CHAPTER ONE GETTING STARTED: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONSPROBLEM Lt mass enters when . ‘iwrake valve is open mass exits when exaust Valve is open nat, sugtaces Jiston exerts force on gas surroundings ING COMPYESSLON, gas exerts force on during expansion hot surfaces interact Wits SUVTOURALS iin watt aatat foe shaft torque x froneotts towe NT exnaass FO NONSMArssion gas OutPROBLEM 1.2. Motor as system: . electric warrant flows torque transmitted through i + speed of rotation of armature can change + temperature of eolbe ceetae con warm surface of waotor interacts with surroundings Enlarged system: Be Se pees eae Oe aoce 1+ chemical changes oaur 1 within the bat ' » Speed of rotation of armature com change + tem we of motor ' and Tbalery com 1 Ohange |. ynass 15 vaised within | system warm surfaces interact with surroundings comment: The shaft jorge on! ond caveont Low inlerackions become internal 4o the enlaraPROGLEM 1.3 A control volume encloses the solar collector, + Cool water enters thecolector at ©, and lot water exits at@. + solar radiation impinges on the Front of the collecto + Warm surfaces of the collector iwteroct with the suxyoundi * gome of a nee vodkation Sore is See Heh ue, eit A control volume encloses the scar collector, Awetanle, and the inter connected piping + Cold wade enters tre tank : gad hot wales ate + Warm sates ef the collector, | i amd intecconnecteet } stovage ahewd ierct sith the surround- j foul shar ‘odiatvon the ar x fe eee es oa “sort e uae: Some is ‘alssorbed, Tia tem ‘mage tre water Hs Keme JPROBLEM 1-4 A control volume enctoses the valve and turbine. + Steam enters at@ and evits at ©. = A torque is transmaited through the Awtating Shaft + Warm surfaces of the turbine interact with the surroundings, Within the control volume , Ham Flows across th Valve andihteash di ter bine blades, When Fre generator is ineludad wi the contvol volume, © Steam enters at @ and excte otf @. + Warm surfaces of the turbine and ta generator interact with Ha Surrounds . + elect current flouw fran tha generator Role that Hon tramtmtiad torque does net crosc the boundary of the anlerged control Volumae _ PROBLEM 1.5~ ie ® A conte! volume enclocas tha engine driven pomp: aaseS ' Water entert at © and exits at © + Awe for Combustion of tha on-board fuel eniersy and Combuttion gases exit. Uoarun surfaces of PBomys interact With tas surroundings @: —>3 Gitlin the pump, © piston ic kept ut mohion within a cylinder owin ro combuckion of tht on-lwoard fuel. THe piston mehion v3 harnessed te pump the Aiqurd. The amount of fuel within the system olecreases with time, When the bose and nogale oe metodad, a bugh-spemt war jet exits te auteaded Combo! Volume ab the nogyle ext,PROBLEM Lb system boundary + tuo phases are present (liguid and gas), + not ie substance because composition is different in each phase. system boundary + three phases are present (solid, liquid avd gas) ° ubtance be ite oi ois caleas Meats saps and liquid prases. The system is a pure substance, Although the ligdid ic vaporized the system remaius fixed in chem- ical Composition ond is chemically homogeneous. system