ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY

BY

F. KLUGE AND F. LUTZ

FROM -TH E- LIBRAR-Y OF
-
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2008 with funding from
IVIicrosoft Corporation

http://www.archive.org/details/englishetymologyOOklug
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.
ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY.

A SELECT GLOSSARY
SERVING AS AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY

OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BY

F. KLUGE AND F. LUTZ

STRASSBURG
KARL TK U BN ER
J.

i8g8.
Printed by G. Otto, Darmstadt.
 /^ 7/

PREFACE.

Our primer of Englisli Etymology is meant to serve as

an introduction to the study of the historical grammar of

English. However manifold the advantages which the student
may derive from Professor Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, it

cainiot be denied that it does not commend itself as a

book for beginners. Though it is a work of deep research,
brilliant sagacity, and admirable completeness, the linguistic

_ laws underlying the various changes of form and meaning

^ are not brought out clearly enough to be easily grasped by
Q
^ the uninitiated. We therefore propose to furnish the student
"^
and concise book enabling him to get an insight
with a small
^ into the main linguistic phenomena. We are greatly indebted
o to Professor Skeat, of whose excellent work we have made
ample use, drawing from it a great deal of material, which we
hereby thankfully acknowledge. As our aim has of course not
been to produce a book in any way comparable to our prede-
cessor's work in fulness of detail and general completeness,
we have confined ourselves to merely selecting all words the

history of which bears on the development of the language at

large. We have therefore, in the first place, traced back to the

older periods loanwords of Scandinavian, French and Latin
origin and such genuine English words as may afford matter
for linguistic investigation. In this v?av we hope to have pro-
vided a basis for every historical grammar of English, e.g. for
Sweet's Historv of EnLrlish Sounds.

ai498'
VI Preface.

If we may be allowed to give a hint as to the use of

our little book, we shoukl advise the teacher to make it a
point to always deal with a whole group of words at a time.
Special interest attaches for instance to words of early Christian
origin, to the names of festivals and the days of the week;
besides these the names of the various parts of the house and
of the materials used in building, the words for cattle and the
various kintls of meat, for eating and drinking, etc. might be
made the subject of a suggestive discussion. On treating ety-
mology in this way, the teacher will have the advantage of
converting a lesson on the growth of the English language into
an inquiry into the history of the Anglo-Saxon race, thus lending
charm and a deeper meaning.
to a naturally dry subject a fresh
In conclusion, our best thanks are due to Professor 'W.
Franz of Tubingen University, who has placed many words
and etymologies at our disposal and assisted us in various
other ways.

Freiburg i. B.

F. KLUGE — F. LUTZ.
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.

ace. -r^ accusative case lit. = literally

adj. ^ adjective LITH =: Lithuanian

adv. = adverb ni. — masculine

BKKT. = Breton iME. = Middle Knj,'lish

(KI,T. =r Celtic MUG. " Middle High (^.erman

c'Oiij. =: conjunction n. (neiitr.) — neuter

COK-V. = Cornish nom. = nominative

cp. r= compare old. = oblique case
Cynir. z= Cymric (Welsh) ODU. = Old Dutch
Daii. = Danish OKK. = Old French
rial. = dative case OHG. = Old High German
der(iv). =r derived, derivative OIK. = Old Lish

diniin. = diminutive ON. = Old Norse

DU. = Dutch ONFR. — Old North French

E. = modern English orig. = original, originally

f.(fern.) n t'eminine OSAX. = Old Saxon

freijuent. = 'rcquentative osi.ov. rr Old Slovenian
I'K. =r French pi. — plural

KKIP.S. — Friesic p. p. rr past paiticiple

(;. rz modern (^lernian prob. :— proliablv

Gael. — Gaelic pioii. — |)ronoun
gen. — genitive case proji. — propeily
GOTH. — Cidthic I'Rov. = Provencal
(jK. ~ Greek pit. ^z preteiile, past tense

Icel. = Icelandic RUSS. =: Russian

inf. r= infinitive mood sb. =r substantive

infl. =_ inHected SKR. — Sanskrit

interj. = interjection SFAN. = Spanish
IR. = Irish superl. — superlative

ITAI,. = Italian SWKD. = Swedish

I.AT. — Latin TKUT. = Teutonic
l.Ci.= Low Cieinian vb. = verb
Yl[[ List of Syiiibols in Teutonic Wfirds.

LIST OK SYMBOLS IN TRUTONIC WORDS.

?' (not umlauted; — Kuiopeaii and Aiyan f.

< in OK. MK. long closed (>.

/' in Ob;. ME. long open ,'.

t- in OH(j. MHt;. osA\. closed c' (uinlauted).

:> a reduced Aryan uml pre-'IVut. souel.
(' ill l_)e. Me. lung closed c.

;/ in OK. words long open

.MK. c.

r in OK. woriN jialataliztd /'.

^' in .MK. words as in NK. ff<,v hrldge.

^ in (Je. Me. wolds a spirantic palatalized ^',

/ ill Tent, words -z. K. th.

J in On. ()e. Usa.x. words rr E. th.

k in (Jotli. is // -j- 7v. ,

\^ ~ root.
* indicates a word or form not .actually louiid, lait of which the
existence is inferred.
 a\ an indef. article me. a an, about ME. aboutc oe. dbiitan
OE. an: ident. with one. onbiUan; cp. but for oe. biitan.
a- :me. a: ident. with on (cp. above -ME. above earlier abufen
back, abroad^. oho.
OE. dbufan; akin to G. oben
abase; cp. base. obana 'from above'; cp. oner.
abash short for me. abaisshe abridge me. abrigge abregge:
(iba'ische (aba'isse): borrowed from adaj)t. (i{ OFR. abrigier abregier

OFR. esbahiss- stem of ofk. csbahir (source lat. abbrez>iare'%\\ox\.&Xi).

(fr. ebahir) 'astonish'. abroad :me. a brpd^tro-^. 'broad-
abate me. abate: adapt, of ofk. ly, widely'; cp. broad.
abatre 'beat down'. abuse cp. use.
abbess, abbey see abbot. accord vb. :me. acorde late oe.
abbot me. ab'bot; older by-form (c. 1 1 40) dcordian borrowed from :

MK. OE. al)bod. Source lat. ab- OFR. acorder fr. accorder (cp.
hatem {abbas), whence it. abbdtc, IT. accordare).
FK. ablii, OHG. abbat g.du.— abt. accuse me. accuse from fr. ac
Hence abbess me. from
abbcsse cuscr (lat. accusare).
FR. abbesse (but OE. abbudisse = accrue {accreici) vb. from fr.
LAT. abbaiissa^ 'abbess' and abbey accrue sb. 'growth, increase' (orig.
ME. abbcie from fr. abbaye (ofr. part, of FR. accroitre: lat, adh-
a bete). ere tuin) cp increase.; .

abide cp. bide and abode. ace ME. as dee: loanword from
able :\IE. able: adapt, of ofr. FR. as (=rr SPAN. aS, G. aSS, DU.
(h)ablc = SPAN. //ahV, rr. abi/e; aas^. Source lat. as (ace. asse7ti)
source LAT. habilis. 'a unit, pound, foot'.
abode .aif. abgd prop, 'delay, ache earlier spelling ake
me.
al)i(UTii;'; cp. bide. dke; derived from me. OE. cce
abound me. abounde: adapt, echt 'pain' under the influence
of FR. abonder = lat. abimdare of the vb. OE. acan .mk. ake 'ache,
abound'. feel pain'.
English Etymology.
1
 :

achieve aghast

achieve me. acheve: adapt, of adjourn vb. me. ajurnc ajornc:

KR. achcver 'accomplish'. Akin adapted from Y^.ajourner (deriv.
to chief. of FR. jour — journic 'day').
acorn me. acorti OE. cecerii ; ado ME. ado pro]), at dp: prop,
ident. with goth. akran 'crop, infinit. 'to do' with at, orig. in
fruit', ON. akarn, DU. aker, G. ecker. Northern English.
The meaning 'acorn' being a later advance vb. for me. avaunce
and special one as compared loanword from fr. avancer 'go
with GOT^i.akran 'fruit', the group =
before' (deriv. of fr. avant
may be derived from teut. a/Jrc?- ITAL. avante, LAr. ab ante).
= acre.
advice sb. for me. avis: adopt,
-(-

acquaint vb. i\ie. aqueinte a-

of fr. avis (= IT. avviso, LAT. ad-
cointe: borrowed fr. ofr. aco'mter
'advise' quaint.
cp.
vismti). The vb. advise me. —
acquire me. aquire aquere'. bor-
avise is fr. aviser {= it. avvisar,
LAT. '"adznsare').
rowed from OFR. aquerre (fr.
acquih-ir = lat. acqinrere). afford :\IE. aforthe 'provide^ oe.

acre :\ie. akcr oe. cecer 'a field, ic/ordia/i 'promote': deriv. of
acre' := synon. goth. akrs, OSAX. forth.
akkar, ohg. acchar G. acker, DU. affray 'frighten' me. afraie from :

iikker, on. akr : a common Teut. FR. effrayer 'frighten'. Hence —

and Aryan word teut. *akra-z,
: the part, afraid 'frightened' :\ik.
pre-TEur. agro-s =
skr. aj'ra-s, afraied.
GR. dypog, LAT. ager (stem agro-) after me. after oe. eefler adv.
'acre' Aryan \/^ ag in lat. ago,
:
prep. =
GOTH, aftra 'back,
GR. dyM, SKR. aj, ON. aka. The again', ohg. osax. aftar 'back',
orig. meaning of acre (indo- DU. aehter.
teut. agro-s) was 'place where the
again me. agein oe. ongeyi
cattle are driven'; cp. G. trift
ongedn ; ident. with g. gegen ohg.
from treibe7i.
gegin gagan, osax. gegin ?, on.
adage from fr. adage = lat.
gagn. — : against 2\ie. ageincst
adagium 'proverb'.
add :\IE. adde from lat. addere
earlier agcines = OE. togeines.

add'.
age ME. age: adoption of fr.
adder .mi-:, adder older /ladder age (oFR. a-age e-age). Source
OE. iuc(d)dre =
OSAX. nadra, DU. a LAT. type *aetaticHJn (= lat.

adder, ohg. nat{a)ra mhg. nater g.

a etas) 'time'.
nadra f.
natter (otter), ICEL. nadr —
aghast part, of me. agaste vb.
m., goth. nadrs: cogn. with ir. na- 'terrify' OE. gcestan 'terrify'; akin
thair, w. neidr. For the loss of to goth. tisgaisjan make afraid'
initial // cp. auger and apron. and peril, to ghost.
 ; . . ;

iglet almond

aglet 'spangle, pin' (Shakesp.) alder j\ie. alder oe. dlor ohg. =
from Fi-!.. aiguilld diiuin. of ai- elira erila o. crlc, on. elr elre(r),
giiiile 'needle'. DU. LG. eller (goth. '^diliza is
ago ME. ago agon: orig-. part, found in span, alisa fr. aliae ,

'gone by, past' from go. 'wild sorb, wild service-berry).

agog adapt, of ofr. en gognes Akin to osi^ow jelie/ia, lat. alnus

'lusty, lively, in a pleasant humor' (for "^alsmis) 'alder'.
— FR. gogne 'mirth, glee'. ale ME. die oe. ealu ealo (inll.

agree 'si's.. agree: adapt, of fr.

(alo(T) =
OSAX. alo on. , sw.
dan. gl; akin to oslov. olii 'cider',
agrier (= it. aggradarc; source
LITH. aliis beer'.
LAT.^rd'//^;>'/'pleasing, agreeable').
alight 'alight from a horse' cp.
ague -AIE. agile: source ofr. agn
light vb.
'sharp, acute' (= fr. aigii).
all yi¥..al{l) — plur. alle oe. al(l)
Source lax. aetltns.
aid vb. from fr. aider 'help'.
eal(l) — plur. ealle = oSAX. ohg.
Dr. LG. al, G. all, on. allr, goth.
ail vb. ME. aile eile OE. eilan. alls. A primary form ala- is found
'trouble, afflict' = goth. iis- in compounds and derivatives
agljan 'trouble': deriv. of OE. cp. OSAX. ohg. alung :mhg. alenc
ei^le = ("jOi'H. ag/us 'loathsome, 'entire, complete', goth. alamans
troublesome'. For \^^/^'' cp. 'allmen', ohg. ala-wdri 'all true ,

a 7v e. ala-nimvi 'all new'. Cogn. w. oir.

air^ ME. aire older eir: loan- (base olio-~). uile
word from FK. air (source lat. allay yui. alaie aleie alegge "la\"
aer\ —
air- from fr. air 'ex- aside, give up'; from lay"^. Perh.
ternal appearance' is considered mixed with ofr. aleyer (fr.
ident. with air^. aloycj-) ?
aisel (Shakesp.); cp. eisel. allege :\ie. alegge 'give testi-
ajar yn'..aeher —
oncher (oe. on mony adajited from OFR. alegier
cerr —
on eyrr~) 'ajar' cp. char. alegger ?
:

akimbo kembmoc
me. a a alley mk. — aley: loanword from
the phrase »his hand, FR. allic 'a
kcnbihi'e (in going, passage
his armes a kemb^we setten«) allow vb. ME. aloue: adapt, of
for ME. hmve cp. bow and elbow. FR. alloucr 'grant' (lat. type ad-
The ft. st element represents an locarc)
adapted on. kengr 'crook the allure y\Y. alUre: from ofr.
shape of a horse-shoe' (cp. on. aliirer, deriv. of lure 'bait'.
ke?igbogifiti 'crooked'). Another almond :me. almaunde: from
suggestion proceeds from an OE. OFR. almande (=- fr. amande,
^cyneboga formed as OE. eync- whence DU. amandel). Source
widde. LAT. amygdala (gr. auvyid'kr^ 'an
*
1
 . .

alms — angel

almond', whence a vulgar lat. amaze vb. me. amdse oe. d-vid-
iunendla (it. inandola = ohg. sian.
!nandala G. inandel). amid, amidst; cp. middle. —
alms ME. ahnes OE. cvhnesse amiss me. on misse; cp. miss.
(infl. cslmessaii) borrowed from
: among me. atnong;
prop, on-
OIR. almscm. Akin to the synon. mang — on crowd';
"^etnang 'in the
OSAX. alamosna, odu. aelmoese ael- oe. lerna/ig 'crowd' see under
vtocsene DU. aalmoes, ohg. alamuo- mingle. Ident. with lg. mang
san alamosan G. almosen. Source 'among'.
i,AT.-GR. eleemosyiia (cp. it. /?>//^- amount me. amounte adapt, :

i7««) with a vulgar pronunciation of FR. amonter 'amount to' (fr.

almosna ^= provenz. almosna, ofr. amoni'vL^hiW =
lat. ad monteni)\
almosne fr. aumbne. cp. 7?iount.
alone me. alone late oe. eall- ancestor :\ie. auncestre: loan-
<hia prop, 'all singly =
synon. word from VK.ancrtre older ancestre
G. allcin, i)U. alleen. Cp. one. (:me. auncesson?- from ofr. ances-
along :\[E. along oe. ondlong sour) source lat. antecessoriem)
;

andlong; cp. long. The prefix anchor me. anker oe. ancor pn-
E. (^z for OE. and is ^^ to G. ent- cor; cp. on. akkeri, dlt. g. anker
\n cntlang along' (ofris. ond- late ohg. anchar'. a loanword
linga) from LAT. ancora (it. ancora, fr.
aloof adapt, of DU. te locf 'to ancre^
the windward'; ident. with luff. ancient me. auncient older
already orig. 'quite ready'; cp. auncien (for the secondary / cp.
> e a dy. — also prop, 'quite so' pageant, parch7nent): adapt,
ME. also OE. ealsit'd 'quite so' =:= of FK. aneien (= IT. anciano; lat.
G. also. Ident. with as. —
al- type antednus).
though .ME. although altheigh; and ME. OE. and =r osax. endi,
in OE. we find iheah -]- eal (e. g. DU. en, OHG. anti enti inii unti
'>f)eaVi ic eal mcege* 'although MHG. unde G. und. The cogn.
I may); cp. though. SKR. dtha 'also, further, and'
alum ME. alu?n from OFR. alum points to ARYAN .7/;/Az 'and, also'.
=r FR. alun; source lat. aliimen, andiron me. aundire loanword :

whence G. alaun, du. aluin. from OFR. andier (fr. landier')

alway me. alway ahvey oe. eal- 'fire-dog'. Source unknown, perh.
new'ey. orig. ace. sing, (some- fr. a T-AT. type aniitdrins (lat.
times contr. to ealnei) prop, 'all ames)'^ Cp. imed.-lat. andaia
the way, all the time' the com- 'fire-dog'.
;

moner form is ahcays :\[e. al- angel me. aungel: borrowed

waies, being an adv. gen. sing, from OFR. angcle (fr. ange'). The
all the time, always'. fr. word supplanted the orig.
 ape

OE, ME. ctigel ^= G. DU. engel ohg. anon immediately' .me. anon
OSAX. engii, GOTH, aggilus early earlier andn OE. on an 'in one'
:

church-loanwords from lat. au- (moment) cp. o n e. ;

geiiis = GR. dyyi-Xo^ 'angel. another; see other.

anger UE.cruga- 'affliction, sore, answer sb. me. answare OE.
trouble': Scand. loanword from andiwaru; corresp. to the synon.
ON. (7Mgr 'grief, sorrow' (dan. OSAX. ant-suwr ofris. ondser, ,

anger 'penitence', sw. anger 're- ON. andsvar? Thereto the —

gret'); akin to lat. (2«^(?r 'bodily deriv. vb. answer :me. answere
or mental torture'. OE. a/nlsivarian. Source theTEUT.
angle ^ me. angel oe. angol \/^swar =
swear; hence answer
giigiil =synon. ohg. angid G. was orig. a solemn charge made
angel, on. gngull. Akin to lat. to rebut a charge'; and- means
uncus a hook', GR. oyy.og a hook', 'against'.
ay/.toToov fish-hook', skr. ankd ant ME. am(e)ie OE, <27nete em-
'hook', on<. i'cad 'hook'. met': TEUT. base dniaitjon; cp.
angle ^ (corner) me. angle from OHG. amei'T^a mhg. atneiye G. ameise.
FR. angle = lat. angulus 'corner'. yiDV. emte eeinpte. Perh. akin to
anguish inie anguisse: from ofr. G. enisig OHG. emi".^i emizzi in-
anguisse fk. a/igolsse. Source lat. dustrious'. See emtncL
angustia 'straitncss, poverty, per-
antler me. auntelere: loanword
plexity'.
ankle ankel orig. ankle OE.
:me.
from OFR. antoilUer {andoillier =
lat. an-
anclanv 'ankle' =
DU. anklaauw,
FR. andouiller^;
(ocularis 'tine of a stag's
tyi)e
horn
OHG. anchlao, ox. gkkla (prop.
in front of the eyes'.
"^ankuldtv'f); akin to du. enkel,
anvil sliort for me. anvelt an-
OHG. anchal enchil G. enkel 'ankle'.
Source and formation of the felt OE. atifilt OHG. anafalz, =
DU. aaiibeeld ODU. atibclt: TEUT.
group are doubtful; perh. akin
base anafalti- and ana-halii-; cp.
to SKR. aiiguU afigusiha 'thumb,
the synon. ohg. ana-bb'i^ cogn.
toe', AVEST. angusta toe'?
announce me. anounce: adapt, w. beat.
of FR. annoncer (= lat. annun- any me. any {eiiy any') oe.
tiarc); c\>. pr o n oun c e. (hiii^ =
OSAX. enig enag , du.
annoy .^^i. anoye anuy{e) 'weari- eenig, ohg. einag g. einig only,
ness': from OFR. enoi anui fr. sole' deriv. of teu r. aifia
: =
ennui (source lat. in odio 'in E. one.
hatred'). ape ME. dpc OE, apa du. =
anoint mi:, anointc: adapt, of aap, ON. api, OHG. affo mhg. g.
OFR. enoint 'anointed' part, of affc: a common teut. word,
enoindre 'anoint' cp. o i n t m e n t. whence ORUSS. SLOV. t'/m?, obo-
;
 . ;

appal (1) — arni^

HEM. opice 'ape' are borrowed. {inaluni praecoqimm'i^ lit. 'pre-

Source of teut. apaii- unknown. cocious .

appal(l) vb. ME. appalle adapt- :

April ME. dpril{l)e: adapt, ot
ed from OFK. apallir 'grow pale', LAI. aprilis-^ the earlier me. by-
akin to pale. form averil points to ofr. avrill.
apparel me. aparaile apparcile: Cp. G. DU. April.
adapted from ofr. aparaillcr apa- apron orig. napron :me. nd- =
reiller 'dress' = fr. appareillcr pron ndproun adapt, of fr. nap-
:

(it . apparrechiare) . peroii 'a large cloth', dimin.

appeal me. a{p)p^'k: adapt, from of iidppe = LAT. mdppd 'table,
FK. appeler (=lat. ri.appellare). napkin'; cp. tidpkin. For the
loss of initial n see adder
appear vb. :me. a{p)pcre'. adapt,
and auger.
from OFR. aperer aparir apareir
arch ME. drch{e-) oe. arce-
aparoir (= it. apparire; source
[drcebiscop): borrowed from fr.
LAT. apparerc).
drch-. Cp. the synon. DU. darts,
appease vb. iiE. apcse earlier
OHG. erzi- - G. erz-, goth. ^drk
apaisc: loanwcjrd from fr. apaiser
'pacify'; akin to peace.
{-aggilus). Source the LAT. =
Gr. prefix archi- Perh.
apple :me. appel oe. (Vppel = OFR. arcPi (in
[dg/t-).
drchaiiget) influ-
DU. LG. appel, MHG. G. apfcl OHG.
enced the E. word.
apful: WESTTEUT. base applu-,
archer me. drcher adapt, of :

allied to ir. uball, lith. obfilas,

FR. archer 'bowman' (lat. type
OSLOV. abluko 'apple', RUSS. ja- arcarius, deriv. of drcus 'bow').
hloko.
are (»we, you, they are«) jme.
apply vb. ME. aplk: adapted are oe. (Northumbr.) dron\ plur.
from OFR. aplicr (fr. appliquer, it. to
the second person sing, art
applicare, LAT. applicarc 'apply')
^lE. drt OE. edit. An aryax. dr
cp. ply vb.
'be' is prob. in lith. yrci 'is'.
apprentice mi:, apreutice apren- ark IMF. drke oe. care (infl.
tis: loanwcjrd fr. OFR. dprentis and earce^ =
ohg. arahha archa 'chest'
api-eiitif vi<.appienti{^o\\Yco lat. MHG. arche 'chest, money-chest'
(jppreuderc 1 c arn')
'

G. arche Noah's ark', DU. ark

approach vb. me. aprgche: 'Noah's ark', on. grk "chest, co-
adapt, from fr. approchcr: lat. venant, ark, box', goth. arka f.
type adpropiarc 'draw near'. 'money-box, Noah's ark': a Teut.
apricot borrowed from fr. loanword from lat. (also ROM.)
dbriiOi; corresp. to DU. abrikoos, drcd.
G. aprikosc; akin to span, albari- arm ^ mi;, drm oe. earm =
coque, IT. alba-cocco (mod. GR. OSAX. DU. arm, on. armr, goth.
Ti Qaiy.QY.Y.ia) from lat. praecociuvi arms, ohg. ar(a)m G. arm. Akin
 arm' — ass

to LAT. annus 'tlie topmost part arrow :\ie. arwe late oe. ar7C'e :

of the upper arm, fore-quarter', adapt, of ox. or (plur. pi'var').

OSLOV. rajne 'shoulder arm', The native oe. word was earh
,

PRUSS, irmo 'arm', skr. innd-s ident. with on. or (cp. goth.
'fore-quarter, arm avest. arema arhwazna 'dart' and lat. arciis
,

arm', ar.mex. annukn elbow'. 'bow').

arm- 'a as me. as{e) als{e) also alswg
weapon' me. armes
plur. armes := LAT. OE. ealswa
from okr. synon. OSAX, hg. =
ai-ma 'weapons'. also, DU. als, :mhg. also als dlse.

armor ilE. armour(e) anniire: The compound means prop, 'en-

borrowed from ofr. artjttire ar- tirely so'; cp. all and so.
me-iire (lat. annatiird) 'armor'. ash^ sb. 'the name of a tree'
army :me. armie arme: adop- :me. asch oe. cesc = ohg. asc
tion of FR. annh (= it. artnata ',
G. esehe, DU. esch, ox. askr 'ash'.

base LAT. arviare). ash- sb. :siE. asche OE. cesce (infl.

arrange borrowed from fr. ascan axati); mod. E. is com-

arrair^cr (dcriv. of FR. /-(i';/^ 'rank, monly used in the plur. ashes

file' from ohg. hrinc G. ring 'a (me. asches^. Cogn. w. ox. aska,
ring or circle DU. asch,
of people' ; cp. ono.aska g. asche, goth.
ranii). azgo 'ashes'.
arrant ident. with errant. ask vb. older by-form ax me.
aske axe (kext. oxi) oe. dscian
arras :me. arras; oris^. »cloth
dcsian Teut. base aiskbjan =rz :
of Arras* Arras is the name
:

OSAX. escon, ohg. eiskbn (g. hei~

of a town in Artois (France)
scheii). Akin to lii'H. jcskoti,
famous for its manufacture. See
oslo\". iskati, SKR. icch 'seek'.
cambric and la^vn'^.
aspl 'a venomous serpent from
array :mr. araie adapt, of ofr.
:
LAT. aspis.
arraicr arcier 'arrange' {= IT.
asp2 'a tree' :me. aspe oe. cespe
arredarc): of Teut. origin;
GOTH, gar aids under ready.
cp. = synon. ohg. aspa
ox. gsp ,

MHG. aspe G. espc, DU. esp: perh.

arrest me. a{r)reste\ adapt, of connected with lat. arbor (if
OFR. ar ester fr. arreter (= it. from *azbos by rhotacism) 'tree'.
ar re stare, LAi'. restare'''£,\.di\' back'). ass ME. asse oe. assa (infl. sing.
arrival y\v.. arivaile prop, 'land- assan) loanword from OIR. assan
:

ing'; adapt, of OFR. arrivaillc 'ass' cp. ox. asne from ofr. asne
;

landing'. - arrive :NrE. arive = fr. d/ie. Source lat. asinus,

prop, 'bring to shore, come to whence also GOTH, asiliis, oe.
shore': adapt, of fr. ar river = csol, OHG. csil G. esel 'ass', DU. czel

IT. arrij'are; \..\v. type adripare and further osLOV. osilii, russ.
(^rl/a 'shore'). oselii 'ass'.
 . . .

assail avenge

assail vb. me. asaile: adapt, of ^= OSAX. OE. tir 'glory, honor
FK. assaiHir\ see assault. (g. zierde).
assault vb. ME..a(s)saut: adapt- attorney me. atourney older
ed from FR. assatii (=IT. assalto, aturnc atourni 'agent, deputy,
MED. LAT. assaltus). commissioner'?: adapt, of fr.
assay me. assay assai borrowed atorne part, of atorner 'direct,
from OFR. assai assay =
FR. essai appoint'.
(it, assag/o from lat. exagiiun auburn orig. 'whitish or flaxen-
'weighing'). colored reddish- brown' me. ,

assemble me. a(s)semble a(s)- auburne awburne 'citron-colored :

semlf. adapt, of FR. assetnhler {xi. from OFR. auborne alborne {= it.
assemblare deriv. of lat. shuul alburno') = ]med. lat. albiirnus
'together'). 'whitish' (albus 'white').
assyage me. aswdge a(s)sudge quger orig. nauger (like adder
:

loanword ofk. asoager asuagiv, for 7iadder, apron for naproJi with
fr .

LAT. ty[)e ad-suaviare deriv. of loss of an initial n) me. nangcr

suavis 'sweet older ndve-ggr oe. nafo-gdf' 'an
assure vb. me. a(s)sure borrowed auger' prop, 'borer, piercer of
from FR. assurer {=1^ asseciirarc) naves' (see nave^ and gore-^]
.

astonish transformed after vbs. cp. the synon. ohg. nabug'cr

in -is/i from an earlier astony iiHG. nabeger g. (dial.) nabcr,
astoiie Mi<;. astonie asiuiic astottuc ICEL. nafarr. :

borrowed from OFR. cstoncr =

aught a whit, anything' me.
FR. //6'//w;- LAT. type ex\to?iare aught older aivight oe. dwiht
;

'thunder'. But cp. stun. dnwiht 'aught'; OE. an is otic

at ME. at oe. a-t =
osax. at, and for wiht see 7v/iit and /lot.
OHG. a-, ON. GOTH, at: akin w. August from LAT. augustus me. \

LAT. ad 'to', OIR. ad-. aust from ofr. aoust fr. aout't =
atone vb. from atone adv. 'at or from late oe. august changed
one, agreed' = ME. at on into to ^auii'cst ?

one'; cp. one. aunt

adapt, of ofr. :me. aunt(e) :

attach term) ante (fr. iante^.

vh.isi^.attacchc (law Source lat.
'take prisoner, arrest': adapt, of amita aunt'.
FR. attacher (= span, atacar, it. avail INIE. availe: source fr.
attaccare) vaille from valoir 'be worth'.
attain vb. jie. attalnc atteine : avalanche: adoption of tlie

borrowed from fr. atteindre synon. fr. avalanche (fr. aval

(= LAT. attingere touch upon). 'downward' = ofr. a val is la r.
attire vb. me. atire: adapted fr. ad vallevi 'valleyward').
OFR. atirer 'adorn'. Source a avenge me. avenge: adapt, of
Teut. sb. //;' 'ornament, honor' OFR. avengier 'avenge' (source
 avoid — aye^

LAT. vindicare 'vindicate); ohg. agana mhg. age/ie

cp. eegne,
vengeance. goth. ahana chaff;
g. ahne,
avoid ME. avoide: adapted from prob. related, to gr. axvt] a/vgov
FK. avoidcr 'empty out'; cp. void. 'chaff', EiTH. akutas opruss. ,

avouch 'declare, confess' from ackons 'awn'.

