences in their effects on the broiler chickens (0.012<0.0167).

49
Treatments

of Square Square
Variation
Between 0.964 2 0.482 18.257 0.003 Reject

Groups Null
Within 0.158 6 0.026

Groups
Total 1.122 8
50

Corrected

Treatment 2

Treatment 3

Treatment 3
Furthermore, treatment 1 and treatment 3 had a P-value of 0.014, signifying
significant differences in their effects on the broiler chickens (0.014<0.0167).

51
Treatments

of Square Square
Variation
Between 0.665 2 0.333 12.620 0.007 Reject

Groups Null
Within 0.158 6 0.026

Groups
Total 0.824 8
52

Corrected

Treatment 2

Treatment 3

Treatment 3
1, 2, and 3. Treatment 1 and treatment 2 had a P-value of 0.014
Furthermore, treatment 1 and treatment 3 had a P-value of 0.012, which is the
least, signifying significant differences in their effects on the broiler chickens
(0.012<0.0167).
53
Table 2.9. Overall Result of the ANOVA for the Significant Difference between
Treatments

of Square Square
Variation
Between 0.554 2 0.277 17.881 0.003 Reject

Groups Null
Within 0.093 6 0.015

Groups
Total 0.647 8
Table 2.9 shows the result of the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the
significant difference between treatment 1 (commercial feeds), treatment 2
(50% commercial feed - 50% banana peel), and treatment 3 (75% banana
peel - 25% commercial feed) at 0.05 level of significance. The data revealed
that the P-value calculated is smaller than the significance level of 0.05
(0.003<0.05). This implies that the null hypothesis is rejected. There is a
significant difference between the three (3) treatments, and the three (3)
treatments possessed different means.

54
Table 3. Overall Post-Hoc Analysis of ANOVA

Corrected

Treatment 2

Treatment 3

Treatment 3
Table 3 shows the Post-Hoc Analysis of ANOVA for the significant
difference between treatments 1, 2, and 3. This test interprets the statistically
significant results and determines where the differences come from. The
effects of Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 on the broiler chickens had a
significant difference. These treatments showed the least P-value of 0.004.
Whereas, Treatment 2 and Treatment 3 showed no significant difference in
their effects on broiler chickens. The two treatments had a P-value of 0.507,
which is the highest. This implies that the 50% commercial feed supplemented
with 50% banana peel and the 25% commercial feed supplemented with 75%
concentration of banana peel, when fed to the broiler chickens, had no
significant difference in its effect in terms of average and final weight, and
either of these two treatments can be given to the birds since their effects are
almost the same. Furthermore, the effects of Treatments 1 and 3 on the
average weight of broiler chickens had a significant difference (0.009). This
implies that there is quite a gap between the effects of these two treatments in
55
the broiler chickens’ average final weight. Lastly, the average weight of broiler
chickens under Treatment 1 showed to be the greatest among all feed diets,
implying that 100% commercial feed is the most effective diet formulation for
the birds. Although that is the case, the gain in weight evident in broiler
chickens under treatments 1 and 2 concluded that banana peel can be
supplemented on the birds’ meal.
Significant Difference in the Mass of Broiler Chickens between
Treatment 1, Treatment 2, and Treatment 3
Based on the acquired data on the average weight of the three different
treatments, the significant difference between the final weights of the three
feed diet treatments was identified. To assess the major differences between
the three data sets, the average of each week of each treatment was
compared to examine which of the treatments delivered substantially higher
weights and heavier broiler chicks on a certain week. The following are the
numerical values:
56
Figure 5. Average Mass per Week of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 1,

Treatment 2, and Treatment 3
The graph above shows the average weight of broiler chickens during
the four (4) weeks of the conduct of the study. The three (3) different
treatments were compared to begin the data validation process. As a result,
the data gathered was subjected to statistical analysis. When comparing the
average weight gain of the three (3) treatments, it is clear that T1 (commercial
feeds) has the highest value, followed by T3 (75 % banana peel and 25%
commercial feeds). In addition, data suggest that T1 (commercial feeds)
outperformed the other treatments in terms of its generated value, considering
the feed diet contains almost all of the needed nutrients to maintain growth
among broiler chickens. The significant difference in the final weights of broiler
57
chickens between the control group and the experimental group demonstrates
the effectiveness of banana peel as a supplement for chicken feedstuff.
Furthermore, in a study conducted by Abel et al. (2015), the final
liveweight was significantly highest at T0 (control group). The protein
digestibility was also highest in the control group, followed by the experimental
group with 30% concentration of banana peel. So, it was concluded that a
broiler chicken diet could be supplemented with banana peel meal without
affecting the birds' performance, enhancing the poultry industry.