boundary PROBLEM 1.8 the system is a pure sulostance, Although yi the phases chong? , the system remains of Fixed ' chemical composition and is chemically homogeneous. The system is nat o pure sul stance duwing the process Since the Com- dish ot Position of the Qas phase changes water 25 Water evaporates into the &ir. Once all of the water evaporates, the gas phase comes to equilibrium pnd thé compositron becomes OMOGeN2OLS. A+ this point, phase an be treated os 0. dure He Bes SsPROBLEM L.lo* Ub ; song=(lotsuoe4) | ts m= (0b Fy = 9) Clolb}(si0 eo Ib ters 2463 by <—_ Fy ro (ooo N kN ( kqu/s* ine UN ne BM _/25 kN 3 9.3 m/s =2SS( kg <—_™ Foray 2S kN PROBLEM 1.12, | kgm / 52 iN = 7.5 m/s* 4 Cb) Ynassis Unchanged. ™ Foca a5n m=10kg () gmat = SH »(257 UN Vieg-wals = BIN Farav Fyre 145.8 Fyar® 9 = (0 Ig) 81m] PROBLEM 1.13 we) 32.2 Ib-fH/s? 10 1 bE = 304 Hs% Sto (b) mass is unchanged. gi : . 74 | lbt = mg = (10 1b) (32.2 4) oe = lolbfe a 2 ara Fgeay 296 bt I-6PROBLEM 114 In general) Frys mQ- Se m 7 &) Since ea unas fs the CAme OM Mars aS On as i = Fara gens 1st Hl Paes * (75 aon Accordingly Gasset * (ae) (Fn = (Bests 23 by <<——— (Seo) sues 6.28 log The dentihy Pr? wm [vr Rewtging 64.0%) with data on Wart mz (823 uf. 322 tb-fls*| | 20.61 |b (2.8644, 1 WE ‘Then : zobt lb 2 0. 1b et Migs Og + PROBLEM 1.15" * Eght> is used on beth parts: n= wm /M, Where Ms from Tables A-1. (2) MaMa, = (0 kmrol Ares m= (28.97 leg (enol) (10 keel) = 299.7 kg HOt ma((G.02 leg /lemal) (10 Kmnal) = L@O.R eG Cat m= (GSSH leg fkmel)(W0kemal) =G3S.4 bg Sat m= (64.06 leq/rmal) (10 Krol) = 40.06 eg (ky W=m™7M, mao lb ey we (20 Wb) Z(3V. AU Ub (thrmal) = O-SOL Ub mol Her ne (2 bb)/ (2,000 th/Iberol) = .42l tbmol Nat n= (20bbS/(2@,01 lb (bbl = 0.114 (berol Ct nz (ro WY /(r2.0t /[hmol)= LOGS (bool 1-7PROBLEM 1.16% T Foor = K(ax) and pring? Frou = "9 K(x) = mg pode, AX+2em and | ke AX = C50 kg)(9.81 mis?) IN | Yn = Si —— For easiest @emy kg-m/s2 prophet = 6.13 N/omg Constant PROBLEM 1.17 te mets Tv aia HI 7 © The spring is known to delect 0-12 in for every LIE of applied force. Thus, We begin by determin ing the weight of the object Favor 7 9 = (US VWe\(214 H/s?) = (463 lof Lib 32.2 fF We[s? The deflection is O¥= (0.1 Ra/lb¢) (HB Ibe) = LAL om g¢—_____**PROBLEM 1.18 K (Ax), where For a linear spring , ta a Dx WB the spring extension. Sunea Flpring = a Fray = mg y we have K(Ax)= mg. Since mand Kare independent of ocation, Fy the Locat accelerahon of gravity % Proporkonnrd tthe deflect. Thus wars: mar: CAdmars 5 loin o-1e Yoo. 174 $4) Bees Gm = Sei Ome Con) oa = in gas8t @— moons quscon , (A¥)maen 5 Gx) moon = Ges) YEW orth Geth — (Ax)eath > (Sy 0.2911) = 0.044 in PROBLEM 1.19 The average Deceleration occuvs from 5 mish to vest iv ols. occeleratiow magnitude is lal = 4. Smi/h- oO S280 Ht|| Ih Plug BE * ors )| Twi || 36003, = 73.33 H/s* oninas 73.33 HIs* finn lal. = 5. s ) = 2.28 a! dlecelerati I leg (Bz Hisz) ~ 7:28 g's« Gin g's) Thus, the magnitude. of the average toree applied is : = a 1 Ibe | Flog ™ [4[ aug = Go tb)(13.33 #)| tae ENaees = 1139 Ibe VFlavgPROBLEM 1.20" " melkg = 5 ms* (up) Faray 9 = 9.81 m/s? Fapp> Fara 2 Fapp = Mat mg = m (at+g) = (akg)(s+2.81) 24 | !N Sh gem /s2 = AVON S Fope PROBLEM 1.21 * Fapp? 15 \bf fm 235 lb G=32.2 Hse Fape” Grav as Feet Fame Papp 9 mm ™ = moa. = Fae _g ~ 2 . (= lbf |2 Ib. $s? | _ 32.2 Hs 35 Ib 1 bf = 18.4 £4/s* (downward) <——_& From Table A-\E : H1 = 18.02 Ib/Ibmol Foray = Ge VMNG » =(0.5 lbmel )(18.02 FV G0.5 #)] — = 8.534 Ibf. % gras F; 230.5 ts? . 