OFK. avoch(i)er', cp. vonch. awry me. a7i.<ry{c) onwiy; cp.
avow :me. avmve avoue from fr. 7C' ; )'.

avoucr; cp. vow.

ax(e) mi:, ax oe. eax =: the
await -AIR. aivaiU- from onfr.
synon. oE. eax cex, ohg. ahsa
ai(.'aii{i)cr\ cp. wait.
MHG. a/ise G. ac/isc, i)U. as and
award me. luvardc from oxfr. with formative -/ the
synon. ox.
£swardc{i)r 'examine'. For the
gxitll, whence Ijorrowed jme. axel
Teut. source see under guard.
E. axle-(lrec). For a pre-i'EUT.
aware me. iwarc oe. icivara
a/isa cp. SKR. dksa, gr. a'^oiV,
icxvcer =-- ohg. osax. girvar g.
LAT. axis, osLov. osi, LiTH. aszis
gewa/w , DU. gewaar 'watchful,
'axle'.
wary'; cp. 7c>ary.
ax(e) .MK. ax{c) OK. ax orig.
away iiE. a7c>a)' awcy oe. o/nc'cj^
acas '^acces -- synon. osAX. ohg.
'away' prop, 'on the way ; cp.
accus :mhg. ackes g. ax(t), dl'.
way and alway.
awe ME. aive older age: adapt,
aaks, ox. ox, goth. Uifizi 'axe'.
Pre- TEUT. i'?^'-/j7 (-^^--s/ {aksT) appears
of ox. agi 'awe , terror'. Akin
also in gr. a^ivrj 'axe'.
to OE. ej^e ME. cic 'fear, terror'
= GOTH, agis and gr. dyoi^
rowed
axle ME. axel in axel-tre: bor-
from ox. gxultri; akin
'anguisli' ; cp. go th. aglus 'mo-
to ^^.v.
lesting', OIR. agar '1 fear'.
awkward mk. awirwardauluvard aye^ 'yes' occurring in the
beside late me. aukc 'contrary, 1
6'*^
cent, as / and not found
wrong'; auk- contr. of ai^ek- = earlier; pcrh. ident. with / =;
OX. ofngr 'turned the wrong OE. ic; in oe. we find nic (for
way'. Cogn. w. osAX. ahuh^ ohg. nc -\- ic) 'no' (in answering).
abiih and srr. apak 'turned away'. The orthography of aye was
awl -Mi;, aid aw el oic. aw el influenced perhaps by aye^ (cp.
cawol 'awl': if traceable to a nay).
Teut. 'base aivola (for ag-iooia-), aye'- ay ey: borrowed from
.mi:,

akin to i,\ r. aciis 'needle' — OX. ei ever akin to goth. aijc

;

acu/cus sting'. 'ever', ohg. osax. io g. Je; cp.

aw^n aune older aicene ever. In the Aryan langs. a sb.
MK.
agc/ie Scand. loanword from ai7C'a- 'age, time' exists in goth.
:

OX. pgn which is ident. with OE. ai7C's, LAT. aeviwi, gr. utcJi-.
 .

lO babe — bait

B
babe me, babe fuller form babdii: part, of the vb. d-bckdan 'compel,
from w. GAEL. IR. CORN, bahait restrain'.
'a babe, child', badge late me. baggc: of fr.
baboon me. bdbwin baboin origin, cp. ofr. bage, med.-lat.
:

loanword from the synon. fr. bagia 'signum, a ring'.

babouin. Akin to DU. baviaan, badger orig. ident. with an
G. paviaii. Source OFR. babwii obsolete Inidger 'one who buys
'.L^rimacc? corn'; cp. FR. blaireau 'badger'
baby :^ii:. luibl: dimin. of babe. orig. little corn-merchant'. The
bachelor :\[e. Imchelcr: borrow- source is a med.-lat. bladdriuSy
ed from OER. bacJiclcr =
fr. OFR. blaycr 'corn-merchant' (fr.
bachcUer. Source med.-la r. I'ac- bli 'corn ) E. badger for bladger? :

caldrhis. bag ME. bagge: loanword from

backl cp. basin. ON. b>agg/ 'bag, bundle'. t)ag- —
hinder part of the
gage :me. baggdge according to
back'' 'tlie

body' mi:, bak ok. b(cc OSAX. ^

FR. baggage points to ofr. bague
ON. baggi.=
DU. (in comp.), icel. sav. bak
back'. — back adv. for almck bail 'a hoop' me. beil: perh.
traceable to an oe. '^'I>e~^cl "^i'yiei
:\ie. abak (je. on ba^x 'backward'
prop, 'on the back'. back-— G. bilge/, =ON. bygill; \^bhg

board OE. bu'cbord =

DU. Lc;.
in bow.
bail vb. borrowed from OFR.
bakboord (whence c;. backbord,
bailer 'secure, keep in custody'.
FR. babcnuf), icel. bakbord 'lar-
Akin to bailiff me. bailif baili:
board'.
from OFR. bailif (wlience also
backgammon prop, 'back- DU. baljimi) later baili bailli ^=-
game', because the men when
'i,TE.v>.-\.xi.baillizius balliviis. Source
taken are put back. See
LAT. bajulns 'burdenbearer
gammon.
bairn child' (Sc.) me, bcrn
bacon me. bacon bdcoiin: bor- OE. beam 'child' OHG. goth. =
rowed from OFR. bacon 'flitch of barn, on. barn (whence also
bacon'. Source a teut. base me. bani): deriv. of the teut.
bakon = MDU. :\ILG. bake, ohg.
\f ber 'produce', prop, partic.
ba/i/io MWG. liache 'side of bacon, with the meaning that which is
ham'; akin to l>ack sb. born'.
bad ME. bad{de) 'worthless, bait vl). ME. Ihxite beite 'feed':
wicked'; p)rob. ident. with OE. borrowed from ON. beita 'cause
dbchled 'forced, compelled': orig. to bite' =
MHG. beizen 'bait', OE.
 ; 1:

bake — bark^ 1

hcetan: causative of teut. lutan ball- a dance' (= DU. G. bait) :

'bite'; cp. bite. borrowed from FR. bal 'a dance'

bake :me.
(=r SPAN, bade,
hake OE. hacan
str. vb. rr. balld) 'a

= ON. baka, OHG. bahhan 'bake'. dance', fr. bailer (it. ballare)
The G. forms partly show teut. is traced to gr. ^aXXiLSti' 'dance'.
kk for TEUT. k\ G. backen, DU. ballast: loanword from sw.
bakken (osAX. bakkeri 'baker') DAN. ballast orig. bag last for bar-
the kk is also shown in batch. lass prop, 'bare last' i. e. 'mere
The TEUT. \fbak from pre-TEUT. load' DU. LG. G. ballast. =
bhog is peril, connected with balm ME. baum {Jiaip/ie bavie
GR. (fidyfiv 'roast'. basf/ie) : adapt, of fr. baiiine.

bald :\IE. ba/Zeti (oe. '^bcalledef) ;

Source lat. balsa?nii?/i, whence
scnirce and history unknown. G. balsam, du. balsem.

baldrick me. baudrik bmiderik;

bane 'harm' :me. bd7je; OE.ba^ia

akin to ox. baldreh', :mhg. bal-

means 'murderer'; cp. on. bane,

deric/i, FR. baudroy (ofr. baldrei,

OHG. bano 'death'. Akin to GR.
whence baudry) (povo^ 'murder'.
^nj. ,

haldringus: related ioi.XT. balteus

med.-lat.
bank me. bdnke oe. banea ^
ON. bakki (orig. ''banki) : akin
under belt.
to be7tch. — bank (for money)
bale sb. a large bundle of mer-
chandise ready for transporta-
adapt, of FR. banque = it. banea
ult. source teut. bank(i) in
tion': loanword from okr. ba(l)le
bench.
{= SPAN, bala, xx.balld) of Teut. ;
bar ME. bane: adapt, of ofr.
origin, ident. with ball.
barrc.
bale vb. 'empty water out of bare me. bare oe. beer ohg. =
a ship', also spelled bail: bor- G. bar, on. berr: teut.-goth.
rowed from DU. balien 'bale out'; base baza- pre-TEUT. bhaso- =
DU. balie {^ :mlg. ballige balge, in osLov. bosu 'bare-foot', lith.
LG. balje, IT. bagl/a) 'tub' fr. fr. basas.
bail/e represents aLat. type bacula
bargain sb. :\ij;. bargain: adapt,
(cogn. w. basiii). of OFR. bargainc 'traftic'.
bale -ME. bale oe. bealn\ cp. barge me. barge: adapt, of ofr.
OSAX. balu, OHG. baluy ox. bgl barge. Source a :\iED.i.Ar. barica,
evil, calamity'; Gorw. ''balws whence also bark"^.
'evil' in comp. and deriv. as bark 'the rind of a tree' me.
'

bahveins balwjaii 'torment'. barke: possibly a loanword from

ball' a spherical body' ME. the equiv. on. bgrkr ; cp. g. lg.
ball(e): borrowed from OFR. balle borke, NORTHFRis. buark, goth.
= OHG. balla ballo 'a ball, sphere', * barhis: prob. akin to birch on
ON. bollr 'ball'. account of skr. bhurja m. 'bircli'
12 bark^ — basket

— n, 'birchbark*. Bark orig. 'mercenary', which oftentimes is

'birchbark*? cp. birch. found in the Teut. Leges Bar-

bark- adapt, of fr. barque; barorum for baron'.
ident. with barge. barrel me. bdrel prop, baril:
bark vb. ^m. berke oe. beorcan; borrowed fr. FR. baril.
cp. OE. borcian 'bark' and on. barren me. barrein a : fr. loan-
berkja 'bark teut. v"" berk, not word, cp. ofr. brahain barhain
:

recorded elsewhere. (fr. hrihaigne 'sterile'). Source

barley me. barli older barlich unknown.
late OE. bcerlic; how the word barrow 'a wheel -barrow' me.
is connected with the synon. bcirwc (oe. '^hcartue) derived :

OE. bcre (cp. barii), is uncertain. from the teut. \f ber in bear;
Source a teut. base baraz {bariz as for the zc-suffix cp. also oe.
^ ox. barr, cp. goth. barizeins tneox-byrwc westphal. bierwe ,
.

'made of barley'), akin to lat. 'a bier, stretcher'.

far 'corn' (ARYAN base bharos-). barter Engl, dcriv. of ofr.
barm 'yeast' me. berme oe. beorma barate 'deceit, fraud' (ofA. ba-
:=: DU. berni, j^ilg. berme Teut. rater 'beguile'), whence aie. barcit
:

base bcrmaii- from an Aryan base bari't, ODU. baraet fraud', mhg.
bhermen- in lat. fcrmentum. bar at.
barn me. berne oe. bern short base ^ 'low' from fr. basse f.
for orig. /v/Y'-r;v^ 'barlev-house'; {Ihts m.). Source vulg.-lat.
cp. barley, -em (for ecru
oe. bass us ?

'^rceiui) house' corresponds to base^ sb. 'foundation' me. base

GOTH. raz7i 'house', ON. rami. {bas) loanword from fr. base
:

barnacle 'a fish' me. bernake; (lat. basis).

'

transformed l)y suffix-exchange bashful see a bask.

from OE. byrnete 'loUigo'. basin ME.bdsfn: loanword from
barnacle'- a kind of goose FR. bassin. vSource lat. baccinum
ME. bernake; an anglo-lai'. ber- (akin w. i^x^.baeardiwdbicdrium})
naca of the 1 2 cent, is the first whence DU. bekken, ohg. (osax.)
^'^

record of the obscure word. bekliin G. becken 'basin'; cp. DU.

barnacles 3 'spectacles' orig. lg. bak 'bowl, tub, trough', fr.
'irons put cm tlie noses of horses /^^r 'trough, basin' =:- LAT. bacca).
to keep them quiet' dimin. to bask vb. ME. baskc: a Scand.
ME. beniac from oer. bernac loanword, from ON.badask 'l)athc
'camus, a barnacle'. oneself. Source see under balk.
baron iiE. bdrou/i: loanword basket me. basket; commonly
from ER. baron, whence also ODU. considered ident. with BRrrANN.-
baroen, mho. barini G. DU. baron. LAT. bascauda 'dish-pan' (=^- ofr.
Source a military word LAT. baro bascJioe 'bucket'); an OK.*bascod
 bass

*l>axod was supplanted hy */>ascof, batch JiE. bacche OE. *bcccc'e;

-ot being an Y.. diniin. suffix. deriv. from the teut. \'" bakk
A primit. LAT.-GALL. Anv(i' appears (ibaky, see bake.
in FR. bachc tilt, vat'. bath ME. bat// OE. bcrd = OSAX.
bass 'a fish' DU. G. OHG. bad, ON. bad.
me. base barse OE. bat/i,

bars =
DU. baars, v,. barsc/i; cp. The dental being suffix, the word
SWED. abborrc, ]jan. oborre {ir rests on a teut. y~ ba (be) in
from ri). OHG. bac7i = G. biihen. — bathe
bastard me. bastard {= g.
vb. ME. bathe OE. bad/an = ohg.
badon G. baden, on. bada: deriv.
bastard, DU. bastaarct) : borrowed
from OFR. bastard (fr. batard =
from the teut. sb. baj>a- 'bath'.
batten vb. 'grow fat' me. *batne:
SPAN. IT. bastardd). Source ofr.
bast = .SPAN. IT. basto 'pack-
a Scand. loanword from o^.batna
'grow better' (= GOTH, gabatnan
saddle'; cp. OFR. fils de bast 'a
'profit'). Akin to better and
bastard', lit. 'a son of a pack-
boot'^.
saddle' (not of a bed, cp. G.
batter vb. 'beat^NtE. /v^Z/v: from
liankert proj). 'son of a bench).
FR. battre. Source lat. battuere.
baste ^ vb. 'beat witli a stick, Hence
batter 'a compound of
strike': a Scand. loanword from
eggs, fiour and milk' me. Imtiire:
ON. beysta 'beat' sw. bosta ^from OFR. bate-ure 'a beating'.
'thump', DAN. bbstc strike'.
battle i\iE. bdtaile: loanword
baste 2 vb. 'pour fat over meat'; from FR. bataille, whence ODU.
origin unknown. bataelghe mhg. bateilc 'battle'. ,

baste^ vb. 'sew slightly' me. Source lat. battuere 'beat'.

l>dste\ borrowed from ofr. bastir bay adj. 'reddish' me. bay. from
(fr. batir= span, bastear, it. FR. bai. Source lat. badius 'bay-
imbastare) Source a
'baste'. colored'.
teut. bastjan = OHG. bcstan 'patch' bay^ 'inlet of the sea' me. bale:
MHG. besten 'bind'. borrowed from FR. bale (= span.
bat ' 'a short cudgel' me. late OE. bahia, rr. baja^.
bat{ti): loanword from
gael. ir. bay'- sb. 'a kind of laurel-tree,
bat 'staff, cudgel' or more prob. sweet-bay me. bay bate 'a berry':
fr. FR. battc 'a rammer, wand', borrowed from ofr. baic baye
bat^ "•. winged mammal'; the FR. baie a berry. Source lat.
Scotch by-form ba{c)k points to bacca baca 'berry'.
ME. bakke =
DAN. bakkc (only in bay vb. 'bark as a dog' me.
comp. aftenbakke 'evening-bat'). baye shortened from abayc: loan-
Peril, connected with back and word from OFR. abater fr. aboyer.
bacon made prob. by G. (dial.)
, bay3 'berry' (in bay-riwi) tsie.
.s/<'('X"wr7i'('jr'liat']irop.'llitch-mouse'. bai bei OE. bd-^ =
northfris. bet.
14 he beaver *

DiTMARSCH bcic, DU. bei 'berry': <^i?<?//, o^.baun: teut. base bauno-
Teut. base baijiz hajjiz; not ident. 'bean'. The early existence of
with OFR. bate =
LAT. bacca. the word (goth. '^bauna) is at-
be 'exist' ME. be oe. bcon fr. a tested by the name of the
Teut. base '^bijan; cp. ohg. Ntn r= Fris. island Bannonia (island of
OSAX. biu-m 'I am', which an- beans?).
swers to LAT. fio: Aryan base bear vb. 'carry' me. bcre oe.
bhio {bhijo) traceable to bhwto b'eran osAX. ohg. beran, ox.
^rz

bhiiid; cp. \^bhti in 'LAi'./ui 'I was'. bera , du. bar en, goth. bairan.
Cp. booth and build. Akin to LAT. ferre, gr. (pfofiv,
be- prefix me. oe. be-: ident. SKR. \fbhar 'bear, carry': aryax
with by. sfbher. Cp. bier and birth.
beacon me. bekeu oe. bcacen bear sb. 'ursus' me. <^(rd? oe. bera
^= OHG. bouhhan, osAX. bokan (du. = ohg. ^t'?-<? MHG. ber G. <5/«-, du.
baak, G. bake fr. ofris. bakeri): /^i?^;-. The teut. b'eron- (on. bjgrii)
TEUT. base baukna-. See beck. is based on an Aryan adj. bhcro-

bead :me. /'tv/^' 'a bead, a prayer' 'brown' preserved in lAlYiU'bcras

OE. i^ebed 'prayer'. Deriv. from 'brown'.
the teut. \^bcd\ cp. bid. beard me. bcrd oe. beard =
beadle me. bedel bedel: loan- DU. baard, ofris. berd, ohg. g.
word from OFR. bedel fr. =
bart: TEUT. base bar da- aryan =
bideau (it. bidelld). Source a bhardha- in lat. barba, OSLOV.
Teut. bidil r= ohg. bitil. brada, lith. barzda, pruss. bor-
beaker me. biker cp. the sy- dus 'beard'.
\

non. DU. beker, osAX. bikcri, ohg. beast ME. best: loanword from
behhari G. bccher. Perh. the E. OFR. beste (fr. bete), whence also
word is borrowed from the sy- LG. DU. beest 'beast'. Source LAT.
non. ON. bikarr. Source lat. bestia (in a vulgar form besta).
biecariiif/i (it. bicehie re^ with the beat vb. ME. bete oe. beatan
hy-^onTy piccariwn (see pitcher). =
OHG. bo-i-fin JNIHG. boT^en, icel.
Further connections under basin. bauta 'beat. Cp. beetle.
beam 'a piece of timber' me. beaver^ 'an animal' me. bevcr
be'm oe. bcatn 'a tree' = OHG. OE. beofor = ohg. bibar G. biber,
MHG. boufu G. baum, lg. du. DU. bever, o^.bjorr: teut. bebriiz
hootn, OSAX. bom 'a tree'. The (whence are borrowed it. bevero,
corresp. synon. GOTH, bagnts (ON. fr. bievre) points to pre-teut."
badmr}) 'tree' seems to point to bhcbhrus =
lat. fiber, coKS.befer,
a TEUT. bagwma- with a by-form osLOV. bebrii, lith. bebriis, lett.
bawnm- bainua-. bebris, russ. bobrti 'beaver'. In
bean :NrE. bnie ben oe. bean = SKR. there is an adj. babhnis
svnon. OHG. bona G. bohne, du. 'brown', which is perh. a redupl.
 beavei-2 begin 15

form pointing to lith. her-as beech me. beche oe. bece (orig.
'brown' under bear. ^= LG. beeke 'beech'): for-
bd:ck
beaver- 'the lower part of a med with vowel mutation from
helmet' borrowed from the synon. *'bdc in OE. bpc-treim' cp. ohg. ;

FR. baviere, whence also the sy- biiohha MHG. buoche G. buche,
non. DU. beve7-. ON. bok. The name of this tree
because me. because bicause by- (whence book) is a pre-teut.
cause (also separately written be-, bkagos^^'LXT.fdgus 'beech', gr.
bi-, by- cause) : by the prep. -|- The gr. word
(payoc (prjyoc.
cause. perh. originally 'tree
signifies
beck^ 'a stream' me. bek: loan- with edible fruit, food-tree' (yre-
w'ord from ON. bekkr (= sw. ysTv 'eat').
biicJi); cp. OS AX. beki, du. beck, beef me. l^ef older bdf {beof):
OHG. bah(hh) G. bach from a teut. borrowed from ofr. boef fr.
haki-. boeuf. Source lat. bovetn i^bos).
beck- a nod or sign' me. bek beer me. ber oe. beor == ohg.
short for me. b(ke OE. beaceii ;
OSAX. bior G. DU. bier. A common
see beacon. westteut. word (base beiira-'),

bed "meT oe. bed {dd) = goth. perh. derived fr. oe. osax. b^o,
badi (stem badja-), oho. bcii betti ON. bygg 'barley hence beer ;

MHG. bette bete G, bctt, du. bed. prop, 'barley-juicq'?

The cogn. cvmr. bedd 'grave' beet ME. OE. bete. Source lat.
(celt, base bcdo-) points to the beta {= FR. bette, rr. bieta^,
ARYAN \'^bhedh bhodh (in lat. whence also G. beete.
fodio 'I dig', LiTH. bedu 'I dig), beetle' me. betel oe. bytcl betel
as is evident in G. beet (blumen- ^= the synon. LG. b(i'tel, on. bey-
beet) = E. bed (flowerbed). till 'hammer'. The teut. base
bedrid me. bcdred oe. bedrida: bautila- belongs to the teut.
lit. 'a bed-rider' =
mlg. bed- \^ baut in beat.
derede 'bedridden'. Cp. ride beetle- an insect .aii:. bitel oe.
(and the phrase »ride on an- bitola; derived from an adj. oe.
chor*). Akin to OHG. bettiriso, bitol 'inclined to bite'.
MLG. /W//c:r(?.ri' 'bedridden' ba/i-
-
beg vb. me. begge shortened
krese 'a lazy fellow. from OE. bedecian, formed from
bee ifE. be oe. beo contr. of ///V/ with intensive k (as in hark,
bie (infl. biati) =
ohg. bia, du. lurk, 7i.<alJi).
bij; with //-suffix o. bieiie from begin me. begifine oe. beginnan
OHG. bini. Akin to pruss. biitc, str. vb. =
OSAX. OHG. biginnaii,
LITH. bifis, LETT, bittc, \K. bech DU. (i. begitinen, goth. dugimicn
bee'; also lat. fiicus 'drone' 'begin'. The teut. \^ gen (the
(Aryan base b/ioiko-}^. initial g of which mav be an
i6 begin bellows

Aryan k in the compound)

belfry me. berfray l)erfrey ber-
is

traceable to the Aryan \f ken freid

berfreit adapt, of OFR. ber-
in OSLOV. po-cinq (infinit. po-ccti frci berefreit=^ ¥'S^.beffroi. Source
'begin', koni 'beginning'). MHG. Ih-revrit from Inrc 'pro-
beguile vb. me. hegUe {= mdu. tection' and frid 'a place of
beghijlcti) : loanword from ofr. security'.
guiler. C}). wi/e. belief iaie. beleve from the vb. ^^i.
behalf 'interest, benefit' ME. l>eleve believe. =
Phonetically
on hehah'e for oti halve or be not ident. with me. beleve ilc've
lialve OE. on {be) healfe\ OE. oe. lelea/a OSAX. gilbbo, DU. =
healf sb. (= OIIG. halha) means geloof, OHG. giloubo G. glaube.
side'. — believe vb. :me. bileve orig.

behave vb. late :me. behave ileve OE. lelefan ^elyfan 'believe'
OE. behabban: ident. witli have. = OSAX. gilobian, DU. gclooven,
— behavior shows a fr. ending OHG. gilouban (;. glanbcn, gofh.
in imitation of havior, var. of galaubjan.
haver for ai'er 'possession'. bell iME. OE. belle ^= du'. bel,
behead vb. me. behede bihefden LG. belle: WEST-TEUT. base bellon.
OE. behcafdian ; cp. mho. behoubetcn Akin to bello7vl
'behead'. Cp. head. bellow vb. ME. bel{o)7ve behve
OE. belgian bylgian 'bellow': teut.
behest :me. />ehest(e) bihest earlier
base ^'balligon ? Prob. an extended
beh(se oe. behces 'command, vow,'
form with vowel mutation and
OE. hces(base hdsi- ha/si-) points
to TEur. GOTH, haitau oe. =
intensive formative of oe. bellan
=r OHG. Ih'llan 'bellow'. \{ bell- is
h(ftan\ cp. hight ami hest.
traceable to belz bels, the teut.
behind .me. behindc{n) oe. be- \,^ corresponds to SKR. bhas (for
hindan 'afterwards, after'.
hinder and hindmost.
Cp.
bhals) 'bellow" = M^i 'speak' and
urn. balsas 'voice'.
behold vb. me. beholdr oe.
bellows INIE. behves (also belies)
behdldan {beh(aldan) 'hold, see'.
'a bellows': prop. plur. of belowe
Cp. hold.
belu l>eli 'a bellows, a bag, belly'
behoof iME. behof oe. bchof = OE. bo'li byli (bkhibyli) 'a bag'
synon. ou. behoef , mlg. bchof, =
ON. belp-, G. DU. balg 'skin'.
MHG. behuof G. behiif, hof Ident. with belly. A teut. \'^belg
icel.
moderation'. — behoove vb.ME. 'swell' appears in OHG. belgan
behove OE. behpfian 'be necessary' 'be angry', oe. ^ebolgen 'angry',
r^ DU. behoeven, mlg. I'ehoven. ON. bolgen 'swollen'; cogn. w.
belch vb. akin to me. be/he oe. OIR. bolgaim 'I swell' bolg bole —
bcelcian beakian and with suffix 'bag, bellows' OGALL. bulga —
bcalcettan 'belch'. 'leather-bag'. Cp. bolster.
 .

belly between 17

belly JiE. belie beli'h&Wy , womb, bon g. berauben, goth. biraubon

also a bellows'
OE. bell byl^ 'a 'rob', ON. ratifa 'rob'.
bag, pouch, purse, bag of any berry me. oe. berie ; cp. synon.
kind'. Ident. with bellows. OHG. beri G. bccre. The r was
below ME. bilpwe cp. loiv. orig. 2 = ^; cp. goth. /^^^V in
belt ME. OE. belt =
OHG. balz, weinabasi 'wineberry, grape', DU.
ox. belli 'a belt, border'. Source bes 'berry'.
LAT. (gall. ?) balteus 'belt'. beseech vb. iiE. biseche biseke
bench me. bench oe. bene; with oe. bisfcan: ident. with seek.
umlaut and palatalization from besom 'a broom' ue. besom
a TEUT. base batiki{z) =
OSAX. besmc 'a broom, rod' OE. besma
Du. G. OHG. bank, on. bekkr; fr. 'a rod* DU. bezem, ohg. b'esamo =
banc and it. span, banco are G. besen 'a broom', goth. ^bisma.
rEUT. loanwords. Cp. bank. lat. ferula may accord with
the Teut. word in an Aryan
bend sb. 'a band, bond' ]\rE.
bhes.
OE. bend (= osAX. ODU. \f
bendi,
bende, GQ-xn.bandi'di band, bond') best iEE. beste oe. betsta ^= goth.
from the \^ bend in bind, whence batista, OHG. be-^j/sto ifflG. g. /^^^/^,
also bend vb. bow, curve' :me. osax. betsto. Cp. better and
bende OE. bendan 'bind, curve,
bend'. bestow vb. iiE. bestowe; cp.
beneath 'sm.benethe oe. beneodan
^ DU. beneden from oe. neodan,
;
betide vb. me. betide ; cp. //^/(T.

OSAX. nithatia, ohg. nidana mhg. betray vb. me. betraie (by-form
nidcn(c) 'below'. Cp. nether. adapt, of fr. trahir
belraisse) :

(source lat. tradere 'deliver').

benison me. beneisonn borrowed :
Cp. traitor and treason.
from OFR. bene'ifon. Source lat.
betroth vb. :\[e. bitreuthie 'be-
henedictionetn (vp. me. maleisoun =
tioth'; deriv. from truth.
OFR. tnale'ifon, lat. inaledictioncni)
bent-grass oe. bconot =l osax.
better me. better oe. betera =
goth. batiza , ohg. bc"^iro g.
biniit, OHG. binir^ mhg. bin(e)- g.
besser, osax. betoro du. beter, ,
/>'/>w^, DU. bentgras.
ON. /^^'//T. Cp. the corresp.
bequeath vb. me. bcqucthe oe. superl. best. No primitive
hecw'cda?^ 'declare, affirm'. — be- exists in the Teut. and Aryan
adj.

quest :me. bi(/iiestc usually biquide langs.; for the root cp. boot-
byquide bequidc. For the OE. vb. and best.
cwedati 'speak' cp. quoth.
between
me. bitwene oe.
bereave vb. me. bircue bctwconum 'between'; in OE. the
{rcve)
OE. ber^afian (reafian) = osax. orig. construction was be S(hn
I'irobon, DU. beroovcn, ohg. (bi)rou- ttvcommi = between the seas',
F.NGLisH Etymology.
li beveiase lincl

OE. '^tiveon earlier twihn 'two' entreaty') pre-TEUT. hhidh. Cp. :

answers to goth. tweihus =

lax. bid 'pray' for the identity of bide
biniis (Aryan base dweikiw-s). —
with TEUT. bidjan.
betwixt ME, betwix (by-form bier me. bere bcre oe. beer =
betwixe) OE. betweox bitwihs (by- OSAX. OHG. bdra G. bahre DU. ,

form beiweoxn^^ osxa.tindariwisk baar; the modern spelling with

'between', ohg. umiar zwisketn ie (since 1600) is due to fr.
'between' o. zwisc/ieti. The Teut. biere. Source a teut. herd-,
base izviska- 'two' is a deriv. of derived fr. bear (teut. \^ ber).
TEUT. twa in ttvo. bile ME. bile oe. byle DU. =
beverage me. beverage bevei-ege: buil OHG. bulla ^bf/llia 'blain'
,

loanword from ofr. bevrage :mhg. biiile g. beiile: teut. base

benrage breiivaige = fr. breiroage. Iniljd(n)-.

Source lat. bibere bilP 'a writing, account' to-

(lat. type
biberaiicuf/i) . gether with its dimin. billet 'a
bevy 'a company' me. l>ez'ey note' ME. bille 'a letter' (dimin.
beve; doubtful if ident. with ofr. billette 'a note'): from mei».-lat,
ba'eye fr. bevie 'drink, drinking'? billa bulla 'a bubble, boss, leaden
then the E. word might prop, seal, a bull'. Cp. bull.
denote "a drinking-party'. bill- 'sword' ME. OE. bill 'sword'
beyond :me. beyo/ide oe. be~^egn- ^
OHG. OSAX. bil{lt) 'a sword'. If
daii. Cp. yon. GOTH, '^bilja- goes back to Aryan
bible me. bible: loanword from bJnlyo- for bhid/yo-, connection
FR. bible, whence also DU. bijbel, with LAT. finder e is possible.
G. sw. DAN. bibel. Source lat. Hence bill 'the instrument for
biblia. splitting' and
bid ME. bidde oe. biddan str. vb. bill 3 'bird's beak' me. bill(e)
=: GOTH, bidjan, OSAX. biddiaii, bil{e) OE. bile "beak prob. con- ;

DU. bidden, ohg. biitan G. bitten, nected with biir-.

OX. bidja 'bid. The teut. y^ billow ME. ''dilwe prop. ^d>ilge:
bad for /•/(/ goes back to an borrowed from ox. bylgja: teut.
Aryan \^ b/ddh in gr. T7fi't>(.o 'move \^ b'elg 'swell' treated under bag
by praying' which with lat. /ido and bellows.
trust' points to connection with bin ME. binne oe. (^/w/ 'manger':
bide. CELT, loanword from gall, benna
bide ME. b/de oe. bidan str. vb. =
kind of vehicle, whence also
GOTH, beidan, osAX. bulan, OHG. fr. benne 'a basket, hamper'
bitan, ox. bida. The strong verb (it. /;<?/;/; 'sleigh,
(^?
cart'). G. benne
teut. bida?i wait' agrees with 'basket-wagon' is of fr. origin.
lat.//V(? 'I trust' and gr. nfido/iiai bind :me. binde oe. bindan str. vb.
I trust, obey' {niiSio I move by = OSAX. bindan, on. binda, DU.
 birch blai 19

G. linden , OHG. b'lntan : teut. base bik/on- also in ox. bikkja

yfb'end. An Aryan \^ bhendh bitch'; cp. OFR. biche 'bitch'.
appears in skr. bandh 'bind'; bite me. bite (je. bitan str. vb. =
SKR. bandhu 'relative' points to OSAX, Intan, onG. bi--^an G.beissen,
connection with gr. nst'Otfjo^- DU. bijien 'bite', ox. biia. A teut.
'father-in-law', gr. nHdna for str. vb. btian 'bite' is developed
*77 iifaua
)' LAT. of-fend-imentuni from an Aryan \'~ bifid 'split' in
,

'band, rope'. Cp. band, bend. LAT. pindo, SKR. bhid 'split'. Cp.
birch ME. birchc ok. birce bitter and bill'-. =
OHG. bircha g. Inrkc teu r. base bitter adj.ME./v/Ar ok. bitter inter
=
:

birkjon-. The synon. OE. lycorc, OSAX. OHG. bittar mhg. g.

DU. berk, ox. bjgrk from an orig. DU. mlg. lg. dax. s\v. bitter, ox.
base b'crko- are an Aryan bhergd bitr 'bitter': teut. base bitra-
= SKR. bhiirja osLov. bi'cza, (and baitra- in goth. baitrs
,

yx'lW. berzas 'birch'. C]). bark^. 'bitter'), prop, biting': deriv. from
the TEUT. \/~bit in bite.
bird ME. ;f'/;'(/ mostly brid's. bird',
orig. 'a young bittern mf.. bitor older butor
bird' OE. b?'id (plur.
briddas) 'the young of any bird':
(= DU. butoor^ borrowed from :

TEL'T. base In-'idja- for bredju-;

FR. butor (= IT. bittore). Source
akin to breed and broodl LAT. bos taiirus a bird's name?
black ME. blak oe. bicec {blac-')
birth -ME. i^/r///<? older i-birde ;

akin to lg. black 'ink'.

OE. lebyrd =
OSAX. giburd, i)U.
bladder .aie. bladdre oe. blcedrc
^eboorte,
OX.
ohg.
/wr^/>- 'birth',
gibiiri G.
GOl'H, gabailrps
geburt,
= DU. blaar , lg. bladere , OHG.
bldttara g. blatter, ICEL. bladra;
'birtli": deriv. from a teut. vb.
the TEUT. base ^'blcdrbn- (with
^abtran 'produce' with suflix di-:
//r^- as suffix) comes from the
pi (cp. IR. /W/// 'birtli', skr.
TEUT. V"^/(,' in bioio'-.
bhrti bearing').
blade jik. ^^A?^/.? oe. (^/^?^/ (plur.
bishop
bisceop =
ME. Inslwp
OSAX. bishop, du. /w- blatt,
bisshop oi;. bladii) = synon. ohg. /Vrt-/ g.
DU. OSAX. M^^/, ox. biad,
OHG. biscof G. bischof, ox. GOTH.
jv//^>/,
*blada-. Tlieir dental
biskup. WEST-TEUT. (^/>/&^ (taken
seems to be formative; bla-
as a compound /'/ + i'-(v/)
iden- from pre-TEUT. M/^;- is perh.
is

tical \\;ith GOTH, aipiskatlpiis =

akin to lat. /ol-iit?n, gr. ipvXXov.
GR. tnt'ay.ono^-, LAT. episc(pus. The Aryan \'~ biwl bhlo-
in bloom}
initial e wanting in rr.
is also blain .me. Mva/ oe. blej^en =
vescovc, ofr.prov. vesque (but fr. DU. /^/(?/>? rEUT. base blajinb- :

h'eque from ofr. ^ewy//^) =:r vulgar from TEur.