58
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter contains the summary, conclusions, and recommendations
of the study. These findings and conclusions are summarized based on the
results drawn from the gathered information. Recommendations are offered to
improve the efforts of emphasizing significant differences between the three
feed treatments of broiler chickens' feed diet in terms of variations in weights.
Summary
The study's goal is to characterize and evaluate the differences in
growth between broiler chicks fed with various feeding formulations as food
supplements. The researchers purchased the necessary materials to conduct
the study. The experiment began with getting the initial weight of the broiler
chickens, intending to determine the weight changes acquired each week for a
month. In order to induce improved feed conversion and weight increase in
broiler chickens, the researchers used feed treatments on their feed diets. The
researchers used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three
treatments replicated thrice to see if there was a significant difference in
weight gain and final weight between the given feed diets on broiler chickens.
59
The researchers performed an experiment on determining the average
weight gain and final weight of broiler chickens on Treatment 1 (100%
commercial feeds), Treatment 2 (50% Commercial Feeds - 50% Banana
Peel), and Treatment 3 (25% Commercial Feeds - 75% Banana Peel). Using
the analysis of variance, it was observed that Treatment 1 (100% Commercial
Feeds) had the highest mean weight of 2041.67 grams. Treatment 2 (50%
Commercial Feeds - 50% Banana Peel) has an average weight of 1480.83
grams, and Treatment 3 (25% Commercial Feeds - 75% Banana Peel) has the
second-highest mean weight of 1558.75 grams. It can be derived that all the
given treatments had made a significant difference to the initial and final
weight of the chickens. Treatment 1 (100% Commercial Feeds) feed diet had
obtained the highest added weight gain from the first day up to the end of the
indicated time frame. Furthermore, statistical results using one-way ANOVA
revealed that the p-value of 0.003 is way less than the significance level of
0.05. Therefore, the three (3) treatments possessed varying means, there is a
significant difference between the three (3) treatments, and the null hypothesis
is rejected.
60
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that all the given
treatments had a significant difference in terms of the growth rate and final
weight of the chickens. Treatment 1 (100% commercial feeds) had the highest
average weight gain among the varying feed diets and, at the same time,
gained the highest final weight at week four (4). Even though there is a
significant difference between the control and experimental group, treatments
2 and 3 showed no significant difference in their effects on the broiler
chickens, signifying either of these two treatments can be given as the birds’
diet since they brought the same effects. Therefore, the null hypothesis is
rejected.
Recommendation
In the light of the foregoing and the conclusions of the study, the
researchers recommend the following:
1. The findings will be investigated further to maximize the effectiveness of
organic feed supplements in broiler chicken feed diets.
2. The banana peel will be studied further to determine which nutritional
component will help broiler chickens gain more weight.

61
3. Other organic feed supplements which can possibly be substituted for the
banana peel to achieve better growth and final weight will be studied for
further research.
4. For further testing of effectiveness and new research areas, this study
should be replicated on native chickens and layer chickens.
5. Local backyard growers and small-scale and large-scale farm owners are
encouraged to apply this study's findings to argue their existing diets on
chicken production.
62
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68
APPENDICES
69
70
71
72
APPENDIX D
Republic of the Philippines

SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY
Laboratory Science High School
ACCESS, EJC Montilla, Tacurong City
APPLICATION FOR FINAL PRINTING AND BINDING
ADONIS S. BESA, PhD