5)( 18.02) ar 4 = A, (0-5)(802) | Sue” Vi “foamsy = bettt Ib/H% Save PROGLEM 1.23 Fapace = ™ 4 fee" Sone) ne Fa Hy earth, Sean J Gerace Jearte = Fence AN earl * Fagace (Seas) « (42 n)(28!) ‘ = bm|s? space weight Ispuce 5 Senn? 45152 =68.61 N<___ earth I-loPROBLEM 1.24 Fr Ss ie qe La-81~ (23 x6%/e)2]m/s* , ohn sy where 2 Wa m, z S + ~~. ==> FOS SS Smee weight & DJzmg, the percent changer weisht om landing Le aemege: | 22br0 = | 100) cof _ | Case) -28 tim[o) — (33 x10/52) Wot m)] Je 33 <= (ios) - G-a~ 2x0 )oF)] oF = 0.34¢Z%——__. PROBLEM 1.25 \\r= 30H : 3 }! Saag 624 Wit = 32.1 Hls* The mass of watey ig m = 6 atshere)V i te volume of +he spherical taw Ve dmv? = (§) cm) (30 FH)? = 1.131 x10 $4? and the mass is m= ¢V (024 He yet aixco8) = 1.06 klo® bg The weight is + mg alrooustnsas 8) set Maral Fray © 10 =(1-06x«0'Ib) 2.14 +) ae = 7,04 x10% IbF. Fgroy ulPROBLEM 1.26 The scale Accords the weight, ar mg » where. macs m te given by i ms Spdv = f pacz Vol ° e 2 =a (7800 -3¢0(2/L) Jdz For aimpliciby introdues @ raw varvable: 2= Z/L,so I Azz Ld2 and the expustion for mace reads fieensn we AL Le. seol2)'] 42 ° 4 ge 9. 78m /s™ . = AL [78002 - se) J, PF F800 -360(z/L) Kym, where Z is in mt, <@S)L[ 7008) = 7 (os m)"(2m) | 7680 £9 J= BIO KF = wt Finally & , Foray = 0g = Ge ierg) (478%) | 29, 4% N-«— PROGLEM 1.21 3 3) 043 d= 10 ma? = ECO} ve 2 — = 5236 vss Hb ce b 36 9 = 31.0 4/s* me Vv . 523.6 43 aa * Isa a7 ~ 3468 |b For 7 3 =B408 1e)(31.04} = 33.34 Ibt 32.2 Ib-HIs? | Mof | ee I-12PROBLEM 1.28% eve, v Vo deen Ss (sng oF Bes | 6% Coa, intl er co is eds using leaking when speafe volume & Ut mz (SKS m= 30K9 me Vir (a) Using VE Vim wd ° 2 ingeal speeedre volume: re FORE = (AR —— IS *3 after an additone RIS ig 3 enters ue 20 2 ote FoKg (We) Beginning with BOK of COn Ut the pass thet has leaked (Arant ]= [seea] - ( mace ig eatin, ] eypinder the amount of Volome. wi the cyuinder ov = Borg] - [227°] Tn wetting this, We assume thet the pea fre volume docs not Vory with Aecaion ustthin Hos cyetmnder? the gas leats Slowly , co prctpecrfie volume within tHe eghader varves only ewith hime. Simca hs speeege vrtume UW varies Few 0-67 wile whe Bok, & wt Cynder T ths speatred upper Arnut Speedjed: FO m¥leg | tHe plot co 96. 67 08 09 10 ary meg I-13PROBLEM 1.24 @) At a temperature of 240% , the Specified pressuve oF 1.25HPa falls between the tabe values of 1.0 amd 5 MPa. To determine the specific volume corresponding to 1.25MPa, we think of the slope of a Straight line joming” the adjaceut’ table states, as follows: Ww =0.2275 mM/keg 22. vy; p25 vy 8 60 p*42 5) 3 weg A4 V=01N83 mY/keg p, MPa Lo 12s us similar triangles : =0.1N83 _0.2275-0.1483 s . | slope| = we I & veces (25 )(0. 