\f bla in bladderl
LAr. (e)bisc(pns. blame vb. me. bldyne (= mdu.
bitch yiE. biec/ie oe. bie'ce; tkut. blatnen^ \ loanword from fk.
 :

20 blank — bless

bldmer (= OSPAN. blastnar, it. bia- iiE. bleik late OE. bldec: borrow-
simare: source lat. blasphemare). ed from ON. bleikr = orig. oe.
blank :me. blank o'£. blanc blgnc bide ME. blgk, DU. bleek, G. bleich.
=: synon. ohg, mhg. blanc G. A iY\jT:.\fblik appears in OE.
blank; ON, blakkr 'gray or white blican, ON. blika, OS ax. blikan,
horse': teut. \fblcnk in blink. DU. blijken, ohg. blihhan 'shine'.
The TEUT. adj. blanka- was in- blear-eyed 'having sore eyes'
troduced into the Roman, langs.; ME. blcr-eyed bler-eighed fr. blcj-e
cp. IT. bianco, fr. blanc with the 'blear' -\- eye eij^e 'eye'; cp. dan.
deriv. fr. blaiichet =
ofr. blanket, plir-gjet, LG. bler-oged 'blear-eyed'
whence me. e. blanket 'a coarse (akin to i^G. /lii-r-bge 'a bleared-
woolen cover'. eye', en flirr up't oge hebben 'have
blare vb.'roar' me. blare vb. = a bleared eye').
DU. blaren, G. bliirren pltirren. bleat vb. me. blete oe. blcetan
blast :nE. /'/(?j/ OE. /V«j-/ ohg. ^ :=: DU. blaicn bleeten, lg. bleten,
/'A?i'/, ON. bldstr 'a gust of wind' ohg. bldyxn :\rHG. bld-ifn.
deriv. of the teut. \f blcs du. = bleed vb. me. blede oe. '*bledan
blazen, ohg. bldsan G. blasen, on. = OFRis. bUda, DU. bloeden, lg.
bldsa, GOTH, blesan. A shorter bld'den, ohg. bluoian, on. i5/l^'^lf^
\'~ble cp. under blow-. 'bleed': deriv. from teut. blbda-
blaze sb. 'a flame' me. <5/iii'^ in blood.
'flame , torch' OE. bUese (infl. blemish vb. me. blemiss(h)c
bldsaii) 'torch' = lg. MHG. bias 'wound, injure, soil': loanword
'a torch'. Akin to goth. blesan from OFR. blemiss-, stem of some
= g. blasen 'blow' (cp. G. wind- forms of FR. blemir 'grow pale'
licht 'torch'). (fr. bleme blesjue 'pale, wan).
blaze vb. 'proclaim' me. bldse blench
me. blenche (also vb.
'blow as a trumpet': perh. loan- blenke) 'shrink back, give way',
word from ON. bldsa 'blow' =
OE. blencan 'deceive': causative
i)U. blazen 'sound a of blink, TEUT. base '^blankjan.
trumpet',
OHG. bldsan g. blasen 'blow', blend ^ vb. me. blende (pret.
goth.
blesan (in tifblesan 'puff" up'). blende^— oe. blandan osax. =
blazon^ 'proclamation' from fr. GOTH, blandan, on. blanda, ohg.
blasonner 'blazon', whence DU. blantan :mhg. blanden.
blazoen. — blazon- me. bldso?i blend'^ vb. iiE. blende oe. blen-
older bldsoun from FR. blason dan =
ohg. blentan blenten G.
'coat of arms' (whence also blenden: causative of blind \^).
DU. blazoeti) ? bless vb. :me. blesse older bletsie
bleach vb. me. bleche oe, blcecan oe. bUtsian older blcedsian 'bless'
--= ON. bleikja 'whiten': teut. from a teut. base *blddisbn, not
base blaikjan from the adj. bleak found elsewhere in teut. The
 .

blind blow 2 21

vb. orig. 'sprinkle with blood' G. (^/(Cr/^. Uncertain whether the

is appar. a deriv. of teut. bloda- E. word is a native E. word or
in blood. adapt, fr. fr. bloc 'block, log'.
blind adj. me. oe. blind =
blond from fr. blond, whence
OSAX. DU. G. SW. DAN. blind (OHG. also G. DU. DAN. blond. Source
MHO. blini), ON. blindr, goth. a lost TEUT. blunda- (= it.
blinds. Akin to on. blunda vb. biondo, span, blondd).
'close one's eyes' and to lith. blood ME. OE. blpd OSAX. =
blandyti 'cast down one's eyes' blod, DU. bloed, LG. blood, OHG.
— blcsti blisti 'grow
• dark'. MHG. bluot G. blut — ON. /'/c^^, ,

blind vb. make blind' deriv. SW. DAN. blod: TEUT. base bloda-
of supplanting me. blende (and blopa- in GOTH. /V^/) from
blind,
(pret. oe. blendan
blende) =
a pre-TEUT. bhloto- bhlato-, not
synon. OHG. blentan G. blenden: found elsewhere. Its relation
causative of the teut. base to the \fblb 'bloom' is doubtful.
blinda in blind adj. blindfold See bleed and bless.
adj. me. bli?idfelle oe. blindfellian bloom ME. blpm(e) borrowed :

'strike blind, put out the eyes'; from ON. blom blomi GOTH. =
the mod. phonology of the bloma, OSAX. blotno, du. bloem,
second element of the word is OHG. bluotna {bluotno) G. blntne
due to confusion .with fold"^ But 'flower'. For the \Pbld cp. lat.
its origin is obscure; it may be flos and OIR. bldth 'blossom' and

akin to ov..fcll, G. fell ohg. fcl, blow'

GOTH, fill =
LAT. pellis. blossom ME. blosme OE. bldsi?/i{a)

blink vb. ME. blinke ^= G. DU. bldsfna^=\iV. bloescm {bloeni), :\ilg.

blinkcn, sw. blinka, dan. blinke. blo(s)sem : deriv. of the teut.

bliss ME. blisse oe. bliss older \'~ bio in blo7v.^
blids blids {= OSAX. blidsed) : blow sb. 'a stroke' me. blowe;
j'-deriv, of blithe. deriv. from l\rE. bleive oe. bleoK^an
blister :me. blister oe. '"blystre = OHG. bliuwan mhg. bliuicen
r—- ODU. bluyster. Root unknown. G. blciuen, DU. blouwen, GOi'H.
blithe Mt=:. blithe oe. blide 'joy- bliggwan 'strike': TEUT. \^ bleu
ful, glad' (cp. bliss^ = o.SAX. blew.
Mthi , LG. bl/de, DU. blij'(de), blow ' vb. 'bloom' aiE. /^/^Yi'^

OHG. blidi, ON. MViV", SAY. DAN. OE. blgwan 'blossom' = osAX.
bl''d, GOTH, blcips. The dental blojan, DU. bloeijen, ohg. bluojan
is formative, but the teut. \rbll G. blilhen 'blow, bloom', goth.
unknown elsewhere. "^•blojan. The TEUT. y^ /'A' appears
block >rE. block 'a bloom and blossom.
block' (of also in
wood). Cp. tho synon. DU. blok, blow 2 vb. 'puff' ME. bhhve oe.
MLG. block, OHG. <^/i?/^ MHG. bloch bldwan str. vb. OHG. bldian 'blow* =
22 blue bolster

MHG. blcpwen blcEJen G. blcilun bodkin ME. boidekifi 'a small

'blow, swell". The teut. \^ ble dagger'; of uncertain origin,
bla agrees partly with lat. related to w. bidog ir. bideog,

flare(Aryan bhla in blade and 'a dagger'? The diphthong oi

bladder). in ME. sViows foreign origin of
blue ME. blaii>: not deriv. from MF^.boidekin; but the suffix seems
OE. blckven (deriv. of OE. bldiv), to be Anglisized.
whence me. "^blewe ought to be body ME. body bddi OE. bodi^
derived, me. blnv bleu is loan- 'body'; akin to ohg. botah mhg.
word from the synon. fr. bleu boteeh 'trunk, corpse'. Relation
{= IT. biavo'); me- b.'o 'blue is to ohc;. botahha g. botiich 'a

adapt, of ox. bldr. The source large vessel, tub' is uncertain.

of the whole group is a teut. boil 'a small tumor' me. bile
base blown-- b'ewa- 'blue' =
oe. OE. byl{e)\ ident. with bile.
bldw, ON. bldr, du. blaauw, ohg. boil vb. 'bubble up* me. boile
bldo G. blau; ident. w. -LX'\:.Jlavtis boyle loanword from ofr. boillir:

'yellow'. fr. bouillir span, bullir, it. =

boar me. bar oe. bar =
ohg. bollire 'boil'. Source lat. bulUrc
AIHG. ber 'a young boar', OSAX. 'bubble'.
ber(swin), lg. b^r, du. beer : teut. boisterous .aie. boistrous 'rough,
base baizu- or bairu-. coarse' an extended form of
:

boistous 'rough, clums_v'. The

board 'a plank' 'mv.. oe. bJrd me.
'board, plank, shield, table' = <??-diphthong points to foreign
origin; no source yet found.
OSAX. DU. sw. DAN. bord, LG. boord,
g. bort, ON. bord, goth. (folu)-
bold :me. bold oe. bald (bc'ald
baiird 'foot-stool': teut. base
older b(alp) goth. '"balpa- =
(in balpaba adv.), on. ballr (orig.
borda- with the by-form breda-
in oe. bred =
G. brett (du. berd
^balpr), OSAX. ohg. bald 'bold'
(hence g. bald 'soon, quickly').
ODU. bred).
boast vb. :me.
bole ME. bole
b}ste\ perh.
MHG. bole g. =
bohle 'a thick plank'; akin to
traceable to an oe. *bosctlian :
ON. bolr 'trunk of a tree' and
deriv. from teut. \/~baus bus in
peril, related to GR. (f'u.n.y'l
G. bdse ohg. b3si?
'stem of a treg'.
boat ME. bdl oe. bdl = on. boll ME. bolle OE. bolla bowel,
^^/V 'boat'. The E. word is the a round vessel' =
du. bol m.
source of on. b.ilr, du. g. bool OHG. bolla 'a round vessel', on.
and FR. bateau. bolli. Perh. akin to ball and
bodice stays for women' for- LAT. follis "hose".
merly bodies, being plur. oibody. bolster me. oe. bolster du. =
Cp. peftce {ox pennies. MHG. bolster ohg. bolstar g.
 :

l)oU — booty 2i

polster, ON.bolstr: deriv. with beech-tablet' used to scratch

str- from the teut. \f beig runes on.
suffix \

'swell'; hence its orig. meaning boom borrowed from du. boom
'swelling' (teut. base bolstra- {= LG. booni) 'a tree, beam,
from '^bolhstra-'). pole'. Ident. with beajn.

bolt vb. 'sift meal' me. bulie : boon me. bone 'petition, favor'
borrowed from OFR. bulter (fr. loanword from ON. bon 'a prayer'.
blutei-^ 'sift'. There was a native OE. beti me.
bolt 'a stout pin of iron etc., bene 'a prayer'.
an arrow' me. oe. bolt ^= synon. boor adapt, of du. boer {=
OHG. bolz, DU. bout, ox. boite. G. bauer') 'peasant'. Akin to
Borrowed from lat. catipitlta ? OE. lebiir, cp. neighbor.

bone me. bgn oe. ban g. =

boot^ ME. bote', loanword from
bein,OSAX. ben, DU. been, on. /v/;/, OFR. bote (boute) fr. bottc =
sw. DAN. ben, go th. '^bain (du. g. (it. bota) akin to G. bossen ;

on. sw. also 'leg'). Perh. cogn. 'shoes'. Source unknown.

with ON. bcinn 'straight'. boot- 'advantage me. bote OE.
bonnetME. bonct: loanword from bp't = osax. GOTH, beta, OHG.
OFR. bonet orig. FR. chapel tie bito-i^a biio-^ G. basse, on. hot. For
bonet; jmed.-lat. bonneta 'a stuff the TEUT. \^<^(?/ cp. batten,
of which caps were made'. better and best.
bonny me. Iwfty an engl. : booth :\1E. bothe loanword :

of fr. ban 'good'.

tlerivative from ODAN. both (dan. bod) :^
booby not found in :\rE. oe., :mhg. buoile c. bude. The oicel.
with ENGL, ending derived from bud from dan. bod
differs in the
SPAN, bobo 'fool? root-vowels (teut. b:u). The
book ME. bpk oe. biic = g. dental is suffix. For the teut.
buch OHG. buoh, osax. bok, du. V^M (iNDO-TEUT. bhif) 'dwell'

boek, GOTH. l>bka f. — bok n. 'a cp. UTH. butas 'house', oiR. both

letter of tlie alphabet' shows in (bothdn) 'hut' (base bhu-to). See

the plur. the meaning 'writing, build and be.

document, book', and the OHG. booty in the 15''' cent, spelled
osax. oe. corresponding buoh bptye and butin akin to the ;

bok occurs in pluralform with the equiv. fr. butin, du. buit G. ,

meaning 'a single book'. There- beute, ON. l>yte 'booty' the fr. ;

fore it is evident, that the sing, word represents an osax. '^'biitin

meant orig. (as in goth.) a *biiti, which is cogn. w. OIR.
single letter of the alphabet'. buaid victory' and cymr.^W^/ 'ad-
The teut. base boka- (cp. vantage, profit'. Aryan \^bhutl
beecli) was orig. 'beech-bark. bhaud. :
 .

24 border bough

border me. border bord{e)ure: stem of the numeral in its oldest

adapt, of FR. bordure. Ultimate forms had no dental goth. bai
:

source OHG. boiio 'edge'. = bd bu 'both'. The

oe. be^en
bore vb. me. bore oe. borian dental ending is short for the
= OHG. boroft G. bokre/i, DU. article me. bgthe : =
OE. hd da,
boren, ON. bora. The teut. base G. beide instead of bei die. In
boron agrees with lat. forare the older ])eriods the article
'bore' cp. GR. (/,«(>Oi"'plough',SKR. was combined with the numeral;
;

bhurij 'scissors': Aryan v^ bher cp. GOTH, ba pb scipa 'both

bhdr. ships', OE. bej^en dd gebrodru
borough and -bury in place- 'both brothers'.
names :me. borwe (and biry) bottle^ 'a hollow vessel' me.
OE. burh burg (dat. sing, ^ivj) hotel =
DU. bottel, lg. buttel bud-
'town'. OE. burg ^synon. OSAX. del: loanwords from fr. bouteille
bur(u)g, DU. buig, OHG. bur(u)g (= SPAN, botella, it. bottiglia)
G. burg, ON. borg, goth. baiirgs Source med.-lat. buticula f. di-
'town'. min. of butis 'a butt'. «

borrow vb. inie. borwe oe. bor- bottle'- 'a bundle of hay' :me.
gian 'protect, borrow' =
ohg. botel: loanword from ofr. bote I
borgen G. hoigen 'borrow, give dimin. of fr. botte 'a bundle of
a pledge'. Prob. akin to ohg. hay'. Source a teut. bauta- in
hergan, goth. bairgaii 'protect, OHG. boy? 'a bundle of flax'.
shelter' (oSLOV. brcgq 'I take bottom :\ie. botum oe. botm =^
care of). OSAX. bodom, du. bodem, ohg.
bosom ME. hosum oe. bosfn =
bodam g. bodcn. The teut. bases
OSAX. bbsm, DU. boczetn ohg. bupma- {= ohg. bodavi) or butna
,

buosa7H G. buse/i, goth. *bbs//m-. {= on. botii) or with assimi-

botch vb. 'mend a garment' lation butma- {= OE. botf/i) re-
ME. bocche 'repair' deriv. from present
: Aryan bases bhutno-
boot 'mending, repair of a thing'? bhudno; c^). avjya^ bhudhno- 'bot-
perh. ident. with OE. botettian tom' in skr. budhna cp. gk. ',

W> Cp. G. dial, biieizen nvdf(7Jv, lat. fundus (if trace-

repair
'mend shoes' = OHG. buoszen able to Iflmdhno-s'^^. The pho-
repair netical relations of the group
botch swelling on the skin, are obscure.
'a

a boil' ME. bocche: borrowed bough ME. bough bow oe. boh
from OFR. boche 'a sore' (fr. bosse bog := DU. bocg 'bow of the ship ,

'swelling' =
it. boccia 'ball'). OHG. biiog 'upper joint of thf
both ME. bgthe = osAX. bedie, arm or leg, shoulder, hip' G.
ofris. bef/ie bede, ohg. g. beide, on. bug 'shoulders, withers', on. bbgr
bddir, s\v. bdda, dan. baade. The 'shoulder, bow of a ship'. GOTH.
 bounce bov 25

^bflgiis from pre-teut. bhaghil-s weapon, a bend' me. bowe OE.

'arm, corresponds to boga
fore-arm' =
OHG. osax. bogo, DU.
SKR. bahil 'arm', also gr. nd^vg boog, G. bogen, on. bogi.
TiTJ/vg 'fore-arm, elbow. bow- 'the forward part of a
bounce vb. me. bounse 'beat, ship', var. of bough.
knock' OE. "^"In'msian: frequent. bowel JiE. bouil bowel: loan-
of a primit. '^biinanl Akin to LG. word from OFR. bouel (fr. boyau);
biuiscn bumsen (J)ansen}^ 'knock*? source lat. botellus 'sausage' (it.

bound sb. me. bounde older b?7uielio), whence also ODU. bode-
bounc: borrowed fr. oer. bonde linc DU. beuling 'sausage'.
bonne 'boundary'. —
boundary bower sb. me. bour oE. biir 'a
points to FR. bonnier , whence dwelling' (see neighbor = OE.
also DU. Imnder ouu. bunre. n^hiebili-) =
oSAX. mlg. bur 'a
Source MED.-LAT. bodina. house, cage', OHG. mho. biir 'a
bound vb. 'leap, spring' bor- chamber' G. hauer 'a cage', ox.
rowed from ER. bond'ir 'leap, biir 'a chamber, larder'. For the
spring' prop, 'resound'. Source TEUT. Y^M 'dwell' cp. build.
LAT. Iwmbitare 'hum' ? bowl ME. bolle OE. bolla =
on.
bound adj. 'ready, })rcpared' bolli^ DU. bol, OHG. bolla.

:me. boiin'ready, prepared to go': box' 'a chest' me. oe. box', bor-
loanword from ox. buinn 'pre- rowed from a vueg.-lat. '^buxeni
pared', part, bibiia 'till, prepare'; for buxidem (nom. buxis), whence
cp. busk. also DU. bus, G. bilchsc 'box' ohg.
bounty me. loanword buhsa for '"buhsja.
bonnte: vulg.-lat.
from FR. source eat. boni- buxis (from GR. vvhg 'box made
bonti;
tatcni. — bounteous mi:, bounte- of the box-tree' cp. box'-) ap-
vous'. derived from oer. bontive pears in FR. bosseite, rr. bossolo
'benevolent' by inllucnce of 'box'.
righteous. box- 'the name of a tree' :\rE.
bourn 'boundary' adapt, of fr. box-tre OE. box: borrowed from
bornc\ ident. with bound. LAT. -ROM. buxUS (= IT. boSSO,
bow vb. 'bund' ME. bowe earlier span. boXy FR. buis), whence also
hiiwe OE. bugan str. vb. 'bend, OHG. MHG. buhs{-boicm) G. bicchs- =
flee' (only intr.) =
dl'. buigen, bautn 'box-tree', DU. busboom.
:meg. bi/gen, ohg. biogan g. biegen, boy JME. boic OE. *bdta\ perh.
GOTH, biugan 'bend'. The teut. dimin. of a lost OE. "^''bo 'brother'
\^ bug is an Aryan bhuk on ac- =
FLEM. boe 'brothei-': childish
count of OHG. buhil 'hill'. A abbreviation of E. brother, as G.
cogn. \^ bhug appears in lat. bube OHG. Imobo is a reduplication
fugio, GR. (f&ry<ii. — bow^ sb. 'a of "^bb 'brother'?
2b boycott brave

boycott first heard of in Dec. bramble me. brembel oe. bremel

1880. Captain James Boycott was earlier "^brcemil; cogn. w. G. brovi-
a farmer at Lough Mask, co. becrc 'lirambleberry' ohg. brama,
Mavo, Ireland the Irisli league
; TiV'. braatn, perh. ident. w. OE.
pronounced their edict, in con- brom under broom.
sequence of which no one wished bran me. bran: adapt, from. ir.
to work or have anything to do w. bran. me. bren adapt, from
with him; he was the victim of OFR. bren points to the same
llie system of procedure named source.
after him. branch 'a bough of a tree'
brace sb. me. brace: adapt, of ME. braiincJie: borrowed from FR.
OFR. brace. Source lat. brac- I'ranche (== span. it. brancai.h.1.
chiuin. t}'pe lu-ramical deriv. of lat.
brach .me. bracchc: adapt, of raniui 'branch'?).
OFR. brache. Source ohg. bracko brand me. oe. !>ra?id brond =
'hunting dog' =
DU. brak ODU. ODU. -^^.G. brand, ohg. mhg. brant
hrackc. 'a burning, a brand', DU. G.%/>rand

brad me. brad usually brod: 'a burning, fuel', ON. brandr 'a
loanword from ON. broddr 'spike, firebrand', SAV. dan. brand ?l fire-
shaft' {= OE. brord 'spike', ohg. brand, fire'. From teut. brinnan
brort 'edge'). The teut. base burn. =
brandish vb, me. —
brozda- answers to OIR. brot 'sting'. braiindifslic braundisse: loanword
brag me. bra{g)ge\ from FR. brandiss- in brandir (=
vb. 'boast'
akin to OFR. braguer 'Haunt, brave, IT. brandirc) 'brandish'. Source
brag'. Source doubtful. a Tia'T. brand 'sword' E. brand =
braid vb. 'weave' me. breide 'sword' 01:. /'ro?id, ox. brandr,
OE. brcyian 'move to and fro, JNIHG. brant 'blade of a sword'.
weave' =
OSAX. br'cgdan lg. , —
brandy short for brandyioine
breiden^ ohg. br'ettan mhg. br'etten, =
Dv. brandcivijn, G. brantewein
ON. bregda 'draw, pull, weave, 'brandy', lit. 'burnt wine'.
braid'; orig. 'move quickly'; but brass :me. bras oe. brees. lat.
mlg. breiden 'knit'. Cp. bridle. ferr urn, \iioxferso- ARYAN b/ierso-,

brain ime. brain OE. bra:~^en =

co^isidered akin to the teut.
is

DU. brein, LG. bregen 'brain'. The base brasa- in oe. brers.
TEUT. base bragena- 'brain', if brat 'a child' perh. ident. with
from an Aryan 7nrogh-, is com- me. oe. bratt 'a coarse cloak':
pared with GR. (igf/uoc 'fore- orig. a Celt, word, cp. GAEL. ir.
head' (for *f([)f-/-)- brat 'a cloak, mantle' w. brat —
brake a thicket'me. brake; 'a rag-, a pinafore'.
perh. cogn. w. lg. brake 'tree- brave borrowed from FR. brave,
trunk' ? whence also du. braaf, G. brav.
 '

brawn breeze 2-J

brawn me. In-awi brawn 'muscle, \fbrek 'break' (aryan bhrifi)

boar's flesh'; orig. "^braoim bra- cp.L AT./rango (jnet./regi) 'break'.
Jnin: borrowed from OFR. braon breakfast me. brekefaste: prop,
'a piece of flesh, muscle'. Source 'breakiny one's fast, the first
a TEUT. brado ace. bradiin =
meal of the day by which the
OHG. braio MHG. b7-dt£ 'a slice fast is broken'.
of bread' and also like g. braten bream me. br(m: loanword
'roast meat', OE. brcsdan 'roast
from FR. branc; source a teut.
meat', G. braten, DU. braden 'roast'; braxma
in ohg. brahstma mhg.
in LG. dial, an OSAX. brado braese^n G. brass en osax. =
'muscle' is preserved (e. g-. west- bressemo, DU. brascin, osw. braxn^
PHAL. tvadbrae) cp. mlg. brade. DAN. brasen.
;

braze^ vb. 'adorn with brass'

breast me. bresi short for me.
JIE. brdsc OE. brasian 'cover witii
brest oe. breost =: osax. brio sty
brass': deriv. of OE. brcps\ cp.
OFRIS. briast, ox. brjdst\ akin to
brass.
GOTH, brusts plur. , DU. borst,
braze"^ vb. 'harden': loanword
OFRIS. burst (dind briast), G.brust:
from ox. brasa 'harden by fire'.
TEUT. bases breiist- brust-. :

breach bre'clie: adapt,

:\ir<;. of
breath me. bre'th oe. breed
FR. brcchc. Source the teut. vb.
odor' akin to OHG.
br'ckan =break.
'breath ,

bradafn :mhg. bradem g. brodcm

;

bread me. bred late oe. bread

broden 'steam, vapor, exhalation'.
= OHG. brot G. brSd, osax. brSd^
breech 'buttocks' .air. brech oe.
DU. brood, lafc ox. brand. The
Teut. base brau-da- is deriv. fr.
brec. Orig. ident. with breeches
(»a pair of breeches«) jie.
the \^ bri'c in K. broth and
brech
the corresp. oe.
breche',
brew. The orig. teu r. word for
bread was, loaf (= teut. hlaiba-^. brec plur. points to a sing-. *brcc
In OE. we
=: DU. broek, ofris. brbk (plur.
find bread 'piece of
l>rdk (plur. brd-kr), ORG.
brcU), ox.
bread' and /w/^rfV?'^/'honev-comb'.
breadth formed after length MHG. bruoch. The teut. base
brok- plur. brokiz) is seemingly
strength with secondary th from
brede oe. brddo connected with Gall.-lat. braca
-ArE. 'breadth':
'clotliing for the legs'.
abstract noun formed from broad
with uiplaut (GOTH, braidei, ohg. breed vb, ^^•:. brede oe. bredan
breitt). Cp.wesit'Hal. bredde, ^= DU. broeden ohg. bruoten ,

OSAX. '^brcdtha from bred 'broad'. MHG. briieten G. brilten 'brood,

break vb. me. bre'ke oe. brecan hatch', GOTH, "'brbdjan deriv. of :

str. vb. ^DU. breken, osax. teut. brbda- see brood.

brekan, OHG. brehhan G. brechen, breeze '
'a strong wind =
GOiH. brikan. With the teut. synon. G. brise, dax. bris: source
 -; .

breeze brim

FR. brise 'the north wirfd' = ME. bridegojfie into E. bridegroom

SPAN. b7-isa. is due to the influence oi gr oom.
breeze- 'gadfly' me. brese oe. bridge me. brigge oe. brycg =
breosa. Connection with G. bremse OFRis. brigge, DU. (^r?^^, OHG.
and brcvic (ohg. brhnisa I^rand) brucka G. brilcke (goth. '^brugja
is doubtful. '^briigjo). Thecorresp. o^.bryggja
brew vb. ME. brewe oe. breowan (also LG. briigge, northfris.
str. vb. =DU. broiiwen, ohg. bragh) and germ, (dial.) briickc
brhiwaii G. brauen. With the signify 'pavement, floor'; and oe.
TEUT. \fbru (Aryan bhru bhreii) brycgian me. brigge and nfris.
'brew' are related phryg.-thrac. braghin, MLG. bri'iggen signif)' 'to
liovTOi' 'beer, cider', which prob. pave'.
stands for gr. *(povTov, also lat. bridle me. oe. bridcl older oe.
dcfriihMi 'must boiled down', oiR.
—
bnith 'live coals,
ohg. Imttil for
briydel bri^dil =
bruthe 'broth' from the teut. deriv.
heat' — bruith 'cooking'. Cp.
'^brictil:

vb. br'egdan 'pull' under braid.

b r c a d.
Akin to OSLOV. bruzda '5ridle'
bridal, see bride. (Aryan \fbhreghdh also in lat.
bride i\ie. bride oe. bryd (from framm 'bridle'?).
"brydi "briuii) =
OSAX. odu.
brief adj. 'short' me. bref:
LG. brild, DU. bruid, ohg. ]\ihg. borrowed from fr. bref (span.
briii G. braut, ON. briidr] goth.
means 'daughter-in-law'
lat. brevis 'short').
IT. breve =
brttps
brief sb. 'a commission, do-
(but brup-faj)S 'bridegroom')
cument' ME. bref; cp. du. g.
OSAX. briid is 'the newly married
brief ohg. briaf and the cor-
wife' as e. bride. bridal— responding OFR. bref 'an official
:me. br id-die oe. bryd-ealo: lit.
document'. Orig. ident. with
'bride-ale (me. bride oe. bryd
brief adj.
and. ME. die oe. eah)). In ger:m.
brier 'a prickly shrub' :me. brere
dialects, we find kindelbier 'bap-
tism'. — bridegroom :\ie. bride-
OE. brctr brer 'a bramble'.

gome OE. brydgtwia = synon. bright ME. bright OE.

osAX. ^
beorht

OSAX. briidiguf/io DU. bruide-

,
'brigltt, white, clear'
gomo, OHG. briitigomo mhg. briide- b'erht, ohg. goth. bairhts.
beraht,

govie G. briiziiigam , on. briid- 'bright'. Akin to MLG. brehen

The 'shine, glisten' cp. skr. bhargas
gume (goth. briip-faps). ;

second element of these com- 'brightness

pounds (oe. goth. guma, ohg. brim me. brim; perh. ident.
gotno 'man' is related to lat. with OE. bri»i 'ocean surf ,
=
homo from indo-teut. ghomoti). ON. brim 'surf; cp. the name of
The phonetical development of the city of Bremen.
 :

brimstone brook 29

brimstone JIE. himstgn earlier brock 'a badger' me. brok oe.
brensttjn =
ON. brennisteinn 'brim- brocc (= dan. broJi) a celt. ;

stone': deriv. of me. bretine =

loanword; cp. w. corn. bret.
burn. brochy GAEL. IR. MANX broc 'a
brine me. brme 'salt liquor' =
badger (celt, base brokko-, perh.
DU. bnju :mdu. bfinc. ident. w. lat. broccus adj. 'having
bring vb. me. bringe OE. bringan prominent teeth' and ofr. broc
= OHG. OSAX. bringan G. bringen, 'spit, point').
GOTH, briggan; cp. DU. brengen, broil vb. ME. /;;-<?/7d'; adapt, of
OSAX. brcngian, OE. brengan'hring^ ofr. briiiller 'broil, roast', ofr.
TEUT. \fbreng brang. bruir 'roast' seems to be ident.
brink me. brink 'edge'; cp. on. with G. briiheti mhg. briiejen, du.
brekka from *l^riftko lg. brink. broeijen 'foment'; cp. brood.
,

brisk a celt, loanword; cp. av\ broker me. brocour 'pedlar,

brysg, GAEL. bri(o)sg 'quick, lively'. pawnbroker ; loanword from
bristle :me. brittle older birstle OFR. brocour brokeor 'tapster
OE. '^byrstcl: dimin. of OE. byrst who retails wine from the tap';
= OHG. burst G. borsie, DU. borste cp. FR. broche under broach.
bristle'; akin to OHG. biirsta g.
brooch 'broach' me. brdche 'a
Imrste 'brush'. The teut. \fbors pin, peg, brooch': borrowed
burs (whence btir in burdock) froni FR. broche 'a spit, point'.
an Aryan \'~ b/irs in
is

'point, prong'. Cp. brush.

SKR. bhrsti
brood :me. oe. brgd = du. broed,
OHG. MHG. bruot G. brtit: appar.
brittle me. britcl oe. '^'brytel'.
formed with dental suffix from
formed with suffix -// (oE. el cp.
the teut. \f~ bro in G. bi-iihen,
tiimble) from oe. breotan 'break'
= ox. brjoia 'break'.
DU. broeien. Cp. breed.
=
broach vb. :me. brdche 'bore, brook -ME. brcik oe. broc
spur, spit, tap' {sdten on brochc DU. broek, MLG. brok LG. l^rook
'set a-broach, tap' ^ fr. inettrc 'marsh, pool', OHG. bruoh{h) MHG.
en broche\z.-\^ a barrel') fr. bi'ocher bi'uoch G. bruch 'marsh, bog';
;

'broach, pierce' and broche 'a possibly connected with the

l)roach, spit'. TEUT. \fbrck 'break' in break.

broad me. brmi oe. brad = brook vb. 'put up with' ME.
OSAX. ifLG. brM, DU. breed, G. bro{o)kc brouke oe. briican 'use,
breit, on. breidr, sw. dan. bred, enjoy' = osax. briikan, DU.
GOTH, braids 'broad': prob. from gebruiken, OHG. briihhan ifflG.

a pre-teut. mraifo-, akin to an b?riichen G. braucheii 'use, need,

Aryan sl^mrit in skr. mrit 'fall GOTH, briikjan 'use'. The pre-
to pieces' (therefore broad\)xoy^. teut. form of the \f bhrt<g
'extended'?). accords with lat. fruor from
 broom — buckiam

^frnvor for *friigvor and cp. lat. brute borrowed from FR. brut
fruges. adj. (fern, brute)] source lat.
brutus.
broom me. oe. brom 'the plant
of the broom' =
ODU. brocm buck vb. 'wash linen , steep
'broom'; perh. cogn. w. bramble. clothes in lye' me. bouke (oE.
broth :me. brod == '*buciaii)
broth oe. dan. byge, sw. byka, =
ON. brod, OHG. brod: dcriv. from NORW. boukja, icel. bauka, :mhg.
the \^ brn under brew. biichcn G. hauchen. The TEUr.
\iXQ\ht,v ^ve.. brother oe. brodor vb. biikbn i^bukjait) is based (jn
^= DU. broeder , osAX. brothar, OE. buc (cp. bucket'). The
buer, it. bucare 'wash'
OHG. :mhg. bruoder g. briider, ox. Ro:\i. IR.
brodir GOTH, brbpar
, 'brother'. are borrowed from Teut.
The TEUT. base broper- (Aryan buck sb. ME. bukke oe. bucca\
bhrater-^ corresponds to lax. cp. the synon. osax. buck, fris.
/rater , skr. bhratar- , OSLOV. DU. bok, OHG. mhg. boc{ck) G. bock,

bratrii; cp. GR. (foaroKx. ON. bukkr bokkr, sw. bock,^ dan.
brow :me. bro7cie brilwe oe. brii buk 'a he-goat, ram, buck(deer)',
;

cp. ox. bri'in 'eyebrow' and skr.

GOTH, ''-bukks '"bukka: ident. w.
bhrii GR.
, orp^jvc, osLov. bnkd GAEL, boc, OIR. boCC, CYIMR. boch
'buck' from a celt, base bukko-
'brow'.
= (whence fr. bouc ofr. boc) and
bro^A/'n ^ie. broun oe. briiiv
w.armex. buc 'lamb', avest. bitza
MLG. OHG. :MH(i. OERIS. britll, DU.
buck' {xxviX^bhngT). TheiNDO-
bruin., ox. briin/i. The teut.
teut. base bhiigo- is perh. con-
name of the color passed int(^
nected with the root oi fugio,
ROM. (fr. brim spax. ir. = GR. (ftvyui 'flee'; hence buck may
briino 'brown') and LITH. (brunas
have signified orig. 'fugitive'.
'brown'). The proper stem of
Aryan bhr-iiiio- appears in lith. bucket 'a kind of pail' ME.
bear and boket: deriv. from OE. bxlc 'a
beras 'brown' (see sb.)
skr. babhrii-s pitflier' with the dimin. sutfix -et.
reduplicated in
'reddish- brown' (see beaver^.buckle ME. bokcl'. adapt, (jf FR.
bruise vb. me. briise: loanword whence also G. bucket.
boucle,

bruser (fr. briser~) Source MED. -LAT.

buc(c)uta 'a
from OER.
'break', whence OE. brysan 'break'. beaver, shield .

bruit 'a rumor' me. bri'if. bor- buckler me. bokeler: adapt, ot
rowed from FR. bruit 'noise'. OFR. bocler bucler ^=- fr. bouclicr
brush sb. me. hrusshe 'a brush', (whence also du. beukelaar, mhg.
orig. 'brush-wood': borrowed buckeler, on. buklari). Cp. buckle.
from OFR. broce fr. brosse 'brush- buckram me. bokeram bukeram
wood, brush'. = OFR. bouquerati boucaran (fr.
 buckwheat hum 31

bougran, mhg. buckeravi). Source burdi on. byrdr, goth.

G. biirde,
and history unknown. baurpei: all of the teut.
deriv.
buckwheat = du. boekweif, \P ber in bear\ cp. skr. bhrti
MLG. i>ok7ceic, dan.
G. buchweizeii, =
oiR. brith 'the carrying' and
boghvcdc: lit. 'beech-wheat' from see birth.
the resemblance of its seeds to burden'- the refrain of a song'
the mast of the beech-tree. The ME. burdoun: loanword from fr.
E. word is of continental origin. bourdoi?, orig. 'a drone-bee' {=
Cp. beech. SPAN, bordon, it. bordone 'a drone'
bud ME. budde; pcrh. akin to from LAT. burdo 'a drone') cp. ;

FR. boutoii, DU. hot 'bud'. History :mi,g. bardiin 'tenor; a musical
and source uncertain. instrument'.
bugle 'a buifalo, a horn' jme. burgess me. burgeis loanword :

bilglc: borrowed from ofr. bugle from ofr. burgeis fr. bourgeois
'a wild ox' (lat. buculus, dimin. (lat. type burgC7isis from burgus
of bos 'an ox). The meaning 'town). burgher borrowed —
'horn' is short for 'bugle-horn'. from DU. burger :mlg. borgere, =
build vb. short for me. bildc (pret. OHG. burgari :mhg. burgccre burger
bilde) OE. '^byldan (pret. hylde)\ G. burger deriv. of teut. burg-
:

deriv. with vowel mutation from ee, borough.

OE. bold 'house' which goes back, burial me. buricl biriel prop.
as shown by the older oe. botl buriels biriels oe. byriels 'tomb'
bodl, by metathesis to a teut. (== OSAX. hirgisli 'tomb') deriv. :

bo-pla- {= ON. bol DU. boedel, from the oe. vb. byryin (oSAX.
,

OSAX. bodlos plur. OFRis. bodel ^burgiaii)\ cp. bury.