Chairman, Laboratory High School
Sultan Kudarat State University
Sir:
The undersigned would like to apply for FINAL PRINTING AND BINDING of their
research paper, which was successfully defended on June 15, 2022 at Sultan Kudarat State
University – Laboratory High School.
Likewise, the advisory committee approved the final draft as they affixed their
respective signatures as shown below.
Very truly yours,
LADYMER PEÑAFLOR
Group Representative
LPT
JERICK E. FEGARIDO, LPT VIVIALYN C. ASOY, LPT
Critic Reader Statistician
WELARD JAY C. VICERA, LPT MARK DAVE R. VILLAMOR, LPT
Member, Examining Committee Member, Examining Committee

Adviser
Recommending Approval: Approved:
ANAMARIE G. VALDEZ, MAT ADONIS S. BESA, PhD

Research Coordinator Chairman, LHS
73
Appendix E

RAW DATA RESULTS
Figure 6.1. Weekly Weight Gain of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 1

74
Figure 6.4. Weekly Weight of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 1

75
Figure 7. The Summary of the Study
The data presents the summary of the Control (Treatment 1) and
Experimental Group (Treatment 2 and Treatment 3). The table also shows the
count, which represents the number of replications each treatment has, the
sum, which signifies the total amount of weight each treatment acquired, the
76
average, which shows the average weight a chicken in a specific treatment
can have, and the variance of the study.

77
Appendix F

PLAGIARISM CHECK
Source: https://smallseotools.com/plagiarism-checker/
Figure 8. Plagiarism Check in Chapter I

78
Figure 9.1 Plagiarism Check in Chapter II: Challenges on Chicken Production
Figure 9.2. Plagiarism Check in Chapter II: Banana Peel

79
Figure 9.3. Plagiarism Check in Chapter II: Chicken Nutrition
Figure 9.4. Plagiarism Check in Chapter II: Existing Feedstuff

80
Figure 9.5. Plagiarism Check in Chapter II: Challenges on Chicken Production

81
Figure 10. Plagiarism Check in Chapter III

82
Figure 11. Plagiarism Check in Chapter IV
Figure 12. Plagiarism Check in Chapter V

83
Appendix G

PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
Figure 13. Chicken Linear Feeder
Figure 13. Chicken Linear Feeder

84
Figure 14. Weighing Scales

85
Figure 15. Cage

86
Figure 16. Settling/Purchasing of Experimental Equipments

87
Figure 17. Preparation of Feed Diets

88
Figure 18. Collection of Banana Peels

89
Figure 19. Boiling of Banana Peels

90
Figure 20. Chopping of Banana Peels

91
Figure 21. Drying of Banana Peels

92
Figure 22. Weighing of Broiler Chickens

93
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name Jheanese Joy L. Dañozo

Address Montiville Homes Subd., Tacurong City,
Sultan Kudarat
Contact Number 09554057876
Date o f Birth: March 12, 2005
Age: 17
Sex: Female
Weight: 39 Kls.
Height: 4’10 ’’
Religion: Roman Catholic
Father’s Name: Alfredo C. Dañozo
Occupation: Deceased
Mother’s Name: Josette L. Dañozo
Occupation: Teacher
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Elementary: Don Juan P. Garcia Sr. M.E.S.

Brgy. Kenram, Isulan, Sultan Kudarat
With Honors
2010 – 2016
Junior High School: Sultan Kudarat State University - LHS
With Honors
2017-2021
Senior High School: Sultan Kudarat State University - LHS
With Honors
2021-2022
94
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name Sheena L. Duldulao

Address Purok Duranta, New Isabela, Tacurong City,
Sultan Kudarat
Date o f Birth: September 10, 2004
Age: 17
Sex: Female
Weight: 38 Kls.
Height: 5’2’’
Father’s Name: Samuel A. Duldulao
Occupation: Teacher
Mother’s Name: Liezl L. Duldulao
Occupation: Teacher
Elementary: St. John Early Learning Center Inc.