2275-01985) = 0.1879 weg g(a) W Aba. pressure of 1S MPa atthe given specific volume of 0.1555 mle falls behween the tuble values ‘of 240 aud '260%. To determine the temperature corresponding to the gwen specific yolume , We thile of Hhe slope of a Shraaqit lve jorning He adjoceut able skates, as follows: 280. (0,1627,280) — 0-240" lope = T=24O | . 280° 3 ° ope SSS -(4BD 1627-1483 % > 72 240+ [/S855- 483] to’ 240 Tent 1403) tO (.1483,240) = 260°C. co Ad SIG TU; leg ©) Inthis case, the specitiéd pressure falls between the tuble values of 1.0 and 1.5 MPa and the specified temperature falls between the table values oF 200 ancl 240°C . Thus, double rnterpolation is reguived. «Ab 220%, the specttie Volume ed- each pressure is Siisply the average over the infervod: a py te svg 12060 4.2275 at 1.0 MPa 220% 3 4 = —— > ——— = 0.21675 w7/kg 2 at [5 MPa, 220% a 2 LEAST INBP Ag yoy weg + Thus, with He same approach as in Ca) (MOY _ 0.21675 - 0.1804 0.1 > VU = 01404 +See) 21G 7S 0,144) = 0/5567 mg. we q *_Ts-ToPROBLEM }.30 (a) At a temperature of 120°C , tha speecfied re. of 54 lbf/in? falls between the table values af 50 and 60 lef/in? To determine the speefic volume corresponding to S4 loflin®, Wwe thank of tus Slope of a straight tine, jBining the adjacent tabte states, as follows: veto vy ae | b= -dI-- HA vison! AY ee nee find 50 re ee) > Py ef lin? Similar treangles: [stope] = YoS8ML . O-S.8H wy ve woe & no- 6.9ti)= 6.602 6o-st Go-S0 a te) At & piesture of 60 lbflin?, the given Sprefic volume. of Sate falls between the table values of (20 and 40°F. To deleemine, the femperature cavresponding te the given spectfre, Votoms , we think of the slope of a clvarsht tine joining the adjacent Table states, a2 follows : 140 (612,140) 140-120 $483 2 te reor [' \~) Gn 5.8% Sarak 4 el, stil () Tn this case the specified prassuve falls behueen the table Valuer of 0 and bo Ibf/int Gnd the speecfied temperature fale, behueen ue tele values of 0 ad 20°F, Thus, douile mbepelakon required: At OF , the specific volome at each prrcture (6 simply the average ova the interval ak SOME 110 ve THOFG ER = 6.993 H/o at Goll oF, ve SAUFELST= S735 HUD te aa c Then, site tee shine appaoach oo (A) - S.74S , CMF3S-SFIT = 26.49% 699, ESE. AR a vn sore = Coir Bile —q—_) IlsPROBLEM 1.3(* m:5kg From the pressure - Specific volume relation \ pu 3s const, 6 :? v, “Coe)"toa mi/kg) prtbar ,v, 70,2 mi/kg = 05810 m¥kg P2*0.25 bar V,2U,mM 22905 m&__ p-bar PROBLEM 1.32 From the ah, - Volume elation (2) v, =e (22S aoe) nel; ip Yeen ae 21.25 Vz 22.615? Ve, 3; Vir 290082 V2.2 3.168 f° 60 p-lb tine 40 20PROBLEM 1.33" ReAS bf/iu* Re Vash? Pa = 100 IbF/ mt Vp, = LS HF The pressure-volume velation is linear clurtng the process. Thus : AF, Pree Gaal (v-M) Or, using given data tee, (00-15) tbflin® Pro tt Ces) a (v-25) #3 = 237.5-8SV When V= 2. $43 prans-es(al)= 4 Ibfn®g ____p On p-V coordinates 2 g | = 80 = 60 pr PEAS = 85 V & 40 ° f+. Ls to at v GR)PROBLEM 1.34 (A) The process is described by pPVic constant. The constant can be evaluated using data at state | pV= constant zp = CtbaryiL) = 1 bark Se, for every state during the prowss, we hme the relation pV= lbare L When p> 3kar, we ibark 2 0.33b +. 