,

bold. OE, byldan {bytlan) is a burin 'an engraver's tool' bor- :

TEur. bupljan. I'Eur. bopla- = rowed from fr. burin; perh. of

ARYAN bhu-tlo- belongs to the Teut. origin; cp. ohg. bora 'a
INDO-TEUT. \'^bhu 'dwell, reside' borer' (see under bore).
(cp. be, bo7C'er and booili). For burly ME. burli borli oe. '^bur-
the ARYAN //- suffix cp. needle. lice. Akin to oHc;. buro- 'very'
bull ME. bule; OE. only in in burolang boralang 'very long'
dinnu. bullae ^^ me. e. bullock; and perh. to skr. bhiiri 'much'?
cp. the synon. du. bul, lg. Inille, burn vb. ME. berne oe. bwrnan
ON. bolU, T)AN. boll 'a castrated bull'; bernan tr. (Jiyrnati intr.). Cp.
LITH. bullus is primit. related. synon. mhg. brinnen intr. and
Whether the E. bull is orig. a its causative brennen; G. brcnnen
SCAND. loanword, is uncertain. intr. and tr., goth. brinnan intr.
burden! 'a load' me. birthen and brannjan tr. Only one « be-
OE. byrden = osAX. burthinnia longs to tlie teut. sTbren, as
'burden ;cp. tlie equival. OHG. shown by bryne 'conflagration'.
^2 burnish butter

burnish vb. me. burnisshe 'a support for a woman's

biir- busk
loanword from ofr.
nisse: borrowed from fr. busc
bur- stays'
niss-, the stem of certain parts busque orig. 'the whole bodice',
of burnir brunir =
fr. brunir. prob. a corruption of bust.
burr ME. bwre 'a bur'; cp. sw. buss^ 'a herring-boat' me. busse
kardborre 'a burdock', dan. borre, OE. butse (in butsecarlas) du. =
N.FRis. bor, HELGOL. borrcu 'bur- OHG. buzo, ON. biisa. The
buis,

dock'. OE. '^burre, if for teut. Rom. shows similar words: med.-
burzon-, may be deriv. from the LAT. bussa buscia 'a kind of boat',
TEUT. \fbors in G. borste; cp. OFR. busse buse buce. Source
bristle. unknovm.
burst vb. :me. berste oe. berstan; buss 2 'kiss' G. dial, bussen =
cp. synon. OSAX. brestan, lg. du. 'kiss'; cp. also span, biiz 'a kiss
bersten, ohg. brestan mhg. bresten of reverence'; perh. orig. a chil-
G. Ijcrsten, on. bresta. Cp. an dish onomatopoeia.
Aryan V" bhrest in oiR. brisshn bust from FR. buste (= it. span.
break' (i'i' for jt/). busto), whence also G. biisie.

bury me. burie birie OE.

vb. bustle vb. ME. bustele 'wander
hyr'r^an byryrii wk. vb.; akin to OE. blindly or stupidly'; perh. akin
byr-^en 'tomb' —
byriels under to G. (dial.) pusseln 'bustle', icel.
burial, teut. biirgjan belongs bustla 'bustle'?
perh. with OE. beoj'g 'mound, place busy ME. bisy oe. bisii^ =^ du.
of burial' to the ^^\}'X.\fba'g in bezig, 'LG.bcsig: teut. base */w/^rt'-.
GOTH, bairgan, DU. G. bergen, OE. but ME. bate shortened for biiten

beorgan 'protect, shelter, secure'. OE. btita7i conj. 'except' — prep,

bury in place-names see bo- 'besides, without' = du. buitc/i

rough. 'except'. Contr. from be-utan\

bush y[s..busho\6.&x: busk\ ident. cp. G. ausserand E. out.

with OHG. busk G. busch, du. butcher me. bpcher earlier bou-
bosch bos and a ro:m. bosco {= cher: borrowed from fr. boucher
FR. bois, it. Uncertain 'on^ who kills he-goats' (deriv.
bosco^.
whether of Teut. or of Lat. origin. of fr. bouc bucU). =
bush 'a thicket' jME. busch busk butler JIE. buteler bot{e)lcr fr.
= OHG. busc G. busch, DU. bosch', OFR. houteiller: deriv. of bottle.
akin to fr. bois, it. bosco. Orig. butt borrowed from OFR. boiite,
derived as lat. *buxicum from FR. bottc (= SPAN, bota, it. bottc^
lat. buxus box} = 'a butt, cask'. Akin to OE. byit
busk vb. 'get one's self ready' 'hose, a leather bottle', ohg. butin
ME. buske 'prepare one'self: of G. biltte.

Scand. origin; cp. on. btlask 'pre- butter me. butere oe. buterc

pare'. Cp. bojind adj. butore ^= G. butter, du. boter,

 :

buttock — caitiff 33

L(}. hotter', source lat. biityrutn sum from oe. bug an bow; =
(cp. FR. beurre, it. burro) = gr. the old meaning was 'obedient,
tjovrv(jov. — butterfly yiE.buttcr- obliging'. Akin to DU. buigzaam,
flie OE. butor-fleoge = uu. boter- G. biegsam 'submissive'.
vlieg\ cp. G. dial, buttervogel 'a buy vb. :^rE. bie earlier bigge
butterfly' and the G. dial, syno- OE. bycgan 'purchase' OSAX. =
nyms milchdieb and violkenstehler. buggian, goth. bugjan 'buy'.
buttock :iiE. buttok with dimin. buzzard :me. busard short for
suffix (cp. hi /lock) fr. ofr. bot biisard: loanword from fr. busard
(fr. /;<?«/) 'an end'; cp. butt-end. by-form of fr. buse 'buzzard' (:=:
button :mk. biitoun : borrowed LAT. /w/^<? buzzard), whence also
FR. bouton 'a bud, a button'. DU. buizerd, G. bushart.
buttress 'a support' (in archi- by ME. OE. bi (but be- as prefix)
tecture) :siE. buteras butres: bor- = OSAX. OHG. IfflG. bi G. bei,
rowed from OFR. boutcrets, prop, DU. bij\ GOTH, bi means 'round,
plur. of bouteret 'a buttress'; cp. round about' and thus connec-
FR. boter boiiter 'thrust, prop. tion with GR. ai.i<^)i^ LAT. a7?ibi-
buxom ME. buxom older ibiih- becomes possible.

cabbage earlier cabbache from ko?nbuis, FR. canibuse. Prob. akin

FR. dial, caboche = fr. cabus (du. to E. cabin.
kabuis),
OHG. kabuy.
IT. capuccio ,

orig. deriv. of lat.

G. kappes cackle vb. me. kakle = du. lg.
kakclen, G. kakeln, s\v. kackla,
caput head'.
DAX. kagle 'cackle'. Onomato-
cabin me. caban: borrowed poetic formations.
from FR. cabane = it. med.-lat.
cage ME. edge: adapt, of fr.
capanna 'a cabin.
history unknown.
Source and
cage = IT. gabbia gaggia dial.
cabbia'y source lat. cdvea, whence
cable ME. cable {= g. du. s\v\ also OHG. c/iezna G. kdpig 'cage'.
DAN. kalcl) adapt, of fr. cab/e.
:
cairn borrowed frcjm gael. ir.
Source lat. capulwn 'a rojie' AV. carfi 'a pile, rock'?
(lat. capere 'take, hold).
caitiff ME. caitif a captive'
caboose ident. with du. kabuis, loanword from onfr. caitif 'a
G. kabiise, dan. kabys. Earlier wretch' (whence also du. katijvig
E. form comboosc ident. with du. ODU. catijf caitijf) = fr. chitif
English Etymology.
 .

34 cajole — camphor

'mean, vile' (it. cattivo =

lat. cauqiier 'tread' (source lat. cal-
captivus 'captive'). care 'tread down').
cajole vb. == FR. cajoler 'coax' call vb. ME. calle oe. (c. 950)
(OFR. cagcoler 'chatter like a bird calUan (once misspelled fm///c?;;):
in a cage, prate', deriv. of fr. a SCAND. loanword cp. on. kalla
cage =^ E. cage). 'say, call, name' (saw kalla, dan.
kalde 'call'): ident. with DU.
cake ME. cake OE. '^'caca (in-
kallen, ohg. kallon; cp. skr.
ferred from the dimin. formation
\'^gir 'call, praise'.
OE. Cecil cicel, teut. base kakila-)
= ON. SAV. kaka, DAN. kage 'cake'.
callous from LAT. callosus 'hard-
skinned' (lat. callus 'hard skin').
Akin to OSAX. koko, DU. koek, sc.
cooky (also OE. ciicil aiE. kcchel callow adj. me. caloive calii oe.
from the dimin. goth. *kokila-), calu {cahv-') du. kaal, ohg. =
OHG. kuocho G. kuchen. The base kalo (infl. kalawci') G. kahl: an
kakau- kokan- is genuine teut. early lat. loanword = lat. calvus
(whence fr. chauve, it. span.
ca(u)ldron me, caudroim: bor-
rowed from AFR. caadrojm "' = which is of Aryan \)rigin
calvd),
(cp. SKR. kulva, AVEST. kaoiirva
FR. chaiidron (= IT. calderoiie 'a
'callow').
large kettle'). Source lat. r^?/-

/^/(7r/^? 'a kettle for calm j\iE. cabne (= du. kalvi)

hot water'
(ca/diis calidus 'hot). of from FR. calme {= span. ii'.
The /
modern spelling is inserted in calma 'calmness, still weather).
imitation ofLAT. (Scotch still cau- Source med.-lat. cauma'\h.Q heat
droii) of the sun' gr. y.avf^ia 'great =
heat', / being due to association
calf^ ME. calf OE. cealf^= osax.
w. LAT. calor.
DU. LG. sw. calf, on. kdlfr, ohg.
G. kail?; goth. has only a fem. cambric borrowed from fr.
kalhd 'heifer' (ohg. chalba G. ca}/il>ray, so called from Cambra'i
kalhe f. 'a calf). Outside of (fle:m. du. KamerijJi), a town of
TEUT., there is a series of words n(?rthern France where it was
with the base glbh- in skr. first made (hence G. kammcr-
garhha 'the womb, an embryo', hull). See arras and lawn-.
GR. daX(fivg 'womb' and its deriv. camp borrowed from fr. camp
adaXffog brother' — dl-Xcpdt. a 'field, army' rrrr_ lat. catnpiis 'field'.

young pig'. — campaign from fr. cam-

calf2 ME. calf) perh. adopt, of pa(i)g?ie 'an open field, a mlH-
ON. kdlfi =
NORW. kalve , sw. tary campaign'.
kalf iben-kalf) 'calf of the leg'. camphor borrowed from fr.
ca(u)lk vb. ]\rE. cauke 'tread caniphrc = it. caiifora, G. kampfir,
as a cock': borrowed from ofr. DU. kat/ifcr.
 . :

card 35

can vb. me. oe. can ^= goth.

DU. kap 'cap'). Source lat. cappa]
kann, OSAX. ohg. kan o. kanti. ident. with cape^ and cope.
The TEUT. vb. kiinnan is akin to cape^ MS., cape: borrowed from
keen: the aryan\/~<^^// see under ONFR. cape (= IT. lat. cappa 'a
know. cloak, cape'): ident. with cap.
can sb. me. oe. canne =: du. kan cape- 'a headland' borrowed
'a pot, mug', OHG. kanna G. kamie, from FR. cap 'cape, headland,
ON. kanna, goth. *ka>?no. The head' =
G. kap, it. capo. Source
TEUT. word passed into fr. (ofr. LAT. caput 'head'.
can7ie fr. dirain. canette 'a jug).
fr. caprc {= it.
caper from
canary = span, canario 'bird'
du. kapper, v.. kapcr'):
cappero,
= FR. canari\ cp. G. kanarien- source lat. capparis.
vogcl 'canary-bird', dan. canarie- capon ME. cdpoun late oe. (c.
fu^l, sw. canariefogel, du. kanaric- looo) capiln fr. onfr. capon (fr.
7'ogel 'canary-bird'; so named chapon) source lat. cappo(nem), :

after the Canary islands. whence also G. kapaun and ohg.

candle mk. candle candel ok. kappo.
candel: early loanword fr. lat. captain me. capitain from fr.
candela, whence also it. candela. capitaine (lat. type capitaneus
Cp. chandelier capitanus, deriv. of LAT. caput
cane me. cane: borrowed from 'head'). Ident. w. chieftain.
FR. canne =r it. canna 'a reed, car ME. carre (by-form charre)
a cane', lat. canna. borrowed from ontr. carre (fr.
canker me. cancre late oe. chary Source lat.-gall. carriis
cancer fr. onfr. cancre (fr. (p.REr. ir. w. carr^ 'chariot',
chancre^ : source lat. cancer, whence also it. carro, DU. kar,
whence also o. \)\:. kanker ohg. OHG. charra charro 'cart' o. karre
kankiir. karrrn.
canon mk. canoun:
adapt, of caraway borrowed from fr.
FR. canoJi. Source lat. canon carvi =r, it. carvi, lat. careuvi
(gr. y.ar(' v^ a rule, standard of 'caraway'; cp. Vi\: karivij G.karbc. . ,

riglit'.
carbuncle :me. carbuclc: bor-
canvas :me. can{e)vas (= du. rowed from ONTR. carbuncle car-
kanefas, G. canne7>as kanevas, SM\ boucle (fr. escarboucle; ident. with
kanfass, dan. karmevas): borrow- it. carbonchio, du. karbonkel, g.
ed from ONFR. canevas (la r. type karbunkeiy. lat. carbunculus 'a
canahacius , deriv. of cannabis glowing coal, gem, boil', dimin.
"hemp'). of car bo.
cap MF. cappc oe. cceppe 'cloak' card ^ ME. card: borrowed from
(= OHG. kappa 'cloak' G. kappCy I fr. carte 'a card, ticket. I)ill,
36 card 2 cashier.

map, chart; ident. with DU. cartage (fr. charriage), deriv. of

Source carter
kaart, G. karte, it. carta. e. carry. =
LAT. c{h)arta 'a card, paper. carrion :\ie. carton caroine =
card''^ ME. carde: adapt, from DU. karonJ€\ cp. also me. crone,
FR. carde; ident. with the synon. ODU. kronie: adapt, of onfr.
DU. kaardc, OHG. charta o. karte^ caroigne (ofr. charoigne fr. =
SPAN, car da, it. cardo 'a card'. charogney, lat. type caronia 'a
Source lat. carduus 'a thistle'. carcass' fr. caro 'flesh'.
care me. care OE. cam (cearii) carry vb. inie. cai'ie'. adapt, from
'sorrow, suffering, grief OSAX. =ONFR. carter (fr. charriet-)', lat.
OHG. kara 'lament' (g. kar- in type carricare 'carry' (lat. carries
karfrcitag 'Good Friday"; mhg. g. 'a cart, car'; cp. car^.
karivoche 'Passion week) ^= goth.
cart ME. cart ir.o^.kartr; ident.
kara 'sorrow'. A cognate vb.
w. OE. crcet plur. craiti 'chariot'
(meaning 'sigh') is preserved in
OHG. qu'cran (goth. '^'qairaii).
=
DU. krat 'hindpart of a cart':
of Celt, origin; cp. oij^. cret
Cp. chary.
'a wain-body.
carol ME. Carole 'dance, song'
from OFR. Carole 'a kind of dance, cartridge with intensive r for
also a carol or Christmas song'. cartidge, a corruption oi cartouche
Of celt, origin (bret. koroll 'a =. FR. cartouche (it. cartocc'to
dance', Manx carval a carol', 'cartridge', deriv. of lat. charta

AV. carol 'a song', gael. caridl 'paper').

'melody, harmony'). carve vb. me. kerve oe. ceorfan
carp ^ie. carpe =
du. karpcr, =
DU. kerven, G. kerben 'notcli,
OHG. karfo
chai'pJio G. karpfen, indent' (goth. *kair/an, ohg.
ON. karfc, s\v. karp, dan. karpc. '^^k'erhan not found). The \'^ kerf
Ident. with late lat. carpa fr. = appears in gr. yodcffo "scratch,
\jirite'.
carpe, span, carpa.
it.
carp vb. ME. (T^f^^'carp at, talk, case^ -ME. cds case: borrowed
say :adapt, of on. karpa 'boast, from FR. cas (span. it. caso 'cir-
brag'. The present meaning cumstance, chance'). Source
is prob. an outgrowth of the LAT. casus.
associated idea in lat. carpcre case'-^ ME. cdce cdsse: adapt,

'pluck'. from OFK.casse fr. caisse; source

carpenter :\ie. carpenter: bor- LAT. capsa 'box, cover'.
rowed from onfr. carpenticr (fr. cash from FR. casse. Hence
charpent'm-). Source lat. car- cashier sb.
pentum 'carriage'. cashier vb. dismiss from ser-
carriage :me. carid^e 'burden, vice' (== G. kassireii) from fr. :

baggage': borrowed from onfr. passer 'discharge'.

 cask caution 37

cask borrowed from fr. casque chacepol) ; cp. G. hi'inervogt title

'a cask, helmet' (= it. casco 'a of a tax-gatherer.

helmet'). cater sb. Tsi&.catour acatour acha-
casket corrupted from fr. cas- toiir 'a buyer of provisions a ,

sette 'a small casket', dimin. of caterer': source ONTR.«r(7/:= FR.

FR. easse 'a chest, box'. achat 'a buying, purchase', whence
cassock: adapt.fromFR.awa^?^<? FR. acheter. Orig. lat. type
(it. casacca 'an outer coat', span. accaptarc.
casaca 'a great-coat, surtout). caterpillar earlier form late me.
cast vb. ME. caste: a Scand. cateipel corrupted from ofr.
loanword; cp. ox. &\^\kasia, dax. chatepeleuse 'a weevil' lit. 'a hairy
kastc 'throw'. she-cat': ofr. chate 'a she-cat'
caste 'a breed, race' = G.kasie, -^ pcleuse (lat. pilosus) 'hairy'. —
FR. caste: borrowed from SPAX. caterwaul me. caterwawe shows
casta 'breed, race, caste'. the E. word cat in an extended
castle ME. late oy.. castel (also form like caterpillar; me. 7c<aicc
ME. castc'l = ODU. DU. kasteel) 'make a noise' is imitative.
a castle, village': borrowed (c. catkin dimin. of cat; cp. G.
I ooo) fr. OXFR. castel (ofr. chastel katzchen 'catkin'.

=^ FR. chateaii). Source lat. ca- cattle ME. catfl {chatel, whence
stdlutn. E. chattel) borrowed from onfr.
:

cat :me. oe. cat (tt): borrowed caiel (ofr. chatel) source med.- ;

from OIR. CORN, cat or from LAT. capitale 'capital, ])roperty'.

ONFR. cat (fr. chat) and ident. caudle me. caudel: borrowed
with G. katsc, ox. kgttr, norw. from ONFR. caudel {chaudel == fr.
sw. katta. The word (base cattu-s') chaudeau) 'a warm drink' deriw ;

is in use in the Teut. Rom. Celt, of FR. chaud 'hot' (lat. caldus
languages; cp. late lat. catta calidus 'warm').
cattus 'cat'. cause ME. cause: adapt, from
catch vb. ME. cacche (with the FR. cause (by-form chose^ 'a cause,
earlier by-form ccche?i): borrowed thing' =
IT. lat. causa.
from oyiVK.cacher (= fr. c/iasser, causeway causey corruption
si'Ai^. cazar, n:. cacciare), whence of causey (due to confusion with
also ODU. caetsen to chase' DU. 7vay) ME. cause from oxfr. caucc
kaatsen Iplay ball' and mlg. katzen (whence also odu. casseie) =
'play ball'. Source a lat. type FR. cJtaussie: lat. type (evVi-) *cal-
'captiare =^ captare 'catch'. — ciata 'a jiaved (way)' fr. calciare
Hence catchpoll me. cacchcpol 'pave'.
late OE. ccecepol prop, 'catcher caution ^i\L.cauciou?i: borrowed
of poultry' (cp. FR. poule under from YK. caution (it. cauzione) =
poult) = onfr. *cachepol (ofr. LAT. cautio 'caution'.

;ii498:
 :
;

58 cave — champion

cave ME. cave: adapt, from fk. chair me. chair e: adapt, from
cave\ cave' (^ir. cava)] source FR. chaire (ofr. cha-ere)\ source
LAT. caviis 'hollow'. LAT. cathedra (gr. yMd^sdQo) 'a
cease me. cc'sse ccse: adapt, of chair, seat'.
FR. cesser =
IT. LAT. cessarc. chalice :me. c(h)alice: borrowed
ceil ciel me. cek selc vb. lit. from ofr. chalice (calice :=: fr.
'emboss' from an earlier syle cyll calice, it. calice) source la r. :

'a canopy': source fr. ciel 'a, ca- cdlic-, stem oi calix 'a cup From, .

nopy' (fr. ciel, SPAN. IT. cielo the same source also oe. cdlic,
'heaven, canopy, roof ^
lat. osax. kelik, DU. kelk, ohg. kelih
cccluni 'heaven'). G. kelch.
cerge :\ie. cerge; adapt, from chalk ME. chalk oe. cealc 'chalk,
fr. cierge (it. cero) source lat. lime'
;
^
DU. G. kalk, on. sw.
cereus 'a wax taper'. dan. kalk: early loanword from
certain me. certein certain: bor- LAT. calc- stem of calx 'lime-
rowed from fr. certain (= it. stone, chalk' (whence also fr.
certami) from J.xr.certanus, deriv. chaux, it. calce, ir. gael.' cailc,
of cert us. w. calch lime').
chafe ME. c/iau/e \varm: adapt, challenge sb. me. chalenge
of FR. chauffer source a lat. 'claim': adapt, from ofr. chalen-
\

t)^pe caleficare (= lat. calefacere) gier] cp. IT. calogna 'accusation'

'make warm'. ^='LX'V.calumnia 'a slander, false
chafer iiE. '^chafer oe. ceafor: accusation'.
TEur. base kafru-; cp. the synon. chamber :me. chaumhrc: bor-
DU. kever, ohg. chevaro G. kiifer rowed {xoxQ.^'^.chamhre; cp. it.

(goth. '^kifra '^^kafrus~). Perh. lat. camera camara

camera =
chaff is cognate. 'a vault, a (vaulted) rcjom'
chaff ME. chaf oe. ceaf {= du. ident. w. du. kamer, ohg. chamara
LG. kaf)\ akin to OYiG. cheva 'pod, G. hammer 'chamber, office'. —
husk' and perh. to chafer. chamberlain me. chaumherlein
chaffer :\ie. chaffere chaff'are borrowed from ofr. chambrelein
earlier chap-fare =
oe. ciap 'a chambrelenc (span, cafnarlcngo,
bargain' -r- faru 'a journey' also IT. camarlingo camerleugo) ident. ;

'business'; cp. on. kaupfgr 'a w. MED. -LAT. camar- cajnerlingus,

journey'. ohg. chamarlinc G. kamtnerling,
chaffinch prop, 'the chaff- formed with suffix line and lat.
finch'. camera.
chain sb. :me. chaine: borrowed champion MK.chaumpioun: bor-
from FR. chaine ofr. chaine (= rowed fr. fr. champion (cp. du.
it. lat. caten(i)\ ident. with du. kampioeii). lat. type campio, it.
keten, ohg. chetinna G. kette. campione 'a combatant' {campus
 chance — chapter 39

'a battle, duel'). the same IT. ca?nMare cangiare)\ source

From
source OE. ohg. chanph{i)o LAT. cavibiare 'change, exchange'.
ce7npa,
ifflG. kpnpfe, OLG. keinplo, ON. channel me. chanelle: adapt,
kappi 'warrior, hero'. from OFR. chanel; ident. w. e.
chance :me. chaunce: adapt, of canal (= fr. span, canal, IT.
T>\:.kanaal, G. sw. hanal).
FR. chance (whence also mhg. canale,
G.schanze; but du. kans fr. oxfr. chant vb. me. chaunte: adapt,
cance): ofr. che-ance, it. cadenza from fr. chanter {= span, cantar,

point to a lat. type cadcntia 'a IT. LAT. cantar e 'sing').

falling ,chance' (esp. in dice- chap vb. ME. chappe 'cut, chop'
]ilaying).
^= MDU. DU. happen, dan. kappe,
sw. kappa.
chancel me. chauncel: borrowed
chapel ME. chapcle: borrowed
from OFR. chancel isiED.-LAT.az/;-
from fr. chapelle {= it. lat.
\

cclli plur. a grating, lattice-work',

capclla, OHG. kap'ella G. kapelle,
whence ohg. cancel/a chanzcUa G.
kanzel'\>\A\)\'C xyc.kahscl.
, —
chan-
DU. DAN. kapel, sw. kapelt). lat.
capella (dimin. of capa') signified
cellor -ME. chaunce la- chaunselcr:
'a cape'; the chapel itself where
bijrrowedfrom YK.chancelier (lat.
the cloak of St. Martin and other
type cancellarius 'a chancellor',
relics were preserved first ob-
orig. 'an officer near the screen
tained the name capella; then
before the judge's bench', deriv.
from the 7 '^ cent, the use of
oi'LATS.cancellus 'grating). Ident.
the word became general. Cp.
w. OHG. chanciliwi .mhg. kanzelcere
cape.
G. kanzler, du. kanselicr, dan. sw.
kansler, ICEI,. kanzellari. — chan- j
chaplain :me. chapelein borrow-
:

ed from FR. chapelain {= SPAN.

eery
'

me. chauncerie earlier chaun-

capellan, ir. capellano, med.-lat.
adapt. o{ Y^g.. chance llerie\
cellerie:
capcllanus, orig. 'the priest guard-
(ident. w. it. cancelleiia, du.
ing the cloak of St. Martin').
j

kanselarij, G. kanzlci, dan. can- \

Cp. .MHG. kapelldn G. kaplan,

celli, sw. kansli). 1

DU. kapelaan, d.\n. sw. kapellan.

chandelier from i'r. chandelier chapman me. chapfnati 'a mer-
j

=: SPAN, candelero, \i.candtlliere\ \

chant' shortened for OE. carp-

lat. type candelarius also in fnan
— =
DU. koopnian, OHG. chouf-
DU. kandelaar', cp. candle. ttian G. kaufmann. For OE. c(ap
chandler :me. chaundcler loan- bargain, trade' cp. cheap.
;

word fr. FR. chandelier 'a candle- chapter .me. chapitre: adapt,
maker, candle-stick' =
it. cande-
of FR. chapitre l.vt. capitu- =
lajo: LAT. type candelarius.
lum 'a chapter of a book',
change \h.yi¥..chauiige: adapt. whence also G. kapitel 'chapter
ivova FR. changer (=^span. camluar, of a book'.
40 char — cheek

char vb. me. cherre OE. cyrran chatier (= span, castigar , it.
wk. vb. 'turn': teut. base karrjan LAT. castigare^ ; ident. w. G.

or karzjanl See ajar. kasteien, ODU. castien. — chastise

charge vb. me. charge; adapt, vb. ME. chastise for the shorter
of FR. chargcT (iT. caricare, med.- chastie 'chasten'; see chaste vb.
i.K'X.carricarc 'load a car) deriv. ; chattel ME. chatel chetel, ident.
of LAT. carrus =
car. charge — w. cattle: source OFR. chatel.
sb. me. charge: adapt, from fr. chatter vb. me. chat{e)re (chitere)
charge (it. caricd) 'a load'. an imitative word.
'chatter',
chariot me. chariot: borrowed chaudron 'entrails' : borrowed
from FK. chariot, dimin. of char from OFR. chaudun cauldun; ident.
'a car'. w. G. kaldaunen. The synon.
charity me. charite (chcrite) bor- IT. caldmne
: Sicilian quadiwii. ,

rowed from FR. chariti' (it. carita Cat. escahiuvis point to vulgar
= LAT. caritate7>i). LAT. *cahluf/ie;i.

charm me. charnic: borrowed cheap me. chep 'trade, barter,

from I'R. char7ne enchant- price' OE. ccap 'price'
'an QSAX. =
ment'; source LAT. carfiien 'a kop DU. hoop OHG. hou/ G.
, ,

song, enchantment'. hau/ \rade, traffic'; source lat.

chart ident. w. g. karte^ DU. caupo 'huckster'.
kaart; borrowed from fr. charte; cheat vb. ME. chcte short for
source lat. charta. —
charter eschrte 'escheat'. The meaning
ME. chartrc charter: adapt, of 'defraud' was ushered in in the
FR. chartrc 'a charter' (lat. 1 6*'' cent, on account of the
chartula 'a little paper'), unscrupulousness of the eschea-
chary me. chdri oe. cearii ters. Cp. escheat.
'full of care sad'
, OSAX. ^
checker sb. me. chekcr chekker{e)
OHG. karag (Heliand modkarag 'a chess-board' short for eschekcr
'sad') 'full of care' G. karg 'slow 'the exchequer loanword from :

to give'. Cp. care. OFR. eschcquier eschakier 'a chess-

chase vb. me. chdce chase: bor- board, exchequer' YK.ichiquier =
rowed from FR. chasser (Picard. {= IT. scacchiere MED. - lat. ,

cachier see under catc}i)\ lat. sca(c)cariu}fi).

type captiare. —
chase :me. cheek ME. cheke oe. ceoce: teut.
chdce chase: adapt, from fr. base keiikon also in ofris. tziake
chasse =^ it. caccia 'chase'. 'jaw-bone' (modern soke^ akin to ;

chaste me. chaste: borrowed GOTH, kukjaft eastfris. kilkkcn =

from FR. chaste (it. casto =
lat. 'kiss'. But ME. chi'ke cheke oe. cecice
castas chaste). —
chaste vb. 'jaw-bone' may also point to
'chastise' me. ^7/(W//(^ also chasty: v>\j.kaak ODr. cake 'cheek': teut.
adapt, of OFR. chastier = fr. base kdkau- kekon- ; cp. mlg.
 . ^

cheer — chimney 41

kake (fr. *kako) and kcke (fr. teut. giw cp. ii\ oslov. ziva
"^keokii) 'gums, jaw-bone'. zivati 'chew'.
cheer sb. me. chcre: adapt, of chich 'a dwarf pea' .aie. chichc:
FR. chcre (whence it. cera). borrowed from fr. chiche 'chick-
cheese me. chese oe. cese (c'ys:) r= pea' (^=
IT. cece, SPAN, chicharo,
I OSAX. OHG. kdsi G. kdse
)U. /iiias, OHG. kichurra G. kicher). Source :

earl}- loanword from lat. caseus LAT. cicer.

(whence also it. cascio, span. chicken short for me. chike oe.
(jucso and oiR. caise).
cherish vb.
cyccn i)lur. c'yc?m
:\ie. cherisshe: adapt.
du. keuken =
kiekeii, c;. dial, kilchen kilchlein.
of FR.tV/r'/vVi--, stem of some parts TEUT. base kiukina- is
perh.
of tV/Jr/r 'hold dear'; source fr. traceable to oe. cocc ^=
cock.
cher =lat. cams 'dear'.
chicory ident. w. du. chikorei,
cherry me. c/icry in comp.
G. dehor ie, dan. cikoric\ adapt,
chcre- chiri- (plur. cherys cheries
chiries), a new sing-, developed
of FR. chicorie ir. cicorea, =
LAT. cichorium ?
from the supposed plur. ""cherts
chide vb. :\iE. chide oe. cidau
"'chiris OE. ciris cyrs^= OHG.
'chide, brawl': teut. base /Jz^^rt'//.
kirsa G. hirschc. Source lat.
chief ME. chef: borrowed from
ccras/iswhence the corresp.
,

Rom. group it. ciricga, fr. cerise SPAN, cabo, it. capo\ FR. chef =
from a vulgar lat. type source lat. caput 'head'. —
ccrcsia.
chess ME. ches(s)e: borrowed chieftain :\ie. chcvctain cheve-
from OFR. cschcci chess' prop, tein borrowed from ofr. cheve- :

taine =r med.-lat. capitamis ident.

the plur. of cschcc 'check' (it. ;

w. captain.
scacco, (J. schach , du. schaak^).
Source i'frs. shah 'king'. child -Mi:, child (plur. chi/dre^
chest mi;, chesie (chiste) oe. OE. ciid teut.(plur. cildrii):

cest (c/'ste) = du. h'sf, ohg. chisfabase kilpiz- kelpaz-, not found
G. /lisfc , on. sw. kista , dan. elsewhere; but perh. akin to
/k'/s/c. Source lat. cis/a (gr. GOTH, inkiipd 'pregnant'.
•/.i6rr^ a bcjx chill MI-;, chile oe. cyle ccle fr.

chestnut mi:, chcstcin chastcm a TEUT. base>6tf//-; {ox \X\<z\^ kal

chestnut': loanword from OFR. cp. cool and cold.
chastaigiie =r fr. chataigne and chime .mk. chimbe orig. 'cymbal',
ident. with ohg. kestinna g. short for orig. cimble OE. cim-
kastanie du. kastanje.
, Source bal{a) from lat. cyfnbahwi 'a :

LAI", castiviea. cymbal'.

chew chcwe oe. ccoivan
vb. chimney ^sViL.chiniuee earlier chc-
:mI';.

= DU. mlg. keuwen, menc: loanw^ord from fr. chemince

kawiven,
ohg. kinwan G. kaucn, A pre- ir. camminata, onG. chamnata; =
 .

