REFRIGERATION & AIR CONDITIONING

ASSIGNMENT # 2

Write a detail note and make clear distinction between the

thermodynamics, thermo-physical and chemical properties of the
following refrigerants. Also, list down the advantages and
disadvantages of each refrigerant.

1. CFC: R-11, R-12, R-13.

2. HCFC: R-21, R-22, R123
3. HFC: R-134a, R-152a
4. HC: R-290, R-600a
5. R-717, R-729, R-744, R-764, R-718

Submitted to:
Sir Muhammad Umer

Submitted by:
Abdul Moiz Awan (178383), ME-08(C)
 Chloro-Fluoro-Carbons / CFCs
Refrigerant R-11 R-12 R-13

Natural Boiling Point = -

Natural Boiling Point = 23.7oC
Thermo-
hfg at NBP = 182.5 kJ/kg
dynamic
Critical Temp. =197.98 C
properties
Critical Pressure = 639.3 psia
Natural Boiling Point = -29.8 C
81.278 C
hfg at NBP=165.8 kJ/kg
hfg at NBP= 149.6781 kJ/kg
Critical Temp. =112.04 C
Critical Temp. = 29.2C
Critical Pressure = 600 psia
Critical Pressure = 567.8 psia

Liquid Density (70˚F) = 92.73 Liquid Density (70˚F) = 72.7

Liquid Density (70˚F) = 82.96
lb./ftˆ3 lb./ftˆ3
lb./ftˆ3
Thermo- Vapor Density at NBP = 0.365 Vapor Density at NBP =
Vapor Density at NBP =
physical lb./ftˆ3 0.4332 lb./ftˆ3
0.393lb./ftˆ3
Properties: Ozone Depletion Potential = Ozone Depletion Potential =
Ozone Depletion Potential = 1.0
1.0 1.0
Global Warming Potential =
Global Warming Potential = Global Warming Potential =
10910
4750 14400
It has a uniform composition
of chloro-tri-fluoro-methane
It has a uniform composition
It has a uniform composition of i.e. (C-Cl-F3)
of tri-chloro-fluoro-methane
di-chloro-di-fluoro-methane i.e. It is non-flammable and non-
Chemical i.e. (C-Cl3-F)
(C-Cl2-F2) explosive as well as non-
Properties It is non-explosive and non-
It is also compatible with corrosive and is also
flammable and usually
mineral oils. compatible with mineral oils. It
compatible with mineral oils.
was also a mixed halo-
methane.

This has a uniquely low

This is useful in large scale or
industrial applications like
Advantages
blowing agents for foams or
large chillers etc.
This is useful for small scale
temperature of refrigeration
applications like home air
and can be operated in the low
conditioners, water coolers,
temperature range for cascaded
refrigerators etc.
systems.

It has a very high potential to

It has the highest potential to It has the highest potential to
Dis- cause damage to the ozone
cause damage to the ozone cause damage to the ozone layer
advantages layer of Earth and has been
layer of Earth. of Earth.
slowly phased out.
 Hydro-Chloro-Fluoro-Carbons / HCFCs

Refrigerant R-21 R-22 R-123

Melting temperature =
Boiling Temperature=
- 135˚C
Melting temperature = - 160˚C 29.1˚C
Thermo- Boiling Temperature =
Boiling Temperature= -41˚C Critical Temperature =
dynamic 8.92˚C
Critical Temperature = 96˚C 183.7˚C
Properties Critical Temperature =
Critical Pressure = 49.2 bar Critical Pressure =
178.5˚C
51.65 bar
Critical Pressure = 51.65 bar
Fluid Density (70˚F) = Fluid Density (70˚F) =
75.3 lb./ft3 91.95lb./ft3
Density (9oC) = 1.405g/cm3 Vapor Density at NBP = Vapor Density at NBP=0.2329
Thermo-
It is relatively Stable 0.294 lb./ft3 lb./ft3
physical
It does not dissociate into Ozone Depletion Potential = Ozone Depletion Potential =
Properties
the atmosphere. 0.05 0.0015
Global Warming Potential = Global Warming Potential
1810 = 77

It is compatible with a variety of

It is compatible with both
It is not susceptible to materials. It has no odor, it is not
Chemical mineral oils
flames not is it toxic to the toxic to the environment and
Properties Alkyl benzenes. It does not
environment. does not catch on fire.
catch fire and is not toxic.

The critical pressure, the

critical temperature as well Very useful for low temperature Useful in large scale
Advantages as the Coefficient of refrigeration and air chillers where low pressure
Performance are all better as conditioning applications. is required for operation.
compared to R-22.