3 bar Wien p> alo ye io = 0.28L 7 Plotting the relation on passsure volume coordinates We Are : bar. L ps {bere vw +o. ob tan 4 2 2 _—_____——_ > Linear preseure volume Cour) a telatvonchi of part(b) PV constant Raton t 2 pari (a) L ° 02s 6S O75 hO vel) wy For comparison, the Unear parcture-volome ‘elahonthip is Shown onthe plot above. The volume corresponding to ps Shar con be obtained simply using the slope of tHe shraaght Aine between | and?: 5 = Ger. Gel Vz OSL a Isepel= rau 7 Go This value also con be read from tha plot. 1-18PROBLEM 1.35~ Thermodynamic cycle! Iai pV constant E+ Ae bear, Visi, Vu 0.2m! | ay pe conctant, VirVg expansion), Vg2l0m! 8-1 VR conctant Rr prowss 2) pVis constant. The constant can be evaluated using data at Stated: p Va constant 2AM 3 = Cbar)Cim’) 2 | barn Accordenglys on & pressure ~Volume plot process I-2 ‘5 deseribed a Hoar mi? Pe ra Ta perbuilar, when Var o-2m? > p= Shar. The thermodynamnte cyete takes the forme © Rye Sbar 3 p= constant 5 Wi 02m ye Sher Wel mo? + “Vs constant P (oor > PV= constant OL O08 O04 OF 06 OF 08 OF LO Vv (wi) 1-14PRostem 1.36" Pay = O13 Pa $3 = (l0%0 ~101.33) Lm _|ro%wlm | 107 10%) Vege (73.59 glem3) 697-81 mIs?)| \ ePa Ve a Th = 002m =2cm L () Foage. = PH Paty =04.0 = 101,335 2.67 L& fs a PROBLEM 1.37 Rivne * £94 2 = (49.94 fs Yana H)(F2a)| tee _||_1H* | ' }32.2 Ih-As?)| 144 iu™| Pavac *H-2in. Heo = ORY IE LE Patna = 145 Woe go 32a Hs? Rrabs * Bln~ Fyvne 4 5 3 So = 44.94 Tol ee = 5 ~ OY = M379 EE. Paabs PROBLEM 1.38% A) Pats * Bm Vacuum Tank — |p) 9g kPa Prac * Retm™ Fats 248-4O=Se eRe Pvt Babe OM bar =40 b PaPROOLEM 1.34 2 Lot face ie [APopgel = 4 9 L | 9 32.0 ft/s Ga0.01004 Hb Stan? 5y, 5 02-344 Ib/ HS Boge | =(62.344 BY22.0 Ayia Pam! | * 32,2 Ib- fl s | = 0.3444 IbE ine, PPrage Colecreases) PROBLEM 1.40 L=20cm =0.2m Tanke 8 Faagee” Sug IL =(3.59 4, yas) Foamy e, | 10? aw len on lies Tm l= kgomlst 326,664 N/m? = 0.2666 bar wd : fem Foage 214 ba Mercury (¢ = 13.59 g/m?) Foss * eurr* Goge,e = Ol +.2666 = L266 bar ¢ __. Fags, = fec,at Frege, = 12766 + 1H = 2,616L bar ¢ PROBLEM 1.41 Bim Sig Lng 3 (3.89 4 ,)(7.81 m/s \GQS)m SES i | bar i0%4| Ae Ved || Ueg-mnl sll 10% Nm Sug 213.59 Glem3 21 bar 924.8) m/s? Foes = Gane Prac = | bar- 0.2 bur = 0.8 bare __ Fabs d-2tPROGLEM 1.42" 2 Pagege® 280.0 1bslie = ue . ; Pale Mo WE Lie = (Bagoge Bin) ~ Prabe R22 = (290.0+14.6) -20 Compressor = Tb Jophin®, _Afabs Peal gi=(eno0erte)/20 = 14.73 <— EXEL faus* Rabs~ Prabs P abs 220 Ibf/in? PROBLEM 1.43 9= 4981 m/s Faring = KX) where i= 10,000 N/m Fir tha piston: mz 10 Kg As 7.8K/03 wt For the ate: AV= 3.axotm? Tachatly X20 ond Hn is no spring force aching on the pitton. Also, field behoren 44 psn ad The eyhader toatl can be igrared Accordingly, the force exerted by the air Uitlin ths cylindin on the “bottom of piston is egal to the weight of TAL piston plus the force exerted by the atmerphere onthe top of the piston: feek { Theo: 4 FAs RimA+ m9 = Patt AD A B= tears (Womgya-tiels|] IN 1) ter ' Zexssme _| fier | in| As li2e bar |= <-——____-, Finally) the force exerted bog the air within the cylinder Hoe bottom the piston 1s equal fo the weight 4 th plus the force exerted by the atmmerphere on the “top sf the pitton plus the fore exerted by the spring on pha top ofthe pistow 1-22