42 chin — churl

akin to G. kanmi. Source lat. choke ME. choke; older by-form

LiWii/ms 'hearth', ME. a-chcke oe. a-ccocian ? Phono-
chin ME. chin OE. cin =
OSAX. logy and etymology doubtful.
OHG. kmm G. kiiiii, du. kin. The choler me. choler: borroweil
older meaning 'cheek' cp. in from FR. coPcre (= it. collcra,
GOTH, kinniis 'cheek'. For a pre- LAT. cholera 'bile').
TEUT. base genu- cp. gr. yivvq choose vb. older chi'tsc with
'chin, jaw, jaw-bone', ytrsidc f. obscure phonology but ME. ,

'chin, beard' ;lat. grna 'cheek' chese oe. ceosan 'choose' =

{iientes genuini 'molar teeth') ir. OSAX. OHG. kiosan G. kicsen, or.
;

gin 'mouth'; skr. hanu-s 'jaw', kiezen ON. kjdsa, goth. kiusan:
y

hanavya 'jaw-bone'. i:vAjT.\f kns from pre-TEUT. \f gus

chine me. chine; adai)ted from in LAT. gus-tus —
gus-tare, gr.
OFR. eschine = fr. ichinc, which ytvm for ysvacu skr. \^ jus',

with IT. schiena 'the chine, back- 'choose, like'. The teut. facti-
bone' is traced to ohg. skina tive /J-cK/^a/^ (cp. choice) appears
'the shin-bone' G. schicnc 'shin, in Slav, knsiti. <

shin-bone, splint'; cj). shin. chop vli. :\IE. choppc (chappe)

chip vb. ME. chippc 'cut into 'cut uj), strike off akin to DU. ;

small pieces' =
du. g. kippen G. kippen 'cut, lop'.
hatch out'. chord cord fr. lat. chorda.
chirp vb. :\IR. chirpe (chirkc) Christmas shortened for mk.
:

an onomatopoctic word. Christesniasse OE. Cristesfna^sse\)ro\).

chisel sb. :\rE. chisel: borrowed 'the mass of Christ'.
from OFR. cisel =fr. ciseaii chronicle :me. cronicle with the
(it. cesello= med.-lat. scisehmi) by-form cronike (but lata Oic.
'a chisel'; prob. ult. connected cranic): ixomYV^.chroniqne:, ident.
with scindeic. w. DLT. kronijk, lat. chronica.
chivalry .mi:, chivalric: loanword church ]\IE. chirche oe. cyrcecirce
from FR. chevalerie (deriv. of older cirice =
OSAX. kirika, Y)V.
cheval from lat. cahallus 'a kcrk, OHG. kiricha G. kirche c\\\\.xi:\\
horse'). As shown by the E. palatalization
choice ME. chois[e) borrowed and by the G. ch in kiricha, the
:

fr. OFR. chois fr. choix 'a choice'. word must have existed in the
The FR. vb. choisir 'choose' points 5''' cent. but a goth. ''kyrciko
;

to a TEUT. kausjan\ cp. choose. 'church' is unrecorded. Source

choir earlier qim-e me. quer GR. y.vQia'/.6v (not found in lat.
:

borrowed from FR. chociir 'the nor in the Rom. languages).

choir of a church, a troup of churl ME. cherl OE. ceorl 'a
singers': source lat. chonis 'a churl' =
DU. kerel, mlg. kerle lg.
band of singers'. G. kerl: TEUT. base kerla-. With
 ,

churn — clean 43

different vowel on. karl 'old- claim vb. me. claime chime :

man', OHG. karal imc. karl 'man, borrowed fr. ofr. claimer cleinier
husband, lover'; hence the G. (source lat. clamare it. chia- =
proper name Karl (lat. Karolus, tnare 'call, name, send for').
I'R. K. Charks). clamp sb. after mdu. klampe DU.
churn sb. me. r/z/Vv/t' OY..cyrne\ klaifip, LG. klampe] akin to mhg.
the corresjj. vb. cliurn is me. klimpfen 'draw, press'.
chime OE. cyrnan from a teut. clan sb. borrowed from gael.
base kirnjan =
ox. kirna, DU. clann IR. clann oir. eland =
LG. kerncn karnen 'make butter' 'children'.
and the 'vessel for making- butter', clap vb. ^lE.clappe OY..clappianl
is ox. kirna, DU. kani, LG. butter- = DU. klappen , lg. klappen
kerne. Source a teut. base (whence G. klappen), ohg. klaphon
kerna- 'cream' in G. (pro v.) kern, g. klaffen.
ICEL. kjarna 'cream'. clasp ME. elaspe, prob. akin to
cider me. sider cider : from fr. clap and OE. clyppan 'embrace'.
cidrc (= IT. cidro, SPAX. sidra;
clatter vb. me. clatere OE.
source lat. sicerd).
"^clatorian (inferred from the
cigar =^ FR. cigare, spax. it.
verbal noun clatrting 'a clatter-
cigarro.
ing') akin
; to du. klateren
cinder sb. .me. cinder sinder OE.
sindcr 'dross of iron' = ox. sindr 'rattle'.

claw sb. :\IE. claive (by-form clc)

'slag or dross from a forge', DU.
i'/«/'<?/jr 'cinders, goke', omg. sintar
OE. cla7cni (b}--form cl^'a cli-d) =
G. sinter 'dross of iron, scale'.
OSAX. klawa, du. klaauw, ohg.
kldwa chloa mhg. klawe kid', a
cipher sb. me. ciphre (= du.
loanword fr. GOTH,
^klaaa f. is probable,
cij/er, G. ziffer) :

OFR. ci/re fr. ciffre, spax. cifra,

though ox. kid seems to point
ir.
to *klo7C'a. Pre-TEUT. s^'^glu.
cif(e)ra.
cite borrowed from fr. eiter clay :me. elai oe. cIcbi =:- du.
= lat. citare (deriv. of lat. LG. klei ; akin to of. clam 'clay'
citus 'quick'?). E. (dial.) cloam 'earthenware
citizen :m1':. citesein formed after OHG. kleimen, scaxd. kleima klina
ME. denizein (cp. detiizeti) the 'besmear'. ;
Outside of teut.,
earlier, :me. t7/^7('« is an adapt, of GR. yXoi yXi in yXoinq 'sticky :

OFR. citeien (fr. citoyen^. city oil'. —

ME. cite: loanword from FR. citL clean me. el(nc (^clene) OE. clcene
Source lat. civitatem. =
OSAX. kleni, du. kleefi klein,
clack vb. ME. clacke =r du. OHG. kleini 'pretty' o. klein 'small'
klakken 'clack, crack'; akin to {GO')Lli.*klai-ni- is wanting). The
FR. claqucr 'clap in applause'. nasal belongs to the suffix. For
44 clear — cloister

the root syll. cp. GR. yXoiog 'fat klippe, perh. akin to ON. klifa =
oil'. — Hence cleanse for me. climbl
i:/cyise OE. cl(znsian 'make clean': climb vb. :\rE. clivibe oe. climban
a causative vb. with formative -s. = DU. klimmen, OHG. klimban
clear me. cler: borrowed from G. klimmen. The nasal was orig.
OFR. cler =
FR. c/air (span, c/aro, a formative of the pres. tense
IT. c/iiiiro from lat. c/arus). as seen by on. klifa, me. cli^'e
cleave vb. 'adhere' me. c/e've
'
'climb'. The teut. ^kltb (cp.
OE. cUofiaii =
OSAX. klibou, DU. cliff) may be found in cleave"^
kieven, ohg. klcben o. klebe/i and cling.
'adhere'; goth. '^klibon not
clinch vb. ME. clenche oe. ""clen-
recorded, teut. \'^ klib. cean =
ohg. mhg. klenken 'knot
cleave 2 vb. 'split' ime. cleve oe. together'.
deofan =
oSAX. clioban '^cliiban, cling vb. ^ie. clinge oe. clingan\
DU. klovcn, OHG. klioban chliuban akin to sw. kldnga 'climb', dan.
G. klieben: TEUT. \P klub /^Z?«^ :
klynge sig 'adhere to, climb'.
cogn. w. GR. yXvffuv 'hollow out', \fkHng =
yfklimbl Cp. climb.
perh. also w. lat. gliibere 'peel'.
clip 1 vb. 'embrace' (Shakesp.)
cleft r^IE. Clift OE. *i-/>// OHG. =
ME. clippc OE. clyppan. Akin to
G. kluft; from the teut. \fklfib;
ohg. kldftra G. klafter 'fathom'.
cp. clcat'e-.
borrowed clip- vb. 'cut, shear' me. clippi::
clergy me. clergie:
from OFR. clergie = fr. clerge borrowed from ON. sw. klippa
(lat. type clericatus). — clerk 'clip, cut'.

ME. clerk late oe. clerc cleric {=

cloak by-form cloke me. clpke:
DU. klcrk, FR. r/<?;r) source lai". ;
borrowed from ofr. cloke cloque
'a cloak'.
clcricus.
clever not yet found in Shakesp., clock :\IE. clokke: prob. borrow-
a recent word, perh. developed ed from O'^iYK.clocke (Y^.cloche)\
from :\IE. deliver 'agile, nimble, ident. w. OY..clugge {clucce'^), DU.
lively' (from ofr. delivre 'prompt, klok, ohg. glocka G.
glocke, ON.

alert'). Or cogn. w. lg. kluftig klukka. The ro:\i.-teut. clocca

'wise, clever', DU. kluftigl is of CELT, origin; cp. cvmr.
clew ME. clave oe. cleoweii clock, OIR. doc (OCELT. klllkko)
sb. \

eliiven 'clew' =
DU. klinaen: teut. OE. clucge.
base kUujina-: dimin. of a shorter clod ME. clodde; a var. of clot.
base kliitjb- ohg. ^kliinva (g. clog -^lE. clogge 'a lump, block',
knduel^ 'clew'. cloister me. cloistre: borrowed
cliff me. clif {clcre) oe. clif from ofr. cloistre fr. cloitre =
(plur. cleofii) = ON. OSAX. DU. (span, claustra , rr. chiostro).

rock'; cp. G. dan. Source med. - lat. claustrum,

kUf 'a cliff,
 ,

close — clutch 45

whence also ohg. klostar G. dd/re {clxpfre) = DU. klaver ; c}).

kloster. LG. klcver (and klaver). A shorter

close ME. close : borrowed from and more primit. form
ohg. is

the OFK. part. c/i>s = lat. chnisiis klco (gen. klewcs) g. klee: base
(oFR. clore = LAT. claudere). — klaiiv-. The formation of OSAX.
closet -ME. closet from fr. closet *klct>ara = OE. dd/re looks like
(dimin. of OFR. clos 'a close'). compound, the second ele-
a
ment of which is unknown.
clot MF,. clotte (also clodde, see
clod) OE. *<:/<?// = :^mG. klotz clown borrowed from icel.
i^^Q^w. klotzes) G. klotz. klumii clumsy, boorish fellow ;
'a

clotbur, clote me. dote oe. elate : sw. dial, klunn 'a log' kluus —
TEUT. base klaiton-, cogn. w. the 'a clownish fellow', dan. klunt
equiv. oe. elide, G. klette. 'a log'?
clothshortened for iiE. cloth club ME. clabbe borrowed from :

OE. chip (oe. cildcldp 'swaddling ON. klubba, by-form of on. klumba
clothes) =
DU. /^/(f^^y, G. kleid: 'a club". The meaning 'asso- —
TEUT. base klaipa. —
clothe ciation of persons' is a mod.
vb. Ml-:, clothe {cl{de) OE. clddian application of a clump of people.
{clddati).
cluck vb. ME. clucke clokke oe.
cloud ME. cloude: scarcely ident. cloccian i^ducciaii) = DU. klokken,
with of:, cliid =
me. cloud 'a MHG. klucken {gluckeii) G.glucke/i.
mass of rock, a hill'; source and The TEUT. group is onomato-
history quite unknown. poetic like lat. glocrre gr. ,

clout MK.^r/i'Wi' o?..clut (whence ykioCoiv cluck as a hen'.

ON. klt'it)-) ident. with w. cbvt,
,

IK. GAF.I,. Clud, MANX clooid}

clumsy adj. earlier clumse ME.
dumscd 'benumbed': orig. part,
clove -ME. clove clozve: borrowed
'

of ME. ('/?/wj"r 'benumb': of scand.

from OFR. do fr. clou 'a nail';
origin; cp. sw. (dial.) klmiwiscn
cp. SPAN, davo 'a nail' also 'a
'benum])ed', akin to J)U. klemnsch
clove' fr. LAT. clavus 'a nail'.
'numb with cold'.
clove- ^\Y.. clove oe. ^//^<? 'clove'
(csj>.of garlic), in compounds cluster y\\\. cluster oe. cluster

clufpung crowfoot' — dufwyrt {clyster) = lg. klustcr: akin to

'buttercup' ohg. chloblouh LG. (Hannover) klunder 'cluster
(cp.
klofolouh khn'olouh =^ g. knoblauch, of berries or fruit' and (Dit-
])!'. knojlook 'garlic' with -7t by marsch) klus 'cluster, grapes
dissimilation). The orig. meaning DAN. klyiige 'cluster'.
appears in ohg. kloho g. kloben clutch ME. clucchc; connected
'a split stick*. with cloche 'a claw'. The older
clover ME. clover (clt'vcr') oe. ME. form is ch'cheul
46 coach — cole

coach borrowed from FR. coche: sw. kudde 'cushion', du. kodde
a mod. common europ. word 'bag'.
from HUNG, koszi 'wagon from coffee ^^ DU. koffj, g. kaffee:
the Hung, town Koszi'; cp. span. borrowed from turk. qahweh =
coche, IT. cocckio, G. kutsche. ARAB, qahweh 'coffee*.
coal ME. cole and col oe. col coffer ME. cofre: borrowed from
= DU. kool, OHG. kolo m. — FR. cojfj-c (whence du. g. koffer').

kol n. G.kohlc, ON. kol n. pkir.; Source lat. cophinus, gr. /.orfivo^
orig. 'a burning coal; cp. skr. 'a basket'. From the same source
jz'al 'l)urn bright, flame . — coal- also coffin me. coffin: borrowed
mouse, also me. from OFR. cojin (= span, cojin,
colemouse
col-niose oe. cdlmdse DU. it. co/ano^.
(^= kool-
ffiees, G. kohlnieise) prop, 'coal-
;
cog :me. cogge ^= sw. cugge;
tit' on account of its blackhead;
prob. of CELT, origin, cp. GAEL.
from col 'coal' -j- mdse j^ie. ingse IR. cog, w. cocas 'a cog'?
= G. incise, ON. meisingr, whence coif ME. coif: borrowed from
FR. M^sangc 'tit-lark'. FR. coiffe from 'MiLD.-iaKT.^ cojia
akin to mhg. kiiffe ohg.
cof{e)a\
coast 'siE.C(>st[e): borrowed from
chiippa from ohg. chnph G. kopf.
OFR. coste (whence also du. kuste
r= G. kiiste) =
FR. cote (it. costa,
Cp. cup.
coil vb. borrowed from OFR.
MED.-LAT. costa 'coast').
coillir = FR. cucillir 'collect'
coat :\IE. cote: borrowed from (lat. coUigcre 'gather together).
OFR. cote = FR. COtte (= SPAN.
coin ME. coin: borrowed from
cotii, IT. cotta 'a coat'). Source
FR. coin 'wedge' (ofr. coin 'wedge,
a TEUT. /cotta- in ohg. chozzo
stamj) upon a coin, a coin').
MHG. kotzc 'a coarse woolen
Source lat. cuneus 'wedge'.
mantle'. Cp. cot and ^ti/t'.
cold INIE. cold OE. Cdld {ccahf)
cock ME. cock OE. f(?^ ^(?^^ (j)erh.
=2= GOTH, kalds, ON. kaldr, OSAX.
cogn. w. chicken) ON. kokkr, = kald, OHG. G.kalt, du. koud: an old
DAN. /v/C'; ident. w. fr. co(/;
partic. formation in lat". -tus,
perh. of imitative origin. History
SKR. -ta-s ((;oTH. d from Aryan
unknown (earliest reference eat. c\). old, loud, dead etc.).
/,
coccus in Lex Salica).
A TEUT. verbal \fkal cp. in oe.
cockle ME. cokel cokkel oe. cocel\ calan, oi^:. kala 'freeze a corresp.
;

coccel 'tares' borrowed from ir. Aryan \^ gel is seen in lat. gelu
cogal 'corn-cockle' (= GAEL. 'the cold' and gelidus 'cold'. Cp.
cogall 'tares, cockle) ? chill and cool.
cod 'husk, shell' cod codde
jME. cole 'cabbage' me. col fr. oner.
OE. tW</'bag' = ON. koddc 'pillow', col =
FR. choti', the me. by-form
 collier — cornet 47

caul = OE. cdwl from lax. caulan cool ME. OE. col ^= LG. kol, DU.
(caulis). Cp. OHG. kol G. kohl. OHG. kuoli G. ki'ihl: teux.
koel,
collier me. coliir'. deriv. of coal base kolu- from the XEUX. \^kal
with -icr as in lawyer. kol under cold. Deriv. keel.
collop ME. colopes: ident. with coot 'a bird' :me. co/e OE. *ep'l(a)
SWEIJ. kalops, G. klops\ source LG. =du. koel 'coot'.
kloppca (g. klop/en) 'beat'? copevb. Vie with, matcli' orig.
color iiE. colour from ofr. colour 'bargain or chaffer with': a loan-
= FR. couleur (lax. color-c?/i). word fr. ViV.koopen 'buy', cogn. w.
colt :me. oe. colt 'a young ass'; OE. ccapian 'cheapen' from oe.
perh. akin to &¥iK. gardabha^di^s'^ ccap 'bargain'. Cp. cheap.
comb sb. ME. cgml) oe. cdtnl? copper me. coper oe. copor:
'comb, crest' =
g. kafnm, DU. borrowed from vulgar lax. cup-
DAN. sw. ^a;«: XEUX. base kamba- ru7n 'copper' (orig. cuprium acs
from an Aryan gomhho- in gr. 'Cyprian brass'). From the same
/o'^af/oc 'peg' (j'tt,« f/-?; 'jaw'), skr. source ohg. kupfar G. kupfcr,
jajiibha 'jaw, teeth'. DU. kopcr and fr. cuivre. —
come vb. jME. covie oe. cuman copperas iiE. coperosc from ofr.
= DU. OSAX. human, OHG.
ko7nen, coperosc = ix. coppaj'osa, lax.
kofndii g. ko7nvten, on. koma; cp. cupri rosa lit. 'copper-rose'.
goxh. qhnan: a common XEUX. copse earlier coppice contr. of
str. vb. kuinan (fcman fr. an Aryan OFR. copciz derived from ofr.
\fgC7n in skr. ^'^w, or. IJaino, coper (fr. couper^ 'cut'.
LAT. e't7//<7 (for *gvcmw). cork = G. dan. sw. kork,
comely me. r«wi// f^w/v oe. cymlic DU. kurk: borrowed from span.
'fine, handsome'; cogn. w. ohg. corcho 'cork' =
LAr. corticem
^?2w?^ 'delicate, weak' and G.kaum (cortex) 'bark'.
'hardly'. corn^ 'grain' me. oe. corn =
cony sb. :me. conl earlier coning
DU. koren, g, on. dan. sw. korn,
'rabbit': ada[)t. from ofr. connin, GOXH. kaurn: xeux. koma- =
whence also du. lionijn, g. kanin- pre-XEUX. base grno- cogn. w.
chcn. Source lax. cuniculus (ofr. LAX. grdnjitn, russ. zerno.
conif) in a by-form cuninus. corn- 'a hard excrescence on
cook sb. ME. cok OE. cpc: loan- toe or foot': borrowed from fr.
word fr^ 'i^Pi.'i.cogttuSy whence ohg. come (= i-AX. cornu 'horn').
G. koch and ir. cuoco, ofr. tjucux. corner me. comer: borrowed
— The vb. cook ME. coke is fr. i\iED. - LAX. corneria 'corner,
derived from the sb. by in- angU>' (r.AX. cornu 'horn').
fluence of LAX. coquere (= G. cornet yui. cornet cortreite' a horn':
kochen, du. kokcn), wlicnce also borrowed fr. fr. cornet cornetti,
FR. cuirc 'cook'. dimin. of fr. come 'a horn'.
 .

48 country

cornice a loanword from ofr. couch-grass sb. ; see quitch-

cornice fr. it. cornice 'a cornice, grass.
border, ledge (lat. type comix ME. coughe (oe. cohhcttmi) cough
'a border' contr. of MED. - lat. DU. kugchen, mhg. kitchen. =
coronix a square frame'). council adapt, fr. fr. concilc
corps :\IK. corps: a loanword 'a council, an assembly, session'
from FR. corps cors from LAr. from LAT. concilium 'an assembly
corpus. called together'. counsel —
corpse ME. corps: borrowed ME. conseil counseil: loanword Ir.
from OFR. corps cors =
laT. fr. conseil (lat. consilium 'deli-
corpus. beration').
corset dimin. of me. cors 'a count sb. (:\iE. ''^countc is not
body'; cp. corpse. corslet recorded, but inferred— fr. ME.
corselet: a loanword fr. fk. corse- countesse E. countess) loanword fr.
let , dimin. of ofr. cors with fr. comte 'a count, an earl'.
suffix -et. Source lat. comitem (comes) 'a

cost vb. :me. costc: borrowed comf)anion, a count'. »

fr. OFR. coster {= FR. coutcr, count vb. :\IE. countc: borrowed
LAT. constare), whence also DU. G. fr. FR. contcr (source lat. com-
hosten. putare compute, reckon).
costume me. custilme (and countenance me. countcnaunce :

custoim-) : adajjt. fr. ofr. costume loanword fr. OFR. contenancc 'be-
FR. coutume = it. costume (med.- havior, carriage' (lat. contiiientia
LAT. cosiuina = lat. consuetu- 'abstinence').
dineni).Cp. custom. counter 'contrary' fr. fr. contre
cot ME. OE. cot LG. DU. ON. = = i,Ai". contra 'against'.
G. kot 'hut': tf:ut. base kuta-. counterfeit mi:. counterfeit:

cote (in comp. dove-cote, shecp- borrowed fr. ofr. contrefait, part,
cot'j) ME. cote OE. cot =
G. kote. of cofitrefaire 'imitate'.
The TEUT. word passed into counterpane 'a coverlet for a
SLAV. (osLOV. /^^//V/'cella'). Akin bed' earlier counterpoint: loan-
to cot. word fr. ofr. contrepoinct 'the

cottage ME. cotdl^e fr. ofr. co- quilting stitch'; prop, connected
tage: deriv. of teut. kola- under with 0¥\<. contr epoincter 'quilt'; con-

cot and cote. trepoinct iii a corruption oi coutre-

cotton :me. coioun : a loanword poinct coutepoint 'a counterpane'

fr. FR. colon =. IT. cotone : source (source lat. culcita puucta 'a
ARAii. qoton 'cotton stitched quilt').
couch vb. ME. couche: adapt, country me. cuntre. contre:

fr. FR. couchcr (earlier colcher loanword fr. fr. contric {= it.

= IT. colcare) fr. lat. collocare. contr a, la). Source MED. - lat.
 . . ' :

county — crab 49

tonU-ata derived fr. lat. contra from an Aryan stem gow- (go-)

(Cp. c. gcgend from SKR. gaus (ace. gani)

gege/t). OR. in ,

county yiE. countc: borrowed (iovg (stem /^o/), lat. bos.

fr. OFR. conU 'count}-' (deriv. of cow vb. (:\ie. *cou7ae earUer
FR. coiiitc = count sb.). ^cugen are unrecorded) loan- :

couple MR. couple: adapt, fr. word scAND. kuga 'cow, t}ran-
fr.

FR. couple {= i.AT. copula) 'a nize over' =

DAN. kue 'cow', sw.
Ijond, band'. kufva 'check, curb'.
courage me. cor age: adapt, couard coward:
fr. co^vard iiE.
FR. courage (lat. type coratiaini). borrowed
ofr. couard coart fr.

court ME. curt: borrowed fr. coard IT. codardo (formed =

OFR. curt cort (source lat. cortis with suffix -ard and ofr. coe fr.
'a court-yard, jialace'). Hence queue — lat. Cauda 'tail'). =
courteous transformed fr. me. cow^er vb. me. coure: borrowed
curteis -
—ofr. cortcls fr. courtois. fr. ON. kura (sw. kura dan. ,

cousin ME. cosin cousin: adapt, kure') 'lie quiet, rest'.

fr. FR. cousin (med.-lat. cosinus
cow^P 'a monk's hood, a cap,
for LAr. consobrinus 'a cousin). cmvd
hood' ]VIE. couel earlier
cove ME. cm'e o^.cofa 'a chamber, OE. cugle 'a cowl' {= mhg. kuget)
(:ave' = ox. koji 'hut', goth.
loanword fr. lat. cucullus 'hood .

'kuban- is wantint^.
cow^l^ 'a vessel carried on a
covenant \\v..com'enant covenant: pole': borrowed fr. ofr. cuvel
loanwortl fr. FR. convcnant cove- = FR. cui'eau, prop, 'a little
nattt\)xe?,. part, of con('cnir 'agree .
tub' (source LAT. cupa 'a vat,
cover vb. :me. cover e: borrowed butt').
fr. OFR. covrir cueuvrir Y"^. couvr ir cowslip OE. cilslyppe cusloppe.
Source LAT. coopcrire 'cover coxcomb corrupted fr. cock's
covet vb. ME. cuveitc : adapt, comb 'cock's crest'. Cp. cock
fr. oiR. cuveitcr covoiicr = FR. and comb.
convoiter (Lat. typecoxswain, cockswain 'steersman
*cupiditare
desire'). of a boat' from cock 'a boat'
covey borrowed fr. ofr. covde and S7vain 'the person in com-
^ FR. couvi'e 'a covey of par- mand of the boat'.
tridges', prop. part, of fr. couver coy: adapted fr. ofr. ^^/ (coit).
'hatch' ^^source lat. cubare he Source lat. quietus 'quiet, still'.
down). cozen vb. 'flatter, beguile":
cow sb. ME. adapt, fr. FR. cousiner 'call cousin,
cu (plur. kie kye^
OE. cil (phir. cj") =
ON. kyr, sponge'fr. FR. (r(?«j7>;. Cp. cousin.
I)U. koe, MLG. ko, OHG. MHG. kuo crab ^ :mk. crabbe oe. crabba
G. kuh TEU r. base ko- 'cow' r= ON. krabbi, sw. krabba, dan.
:

English Etymology. 4
50 cracK — cream

krabbe, DU. mlg. krabbe cornuc, ohg. chramih chranih(h) g.

krab,
(whence G. krabbe)
akin to krajiich; cp. the cogn. gr. ysnavoc,
:

OHG. kr'ebax =
G. krebs fr. crabe CYMK. gar a /r, OSI.OY. zeravi, lith.
fr. TEUT. —
Ident. w. crab' 'a gerwc. LAT. ^r?« (gen. gru-is)
kind of apple' me. crabbe', a agrees with ohg. chrcia 'crane'.
Scand. loanword; c^). '&w. krabb- crank sb. me. craiikc. teut.
apk. —
crabbed 'peevish, cramp- base kra)ik\-^\%^ allied to cramp.
I

ed'; i)erli. fr. ci ab^. \ cranny me. crany; formed by

crack vb. me. c>-ake krake oe. adding E. -y to FR.rn?// 'anotch'.
C7'acian ^
du. kraken^ OHG. h'a- crape i^orrowed fr. fr. crcpc
chon chrahhon G. krachen teut. :
(oFR. crespe = lat. crispus).
\f krak fr. pre-TEUT. g!'g\ cp. crash vb. a var. of craze and
SKR. ^7'^'' rustle, crackle'.
Scand. loanword; cp. crack', a
cracknel formerly crakcnci cor- sw. krasa, dan. krase 'crackle'.
rupted fr. FR. craquelin 'a crack- Cp. crack.
nel'.
cratch YiY^-cracche crecche: bor-
cradle me. crddel oe. cradol:
rowed fr. OFR. creche (fr. creche)
a Celt, loanword, cp. IR. craidhal,
which is of Teut. origin; cp.
GAEL. crcathalV'a. cradle, a grate';
OSAX. kribbia 'crib' under crib.
cp. cj-atc.
craft :\iE. craft oe. crceft osAX. = crate borrowed
'a hurdle'.
fr. lat. crates

craft, DU. kracht, G. kraft, on.

kraptr. — crafty me. crafti oe. cravat {^ c;. kravattc) bor-
crceftii = ohg. chreftig G. kriiftig. rowed fr. FR. cravate (from Cra-
crag ME. ^rrt'^: borrowed fr. w. vates 'a Croation').

craig, GAEL, creag. crave vb. me. crdve oe. crafian

crake 'a bird' so named fr. its
= on. demand',
krefja 'crave,

cry; cp. ME. crake 'cry out' under sw. krdfra "demand', dan. krarc
crack. 'crave, exact'. Perh. the e. word
cram cram?ne oe. cnwi-
vb. i\ie. is borrowed from Scand.
ffiian =
ox. krcmja, sw. kravia, craven me. cravant 'beaten,
DU. krafmne 'squeeze'. overcome' shortened fr.ofr.
cramp j\ie. crampe oe. ''^crofnp cravanti 'oppressed', partic.of
(inferred fr. crpvipekt full of cravantcr (source a lat. type
wrinkles") :^ du. lg. krawp, G. '^crepa/itare 'crack, break).
kra7)ipf\ a common west-teut. craw (by-form crag 'neck,
term for spasm, cramp'. cro])') :me. crawe oe. '^craga;
crane :me. crdnc oe. cran ^ GOTH. *kraga is wanting.
OLG. krano, du. kraan, mhg. cream :\ie. crcmc from fr. crane
krone with formative guttural oe.
\ (ofr. crcsnic, lat. crcnior).
 creed 51

creed sb. me. crede oe. crcda: 'croaking ) teut. base krekcii :

loanword fr. lat. credo 'I believe' krtikd/i\ akin to crackl

(»credo in deum patrem« etc.) crock ME. crocke oe. crocca;
;

cj). the origin of dirge. borrowed fr. OIR. croccan.-^ perh.

creek me. creke crike {p^^.'^creoca cogn. with G. kriig ohg. krnog,
'''cricti)', peril, a Scand. loanword
LG. kruke, OE. crp/i crpg.
from ox. krike 'crack, nook'. croft ME. OE. croft 'small field'
creep vb. me. crepe oe. creopan = ODU. krochtc high and diy
str. vb. ; cp. DU. kruipen, lg. land' DU. kroft 'hillock'.
krupeti,ON. krjupa. Akin to G.
crook sb. ME. crpk OE. '"cr(>c
kriechen ohg. kriohhan teut.
\^ krtip kriiq. Cp. cripple.
:
= o^. krokr krdkr 'hook', ODU.
croec, DAN. krog 'hook'. Akin to
cress ME. cresse earlier kerse
hook
OHG. krdko 'hook' (as e.
oe. ccrse ccerse; ident. with G.
is to c;. hakeii).
kresse ohg. Arcssa, du. kers and
crop Mi:, cropp oe. cropp.
YK.cressou, it. crescione. Phono-
crosier me. croscr croiser.
logy, history and origin quite
obscure common base a lat.
cross ME. (whence scaxd.
cross
;

kross, .sw.-dax. kens')', borrowed

type^ *crexo(nem) ?
from oiR. cross (cymr. croes).
crest ME. creste from ofr. creste
ER. Crete (lat. crista).
Source lat. crtix whence also
FR. croix (:\IE. crcis from ofr. crois)
crib Ml':, cribhe oe. crihb crybb ;

= OSAX. kribbia, du. krib, g.

OIR. crock and ohg. osax. krthi
G. kreiiz i)oint to the infl. lat.
krippe. OHG. krippa: TEUT. base
criicem.
kribjo {lirubjo) akin to OHG. kreba.
Cp. cratcli.
crow
\1). :\IE. crpwc oe. crdivan

crimson .^Ui:. crimosin from cfr. =

DU. kraaic/!, G. kriihcn OH(4.
crainoisin ^= fr. cramoisi.
krden teut. base a str. vb. :

kr^jan, but orig. not restricted

cringe vb. jnie. craige oe. rr^«-
to the cock's crowing as shown
^'</// :lEUT. base kraiigjan, deriv.
the sb. crow ME. crmve oe.
from oe. cringan 'sink, fall in by
crdu'c =r G. krdhe OHG. krdia.
battle', cogn. w. g. krank 'sick'.
cripple ME. cripel oe. crypel =
crow^d vb. Mi:, croude oe.
DU. /C7Y«/<'/'crii)ple'; prop, 'a man crudan str. vb. 'crowd, i)ress' =
who creeps'; teut. base kritpila-, ODU. cruden 'push, thrust' (du.
kruie/i), mlg. krnden krodcn \'b.
deriv. fr. \/~ hyp
in creep.
crisp ME. oe. crisp = ohg. 'molest': teut. \fkrfid.
krisp: an early loanword crown ME. criine (whence ox.
fr. lai".
crisp lis 'curled'. knina, cp. ODU. crime DU. kriiiii)
croak vl). me. croke oe. *crdcian earlier by-form coroune cori'inc :

(inferred from OE. crdcetung borrowed during the reign of

4'
 cruel — curb

William the Conqueror fr. ofr. cuff sb. ME. cuffe coffe 'sleeve';
coroiie ^ FR. couronne "crown". perh. ident. w. late OE. cuffie
Source "lax. corona 'crown', 'coif under coif.
whence also OE. corenbcag 'crown' cull vb. ME. culle (cole coilk)
and OHG. korona G. krone. vb. 'gather, select' fr. ofr. coillir

cruel ME. crilcl {crewcf) fr. fr. =

fr. cueillir 'collect' (source
cruel r=^ LAT. crudelis 'severe' in LAT. colligere).
a vulgar form crudalis. culver ^lE. culver {colver) oe.
crumb —- cromhe short for culfre culufre 'dove' not found
:\ie. ;

cronme OE. crilma (cp. thumb in the other teut. languages,

OE. pihnd) =
DU. kruim ODU. prob. of LAT. origin: LAT. columba
critme, L(t. krume (oSAX. '''kriimd). 'dove' in a vulgar form *coiubra ?
( ;.

The m is derivative; cj). the cumber vb. me. cumbre vb.

I'Eur. y'" kru in o. kraiien ohg. 'annoy' fr. ofr. combrer, whence
kroutvon vb. 'scratch'. also G. kummer mhg. kuniber ; the
cruse MR. base med.-lat. combrus 'rubbish,
crouse oe. crihc (cj).
E. /'^^w OE. riUii) =
ODU. kruis, bank of earth, rains' rests ^n a
MHG. i^r//jr^ G. krause\ akin to gall.-lat. combero- 'that which
is carried together'.
ODU. DU. /Cw(?.y, :me. ergs,
crust :\IE. eruste fr. ofr. cruste cummin :me. comi?i late oe.
FR. eroute =
LAT. crusta 'crust cumin (= DU. komijii) fr. ofr.
of bread'. coniin FR. cumin. Source =
crutch .ME. crucche oe. ^rjrr =
LAT. cummum, whence also a
DU. kruk, OHG. crucc/m G. krilcke TEUT. kufnin in oe. cymen, ohg.
'crutch': TEUT. base krukjo-; kumin kumil g. kimwiel.
ident. w. it. croccia 'crutch', FR. cunning :me. cunninge: deriv.
crosse , which rest on a lat. of oe. cunnan =: know.
criicea , deriv. of crux crucis cup me. oe. cuppe 'cup' = MHG.
'cross'. Therefore crutch krukja kopf, ODU. kop 'beaker, cup':
crucea meant originally 'stick loanword fr. lat. cuppa (cupa),
having a cross'. whence also oE. ime. cop (copp)
cry vb. me. crie: ada])ted fr. 'summit, head', G. kopf 'head'.
FR. crier 'cry'. cur me. curre corre odu. =
cuckold cukewold: trans- korre 'watch-dog', swed. (dial.)
-ME.
formation of FR. COUCOU CViCVoO kurra 'a dog'; cp. lg. g. (dial.)
'
,

whence also e. cuckoo me. kurren. vb. 'growl'. Therefore cur

cuckou. prop, 'a growler'?
cudgel OE. cycgel: dimin. of curate see cure.
a lost primitive oe. '^cycg : base curb vb. ME. curbe 'to bend'
kugja- ? fr. FR. courber 'bend'.
 :

curd — dagger 53

curd metathesis fr. me.

vb. \v. curtain sb. me. curtin cortin fr.
cniddc vb. celt, loanword, OFR. cortine
: a lat. (also IT. =
deriv. fr. jr. gruth 'curds'? or SPAN.) Cortina 'curtain'.
cog-n. with crowdl cp. lat. coagu- curve adj. fr. lat. curvus
lu?n fr. cogerel 'crooked'.
cure :me. ciire fr. fr. cure =
cushion me. cusshin (cuss hen —
LAi". curd. —
curate me. ciirdt cussho/i) cussin quissin (j/uissken^
= MED. -LAT. curd/us (in fr. fr. OFR. coissin FR. coussin =
pronunciation; cp. curious ME. 'cushion'; cp. span, eoxin, it.
curious fr. lat. ciiridsusT). cuscino and ident. w. du. Icussen
curfew :me. ctirfeu (curfczci) fr. ouv. cussin, G. kilssen kisseu OHG.
OFR. covrefeu (cp. poor fr. ofr. kussin 'cushion'. Source a med.-
povre) prop, the sign for put- LAT. coxinuvi prop, deriv. of lat.
:

ting out fires. coxa hip, haunch' fr. cuisse =

curious see cure. 'thigh', whence E. (Shakes]).)
curl vb. deriv. fr.ME. crul {IC) cuisse 'i)iece of armor for the
adj. 'curly' =
DU. krul\ west- thighs'.
TEUT. krull- for kruzl- krusl- is custom ilE. custome earlier form
cogn. with ODU. krtiis g. kraus (c. iioo) custihne fr. ofr. custume
,

MHG. kriis 'curly' (aso ME. crous (fr. coutuTue) ^= IT. PROV. costuma :

'curly'). source a lat'. type '^'cofisueiiinwn

curlew JNIE. curlew {corlew) instead of lat. consuetiido.
fr. OFR. corlieu =
fr. courlieu cut vb. iiE. cutte (by-form with
'a bird's name' ('scolopax ar- umlaut kittc^ a me. vb. of cel r. :

quata'), composed of ofr. corre origin cp. cymr. cwtan vb. ;

'to leap' and lieu 'lightly'. 'shorten' cwta adj. 'short'. —

curry vb. me. currde curraie cutlas fr. FR. coutelas it. =
vb. fr. ofr. conreier; lat. type coltellaccio prop, 'a large knife'
con-reddrel ROM. deriv. oi lat, culter 'knife'.
curse vb. me. curse oe. cilrsian Cp. FR. couteau ofr. coutel =
'to curse' cogn. with OIR. cursa- 'knife' fr. i.Ar. cultellus.
; Hence
chaim 'I curse'. Source and FR. coutelier me. cuteler e. =
history unknown. cutler 'maker of knives'.