Using this refrigerant may

It can sometimes cause low
The system can sometimes require the changing of
Dis- pressures which can result in
absorb water which can lead to gaskets and seals for the
advantages atmospheric seepage in the
corrosion or other hazards. system along with some
system.
other components.
 Hydro-Fluoro-Carbons / HFCs
Refrigerants R-134a R-152a

Natural Boiling Point = -14.9°F Melting temperature = - 178°C

Thermo-
hfg at NBP = 217.02 kJ/kg Natural Boiling Temperature = -24°C
dynamic
Critical Temperature = 213.8°F Critical Temperature = 113.25°C
Properties:
Critical Pressure = 588.3 psia

Fluid Density (70˚F) = 76.2 lb./ft3

Thermo- It does no dissociate in the atmosphere.
Vapor Density at NBP=0.328 lb./ft3
physical Ozone Depletion Potential = 0
Ozone Depletion Potential = 0
properties Global Warming Potential = 140
Global Warming Potential = 1430

It is compatible with polyester while

stationary and for automotive air
Chemical conditioning it is compatible with It is a non-corrosive substance while it is
Properties polyalkaline glycol. slightly flammable in nature.
It also has a higher critical temperature and
pressure.

Applications include household It has a comparatively lower boiling point

Advantages electronics, automotive air conditioners and works great even above atmospheric
etc. pressure.

It requires a large amount of safety

Dis- It can absorb water which leads to a
precautions as it is slightly flammable and
advantages plethora of problems.
fires must be avoided.
 Hydro-Carbons / HCs
Refrigerant R-290 R-600a

Melting temperature = - 189 C

Thermo- Melting temperature = - 189 C
Boiling Temperature= -11.8 C
dynamic Normal Boiling Point = -42.4 C
Critical Temperature = 134.7 C
Properties Critical Temperature = 96 C
Critical Pressure = 36.5 bar

It is non-corrosive in nature.
Thermo- It is non-corrosive in nature.
Ozone Depletion Potential = 0
physical Ozone Depletion Potential = 0
The GWP is comparatively very low for
properties Global Warming Potential = 3
this.

Chemical It is non-corrosive and non-toxic in nature

It is quiet flammable.
Properties however it is quite flammable.

It is seeing extensive use due to its It boasts a high value of critical

Advantages excellent performance despite its low temperature and pressure while still having
environmental impact. a relatively lower boiling point.

Dis- Safety is a primary concern due to its Safety is a primary concern due to its
advantages highly flammable nature. highly flammable nature.
 In-organic Refrigerants
Refrigerant R-717 R-729 R-744 R-764 R-718
NBP = -194.35oC
NBP = -33.35oC NBP = -78.4oC NBP = -10.0oC NBP = 100oC
hfg at NBP
hfg at NBP = hfg at 40oC hfg at NBP hfg at NBP =
= 2500 kJ/kg
Thermo- 1368.9 kJ/kg = 321.3 kJ/kg = 381.464 kJ/kg 2257.9 kJ/kg
Critical
dynamic Critical Temp. Critical Temp. Critical Temp. Critical Temp.
Temperature
properties = 133.0oC = 31.1oC = 157.5 oC = 374.15oC
= -140.27oC
Critical Pressure = Critical Pressure = Critical Pressure = Critical Pressure =
Critical Pressure
111.3 atm 72.8 atm 1143.3 psia 217.7 atm
= 37.36 atm
Standard Density
Standard Density Density (20oC) = Standard Density = 2.63 kg/m3 Standard Density
Thermo-
= 0.73 kg/m3 1.2kg/m3 = 1.98 kg/m3 ODP = No data = 998 kg/m3
physical
ODP = 0.0 ODP = 0 ODP = 0.0 available ODP = 0.0
Properties
GWP = 0.0 GWP = 0 GWP = 1.0 GWP = No data GWP = 1.0
available
Water. It has a
Carbon Dioxide.
Ammonia. It has Air. It is odorless, high specific heat,
At low
alkali like tasteless and It is a colorless gas high heat of
concentrations the
properties and in present in with a choking and vaporization and
gas is odorless;
Chemical concentration or abundance. It is a difficult odor. It is high polarity. It is
however, at
Properties the presence of mixture of nitrogen, heavier than air and tasteless, odorless
sufficiently-high
moisture is can oxygen, carbon also very toxic. It is and non-
concentrations, it
become explosive dioxide and traces Sulphur dioxide. flammable or toxic
has a sharp, acidic
and flammable. of other gases. but may cause
odor.
corrosion.
It can be easily
It’s ideal for use in
condensed and it A high latent heat
refrigeration in the
It is non-toxic non- has a high heat of of vaporization
food industry. It It is useful in
flammable and evaporation making and critical
Advantages has the highest aviation air
non-ozone- it a good choice for temperature make
refrigerating conditioning.
depleting. a refrigerant. Used it very efficient.
capacity per pound
in home
of all refrigerants.
refrigeration.
Due to high
The system But the freezing
pressure and lower
operates in vacuum and boiling points
critical temp.
In certain It is only useful for which can suck in are also quite high.
values,
Dis- conditions it is specialized water eventually The compressor
refrigeration
advantages explosive, toxic applications. Its causing corrosion requires additional
systems require
and flammable. COP is low. causing compressor work as compared
special equipment
seizure. Also very to other
designs.
toxic. compounds.