08 Molave Street, Tacurong City
With honors
2011-2017
Junior High School: Sultan Kudarat State University - LHS
With Honors
2017-2021
With Honors
2021-2022
95
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name Ladymer Lumanlan Peñaflor

Address Purok Katipunan, Poblacion, Esperanza,
Sultan Kudarat
Date o f Birth: July 25, 2004
Age: 17
Sex: Female
Weight: 51 Kls.
Height: 5’1’’
Father’s Name: Almirante Bengan Peñaflor
Occupation: Local Government Employee
Mother’s Name: Ma Lourdes Lumanlan Peñaflor
Occupation: Housekeeping
Elementary: Esperanza Central School

Poblacion, Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat
With High Honors
2011-2017
Junior High School: Esperanza National High School
Poblacion, Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat
With High Honors
2017-2021
With Honors
2021-2022
96
CURRICULUM VITAE
Name Desiree Janine F. Villamayor

Address Purok Duranta, New Isabela, Tacurong City,
Sultan Kudarat
Date o f Birth: October 3, 2004
Age: 17
Sex: Female
Weight: 50 Kls.
Height: 5’2’’
Father’s Name: Dominador Villamayor
Occupation: PUJ Driver
Mother’s Name: Joanne F. Villamayor
Occupation: Teacher
Elementary: New Isabela Central Elementary School

New Isabela, Tacurong City
With Honors
2013-2017
Junior High School: Tacurong National High School
New Isabela, Tacurong City
With Honors
2017-2021
With Honors
2021-2022

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This research paper entitled DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF

AMERA C. MALACO, MAT

Respectfully endorsed as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

ADONIS S. BESA, PhD ANAMARIE G. VALDEZ, MAT

Date Signed Date Signed

AMERA C. MALACO, MAT

WELARD JAY C. VICERA, LPT MARK DAVE R. VILLAMOR, LPT

ACCEPTED in PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the requirements for the

ADONIS S. BESA, PhD

listed. Their contributions are heartily welcomed and appreciated. However,

Ma’am AMERA C. MALACO, adviser, for the unwavering support,

patience, motivation, excitement, and vast expertise, as well as for providing

the researchers with important supervision throughout the research;

Sir WELARD JAY C. VICERA, and Sir MARK DAVE R. VILLAMOR,

members of the examining committee, for their investment of time and

this research study;

Ma’am VIVIALYN T. ASOY, statistician, for sharing her knowledge and

researchers in the completion of the research study;

Sir ADONIS S. BESA, Chairperson of Laboratory High School, for

SULTAN KUDARAT STATE UNIVERSITY - LABORATORY HIGH

SCHOOL, for offering the researchers exposure in the field;

The family of the researchers, for their financial consideration and

unwavering support during the research study's development; and

and sense of consistency He has bestowed upon the researchers.

PRELIMINARY PAGES PAGE

Background of the Study 1

CHAPTER II- REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED

Review of Related Literature 10

CHAPTER III- METHODOLOGY

Data to be Gathered and Gathering Procedure 38

CHAPTER IV- PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF

Mass of Broiler Chickens under 39

CHAPTER V- SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Mass per week of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 39

1.2 Mass per week of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 41

1.3 Mass per week of Broiler Chickens under Treatment 43

2.1 Week 1 Result of the ANOVA for the Significant 45

2.2 Week 1 Post-Hoc Analysis of ANOVA 46

2.3 Week 2 Result of the ANOVA for the Significant 47

2.5 Week 3 Result of the ANOVA for the Significant 49

2.7 Week 4 Result of the ANOVA for the Significant 51

2.9 Overall Result of the ANOVA for the Significant 53

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1 Conceptual Framework of the Study 4

3 Locale of the Study 34

4 Waterfall Diagram of Data Gathering Procedure 37

5 Average Mass per Week of Broiler Chickens 56

under Treatment 1, Treatment 2, and Treatment 3

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Certification for Critic Reader 69

B Certification for Statistician 70

C Application for the Conduct of the Study 72

D Application for the Final Printing and Binding 73

DAÑOZO, JHEANESE L., DULDULAO, SHEENA L. PEÑAFLOR, LADYMER

Adviser: AMERA C. MALACO, MAT

This study aimed to determine the level of development in the gain in

quantitative-experimental approach was utilized in this study which

(21) broiler chickens. Findings showed that Treatment 1 (100% commercial

the researchers recommended further research to be done for the

improvement of organic feed supplements in broiler chicken feed diets.

Additionally, the determination of the nutritional components of banana peel