D
dace from me. darce darse c2\\ciS. from \ its swiftness). See
from OFR. dars, nom. also spelled dart,
dart 'a dart', also 'a fish' (so dagger me. dagger = ox. dag-
54 dainty dandelion

southern continuation of the OE.

gardr, uu. daggert: of Celt, origin,
borrowed from w. dagr IR. = {= ohg. *talon}).
infinit. in -ian

daigear; bret. dag = dam

gael. daga ME. dam{me) oe. '^'davi{nmi)
:

all synon. =
G. damm, DU. dam, OX. datninr

dainty me. deinte: borrowed (goth. faurdanmijan oe. foi-- =

from OFR. dein!e 'dignity, im- dcfmnan 'dam up).
portance, value' (the me. by- damage TsVS.. damage', borrowed
form da'mUth is an anglo-norman from OFR. damage domage fr.
deintcd 'pleasure'). Source lat. do7nmage 'harm' (it. dannajo), lat.
digTiitatcm {tiainty and dignity are type damnatictifn harm' (lat. dam-
doublets). num 'loss, under damn).
injury'
dairy me. deierie 'room for a dame borrowed from
iAv..ddine:

milk-woman' ME.^/^/<?'milk-woman'
; FR. dame, whence also G. DU.
(hence day -wo man 'dairy-wo- dame. Source lat. domina 'lady'
man Shakesp.) is borrowed from (= it. donnci)\ cp. damsel.
ON. deigja 'milk-woman' (sw. dejd), damn vh.^\s..dam{p)ne: borrow-
which is supposed to be a deriv. ed from OFR. damner da7)lpner
of TEUT. daiga- (under dough) FR. datnner {= span, datlar, it.
and to mean prop, 'the bread- dan/mre) = lat. damnare 'con-
maker, kneader of dough'. Cp. demn, fine' (lat. damnum 'injury,
dough and lady. loss).
dais ME. dcis: borrowed from damp ME. *damp du. lg. =
OFR. dcis later dais 'a high table damp 'vapor', G. dampf 'vapor,
in a hair = fr. dais 'a canopy' steam'.
(base MED. -LAT. discus 'a table' damsel me. damesele damisele:
= LAT. discus 'plate, platter' see borrowed from ofr. da^nisele
under disK). damcisele = fr. demoiselle. The
daisy me. daies-ie daies-eic oe. source is MED. -lat. domicella 'a

dceges-cage: prop, 'the eye of the young lady', lat. type dom(i)ni-
day'; cp. day and eye. cella, dimin. of dofnina 'a lady'.

dale aiE. dale oe. dccl plur. dalu dance vb. me daunce daunse:
(me. e. c in derived from borrowed from fr. danser, whence
dale is

the OE. plur. dalu or from the sing,also DU. da?isen, G. tamen, dan.
infl. decks, dcele). The teut. base dandse, sw.dansa. The ofk. da user

dala- cp. also in the synon. goth. is traced to an ohg. dansbn

dais, ON. dalr, OSAX. dal, OHG. 'draw, trail'.
MHG. ial (mod. that). dandelion: borrowed from fr.
dally vb. me. dalye points to dent de lion {= span, diente de Ieon,
GOrH. "^daloii OE. '^dalian (= G. IT. dente di leone): prop, 'lion's
dahleii). The ending y is a tooth', so called from the jagged
 . '

danger day 55

leaves of the plant (g. loioen- cian ""daxiaii) is improbable,

j

zahti) I
E. sh pointing to a hereditary
danger daunger: borrowed
:me. Word.
from ]'R. danger 'danger'. Source ^
date^ 'an epoch, given point
a LAT. type *dovnniariiim 'power' of time' ME. deite from the synon.
j

from T.AT. dominium 'sovereignty*. '

FR. date (:med.-lat. datum, whence

dank 'damp' ME.^a«>^: borrow- g. datuni).
ed from the Scand. ? cp. sw. date- 'fruit of the palm' :\IE.

dial, dank 'a marshy piece of date: borrowed from OFR. date
ground' =
icel. dgkk for *daniiu = FR. datte: source lat.-gr.
'])it, })ool. dactylus, whence also G. dattel,

dapper me. daper 'pretty, neat'; DU. dadel.

cp. ox. dap- 'sad, dreary', DU. daub vb. me. daube: borrowed
dapper 'brave' OHG. tapfar G.
, from OFR. dauber 'whiten' from
tiipj'cr brave'.
"valiant, '^dalber lat. dealbarc 'whiten, =
dapplea spot, dot' a daj)- plaster" (lat. albus 'white').
pled horse' me. in dappel-gray: daughter me. daughter oe. do/itor
peril. Scand. loanword from =: DU. dochter, OSAX. dohtar, OHG.
ON. depill 'a spot, dot' {dapi 'a mhc;. tohter g. toe/iter, on. dottir,
1)001'). GOTH, dailhtar: ident. with the
dare me. dar oe. dear I dare' synon. lith. dukti, OSLOV. diisii:
= GOTH, dars^ OHG. tar. The Arx anbasc d/iukter; an Aryan base
teut. \f dars darz is akin to gr. appears in gr. i)xyu.-
dhugater
y'JoaCtTv be bold' — dpaoi'g SKR. duhitdr, avest. duydar
xr,(j,

'bold and skk. d/i/-s 'dare": 'daughter', skr. <///////f/r 'daughter'

Aryan \~ dhers. is traced to the skr. \^ duh
dark me. derk oe. dcorc\ perh. 'milk' and is interpreted as 'the
akin to oiR. derg 'red' common milk maid'.
:

base d/iergo- (cp. also oir. dorche daunt vb. y^Y.. daunte: l^orrow-
'dark'?).' ed from ofr. donter fr. dompter
darling me. dcrling shortened = 'subdue, tame': the
IT. ^/<?w«'tor
from OE. deorling *a favorite': source is \.X}:.domitare (frequent,
cleriv. of dear oe. deore.= of domarc).
dart :me. dart from oer. dart day ME. day dai oe. dwj^ =
]R. dard (= span. it. dardd) GOTH, dags, OHG. MHG. tac(g) G.
;

of telT. origin: oe. darod, ox. tag, DU. OSAX. dag, on. dagr;
darradr also shorter darr. by-forms oe. dogor, ox. ddgr (fr.
dash vb. :me. dasshe; corre- dogaz dogiz) all connected with :

sponding to ])AN. diiske (=r sw. the SKR. \^dah (for Aryan dhegh'.
das/ia) 'slap, strike'. Scand. dhogJi) 'burn'. This root appears
origin of the E. word (oE. *i/as- also in LIFH. degti 'burn' —
 :

56 dawn — dear^

i/agas daga
'harvest', pruss. dagas is sure ;
prob. akin to gr. Tv(fX6g
'summer', skr. nidagha- "heat, 'blind'. Cp. dnmb.
summer' (also skr. dhar 'day'?). deal vb. 'divide, distribute,
The base dhogho-s common
negotiate in' jnie. dele oe. ddlan
to
our day and to lith. ddgas signi- =
OSAX. delian, du. dee/en, i.g.
fied 'the time of the burning of delen, g. teik7i, goth. dailjan de- :

the sun, the hot part of the nominatives of dai/z- (cp. deaf)
day or year. like OSLOV. deliti 'divide'.
dawn vb. late me. daune earlier deaPsb. 'part, portion, indelinitc
dmve OE. dag ian =
on. daga, quantity, degree or extent, bar-
OHG. iai^ai G. iagcn become day'; gain etc' ME. d(l OE. dcel {ddij
cp. E. dawning i\ie. dawhige: = OSAX. del, du. deel, lg. deel,
deriv. of ielt. daga- under day. OHG. :\IHG. G. teil, goth. dails
daze \h. iiE. dasY 'stupefy' m. daila f. teut. dai-li{la-) seems
from ox. *dasa, refi. dasask (^sk to point to an aryan \P dhai,
represents the refl. 'oneself') proved by osLOV. delil part.
'daze oneself = dan. dase, sw.
deal'^ sb. 'a board, pkink'
•dasa 'lie idle'. From daze is
borrowed from du. deeTa board,
deriv. the dimin. dazzle vb.
'overjjower with light'.
threshing floor' mlg. d^le =
'board LG. dele 'a board, floor,
deacon :me. dcken from oe.
* deacon for diacon {= du. deke/i, o.
a room'. The corresponding
OHG. dili G. diele 'boarded floor'
diako/i, on. djdku, OFR. diac/ie
corresponds to on. pilj'a, oe.
FR. diacre, si' ax. it. diacono) :
pel 'board'. Lrrn. //// 'plank in
source LAr. diaconus (gr. iVja'xo-
the boat', oSLOV. tilo 'bottom,
co^') a servant, a deacon'.
dead adj. me. ded oe. dead = SKR. tala-m 'surface' are cog-
nate.
GOTH, daups, OHG. :mhg. tot g.
to(d)i, ON. daudr, OSAX. dod, du.
dean me. den (contr. of *deiiyi)

dood. The common base dan-da is

borrowed from OFR. deleft =
prop, partic. {dhau-td-) belonging
FR. doyen source lat. decdnus
:

'the chief of ten soldiers or

to the TEUT. verbal \^ dan dis-
cussed under die. Cp. death. monks' (= it. deeano ohg. ,

deaf ME. //r/ OE. ^/('Vi/" ^ os.oc. techdn G. dechant).

dof, DU. //^^y, OHG. MHG. tonp{b) deari me. dere oe. ^/tvr^'beloved,
'hearing or feeling nothing, dull, precious, of great value' =
foolish' G. tanb, GOTH. daufs{b) OSAX. dm?-i, DU. dier, ohg. tiuri
'deaf, o^.danfr. The meanings 'dear, beloved, esteemed, costly'
of OHG. MHG. tonp{b) bordering G. tenei-.
on those of ohg. mhg. tnmp G. dear- (in Shakesp.) 'fierce,
dunim, connection of both groups ferocious' me. der oe. dear 'wild'
 :

dearth — deep 57

difterent from dear^. Ident. with cever deceveir fr. dece^ioir =^ lat.
E. deer, G. tier; cp. deer. decipere 'entrap'. Cp. deceit.
dearth :me. dcrthe 'scarcity, deck vb. borrowed fr. DU.^/^M^;/
dcaruess' {= OSAX. diurida, OHG. 'cover'; cp. of. peccean under
liurida, on. dyrd, olg. diurthd) thatch.
deriv. of dear ^ -|- -///formative declension from ofr. decli-
of abstract nouns. iiaisoii (i-R. de'e/i/iaison) beside
death :me. def/i oe. dra/ = FR. dicUnation, E declination from
GOTH. dauptlS, OSAX. doth, OHG. LAT. declinationeni.
iod :\IHG. tdt(d)G. tod, DU. dood, decrease vb. me. decrcse bor-
O'S.daudr: a verbal abstr. noun rowed from ofr. decresser decrestre
()f a \~dau (cp. die') with the decreistre decroistre fr. dicroitrc
abstract suffix teut. pit =
lax. (lat. discrescere) LAr. decres- =
SKR. ///- (Aryan base dhau-tu-s). cere 'decrease'.
debate vb. me. debate: borrow- decree sb. :me. decre borrowed
ed Irom OFR. dcbatre fiyht, from ofr. decre decrct fr. de'cret
contend debate'
, fr. ddbattre (sPAX. IT. decreto) lat. decre- =
'contend , debate' (=^ span. tiini 'a decree'.
debatir, it. dibattere). deed ded date oe. ded deed
:siv.. =
debt sb. earUer det me. dette: OSAX. dad, V)V. daad, ohg. mhg.
from OER. debtc dette kk. dette tat g. t{h)at, ox. dad, goth. in
(it. detta) =. r.AT'. debita L sing-., ^a-deds 'deed', teut. base de-di-
orig neut. plur. of lai'. debitum. from dhe-ti- from the rEUT.\/"^/(? :

debtor :me. dettur from ofr. do from XKWKdhe dho; cp. do. :

detor deteur fr. detteur (ir. deem vb. me. deme oe. deman
debt tore) = lat. debt tor em ace. (= OSAX. dbmian in cz- DU. ,

of debitor 'debtor'. doenien, mlg. ddtnen, ohg. tuonien

JIHG. tuemen, ox. ddma, goth.
decay vb. from ofr. decaer
(span, decaer, it. decadere) = ga-donijan 'judge, deem'): deriv.
of TEUT. doma- see doom.
EAr. t}-pe *deeadere (instead of
decidere) fall away, perish'.
deep adj. MK. dep OE. </6V/ ^
OSAX. diop, DU. ^/;V/, OHG. /"/^
decease sb. :me. rt'^^/j- borrowed
MHG. /Ay, OX.
from ofr. deces fr. dices = lat.
till/

GOTH, diiips.
G.
Tiie common
djlipr,
teut.
decessus prop, 'departure.
adj. deupa- belongs to a teut.
deceit me. deceit: borrowed \^ diip whose by-form dfib
from ofr. deceit =^ lat. deceptiis api)ears in oe. dyfan e. dive
'deceit' {decipere 'deceive' under and in f. dub. Cj). c\ nir. divfn,
deceive'). OIR. doiniin fu- domain, LiiH. diibiis
deceive vb. earlier deceave ME. 'deep, hollow', OSLOV. ^//i'/'// 'hol-
deceive borrowed from ofr. dc- low' from an arvax \^ diibh dhhp.
: :
58 deer — derrick

deer jie. der oe. dear 'wild delve vb. inie. delve oe. d'elfati

animal' = ON. dJT 'wild animal', str. vb. = DU. delven, OSAX. hi-

OS AX. dior , OHG. tior mhg. g, d'eWan, ohg. bi-tclban "bury'. The
tier 'animal'
('stag, roe' in the TEUT.y^^/tV/^ {Kryandhell'h dhclfl)
language of hunters). teut. is unknown elsewhere.
deuza- is prob. an adj. used as demijohn from the synon. fr.
sb. signifying 'wild animal'; cp. datne-JeaiDie Arab, damagau =
OE. dear 'bold, wild' (cp. dea?-). (orig. tlie town Damghaii in
defeat vb. me. defcte : from northern Persia, once famous
OFR. dcfcter 'annul (ofr. defait for its glass-works).
desfeit part, of defairc fr. dl- den short for ME. dene OE. de?iu
fairc\ med.-lat. dcfacerc 'annul, dene 'valley'; akin to MDU. dan
undo'). See feat. 'woods, wilderness' and G. tanu
defile vb. 'make unclean, sully' 'woods'?
a fusion of me. file oe. dfylan denizen ime. deneseyn denesein:
'defile' and me. defoule 'defile': source anglo-fr. ofr. densein
me. fonle (oE. fuliaii) wk. vb. deinseiu deriv. of ofr. deiiif (^ :

'make foul' with parallel form fr. dans) 'within' and suffix -ein
file (oE. fylcni) has taken the (= LAT. -amis) cp. eitizen. ;

i,AT.-FR. prefix de-. The fr. word means 'a trader

defy vb. ME. defie: from fr. within the privilege of the city-
difier (== aiED.-LAT. IT. disfidare franchise as opposed to foreign .

diffidarc 'renounce faith, repu- deny vb. ime. denle: from fr.
diate ). Cj). faith. dinier (.span, dencgar, ir. dene-
delay vb. me. dclaie delay e: gare =
LAT. denegare 'deny').
from FR. ddlayer (= med.-lat. depaint vb. me. depeinte: from
IT. dilata-rc). FR. d^peiiidre, Cp. paint.
delight sb. (orig. deliie) :me. depict vb. ME. only in part.
dellte delit: from ofr. delit. With depiet =
LAT. depictiis , whence
the vb. delight ME. delite from also OFR. depicter 'depict'.
OFR. deliter (it. delcttarc dilettare^ deploy vb. from fr. deploy er
= LAT. delectare 'i)lease'. (ofr. despleyer despleier, whence
dell ME. dellc OE. dell a dimin. E. display). Source LAT. dis-

derivative of teut. dala- (under plicare.

dale), pointing to a goth. *dalja depth ME. an abstract
depthe :

f. and corresponding to OHG. sb. from the ime. DU.

adj. dtp;
tellia MHG. telle 'ravine' G. (dial.) diepte, on. djfpt, goth. diupi/>a
delle. point to an OE. *d)pp cp. ;

deluge ME. deliige: from dee/^.

sb.
FR. ddluge (= SPAN. IT. diluvio, derrick 'a kind of crane' from
LAT. diltiviiwi 'a flood'). DU. Uierryh, short Dirh, also
 descrv dike 59

Diederik corresp. to G, Dietrich, devil MF. drrel of. deofol =

OSAX. dindal, DU. duivel, OHG.
OE. f>hidric 'chief of the people'.
Orig. derrick signified 'gallows' tiuval tioval mhg. tiiivel (iievel)
named from a Dutch hangman. G. tmfel; goth. diahaillus i)oints
descry vb. i\ie. descrie discrye to LAT. (gr.) diabolus.
'discern' from ofr. descrier {dcs- dew ME. dcjv OE. dcaw =
criz'e descrivre fr. dicrire) 'de- OSAX. d(7/i, OHG. :mhg. tou (gen.
scribe'. touwes) G. taUy du. dauw, ON.
desire vb. .me. desire from fr. dggg (gotu. '''dagg7oa- is wanting).
disirer (it. desirare = lat. Perh. cogn. with the 9'KA<.\'~ d/un-
desiderare 'long for'). 'to flow'.
desk from fr. disqtie (it. desco
die sb. (plur. the sing,
'a table' = med.-lat. discus 'a
developed from the
dice);
i)lur.
is

dice.
table'see under disK).
j\iE. dis usually des 'dice' which is
despair vb. me. despcire from
borrowed from ofr. dez plur. of
OFR. dcsperer fr. disesplrer {= det 'die' fr. dd {= span. it.
i.at. it. desperare) 'lose hope'.
dado 'a die') from lat. datum
despatch, dispatch vb. from
'thatwhich is given antl 'that
OFR. dcspcchcr (fr. depecher^
which is cast'. See date.
'discliarge, expedite'.
die vb. :me. de'^e die dye: ge-
despise vb. me. despise from
nerally considered as a scand.
OFR. despiser despicer 'despise'
loanword from on. deyja (= osAX.
(lat. despicere 'look down upon,
doian OHG. mhg. tomven 'die').
,
despise).
despite sb. by aphercsis spite
An OE. dyym deym (from daujaii)
is not recorded before looo after
me. despit from ofr. despit despcit
FR. d^pit (it. dispetto LAT. =
Chr. , hence scand. origin is
prob. For the TEUT.\^^/t7/^ cp.
despectus 'contempt' see despise).
dead, death. hi other Aryan
Despite prep, abbrev. for /«
languages, osi^ox. da^'iti 'strangle'
despite of.
despoil vb. me. despoile from
and LiTH. dovyti 'torment' are
OFR. dcspoillcr (fr. d^pouiller, IT.
compared as related (indo-eur.
dhew dhimi).
despogliare, span, despojar 'de- \f
spoil') :source lat. despoliare diet mi:, dietc ditUe: from fr.
'plunder, rob'. See spoil. dicte (span. ir. dieta^^ lai". diuda).

destiny destenye destinee bor- dig vb. ME. digge earlier dikie
:

rowed from FR. dcstinde (it. lat. OE. dician 'dig': derivative of OE.
destinatd). dic'-d. ditch'. See dike and ditch.

deuce a two at cards or dice' dike ME. dik{e) oe. die 'a ditch,
early mod. also dcwce di'us channel, dike, = wall' =^ mhg.
FR. deux. tich G, teich 'fishpond, pond".
 \ ;

6o dill dissever

E. dike and ditch are doub- dirge me. dirige oe. (i i'^ cent.)
lets. dirige 'watches' (cp. »dirige for
dill 'the two-seeded me. ford-farenum«
tare' vigilia pro de- =
dille OE. dile ^ DU. ohg. functis). »dirige, Dominus mens,
dille,

///// MHG. iille G. dill. Of obscure in conspectu tuo vitam meam<'

origin. Psalm 5^ was used in the office
dim ME. OE. dim (w;;/) =OFRis. for the dead in medieval service.
dim, o^.dimmr: perh. by-form of dirt ME. drit excrement' fr. oe.
the synon. OSAX. thijn {fnni). A icdritan str. vb. on. drita, =
TEUT. \f pem (whence G. diim- DU. drijteit 'to void excrement :

meni) corresponds to skr. tatnas i^MT.sf drit.

'gloom', LAX. tenchrae (for temesrd) dish ME. dish disch oe. disc a
'darkness'. For the initial gram, dish, plate' osAX. disk 'table', =
change from th —
^/see doughty. DU. disch, OHG. tisc G. tisch 'table'.
A PRE -TEUT. \'" dhem may be lat. discus, the source of tee'T.
found in oiR. de^nc 'darkness'. diskuz, has the meaning 'dish

dime me. dime 'tithe from FR. only jiost-class. (prop, 'disk )
dime (^ Evr. decima 'tenth'). cp. also IT. dcsco, ofr. dois 'table'
(fr. dais 'a canopy, dais' see
dimple :me. ditupcl =i g. tmupcl
under dais and desli).
OHG. tumjilo m. 'whirlpool': deriv.
with nasalization from the teut.
dismay vb. me. dismaie desmaie
{(iemaie esmaie 'dishearten, lose
\f dup 'be depressed' in deep courage') from ofr. desmayer
:
and dip\ cp. lith. dinnbu 'be-
esmayer (it. sniagare from dis-
come hollow'.
magare points to goth. magaft;
din me. dine oe. dyne {= on.
sb.
see may).
dynr') din'.
'a Cp. oe. dytinan
dispense vb. me. dispense: from
:=: DU. deunen osAX. dnnnian,
,
ofr. despenser fr. dispenser (=. it.
ON. dy/jja and the skr. \'" dhvan =
spensarc lat. dispensare 'weigh
dhu/i 'rush'.
out, distribute').
dine vb. :me. dine: from er. display vb. me. displcic: from
diner (= it. disinm-e^ 'dine'. See AFR. despleier = fr. diployer
dinner. 'deploy' (^ iT.jT/zV^'Yzr^, ikiED.-LAT.
dinner :me. diner: from er. diner displicare 'unfold', whence also
ident. with dine: the infinitive fr. deploy er = e. deploy).
is used as sb. See dine. dispute vb. ME. dispute: from
dint :me. dint oe. dynt 'a blow' FR. disputer (r= lat. it. disputare).
= ON. dyntr dyttr 'a dint, stroke'. dissever vb. me. dissevere desc-
dip vb. MR. dippe OE. dyppan\ vere from ofr. dessevrer (it. dis-
:

cp. G. taufen ohg. tonffan (from ceverarc fr. a LAi'.type disseparare

'^tonfjaii) 'baptize' and deep. 'sever').
 . .

distaft" — dole 6i

distaff :\IE. distaf orig. dis-staf; do vb. ME. OE. d/m =1 DU. doen,
OK. '^//jr-.f^</" 'staff bedizened with OSAX. df/an , OHG. MHG. t/lOf!

flax' a teut. dho- in G. ///////.

points to For the TEUT. \^dS de :

MLG. dise f. 'distaff, the bunch cp. also deed and the suffix
of flax on the distaff'. Cp. lat. - do VI. The PRE-TEUT. \f dJio dlii '.

fiisus 'spindle' for Aryan has a wide ramification within the

an
\'~dMs d/iois pointing to a pre- other Aryan languages cp.the gr. ;

i.A r. d/ioiso-. \'^ Sri : d^B in Tti>i^ui 'place, put',

distinguish vb. :sve.. distingwe SKR. \^d/ia {dadJnwii and dhdnii)
distinge: borrowed from fr. 'place, put, do' {iihatr 'creator),
distinguer (eat. distiagiiere). OSLOV. dcjq (and dezdci) 'do,
distrain vb. me. ^//jr/m«e 'compel, make', lat, facia. The meaning
constrain': borrowed from ofr. 'j>lace, put' seems to be the ori-
dc'straindre (lat. distringere 'pull ginal one and the teut. meaning
asunder'). secondary.
distress .me. distresse destresse: dock sb. origin uncertain; from
from OFR. destrece 'distress' = the E. word are borrowed G.
I R. dftrcsse. dock, DU. dok, s\v. docka, dax.
disturb vb. me. disturbe desiurbc'. dok(ke), FR. dock.
tVom OFii. destowher (spax. doe ME. dp OE. dd; cp. dax.
disturhar , it. disturbare = lat. daa. The generally
oe. word — -

disturbare 'disturb') considered a loanword from lat.

ditch 'a dike' me. diche oe. die: dama — ])oints to a weak stem
cquiv. to OSAX. dik 'dam', whence dd/i noni. sing, dd from a teut.
G. dcich: related to gr. Xhlyoq base dai)i , wln"ch is evidently
'wair ? connected with OFR. dain m. fr.
ditty ME. diti; borrowed from daiuc f. Peril, a lat. base *ddiius
ofr. diti' 'a story poem' (eat. (assimilated for *ddmus) may be
,

dicta tiuii) assumed. Tlie phonology of

dive vb. ME. dive oe. dyfan the Engl, word may have been=
ON. dyfa, DU. beduiven, lg. beduven affected by roe OE. rd. :

teut. \P dttb (a by-form of the doff vb. ME. do/fe, orig. imper.
tkut. \~ diip) under deep. do/ contr. of do of 'put off'; cp.
dizzy adj. me. disy oe. dysi^ doji contr. of do on 'put on'.
foolish, stupid' OHG. /ustg, =
dog ME. dogge OE. dogga, whence
MDT. a//ysig/i: \^ dtis (tihtis). DU. dog, SW. dogg, G. dogge, FR.
Another form of the \'^ diis dogue. OE. dogga (recorded about
appears in oe. drvds (=^ mdu. 1050) is a west-teut. duggan-.
djvaes DU. djcaas) 'foolish and dole 'portion, share, lot, fortune'
in G. tor OHG. toro (teut. base ME. dpl{e) OE. ddl: equiv. w. dea
da HZa -^. (oE. licbr).
 . .

62 dollar — dove

dollar sb. a modern loanword dot OE. dott 'speck' du. fris. =
from the continent: DU. daalder; dot; cp. LG. dott dotte 'the yellow
the source is G. thaler which is of the eg^' and osAX. dddro, du.
short for Joachwisthaler 'gulden dooier, oe. dydritig, OHG. totoro
from Joachi??isihat (Bohemia) tutar-ei G. dotter prim, term for :

where the coin was first struck 'the yellow of the <i^''^^^; the
in 1519. orig. meaning of dydring is prob.
-dom -dom OE. -dpf/l
ME. = 'spot, point in the &^^
OSAX. -dom, DU. -do//l, OHG. MHG. dote vb. ME. dote dgtie odu. =
-tuoni G. -tntif. an abstract noun dotcn 'mope'; perh. akin to mhg.
suffix, orig". a sb. meaning- 'juris- t/7s(e) 'quiet' — tuzen 'be quiet'
diction' preserved in doom (and from a teut. \f dtit.
its deriv, deeni). double adj. me. duble: borrowed
domain (poet, by-form deviaiii) from FR. double (iT. doppio =
from FR. domaine (lat. dominiuni), LAT. duplus); from the fr. source
whence also du. domcin. also G. doppclt, du. dubbel.
don see doff. doubt ME. doutc: borrowe4 from
donkey not found in me. oe., FR. doute (it. dotta = lat. dubi-
appar. a deriv. of dun. Suffix timi)
key of donkey is dimin. as in dough dough OE. ddhig)
sb. ME.
monkey. The orig. meaning- of = DU. LG. OHG. MHG. teic(g)
decg,
donkey is 'the little gray one' G. teig, ON. deig goth. daigs ,

(Shakesp. uses dun 'a gray horse'). 'dough': deriv. from a teut. dig
doom sb. 'judgment, sentence, 'knead' in goth. dcigan 'mould,
decree, law' me. oe. dotn = form'; an Aryan sf dhigh cp. in
OSAX. dom, OHG. tuom, ON. domr, SKR. dill stroke, smear', lat.
GOTH, dbms 'judgment'; derived fingere 'shape, form' {^figura
from the teut. sf do in do; for form) and gr. rsT/ng ro7}'0c
the w-suffix cp. SKR. d/uhnan 'wall'. Cp. lady.
'sacred custom' and gr. S^ffug. doughty adj. me. dou(g)hty dohti
door ME. dp're oe. dor =osAX. oe. dohti-'^ tlie by-form oe. dyhti\
;

dor, G. /or, GOTH. d(7ur 'gate'; ident. corresponds to mhg. g. tiuhtig

with OE. duru =
OSAX. dura; on. deriv. from ohg. mhg. ////// an
dyrr plur. corresponds to osAX. abstract noun of the verb re-
duri plur., OHG. turi plur. door' presented by OHG. tugan oe. =
G.tilr. The TEUT. bases i/<?;7i;- and dugan. The oe. by-form /;7//'/j (cp.
dur- (cons, stem) cp. also in dim =
OSAX. thinwi) points to
GOTH, daiirbns 'door'. To the a primitive teut. \'^fiig.
Aryan base dhur belong also lat. dove short for me. douve oe.
fores, GR. t}v()a, lith. durys and dilfe; corresponding to GOTH.
SKR. dur (for dhu-) 'door, gate'. diibo, OSAX. duba, ohg. tiiba G. taube.
 \

down dream 63

The TEUT. <////w/- 'dove' is based strainer' dL.nd druugin vb. 'strain,
on a pre-TEUT. adj. dhubho- 'black' sieve' (nfris. u from teut. au)
in OIK. (////' 'black'. and in ditmarsh dorchdroven
do\vn sb. 'soft plumage': a 'drain', hess. draucn 'drain'.
Scand. loanword of the me. period drake ^ in drakefy oe. draca
(me. lioitft), borrowed from on. 'dragon'; cp. synon. ohg. trahho
dtinn = sw. dun, uan. dunn, g. drache =^ oe. draca borrowed
whence also G. daune, DU. do/is. fr. LAT. draco. Cp. dragon.
down prep, iind adv., orig. drake- 'male of the duck' me.
adoivn (cp. back for abacli) short- drake oe. *draca
: lg. (dial.) =
ened for ME. adoiuie adoun oe. drake mlg. ant-drake, which points
j

ofdtinc: OE. dun is hill' and of- to identity with icel. andriki,
\

diinc 'off the hill, downwards'. germ, ! enterich ohg. antrchho an-
A TEUT. duna- 'hill' (in mod. '"anut A^ trahho^.
lg. trahho (orig.
dal is 'dale' and 'down), oe. diin The TEUT. drakon- occurs onl}'
survives in the Kentish downs in this compound and in the sub-
cp. DU. duin. Perh. the word is stituted simple form (the Teut.
a Celt, loanword, cp. iR. diin 'a word for 'duck' was oe. ccned,
fortified liill', Gael, dun, w. din OHG. anut g. ente).
and the Celt, place-names such draw vb. me. drawe oe. dragan
as Tarodunum, for which cp. also = ON. draga', perh. ident. with
town. GOTH, dragan 'bear, carry', OSAX.
doze vb. prob. borrowed from dragan, du. dragcn, ohg. iragan
ON. diisa 'doze'. G. tragen 'carry, bear'. The teut.
dozen aie. dozcine dusain ^ fr.
\fdrag 'bear' (aryan dhragJi) has
douzaiiic (ofr. dosaine), whence been compared with OSLOV. drii-
also g. dutzend, du. dozijn. The zati 'hold'.
Fr. word is deriv. from douze dream 'vision' dr(m\ an
me.
(OFR. doze =
LAT. duodcc'wi). equiv. oe. dr('am not recorded
is

draff ME. draf oe. ^/r^^/"; cp. (the synonym is s7C'e/n), but is
OHG. ~trah in tlie plur. trcbir G. to be inferred from oSAX. drom,
trdbcr 'grains, husks' and i)U. du. droom, ON. draumr ohg. ,

on. s \v. (//-(z/". Cogn. w. i.x\:.fraces : mhg. troum G. iraum 'dream'.

ARYAN Y^^//w7^-^; cp. also dregs. The meaning 'dream vision'
,

dragon me. dragon drago{u)n'. attaching to these forms may

from FK. dragon 'dragon, stand- be deduced from "deception,
ard' = IT. dragone, i.at. draco{n-) vision' so that teut. drauma- (fur
'dragon'. See drake. *draug?na- or ^dhroughwrnd-T)
drain vb. me. drcine oe. drc'ag- would belong to the teut.
nia)!\a TEUT. \^ drau^ appears \'^ drug, seen in osAX. bidriogan
in NORTH -fris. druughe 'sieve, ^= OHG. iriogan G. triigen 'deceive'.
64 dieary — drop

dreary adj. me. dreri oe. drcorii MHG. G. triefeii, ox. drjilpa 'droj),
'sad';corresponding to mhg. drip'.
triirec c. trail rig; ohg. triiren drive me. drive oe. drifan str. \h.
G. tranern 'mourn' belongs perh. = OSAX. driban 'drive, banish,
to OE. dri'isian v.. droivse drowze perform', du. drijvcn drive, do,
'be sluggisb'. fl)^ swim' , ON. drifa 'hasten',

dregs 'lees' GOTH, drciban 'drive', OHG. trtbau

a Scand. loamvord
of the ME. period (me. dregges) MHG. triben G.ireiben. For the teut.

borrowed with the plur. form fr. \fdrib (ARYAN dhribhl d/irfpl)
the equiv. on. dregg. The teut. cp. also drift.
base dragjo- may be a pre-TEUT. droll adj. perh. borrowed fr.
dhraki- which is also jiossible FR. drotc 'odd, queer, funny'. Cp.
of i,AT. /races 'dregs' (lat. /' =
G. drollig from LC;. drul/ig, nu.

ARYAN c//; as Mwditx distaff); cp. drotlig; not found in the older
also PRUSS. dragios 'dregs' (perh. languages.
Teut. loanword?). drone sb. ME.drt'iiOK. dniii (plur.
dress vb. me. drcssc borrowed
drdii). The synon. ono.^treiio
MHG. tretie G. drohne, osax. dran
from FR. dresser (oFR. drescer
plur. draiii (dan. drone is a con-
drecier; lat. t}"pe directiare).
tinental loanword) are evidently
drift sb. 'driving, impulse' me.
related, but not phonetically
drift 'act of driving, drove, im-
identical; oe. dran points ti:)

pulse': deriv. from c/r/Vv with t-

GOiH. ''drainiis, while ohg. trino
suffix; cp. DU. drift 'drove, tlock,
points to GOTH. *drina. An
course, current, artlor', c;. trift
Aryan \-^ dhren cp. in (tR. Tf i'-
pasture', ON. drift dript 'snow-
i)^?jv/] 'a species of wasp' —
drift'. See drive, drove.
also dvdQijvi] 'woodbee' Laco- —
drink \b. me. drinke oe. drincan nian d^gm'a^ 'drone'.
=^ 0'>\y.. drill kan, du. i.g. drinken, drop vb. ME. droppc oe. droppian
OHG. triiichan mhg. g. triiiken, also dropian and droppetian (=
ON. drekka , goth. drigkaii a r)\j droppen, G.tropfeii): afrequent.
:
.

common teut. str. vb. From deriv. of the orig. str. vb. OE.
TEUT. comes the Roman group dreopan me. drepe osAX. drio- =
IT. trincare, fr. triiiquer 'hobnob'. pan, uu. druipen, OHG. triufan
The TEUT. \^dreiik {Arynn d/ire/ig) MHG. G. triefen, on. drjiipa 'drop'.
does not appear outside of See drip and drop.
Teut. drop sb. 'a globule' me. drgpe
drip vb. ME. drippc OE.dryppan: OE. dropa = OSAX. dropo, du.
associated with oe. *dreopaii drop, ON. drope, OHG. tropfo; the
ME. drepe 'drop, fall' =
OSAX. OHG. by-form tropfo (g. iropfen).
driopan, DU. druipen, ohg. tiiufan points to a teut. base druppon-.
 :

dropsy — dung 65

All derivatives of the \% probable

teut. and ohg.
\f dhruk
\'~driip. See drop^. would point to a by-
trucka7i
dropsy me. dropsy dropesie short form Aryan dhrfig.
for idropsie hynhopsic: borrowed duck sb. ME. douke oe. dtke:
from FR. hydropisie (lat. hydro- akin to oe. '^dilcan under duck
pisis) . vb.; hence ^/«r/5 prop. 'the diving
drought ME. drought older one, diver'; cp. T>A.T>i. dukaud ''^g.s.-
drougth drught OE. drilgod 'dry- duck', G. tauchenie.
ness': deriv. from oe. driigian duck vb. ME. doukc ; an oe.
'become dry' and teut. adj. *ducan may be inferred fr. du.
driigi in dry. dtiiken, ohg. tiihhan mhg. tiichen
drouse (drowze) vb. me. *drouse G. tan chef?.
OE. drds(i)an 'become slow or due adj. me. diie from fr. dfi

sluggish' = MDU. droosen 'doze'; ofr. deu m. deue f. (=

m. due f.

cp. I.G. driinse(l)n 'slumber' drunsen IT. debutd) cp. med.-lat. *dcbu- ;

'low' (of cattle) akin to oe. tu7n debuta for debitufn.

;

dri'osan =goth. driusan 'fall'. duke me. duke from fr. duc\
See dreary. with the deriv. duchess me.
drove sb. 'herd, road for diichesse short for diichesse fr. =
sheep or cattle in droves' me. duchcsse. duchy (cp. me. —
dr(we earlier drpf oe. ^/rc^ 'drove' ducherie instead of '''duchie) from
deriv. from W\^y^ drib in drive. FR. duehi.
drown vb. me. droune; short dumb adj. me. dof?ib duml) oe.
for ME. druncne (also dissimil. dumb; GOTH, dumbs, OK. dutnbr
drimkle^ oe. drunciiiaii sink' a have essentially the same meaning
:

passive formation of the teut. while the corresponding G. dunun

verb drink. (ohg. ^\nG.tuf?ip) signifies 'stupid,
dry ME. dric dryc oe. dry-^e foolish'. Perh. deaf without
from TEUT. driigi-, as shown by nasal (= oe. deaf, goth. daufs)
oe. drtigod =
mod. e. drought. belongs to the same Aryan
A TEUT. by -form draugi- (or \'^ dhtibh, which may be found
draugu-^ is seen in oe. drij^e also in gr. tvffXng 'blind'.
.ME. dreic and in DU. droog, dun adj. 'dark, swarthy' me.
LG. drdge (by the side of lg. dou donnc oe. dun (nn) an earh' :

dryge, north-fris. driltigJi). All Celtic loanword (oir. gael.

with the same meaning, which donti, gall, donuos) therefore ;

appears also in the related g. not found in other teut. lan-

trockcn (oHG. truckivi). Cp. ok. guages.
draugr 'a dry log'; ohg. proper dung me. dung doug; cp. ohg.
nouns e. g. Druhi-kUnga prove tunga 'dung' c;. dung. ohg.
a TEUT. druhi 'dry'. An Aryan mhg. tunc 'subterranean weaving
English Etvmologv.
66 dungeon

room'. 'cave, underground a dialect of Germany.

If Dutch
room' the orig. meaning, gr. corresponds to G. dcutsch
is mlg. =
TCiffOC from an Ar}'an dhii^hwos dildcsch, mhg. diutsch tiutsch tiusch
may be allied. OHG. diutisk (osAX. thiudisce liudi
'Germania').
dungeon sb. me. dongeon don-
jou7i\ loanword from ofr. do7i- dwarf ME. dwcrgh dwcrugh
geon dongon dofijon fr. donjon OE. dweorhig) = DU. dwcrg,
(med.-lat. do7nnione7n 'a com- OHG. MHG. twerc(g) getiv'erc G.

manding tower' fr. a lax. type zwerg, ON. dwergr m., sw. dan.
dominion cm\ cp. lat. dominiutn dz'erg. TEUT. base dw'crga-
under domaiit). belongs prob. to the teut. \^ drug
'deceive', hence dioarf prop,
dusk ME. desk OE. dose (of
'deception, vision'.
rare occurrence, but also seen
in the deriv. vb. dusciaii). Akin to dwell vb. ME. dwcllc late OE.
the sw. dial, dnskug 'misty'. dwelian scand. loanword from :

A TEUT. base duska- admits of ON. dvelja 'delay, stay' oho. =

relation to lat. fuscus 'blackish, twellan (and t^val^n) 'linger'.

dark' (base d/insko-?). dye vb. ME. die dcie dej^e OE.
Dutch orig. meant German dcagian derived from uE. dr'ah(g)
:
',

including Dntch\ for down to a TEUT. daiiga is not found

1600, Dutch was considered elsewhere.

E
each ME. (eh earlier (Ich base auzbn- in goth. ausb, osax.
OE.
(hlc orig. d-gilic ^ OHG. ohg. bra g. ohr du. oor.
iogilih An ,

MHG. iegelteh G. jeglich\ cp. ohg. Aryan base aus- cp. in lat.
inanno-giUh 'every man' — 'imbo- auris, GR. ovg, Russ. SLOv. ueho
gillh every woman' etc. perh. cogn. with hear.
'ear' ;
—
eager me. cgi-e adapted from Hence earwig me. (r-wigge oe.
:

OFR. eigre 'keen, sharp'. Source car-wigga.

LAT. acre (aeer). ear- sb. (of corn) me. (r oe. car
eagle me. cgle: loanword from contr. from *eahor (Northumbr.
FR. (liglc, source lat. aquila. <?////^r) TEUT. base ahaz-; ident.^
eanling'lamb'(Shakesp.) points w. ohg. ahir G. iihre, goth. ahs,
to an OE. ean 'lamb'; c^. yean. ON. ax, Perh. akin to awns.
ear^ sb. me. ere oe. (W/v teut. =
ear vb. me. ere oe. crian =
 . :

earl - eitrht .67

GOTH, arjan, ohg. ci-ian 'plough'; eat vb. me. etc OE. etan du =
cogn. with LAT. arare, or. dooeiv, eicfi, OSAX. etaii, on. eia, goth
oiR. arahn 'I plough': Aryan itan, OHG. cT^'i^aii G. esse/i. Cp
\^ ar in lat. arz>um 'field' and the Aryan \'^cd in lat. edo, gr
in cartJi. edni.iai, skr. ad, lith. ahni 'eat'
earl me. erl oe. eorl r= on. (see also tootli).
jiirl, OSAX. erl. Perh. ident. eaves .me. roes oe. efes 'eaves';
witli the TEUT. tribe-name Heruli. the e. dial, form oaves (Essex)
early .me. 4rU o^.drlke; cp. ere. points to an oe. '^ofes ohg. =
earn vb. me. erne oe. carnian obasa 'porch, liall', goth. ulnzTi>a
=^ OHG. arnon. Perh. traceable 'porch', on. ups 'eaves'.
to the Aryan \/'"<7r in Gv..a(jvvi.iat. ebb sb. me. ebbeoz. ebba =1 ofris.
earnest me. erftest oe. eornust ebba, du. eb ebbe, G. dan. ebbe,
=^ OHG. crtiust G. DU. errist 'serious- SWED. ebb. Source and history
ness'; perh. akin to goth. unknown.
arniba ;6.&\\ surely'? edge ME. egge oe. ecg (infl.
earth me. crthe oe. eorde =. ecge) t:= DU. egge, osax. eggia,
OSAX. irt/ia , OHG. crda G. erde, on. egg, OHG. ccka g. ccke. Cogn.
GOTH, airpa, on. yi^rrt'; cognate with LAT. acies 'point', gr. aY.ic',

with OHG. iV^- 'earth' = on. cp. SKR. a^ri 'corner', gr. aY.ortc
jorvi 'ground', lat. arvuvi 'field', 'jiointed', lith. aszru-s 'sliarp'
GK. fo«Cf to the ground'. Aryan \'" ak.
earwig cp. ear"^. eel ME. OE. el OE. dl OHG. =
ease .me. (se earlier else from DU. DAN. aal, on. (ill: teut.
al, G.
I'R. aise 'ease'. base cla- clu- ?
east ME. (st oe. (ast\ ident. from ON. egg.
egg sb. ME. egg
with DU. cost, the teut. OY..dii (plur. dyii)
G. osten ; ME. f/(plur. —
base aust- is traced to the circ^ ^(i'^^ were supplanted by the
Aryan name of the aurora lat. SCAND. loanword egg. oe. (BJ^ and
aurora, GR. TjcJg, skr. usas: Aryan ON. egg correspond to osax.
base ausos. Cp. Easter. OHG. ei, DU. G. ei: teut. base
Easter me. rster oe. {asiro =
aia- (ajjiz- ajjaz) perh. related
OHG. ostarfin G. Ostern. Accord- to LAT. oinini, GR. foo'i' ^^^^
ing to Bcda Venerabilis in egg vb. 'instigate' me. egge
,

heathen times the Anglo-Saxons from ON. fggja ''c^j;^ on'; akin
called the feast in April after to edge.
their goddess Eosire, which is eight ME. OE. '^'ehte mostly <:7'(,'-///'<'

elsewhere quite unrecorded. The eahta =r goth. ahtaii, osax. ohg.

"west-teut. word (base ausiro/7-) ^///<^ G. DU. acht: Aryan base
is prob. of the same origin as oktbu okto in GR. oxrw, lat. octo,
east; c]). mth. auszra 'aurora'. skr. asfaii, oiR. ^'r///.
5*
 : . ,

68 eisel — emmet

eisel ME. aisil late oe. aisil (^= the word occurs in proper names
ODU. aisiji) fr. ofr. aisil. Source as OE. ^If-rid ohg. Alp-rat. =
a LAT. type acetuliim; cp. oe. An Aryan albJiu- is found in
cced 'vinegar' fr. lat. acidimi rbhu 'the name of a certain
SKR.
'sharp.' kind of deity'.
either me. eitha- oe. ckyier ell ME. elk earlier elm oe. eln
shortened for (ejjiwceder orig. ^=^ OHG. eliita G. DU. elk., on.
a -\- y.hwccder\ cp. ohg. io-giwc- alin., GOTH, aleina 'ell, cubit'. A
dar 'each of two' and whether. pre-TEUT. olena- is found in lat.
eke fr. a ulna, OR. (oXlvrj, OIR. uile 'cubit'.
ME. ck OE. ec earlier (ac
TEUT. auk ^= GOTH
OHG. Cp. elbow.
alih,
ouh G. auch. Prop, imperative elm me. OE. elm; akin to on.
of the str. vb. goth. aukan 'add' dlmr and lat. tihnus (g. ulme is
(= LAT. augere). a LAT. loanword, du. aim is ofr.
elbow ME. elhgivc oe. elboga (?/w^)
earlier eln-hoga = ohg. elinbogo else ME. OE. elles adv. 'other-
G. elbogen, du. ellehoog, on. f//z- wise' genet, of the pron. GiOth.
:

/^(?^/: a GOTH, compound ^aleina- aljis 'an other' (= lat. allies,

huga 'the bow of the cubit' is armen. ait)

GR. aXKac, oiR. aile, ;

wanting. Cp. ell and bow. cp. OE. ele-lende 'a foreign land
eld'oldage, antiquity'(Shakesp.) OHG. eli-lenti "being abroad' and
me. clde oe. eldo yldo 'antiquity' ohg. elles 'elsewhere', lat. alias
abstract of old = oe. (fid. — 'otherwise'.
elder adj. me. elder oe. eldra: ember-days me. imbn'-dawes oe.
compar. of old. }'?nbren-dagas prop, 'days of pro-
elder sb. (a tree) me. eldre eller cession'?
oe. ellarn. embers 'ashes' me. evimeres
eleven mi:, eulevene oe. infl. cmeres plur. OE. chnyrian plur.
c/idleo/ane cknlifanc \ OE. eudlufon = OHG. eimuria , on. eimyrja
corresponds to ON. ellifu, Prob. a compound of
OSAX. 'embers'.
elletmn ; cp. goth. ainlif, ohg.
a TEUT. type aim-iizjbn cp. on. \

einlif G. du. elf 'eleven'. The einir 'steam, vapor' and usli a
TEUT. numeral ain-lif- is a com- conflagration' mhg. usel iisel ,

pound of ain ^
one and lif 'ashes, embers' fr. an Aryan \^ us
= pre-TEUT. -lika in lith. vaw- in LAT. urere vb. 'burn' (cp. on.
lika 'eleven' (cp. twelve). The ysja 'fire')^.
orig. meaning of the numeral emmet 'ant' me. einet oe. ccmete:
was perh. 'ten one'. + TEUT. base amaitjbn- ^=- ohg.
elf (with the older by-form a7nei-a G. atneise: prob. cogn.
ouphe Shakesp.) me. elf oe. eel/: with OHG. etniy^i G. etnsig 'in-
TEUT. base alba- also in on. dl/r; dustrious'.
 emperor — ewe 69

emperor me. einperoiir fr. afr. OHG. harmo (corresp. to lith.

onpcrur = lat. imperator-cm (but czartnft) means 'weasel'.
OE. Cdsere 'emperor' =^ G. kaiser err vb. me. errc vb. fr. fr.
fr. LAT. Caesai-') ; cp. empire me. errcr = lat. crrarc; hence
empire fr. FR. empire = lat. errant fr. errant.
impcrium and empress j^ie. wz- errand me. ernde erende short
peresse earlier form emperice fr. for OE. cerende = OSAx. drundi.
OFR. emperice = lat. imperatrlcc7n. ohg. drunti 'message'; uncertain
empty me. empti efiiti short for whether cogn. w. goth. (z/;7/j-, ox.
OE. o'liitij^ 'empty'. drr, OE. dr, osax. cr 'messenger'.
escape vb. me. escape vb. fr.
enchant vb. me.
FR. enchanter =
enchaiinte
lat. incantare.
fr.
oxfr. escaper =
fr. ichapper. lat.
type ex-capparc dcriv. from eappa
end me. oe. emie ^= goth. andcis,
'cloak'.
OHG. enti G. ende., DU. if/V?^/.?, on.
evening ^v£..evemnge OK.ce/nntig:
^W/; TEUT. base andja-, pre-TEUT.
deriv. of eve me. ('Z'e(fi) OE. dfen
antyd-; cp. SKR. dnta 'end, limit'
('/en] cp. ohg. dbimd G. abend,
and oiR. tV.
OSAX. dhand , DU. avotid; ox.
engage cogn. w. gage.
aptann (swed. a/ion, dan. afteii)
enough me, ingugh {inowe) OE.
teut.
and OE. a^ften 'evening belong-
5^//t//i (j^enpg earlier lingg') :

to the same group teut. base :

base ga-noga- in du. genoeg,

ebnd-'^ cftu-1
OSAX. ginog , OHG. ginuog G.
ever me. ez^er earlier evre oe.
^'^^«/<i,'- 'enough'; cp. goth. ganohs
chfre (earlier dbre); the word is
and the goth. vb. ganauhati 'to
suffice' — gaiiaiiha 'sufficiency':
orig. compounded, but only
the i"^' clement is evident; cp.
ARYAN v'~«<'?'^ {fl^k').
OE. d 'ever' GOTH, aiw under =
enter vb. me. ^/;/;r vb.fr. fr.^«- aye-.
= LAT. inlrare vb.
every me. ez'erl earlier
'enter.
—
//YV
form everich late oe. afrdlc.
entire adj. me. entire fr. fr.
everywhere me. ei'cr iwMre oe.
en tier r= lat. integrum {integer').
envy sb. me. ^//wV fr. fr. etivie = (efre-iehiacer.
evil adj. me. evel prop, ivel oe.
lat. Invidia.
base ubila- in goth. yfel: teut.
ere 'before' me. /r((?) oe. ckr ubi/s, osax. ubil OHG. zibil G. ,

(fr. aV/ </;7 teut. airi) 'before'; ilbci, DU. euvel; cogn. w. ohg.
ident. w. goth. air, ohg. osax. uppi G. ilppig and perhaps w. teut.
er G. chr. nber = over.
ermine sb. me. ermine fr. ofr. ewe ME. nve oe. eozvu (not
which is of ioiini, which would be me. *<?<:'<')
ertnine fr. hermine, :

Teut. origin; cp. ohg. harmin teut. base awi- 'sheep' in du.
mhg. hermin iwx The primitive ooi, ON. d-r 'sheep' and cp. goth.
.
i
70 ewer — fair

aivcpi 'flock of sheep' and awisir OHG. ouga G. auge osax. oga, ,

'a sheepfold'; cp. OHG. ou (plur. DU. oog, on. auga (under 7vin-
ou7of) fr. a TEUT. base awwi-. doiv). As shown by the teut. vb.
A base owi- occurs in other '^aujan pret.*a7mda (= oe. ywau
Aryan languages skr. dvi, lat. cowde) for '^agwjan '^agwida 'to
:

oris, GR. otg (*o/'e)j LITH. avis show', TEUT. augon- is transformed
'sheep', oSLOv. ovica, OiR. (j^'sheep'. (by the influence of teut. auzon-
ewer me. (iver fr. afr. *ewiere =
ear) from an earlier ag^oon-:
VK.aigiiil're: source lat. aquarium ARYAN base okon- fr. a primitive
'vessel for water', whence also stem ok 'eye' cp. lat. oc-ulus, ;

OHG. ahhari, du. lg. akcj- 'pitcher, OSLOV. oko, LITH. akis, GR. 0(T(Jf

bucket'. 'the eyes' (fcjr '''okje) ; skr. <?;('//•

expound me. expou/ie eyot vb. fr. sb. :\iE. eiet oe. /j^/ com-
ovK.espondre: source lat. exponere, monly ij^od: deriv. of OE. ?j i]^

whence also ohg. spunon 'inter- 'island', which answers to on. ey,

pret, expound'. OHG. outva 'island' (teut. aiijo-

eye me. eie earlier e'^e OE. cage : fr. agwjo- dcriv. of GOTH, cthwa
TEUT. base augon- in goth. augo, = LAT. aqua 'water').

fable ME. fable fr. fr. fable ^ ident. w. OHG. gifeho 'jo}-' or
LAT. fabiila. more accurately w. oe. ^/fea
face ME. fa^'e fis fr. fr. face ^=^ (contracted fr. *gifeaha *gi- =
LAT. fades. faho) teut. \~feh (Aryan pek)
:

fade (Shakesp. e/a^^/t') vb. me. in oe. lefeon (pret. lefeali) =

fade vb. fr. the FR. adj. fade OHG. gifehan 'to enjoy'.
(whence also Q. fade, ouu. vadde). faint adj. we., feint fr. ofr. feint
Source a lat. type ''fatidns in- oi feindre', c^. feign.
partic.
stead oi fatuus 'foolish'. fair adj. me. fair oe. fceier ^=
fail vb. iiE. faile vb. fr. FR. := GOTH.yvz^;'i''fit',OHG. osw.fagar,
faillir (source lat. fallere), on. /a^r. According to goth.
whence also du. vcilen, mhg. gafahrjan 'to prepare there ,

vNen G. fchlen. exists a teut. \/~feh also in g.

fain adj. me. fain oe. fcej^en fegen ohg. fv;^w^ vb. 'cleanse';
'glad' = OSAX. fagan, on. fegimi cp. ON. fdga and ohg. fuogan
adj. 'glad'; cp. goth. /a^/w;? 'to G. /r/^^"//, OE. lefeian.
enjoy' and fahefs joy', which is fair sb. 'market, festival' me.
 fairy — fast 71

fe.irc fr. afr. feire = FR. foire] lat. versus) ; G. wanne is an

source LAT. feria 'a holiday', earlier loanword fr. \.K\\ vannus.
whence also OHG. frra G. fcier fancy short for me. fantasie =
'ceremony' {J'eiertag 'holiday'). ofr. fantasie (lat. phantasia).
fairy .me. fa'iric fr. ofr. faerie far adv. me. fer ferre oe.
'encliantment'; cp. fay- feor feorran] cp. goth. fairra
faith sb. -MK. faith feith (with adv., ohg. fcrro G. fern, du.
the by- form fai fei) fr. A¥^. feid ver, o-ii. fjarri'i^x cogn. w. GR. \

fcid (with the by-form/^/ =

niouv 'beyond', SKR./ir/zvz 'distant',
fr.

foi). Source lat. fides —

fde^n. armen. heri 'far'.
falcon si). ME. faukoun fr. fr. fardel me. fardel fr. ofr. fardel
faitcon. Source late la'J'. fxlco- =
FR. fardcau 'burden, load'.
iicm, whence also OHG. falko G. fare vb. me. fare oe. far an
falke, o-ii.falke, DU. valk 'falcon'. str. vb. GOTH, faran, on.fara, =
fall vb. ME. falle oe. fallaii ohg. osax. faran mhg. varn G.
{fealla/i) =: ohg. osax. falia/i, fahren, uu. varen: teut. \'~far
ON. falla str. vb. 'fall': teut. 1= ARYAN \'~por in GR. TJOfjtvouai
\ffall = Aryan \f~pal in lith. I travel, I go'.
/'///// (pres. p'lilii) 'to fall'; cp. farm "siz.ferme 'repast, banquet,
also GR. aifdXXouai 'to fall'? rent, farm' oe. feonn 'banquet,
fallow adj. u^. falwe oe. fealo food, subsistence'; cp. OE.feortnian
y:;c\\.f'alwes = TEUT. h^.se. falwa- vb. 'sustain, feed, support' bor-
in ON. fg/r, du. vaal, ohg. falo rowed fr. LAT. firmare 'to make
G. fili/ 'jjale, fallow'. Cogn. strong' (tirmare alqm. cibo atque
w. LAT. pallidus '[jale' — pullus potione).
'dark', Tinhog 'gray', skr.
GR. farrow me. farh '\oung pig'
pa/iia 'gray' ;. the TEUT. adj. has OE. fearh 'pig' =
ohg. farah
the same suffix as OSLOV. plavii, (g. ferkel, du. varkeii) : teut. base
i.iTH. palvas 'fallow'. far ha- =
pre-teut. porko- in GR.
false adj. mk. late oe. fals fr. 7r6(j/.Oi^, h.\T. poreus, wru. pdrszas,
OFR. fah -~ FR. faux', source OSLOV. prase, oir. ore 'pig'.
LA'i'. falsiis 'false'. farthing ME.ferthing short for
fame .mk. fame fr. fr. fame ^rr ferthing oe. feordung {feording
i.A'i'. faiiia 'report'. feordling') 'the fourth part, farth-
famine me. famin(e) fr. fr. ing': deriv. of OE. feor da' iowriW,
famine: deriv. fr. lat. fames cp. ./'('//-'' and OHG. for dung.
hunger'. fashion .me. fagoun i^fassouii)
fan ME. OK. fan (nn): borrowed fr. FR. fafon lat. factio{nefn). =
during anglo-sax. times fr. l.\t. fast adj. ME. fast oe. feest =
7'atinns (in the vulgar pro- OS. fastr, DU. vast, OHG. /.r.y// adj.
nunciation /i/ ////«.<; cj*. G. vers =r {fasto adv.) g. /^-i-/" 'fast': teut.
 : . :

72 fast — feeble

fastu-, Kxy2ca. postii in armen. /?rt'iY fay fr. fr. //^; cp. mhg. feie
'fast'. — fastvb. uz.fasteOK.fcesta7i fr. OFR. /tvV : source a lat. /ar/<a'
= GOTH, fastaii fasten, du.
, G. fatum. =
vasten, ox. fasta: prop, derived fear me. //r^ oe. fdr 'a sudden
from the adj. with the orig. mean- peril, fear'
ing 'make firm, observe'.
osax. far, Ohg. ^
fara 'treason, danger' G. gefahr
fat adj. -ME./?/ itt) short for-OE. 'danger';
goth. '^fh-a is the source
fceti prop, fdted =
teut. base oi ferja 'a spy' Aryan
\fper also :

faitida- in ohg. feiyt o. feist, in LAT.

perieuhwi 'danger', gr.
OSAX. fetid LG. g. /(?^/ 'fat', DU. vet:
nsYon 'trial
prop, partic. of a teut. vb. feast ME. feste fr. ofr. feste =
''^faitjan. The base is a teut. adj.
FR. fete: source lat. festa.
faita- 'fat' in mhg. ?r/-, on. feit/-
feat ME. fet by-form feit fait
Aryan \'~/id cogn. w. \^j>i in fr. FR. fait
gr. ^=
LAT. factutn. =
7iio)v mcf.QOQ 'fat' skr.
pivan —
pwara 'fat' (skr. v/^/jv?).
OE. feder r= du. veder
feather
short for me. fethcr
osax. ,
fatal ME. fatal fr. fr. fatal;
fethara, ohg. fedara G. feder,
cp. fate ME. /?/t' =: OFR. fate.
Source lat. fatnin fatalis. —
on. 75'6'^r 'feather': teut. base
fepro-, Aiyan petra-; cogn. w.
father me. fade?- oe. feeder =
GR. TiTfoov feather, wing', skr.
GOTH, fadar (commonly atta),
org. fater G. vater, Osax. fadar,
pdtatra?n 'wing' patra 'feather' —
Aryan \^pet in skr. \rpat 'to
DU. vader, ON. fadir: teut. base
also in lat. penna (prop.
fader- =
Ar}an base pater- in
fly',

'''petsna) 'feather'.
LAT. pater, gr. naTijp, skr. //A?r
and oiR. rr/////-, armen. //t///-; all
feature U'^.frtilre fr. ofk. friture

equivalent.
=- LAT. factiira.
fathom ME. fdthem fee sb. ME. /d' OK.feo/i (gen./cw
oe. Z^^^;//
'embrace, extended arms, fathom, prop, 'cattle, property
dat. fed)
cubit': ident. w. on. fadmr, du. in cattle' ident. w. goth. faiJui, ;

vadeni 'a fathom' =

ohg. faduvi ON. fi 'cattle, property', ohg.
G. faden 'a fathom, a thread': fihu g. vieh 'cattle': teut. fchn
TEUi. base fapma- fr. an Aryan Aryan p^ku neut. in skr. pdpi
V""/"'^ in GOTH. /(7/a 'hedge'
neut. 'cattle cp.= skr. pa(ii ;

MHG. ew^/i? 'fence' and in gr. masc, LAT. peeiis 'cattle" (hence
ntxdvvv(.a 'I extend'. peeftnia 'money').
fault ME. faute fr. faute. feed vb. ME. fede oe. feda/i
fr.
favor ME. feizwur =
faveur. fi'dan TEUT. base fodjan under
fr. :

fawn sb. me. faun prop. />?-<?«// food.

fr. FR. faon 'a fawn': source a feeble adj. me. feblc fr. ofr.
LAT. iy\)Q fi'tdnus, deriv. oi fvtiis. fcible foible fr. faihle. =
 feel fetlock 73

feel vb. ME. fde oe. felan fdlan fend vb. ME. fendc] also abbre-
wk. vb. fr. a teut. base foljan in viation of defend.
OSAX. gifbljan., du. voc/cn, ofris. fennel me. fenel oe. final:
fiVa, MHG. vi'iclcn G. fiihlen vb. borrowed fr. hkl. fcnkulumfcnu-
'feel'. Perh. cogn. w. lat. palma, culum (whence also fr. fenouil,
03A.\. OE. y»/w 'hand': \~pal. IT. finocchid) ; DU. venkel , ohg.
feign vb. we., fcnahhal fcnihhal G. fcnchel are
feine fr. ?r. feimirc
'to feign' source lat. fingere. earlier loanwords.
:

fern shortened for me. fcj-n

fell sb. me. oe. fel{ll) teut.
base /t7/(?- in goth. fiU, on.
OE. fearn fcarn
:

G. fain, du. =
/dV/, OHG. fcl(ll)
varcn. The teut. base farna-
G. Z^"//, DU. vel.
'fern' is ident. w. skr. pai't.ia
Cogn. w. LAT. /^///jT skin' : \fpel
'wing, feather, leaf; cp. GR.
also in film.
TTTSQOv 'feather — nTspic 'fern.
fellow sb. ME. fclawe late oe. ferret borrowed fr. fr. furet
y'fV'A/;./; borrowed h. on. ft!lag e', {-r^ IT. furettd), which is a deri-
cp. ON. fe-lag 'companionship, vative of lat. ///; 'thief. FR.
cissociation', lit. 'a laying to- furet is also the source of DU.
gether of property' (on. fi 'pro- fret, G. frett usually frettchcn.
perty' r= e. fee). ferry sb. me. ferie: it is un-
felly {felloe) me. /<;'//f (felwe) certain whether a genuine
it is

oe. /t'/g^ (felgan) =^ ohg. /^'4'''? E. word (oe. *ferie) or a Scand.

G. felge, DU. radvelgc. skr. par^u loanword (on. ferja); cp. G.

'rib' is compared. fdlire, DU. veer. Source tlie

verbal sTf^'' i'l f<ii'C-

felon -ME. felouii Ijorrowed fr.
ferry vb. me. ferie oe. fcrian
med.-lat.
FR. /i'/t*;/ 'a
fello{ne7n) feld{nem).
traitor fr.
'carry' =
ON. ferja 'carry', goth.
farjan 'travel'; cp. fare.
felt ME. OK. felt; cp. the synou.
fetch vb. s\z. fecche with the by-
OHG. G. yf/s MHG. e'i/s, DU. 7'ili,
form fete (pret. fette) oe. feccan
s\v. dan. y?//": teut. feltaz *f/tiz
fctjan ea.r\ier fetian (prei.fetode)',
^rora a pre-TEUr. *peldos. Felt
E. -tc/i ME. ecA is developed fr.
is prob. related to osLov. pliisti
OE. tj {^fetjan earlier fetian, west-
'felt'. The synon. Rom. words 'lEUT. fetojaii). There exists a
it. feltro, FR. feutre (med. - la r.
TEUT. sffetxw OE. sidfiCt 'journey',
fltni?;t) 'felt' are ofTEUT. origin.
ON. fet 'step, pace'; E. foot
fen ME. OE. fen(nn) teut. base belongs to :
the same Aryan
faiija- 'morass' in the synon. \fped.
GOTH, fixni, uu. vcen, on. /<//, fetlock orig.'the tuft of hair be-
OHG. fcnni. hind a horse's pastern-joint'.
fence sb. short for defence. — .ME. fitlock fetlack: a genuine E.
 :

74 fetter fight

word ident. w. mhg. fiz,lach fiy- exists an Aryan \fpik in skr.

ioc/i, deriv. of mhg. fc"^el G. pifuna 'treacherous'.
fessel 'pastern of a horse' which fiddle me. fthel oe. fidele =
seems to be cogn. w. telt. s}-non. OHG. fdula mhg. videle G.
fbt = E. foot; cp. LAT. pes fiedel, on. fidla, du. vedel: the
pedent 'foot'. whole group is based on a
westteut. ffuhr =- fr. viole, it.
fetter sb. me. fcter oe. fetor
= OSAX. fetur, on. fjoturr, du.
SPAN, viola. Source a vulgar
LAT. vitula (in a late pronun-
veter, ohg. fe-^ytra mhg. ve"^er\
ciation fdnla'f).
cogn. \v. i.AT. pedicel., gr. xrtJ//
'a fetter' and perh. w. G. fassen field -ME. oe. feld; e stands for
'catch': Aryan \fped pod. TEUT. < before ld\ cp. ohg. osax.
fcld g. feld, DU. veld. The teui'.
fever me. fever fefre oe. /cy^-r
stem 'felpn- is related to oe.
{= OHG. febar G.fieber^ borrow- fplde, OSAX. folda 'earth'. A pre-
:

ed fr. LAT. febris febrevi, whence

teut. adj. Pit/ill- is found in
also FR. fih're (=^ rr. febb re). SKR. prthu 'broad' and frtkivt
few adj. me. /i«v oe. fUnve 'earth'; cp. GR. nKaxvc, oiR. lethan
pkir. represents a 'Jeut. '^fauwai 'broad, ixin. flatus. Perh.//(7/
and is ident. with org. yiV;^ is cognate.
plur. of a T-Evr. ^f(7tih(7ii)a-: Aryan fiend ME. fend oe. feond =
adj. fauqo- in lat. pauats. Cp. goth. fjands, on. fjdndi, OSAX.
also GOTH, fawai plur. with fiimd, OHG. MHG. viafit G. feind.
ON. /r?-;- (dan. /<?^ sw. fd; ME. The sb. is prop, a pres. partic.
/i? is Scand. loanword); osax. of the vb. GOTH, fjan (oe. feoym,
fahc 'few', indo-eur. \'~ />au in OHG. ficn 'hate'). A correspond-
OR. navio cease'? ing verbal \~ pty hate' occurs
fey (SC.) 'doomed to die' me. in SK.R. therefore fend orig. ;

fete oe. fcB^e =

on. feigr, osax. meant 'the hater'. Cp. friend.
'doomed to die*; du. veeg fierce me. fers: borrowed fr.
/"(^^Z

'about to die' (ohg. feigi 'daring-, OFR. fers fiers regular forms ,

petulant' G. feige 'cowardly') fer per fr. fer (lat. ferns =

TEUT. base faigi-. 'wild').
fifth OE. fifda cp. five.
fickle ME. fikel oe. fieol from
OE. 'fraud'; cp.
j^efc OE. fdcen fig ME. fg borrowed fr. fr.

fraud, deception', o?,.\x. fekan = fgue = LAT. ficus, whence also

ohg. feihhan 'deception' teut. OE. fic-treo 'fig-tree'.
:

sffik faik, prop, faih in goth. fight vb. ME. fighte OE. feohtan
bifaihbn vb. 'defraud' and faih str. vb. DU. vechten ohg. = ,

sb. 'deception, fraud'. There felitan G. fechteti: teut. \rfe/it}

 .

filei fire 75

file^ 'a string, list, order'; FR. pinson and e. dialect, pink
l)(>rro\vcd from fr. file 'a line, pi/nil.
rank, row'; source h\'£.flliim 'a find ME.f/mle oe. fin dan str. vb.
thread'. = synon. goth. finpan , ox.
file^ 'a me. file oe. finna, osax. findan ftthan , du.
steel rasp'
/V usually fcol (contracted from vinden, ohg. findan G. findefi:
fiihil) ; cp. OHG. Ji/iala mhg. 7nle teut. \ffenp finpox by Verner's
G. feile , DU. vijl. Connection law fend find is pre-TEUT. /<'«/
with ON. J>d pel 'file' is uncer- in the synon. IR. vb. tV<7/w 'I

tain. find'.

fill vb. ME. fille OE. fyllan wk. fine adj. me. fine borrow'ed fr.
vb. = OSAX. fiillian, du. vullen, FR. fin (whence also mhg. vin
OHG. fulleii G. /alien, on. fylla: G. fein, DU. fijii)' Source lat.
(lOTH. TKUT. fulljan 'fill' is deriv. finire vb. 'complete'.
fr. the TEUT. adj. fulla- =; E. fine sb. ME. fine from lat.
fic II. finis 'a fine', lit. 'a final pay-
filly loanword fr. on. fylja 'a ment'.
filly', which is a dirain. of ox. finger me. oe. finger goth. =
fflli = Y.. foal. figgrs, o^. fingr, mv. vinger, OHG.
film y^Y.filme oe. filmen fylnien fingar G. finger teut. ha%efingra-, :

;= (JERis. filmen from a teut. perh. allied to five (Aryan

dimin. b-eiso. filmina- which points penqe)

to a more primitive teut. felma-, finish vb. me. finisshe fr. ofr.
cogn. w. E. fell. finiss- base of some forms of fr.
finir (uAT. finire) 'end, finish'.
filter vb. borrowed fr. FR.
fir ME. firre; perh. a Scand.
filtrer 'strain through a felt' fr.
loanword ox. fyra rare b} -form
:

\\)^.\i.-\.\'\' filtrutn feltrmn 'felt'; cp.

.
oS. fura 'fir. There is a teut.
felt.
name of the tree fiirh-'. oe.
filth ME. filtJie short for OE.
fiirh, OHG. forha G. fohre; cp.
fylii'. abstract formation of oe. in lat.
pre-TEUT.
fill = E. foul', cp. OHG. fidida
'oak.
/^;-^' (jerq (///tv-

= CJOTH. 'ftilipa.
r«jr

fire ME. //;- OE.fyr: contr. of

fin sb. ME. OE. fin (n?i) ; cp. du. WESTTEUT. fiiir = osax. OHG.
7>in, sw. />«^ 'a fin' ; cogn. w. fiiir commonly osax. OHG. fiur
\.\T. peniia p'mna 'featVier'. MHG. viur G. feuer du. 7<uur. ,

finch ME. fineh oe. fine fr. a The ir of osax. ohg. ffiir (cp.
TEUT. base finki-; cp. du. 7'ink, ox. fiirr fyrr) is suffix; /// fr.

OHG. e'zV/yJr' G. fink. Observe the pre-TEUT. pit- is the root : OX.
similarity of sound (jf the Rom. fiir-r, GR. Tiv-(}, Umbrian pi-r,
words for 'finch': it. pineionc. ARM EX. liu-r point to a common
 , . ;

76 first fleam

base pu-r\ skr. sTP''' 'flame', flail ME. fail fleil oe. '^fieiel
whence pavakd 'fire'. (once recorded as fiiieP) =^
first ME. first oe. fyrst fr. OHG. fiegil G. fiegel, DU. vlegel: a
'^fyrcst = TEUT. farista- in ohg. WESTTEUT. loanword from lat.
furist (cp. G. filrst, DU. ?'6';'y/' fiiigellicm 'whip, flail', whence also
'prince'), on. fyrstr 'first'; the FR. fliau (also OIR. sraigelt).
original
=
word for 'first'

forma with
is osax.
flask OE. flasce = on. fiaska,
foniw OE. /'/w-
DU. fiesch, OHG. fiasca g. fiasche ;

suffix (goth. fru-vui) from indo-

corresponding to the synon. it.
EUR. //- ; cp. GR. TipotlOC, SKR.
fiasco, OFK. fiasche ¥K. fiacon (med.-
ptirva-s, o-iUiY.prilvil^ U.TW. ph'tnas
LAT. fiasco fr. lat. vasculuniT).
'first'. Cp. former.
flat me. y?^?/: borrowed fr. on.
_^V (and /'•y^-)
=
fish ME.
GOTH,
yi^.y//

fisks,
oe.
ON. fskr OHG. ,
y7^^/r ^ sw. fiat, dan. yf^?^/; cp.
OWG. fia-^ 'flat'; cp. oe. fict, osax.
OSAX. yfj'/J G. y/jr/i. TEUT. fska-z
and ohg.
yft'/// 'floor' fia~^yi palm
from pre-'i'EUT. pisko-s agrees
of the hand
with \.^):.piscis; the corresponding
oiR. iasc points to pre-historic flatter vb. ywi. fiatere : borrow-
*peiskos. ed fr. OFR. fiatcr = fr. fiattcr.

fist ME. fist short for fist oE.

flax ohg. iME. Jlax OE. fieax =
/)•.</ Ir. 'rEUT. ohg. fiahs G. flachs, DU. rV^/^'
*fiisti(z) r=r prob. ;

//2.f/' G. faust, DU. ?'«/j-/ 'fist'. If cogn. w. the vb. ohg. fi'ehtan G.
connected with synon. lat. piig- fiechten and goth. fiaihtan 'braid'
7ms and GR. Ttvy/Loj, westteut. the in tkut. *fiahsa- would be i'

/ihti- stands for fuhsti- == pre- derivative; cp. the Aryan \~plek
I'EUT. piik-sti piig-sti- ? 'braid' in 'LXi'.plecterc, GR. nklyjo
five ME. five oe. fife; without 'weave'.
inflection OE. fif from teut. fi?nf
flay vb. ME. fie OE. fii'an contr.
= GOTH, fimf, OSAX. /{/, DU. vijf,
fr. a TEUT. str. \\i. fJahaii ON. ^
OHG. y?«/ MHG. Vilnf G. //^///,
fid.
(uAN. sw. /^?/'i) pre-
ON. ^///w
TEUT. ph}ipe pinqc (for the shifting
:

flea ME. Jl( OE. ficah ohg. =

G. fioh , DU. ?'/(?(?, on. fid:
of INDO-EUR. q to see fir fidh /
TEUT. base plauh- for plauh-
four, too If)', cp. SKR. panea,
meant orig. 'a fugitive', so that
GR. ntvrs {ntjiins nsjunTOc), lat.
quijique (for '^pinque), lith. penkl,
the root under flee goth. =
pliuhan is the source oiY^flea,
OIR. ^wV, CYMR. //w/.
flag sb. 'an ensign' = Q.flagge, G. fioh.

DU. eV^i'', DAN. y/^?<«,'', sw. fiagg: a fleam 'a kind of lancet' fr. fr.
modern word, not found in the Jlatnmc. Source lat. fiebotomum,
OTEUT. periods. whence also OE. fiytme, du. 7>/iJfn,
 ileck — flood 77

OHG. fUettma mhg. 7'licte(n) G. flicker vb. me. flikere oe. fii-

fliete.
corian = du. flikkeren 'sparkle,

fleck a Scand. loanword: on. glitter'; a frequent, of a base

n'^
flekkr, sw. fliick ^= du. vlek, G. flikflak in y\%.flakcre,G. flacker
y?^r/;'spot'. Cp. ME.yJV^/^^^'spotted'. flight 'the act of flying' me.
'

fledged adj. ue. /cHe o^.fycge flight ov..flyht

from OE. fleogan =
= MDU. 7>Iiigghe, LG. fliigge, G. e. //;-.

from a wEST-TEax. base flight- prop, 'the act of fleeing

/?i(^'-^<'

fluggj- (oHG. flucchi .MHG. vliicke ME. flight OE.flyht

(= DU. vlugt,
from
from WEST-TEUT. JItikkj-'). The OHG. OSAX. fluchi)
fliiht, G.

e. flight oe. flyht, du.

source is the teut. \ff»g in e. /f(?;? 'flee',
7>l7igt have both meanings of
flight. Cp. flee.
flee vb. UE. Jfe oe. ^/^« contr.
hard stone'
of '^•fleohan =
osax. ohg. fliohan
flint 'a

flint 'a rock' ; cp. dan.

me.
flint,
oe.
G.
MHG. vliehen fiehen\ GOTH.G.
flinte 'musket, flint-lock', sw.
f>liuhan str. vb. 'flee' points to
flinta, DAN. y/zV// 'flint': perh. re-
an ARY.AN \^tluk-\ c\>.flea and
lated to GR. vh'v^oc 'a brick',
///>/^/.
flit vb. ME. flitte OE. "^flyttan =r
fleece ending (T^ for j) ON.
(the
flytja (sw. y^'Z/rtr, DAN. flytte) :

WE.JIes oz.JIeos (and with vowel- cp. the root imder fleet vb.
mutation /fw) from TV.MT. fetisaz flitch UE.flicche oe. y?/r7<? =r on.
{jiiusis) cp. uu. r'//r.T, mhg. f/zVj-
;
flikki: teut. base flikkja-, perh.
(li'lilis) G. 7'Iil'SS. or cogn. w.
akin to fleckl
fleet' 'a number of ships' me.
flete OK. yfr'^/" 'a ship'. — fleet -
float vl). me. y^f-z/c oe. flotian;
'a creek, bay' ^^E. Jfet oe. yft-'^/ cp. ME. //r//^ 'a boat, a fleet' oe.
'a bay of the sea'. Both belong flota 'a boat,, ship, a fleet':
to the vb. fleet me. Jlete 'float, deriv. of the te\]t. \'~fliit under
swim' ov.. Jli-oiaii float, swim' =- fleet vb.
oti. Jfjota, o?<.w.jJiota/t, vlieten,
V)\5. flock 1 'herd, flock' me. flok
OHG. flio"^a7i G. Jficssen. teut. OE. flocc = ON. flokkr, dan. yM,
\^fleiit flut fr. ARYAN pleiid-plud. sw. yZ^r/;.
cp. flit and float. flock - 'a lock of wool' fr. ofr.

flesh ME. y7^.yr/; OE.fa^sc shows floe ^= h\v.floce?iS, whence also

umlaut' and palatalization of the OHG. floccho G. flocke, du. vlok.
base *fldski(z) -"jlaiski{z) =^ ohg. flood ME. jDE. /fw/ OSAX.yfM =
fleisk G. fciscJi, du. 7>lecsch on. DU. 7'/<?iv/, OHG. fluot G. y/z^/, ON.
;

yft'.y-^' means only 'pork', more yf<;i^, GOTH, flodtis: a common

esp. ham and bacon'; perh. Teut. word. GOTh. flodus from
cogn. w. flitch. ARYAN plotu-s is based on the
 .

78 floor — foe

TEUT. \'~//o- from pre-TEUT. p/S- flute borrowed fr. fr. fliitc,

in flow. whence also uu. fluit\ cp. mhg.

floor ME. OE. flor =
DU. vlocr, vloitc G. flote 'flute' and ofr.
.MLG. vlor, MHG. vluor (g. fliir^ flauic, iT.flauio. Chaucer uses
'field, surface, tiall', on. flor 'the the vb. floute 'play on the flute'.
floor of a cow-house': teut. flutter vb. MK.flotere oy.. flolorian
flbru-s from pre-TEUT. plorus ir.\fflut under float. Cp. G.
pldrus closely related to oiR. flatter nl
Idr for "^'plnr 'floor, paved floor'. fly vb. ME. flic earlier flti^cn
florin M'^. florin: borrowed fr. OE. flcogan str. vb. = OViG.flioi^an
FR. florin (it. fiorino so named DU. vliegen, on. fljiiga.
G. fliegcn,

because it bore a lily, from it. GOTH, ^fliugan is inferred from

florc 'a flower'). the factitive flaugjan 'carry away
flounce changed fr. M^./roimcc in flight' and shows that the
'a ])lait' loanword fr. fr. froticcr common Teut. vb. was flcugan;
:

'plait , wrinkle" (prob. from a cp. LAT. pluma (for *pluhma}^

LAT. type '^frontiare 'wrinkle the 'feather'. — fly sb. m^ flic
forehead'). earlier flc^c OE. Jleoge = OHG.
flounder sb. borrowed fr.SCAND. flioga G. flicge, du. vlieg (on. with
s\v. fliindra, dan. flyndcr , on. ablaut fluga 'fly') : evidently fly
flydra. means 'the flyer' from fly vb.
flour ident. w. flozuer from foal ME. file OE. fold —" synon.
FR. flt'iir 'flower'. ON. foli, OHG. folo G. fo/ilcn,
flourish vb. me. flouris she GOTH, fula: a common Teut. :

adapt, fr. ofr. fleuriss- stem of term for 'the young of a horse
fleurir 'flourish' (f.at. florescere or an ass' from pre-TEUT. pjlon- ;

inceptive oi florcre 'bloom'). allied to gr. jKoXog 'colt, young

flow vb. ME. fliiwc OE. flozvan animal, i.vv. pullus a young ani-
str. vb. =- on. floa, DU. vloeicn: mal' esp. 'a chicken'.
rKVT.\'^flo- in /lood= pre-TEUT. foam sb. ME. fpme oe. fim =
pio- in GR. ttX(Ij-o) 'I swim, sail', OHG. fcim : base faiina- for an
TrXtOToq 'swimming', sailing. earlier '^'faina- = skr. pltcna,
flower ME. flour : borrowed fr. OSLOV. pc/ni 'foam'.
afr. flour flor = fr. fleur (lat. fodder me. fodder oe. fnidor
flos). Ident. w. flour. = DU. 7'ocder , OHG. fuoiar G.

fluke flounder' me. floke oe. fitter, ON. fodr: cp. oe. foda
'a

flpc =on. floki; cogn. w. ohg. under food.

flah G.flach, du. z^lak adj. 'plain foe ME. fp OE. icfd contr. fr.
Cp. the xK^h'iisfplak in lat. an earlier gifilia west-teut. =
p>lac£}ita 'cake' and planus (for gafailio{n)-\ cp. the abstract oe.
placnusT) 'plain. fc'chd (ohg. gifchida G. fehdc):
 —

fog forbid 79

OE. ~^efd sb. and fcehd sb. are gdn would be the second
OE.
based on the adj. OE. J^efah =
member.
OHG. :^ifc/l', OE. /(ih = TEUT. fond ME. /ond prop, /onn-ed
faiha- from a pre-XEUT. paiko- partic oi /on/ie 'be foolish'; cp.
adj. ME. sb. /iv/ (////) 'a fool': borrowed
fog: a Dan. loanword, D\'^. fog fr. sw. /dne 'a fool'; ICEL. /dni
in snccfog 'a snow-storm' cp. ; 'a buoyant person'.
ON. fok 'spray, snow-drift', fjiik food ME. /ode OK. /oda: teut.
'snow-storm' from fjiika str. vb.
\^/od /ad (cp. OHG. /atiinga
'drift'. 'food') fr. AR\ws pd I in jranTaD^ai
fold vl). ME. fgldc OE. fdldan 'eat'. Cj). also /ced, /odder.
{/calda/i) str. vb. ^= GOTYi.falpan, /osier.
ON. fa/da, OHG. faltan G. /alien: fool ME. /pi: adopt, fr. ofr. /ol
TEUT. \f falp =
pre-TEUT. /// cp. (= fr. /ou /ol) 'a fool'.
in osLov. pldq plesti 'braid', GR. =:
foot .ME. OE. /pi (plur. /ei)
dinXudiog for "dinXdrio^ two-
OSAX. poi, DU. voei, ohg. /uoi^ G.
fold', ^HR.pufa 'fold' (for '^pultd).
/ass, ON. /dir, sw. /oi^ dan. /od,
— -fold ME. -fold OE. -/"^r/^/
GOTH, /oius TEUT. base /oi- from
{-/{aid') = OSAX. ^/'c?/^/, DU. -Z'oud,
:

ARYAN pod- changing with aryan

G. -/i?//, ON. -/aldr, GOTH, -/alps:
pod- ped- in the declension; cp.
a common Teut. suffix for
GR. nod- in noSu, nom. sing, nov^
the formation of raultiplicatives UAT. ped-evi (nom. (aeol. tjok) ;

corresponding to GR. -nXaaioq in GR. 'sole'

sing. /t'i); 77ftV/Ao)'
^inkdaioc (also dinaXro^ 'two- 'pedestrian',
TxsLoi^ (for '-'Tiedjoc)
fold').
pad and pada 'step,
folk ME. /(?//C' OE. /olc = OSAX.
SK.R.

print'.
'foot'

y<?//^, DU. VOlk, OHG. /t^/t G. ?W/C',

fop vl>. borrowed fr. DU. /oppen
ON. /olk. The primit. meaning
'prate, cheat' {fopper 'a wag',
is pcrh. 'a crowd of people',
/opperij 'cheating') : orig. a word
whence i.ith. pulkas 'a crowd',
of G. slang.
OSr,ov. pli'/ku 'an arm\''.
follow vb. ME. /olive /olOK<C OE. for ME. OY.. /or prep. goth. =
/olg'hvi (b\-form /ylipiii) = ON. /aura 'before, for', ohg. /ora o.

/ylgja, DU. volgen, ohg. /olgeti G. vor 'before', du. voor; cogn. w.
/olge/i : the common west-teut. LAT. pro 'before', GR. t/oo 'be-
and Norse vb. for 'follow'; fore;.

possibly a compound verbal forbear MK./or/>(re ov../orberaii

stem, the first member of which str. vb.; cp. hear vb.
is /all; cp. OE. /till-eodc 'he forbid ME. /orbede oe. /orbcodan
followed', OE. OLG. /iilgangan, I
confounded with WE../orbidde oe.
OHG. /ola-gdi! 'follow'. Go fr. y/orbiddan; cp. /'/(/.
 ;

8o force — foul

force sb. ME. force fors: bor- fork ME. forke OE. forca DU. =
rowed fr. FR. force (lat. type vork, OHG fiircha furka G.furke,
fortia 'strength' derived ir.fortis ON. forka: borrowed fr. lat.
'strong'). furca 'a fork', whence also fr.
ford ME. OE. ford (me. also four die, .span, /wrca, it. forca.
fortJi) =
DU. iwert^ osax. '^ford forlorn 'quite lost' .afe. forlorn
in Hertford (prop, 'ford of an OE. forloren part. oiov.. forleosan
army'), ohg. viud G. fiirt {Frank-, 'lose utterly'; cp. lose and G.

Er-, Schwein-') ; cp. OE. Oxenaford DU. verloren, dan. for lor cu.
(lit. 'ford of the oxen') = Oxford.
former formed by adding the
TEUT. '^fordii- from the compar. suffix -er to me. fort/ic
forpn-
xvxtT.sffar in fare; hence ford OE. forma ^= osax. formo 'first'
prop, 'passable, practicable pass- cp. first.
age'; cp. A VEST, pcretn 'bridge', forsake vb. me. forsake oe.
LAT. portus 'haven', on. fjordr forsacan str. vb. 'oppose'; cp.
'bay' ; also celt. -lat. -ritinn (for sak e.
'"prtorri) in Aiix'ustoi-itio/i, \w.. forth OY.. ford ^^osax.
cy.mr. forth
r/iyd 'ford'. OHG. '^ford G. /('/-/, goth.
forth,
foreign me. for cine: ada})ted compar. faurpis adv. earlier.
fr. ovK.forain lat. type foraneus oteut. forp from older frpo prto
:

derived fr. foras adv. 'out of is allied to before dcnd further.

door'. iovtnigh.X.MK.fflurtemghtfourtcn-
forfeit sb. ME.forfeie: borrowed uight from me. fourtene 'fourteen'
fr. OFR. forfait 'a fine' part, of and night (old plur.) 'nights';
fotfaire fors fair e 'trespass' (med.- cp. OE. feowertyne niht and also
lat, forisfactuni part, of foris- E. sennight seven night. It =
facere 'trespass', lit. 'do beyond'). was usual to reckon by nights in
forge ME. forge borrowed fr. pre-hist. periods. —
forty me.
FR. forge from lat. fabrica 'a fourty OE. feowerti^ =
du. veertig,
workshop'. G.vierzig, GOTn.fidwortigjus; cp.
forget vb. ME. forgete oe. for- OE. feower = four and OE. //g

gitaii str. vb. =i os,\\.fargeta?t, DU. = ten.

7>ergcten, mlg. zwrgeten, ohg. fir- foster vb. ME. fostre short for
g(:"jiin G. vergessen. The comp. OE. fostrian hom fps tor 'nourish-
vb. is the remnant of a str. ment"; akin to food: tevt. \^fod.
verbal \'^^v/, whence e. get 'ob- foul ME. foul OE. fill = DU.
tain, reach'; cp. goth. higitan vuil, OHG. />// g. fan/, on. />///,
on. geta 'obtain'. Cp. get
'find', GOTH, fi/ls; la- is suffix, and the
and the arvan \f ghed ghcnd in- : teut. \ffu is inferred fr. ox.
LAT. prae-hendere , or. /avdaroi fiiemi 'rotten' and from the fac-
seize'. titive vb. ON. feyja 'cause to
 ;

found free/e

rot'. An Aryan verbal \^ pu 'perform'): derived fr. ov.. frani

appears in skr. puy rot, stink'; strong, good', ident. w. from.
cp. LAT. piiieo 'stink' — putcr 'de- franchise me. fraiinchise: bor-
caved', GR. 7iv-itiorowed from Y^. franchise 'privi-
cause to
rot', GR. 7IV0V — leged liberty' from VK.franchiss-,
LAT. fUS 'pUSs'.
found vb. 'lay the foundation stem of some forms of franchir
^

of ME. founde adapted fr. fr. 'free' from fr. franc 'free'.
:

fonder from i.ki fjindare 'found'.

.
fraught part, of me. fraughte
found- vb. 'cast metals' bor-
vb.^DU. bevrachten, G. befrachten;

rowed fr. cp. G.fracht onG. freht 'earnings,

FR. fondre from lat.
fimdcre 'cast metals'. gain'. Properly a compound
fount '^m. fount fr. ofr. font = cp. OE.
under owtt.
(ehi, OHG. eht 'property'

LAT. font-em.
freak 'a whim, caprice' me. frek
four iME. fourfowcr oe. feoiver 'quick, vigorous' oe.
free 'bold,
{/eower}^ =
osax. /iwar, du. g. mer rash' =T ON.
fr'ekr, oho. fre/i
OUG. for, o^.fjorir. The oe. by- 'greedy' G. frech 'pert',
goth.
form fyder- (in comp. ^.sfyder- faihu-friks 'avaricious' teut. :

fete 'four-footed') and goth.

base freka-. fid-
wor (^fdur-') j)oint to a j)re-TEUT. freckle from on. freknur plur.
hdiSe. petwor petiir for qetwor qetur\
'freckles'; cp. sw. friikne plur.
ident. w. skr. catur, lat. quattuor,
frdknar, fris. (Amrun) friakan
GR. rsnauosc (nlavfjec) oslov. 'freckles'.
,
Perh. cogn. w. GR.
cetyri 'four'.
77fp>f)'oc spotted'.
fowl WE. fout earlier //m'^/ OE. free me. fre oe. freo frl: teut.
fugot =
OSAX. fugal, DU. vogel, base frija- =
goth. freis, osax.
OUG. fogal MHG. G. vogel, ON. fugl, OHG. fri G. frei. The pre-teut.
GOTH, ftigls: teut. base fug/a-. priyo- is the base of cvmr.
rhydd
fox ME. oe. fox =
OHG. fuAs 'free' and of skr. priyd-s dear,
G. fuchs, DU. Z'i?.^, ON. /^ijc ; the beloved'; cp. the skr. verbal
.y of the base fuh-s- is \^pri 'rejoice, render favorable'
TEUT.
suffix as is shown by gotu. fauho, with goth. frijon 'love' under
ON. foa 'fox' r::^ OHG. fo/ia MHG. friend and Friday.
?^<?^ 'she-fox' (and o^.focge 'she- freeze vb. .me. frese oe. freosan
fox'?). Cp. vixen. str. vb.; cp. synon. on. frjosa,
frail (me. /r^/^') borrowed fr. DU. vriczen, oncfriosan G.frieren;
OFR. fraile (fr. frcle) 'brittle' =: cp. GOTH, frius 'frost, cold': teut.
LAT. fragilis. \^freus fruz from a pre-teut.
frame vb. me. frente oe. frem- preus prtis, which seems to exist in
man 'promote, do' (= o^.fremja, LAT. priirio for *prusio 'itch', if
OHG. frennnan , oSAX. frcniniian 'itch, frostburn' is the inter-
English Etymology. 6
82 freight — frock

mediate meaning, and in skr. friend .me. frend OE. freond =

\^prus 'spurt out'; pnisvd 'drop, OSAX. friund 'friend, relative', du.
frozen drop, frost'. Cp. frost. Z'riend, ohg. friunt mhg. vriunt (d)
freight ident. w. fraught. G.freund, goth. frijonds 'friend':
fresh adj. me. fresh fresch oe. teut. frijond- (formed like
fersc = OHG. frisc G. frisch, du. fiend) is pres. partic. of an old
versch 'fresh'; cogn. w. OSLOV. teut. vb. frijon 'love' == goth.
presinii 'fresh' from Aryan prais- frijbn, ov.. frdoj^au'lovii . C'^.free.
kino-; cp. LiTH. pr'eskas 'sweet, frieze (of a column) fr. fr.
unsoured' with finn. rieska 'fresh, frise (=1 iT./r^^/i? 'frieze'), whence
unsoured'. The Rom. family of also G. DU. fries.
IT. fresco, FR. frais comes from fright ME. fright oe. fyrhtu
AVEST-TEUT. frcska-. fyrhto; cp. the synon. goth.
fret^ vb. 'eat up, devour short faiirhtei 'fright' and o&Kyi. ohg. '

for ME. frete oe. fr'etmi str. vb. for{a)hta mhg. vorht(e) G. furcht
= DU. LG. vreten, Ohg. frexifln 'fright'. —
frighten vb. ME. />-4'^/;/'^
G.fressen 'eat up, consume'. The oe. fyrhtan goth. fatirjitjan, =
corresp. goth. fra'itaft (pret. fret) OSAX. forhton, ohg. furihten
'con.sume' shows that west-teut. forahtan G. fiirchten.
fr'etan is a compound of etan =
fringe me. fringe: loanword
eat] fra is a common prefix in from ofr. "^fringe fr, frange ^
GOTH. (cp. fraught and fret). (source lat. fimbria 'fringe'),
fret 2 vb. 'oi-nament, variegate whence G. franse, du. franje.
iviE. fretie oe. frcBtwan 'adorn': frisk vb. formed from the adj.
from o^.fmtwe plur. 'ornament'= OFR. fi'isque SCAND. friskr =
OSAX. frataha 'ornament': source 'frisky, brisk'.
perh. a Teut. compound fra \- iriih. firth uy.. firth: a Scand.
GOTH. thva 'arrangement'. loanword; cp. O^. fjordr (plur.
friar .ME. />-fr^: adapted fr. dan. fiord, sw.ffiird
fr, firdir) 'bay';
frirc 'a brother'. teut. base /<?r//-^-, aryan
'a firth':
Friday me. frlday oe. friiedcei pertu- cp. LAT. partus 'haven'. For
=; DU. vrijdag, OHG. friatag mhg. the Aryan \fper cp. ford.
vritac G. freitag ON. Frjddagr:
, fritter late me. fritoure: bor-
really 'day of the Teut. goddess rowed fr. fr. friture 'dish of
Frija Frijjo in imitation of lat. fried fish', also 'a fragment' from
dies Veneris {Frla and Venus ofr. /;-// 'fried' (source lat.
correspond). ON. T^r/^'-^ like OHG. frig en); c^. fry.
Frm is prop, 'the goddess of fro ME. fro earlier fra adapted :

love'; cp. SKR. //-/>'</ 'wife, loved fr. o:<s.frd 'from', ident. w. from.
one' (oSAX. fri, oe. freo 'wife). frock ME. frok: borrowed fr.
Cp. free. ofr. froc med.-lat. frocus 'a =
 . e

fro? furze 83

monk's frock'; source osax. hroc ARYAN base p3l-no in skr. pttri.ia

'coat 'full'; cp. LAT. plenus, oiR. Ian

frog UY..frogge o^. frogga; the (orig. ^plonos) 'full'. Prop, partic.
OE. parallel form frocca (mod. with suffix -no- fr. an aryan
dial, frock) points to the synon. \f pie plb 'to fill' in skr. \f pur
ON. fraukr. Prob. oe. forsc, pr, LAT. implere, GR. TjiunXtjiM.
OHG. frosk G. frosch, on. froskr fuller sb. i\rE. fuller ov.. fuller
show the same root, if derived 'a cloth-bleacher': adaption of
fr. TEUT. */ruhsqa-. 'LKi.fullo 'a fuller, bleacher'.
frolic borrowed fr. du. vrolijk funnel late me. funel fr. fr.
'merry' ; cp. nHG.vroloke?! 'rejoice', fofidcfle; source h\T.infundil>ulum.
prob. after mho. vro-sanc 'merry fur UK.firreforre fr. o¥K.fuerre
song' supplanting an older forre 'a sheath, a case'; source
froleichen. TEUT. - GOTH. /^//r 'a sheath'; cp.
from iME. OE. from fram =^ g. flitter ident. w. e. fodder.
OSAX. OBG. fram mho, 7'ram prep, furbish vb. me. furbisshe fr.
'forth, from' —
adv. 'forth', OK. OFR. fourbir {fourbiss-^ 'polish',
fram adv. 'forward —
frd prep, which rests on OHG. furb(j)an
'from' —
adv. 'fro', goth. fram MHO. viirben 'purify, clean' (teut.
prep, 'from' adv. 'further, forward'. \f furb = ARYAN \'^ prp in gr.
TTfC^TTW?).
frost ME. frost OE. forst =: ON.
furlong see furrow.
DAN. sw. G. frost, DU. vorst:
derived fr. \f frus = freeze.
furnace me. fumeis forneis fr.
fr. fournaise lat. fornax [for- =
froth sb. .ME.y/Y/Mt'fr. o^.froda.
naceni) 'an oven'.
froward adj. iviE._/r6W<7;7/ earlier
furnish fr. fr. fournir (stem
fr award: derived fr. fro.
fourniss-). Source a teut. wk. \-b.
frown vb. me. froune shortened
fr. KR. rcfrogner.
frumjan 'perform'; o^. perform
furro^A^ me. furwe forwe oe.
fruit ME. friit (^fruit') fr. fr.
furh: teut. base furh- also in
fruit = LAT. fructiis.
OHG. furha G. furche 'furrow',
fry vb. iME. frie fr. OFr. frire
DU. voor, ON. for 'drain'. A pre-
^^ hxr.frigere 'roast'; cp. fritter.
teut. prk pork is evident in lat.
fry sb. ME.fri fr. ox. frjo (frd) porca 'a ridge between two
'spawn, fry ident. w. goth. fraiza furrows',
; CYMr. rhych 'furrow',
seed':' pre-TEUx. pro-eiwo-. ARMEX. herk. — furlong me. oe.
fuel sb. late me. fouaile fr. okr. furlong lit. 'furrow-long'.
*fouaillc: LAT. t^-Tpe focalia 'fuel'. further me. further OE.furdor;
full ME. OK. ful(ll)^z::zGQn:H. fulls, cogn. w. for and OHG. furdir.
ON. fullr, DU. vol, G. Voll OHG. furze ME. firse oe. fyrs earlier
fol(ll): TEUT. base fiilla- fr. an fyres Teut. base furisa- ?
:

6*
 '

84 gab — gall

G
gab ME. gabbe 'talk idly, jest, adopted from ofr. gauger later
lie': borrowed fr. on. gabba, jauger 'measure the contents'.
whence also VK.gaber, iT.gabbare. Source uncertain.
Cp. gabble gibber. —
gabber gain sb. ue. gain: borrowed fr.
'gabble', var. of gabble both of ON. sw. gagjt DAN. gavn 'gain'. =
which are frequent, verbs oi gab.
C\).Jabbcr andgibber. gabble —
gain vb. late me. gaine: bor-
rowed fr. VK.gagner OVB.. gaagnier
var. of gabber.
gaaigner 'cultivate, gain': source
gabel 'a tax, impost, esp. the a TEUT. vb. (oHG. *tveidan/an —
tax on salt': borrowed fr. fr. weideiion 'pasture').
gabelle span, gabela,
(=-- it.

gabella, med.-lat. gabella gab(u)- gain- pref. me. gein oe. geyi
luj/i). Source a teut. sb. gabula-
gin gedn {=^ G. gegen, on. gagn-^.
in OE. gafol 'tribute'.
—
gainsay me. geinseie 'contra-
dict'. Cp. against oe. ongeanes.
gable ME. gable : borrowed fr.

OFR. gable 'a gable', which is

gait ident. w. gate^.
of LAT. origin; cp. LAT. gabalus, gaiter borrowed fr. fr. giietre
whence on. gafl 'a gable' (but (ofr. guestre, perh. loanword fr.
GOTH, gibla, G. giebel 'a gable' MHG. wester 'a child's chrisom-
akin to GK.y.scpa'krj 'head': Aryan cloth'; cp. GOTH, wasti, lat. vestis
base ghebhald- ghebhlo-'). 'clothing).

gad ME. gad: borrowed fr. on. gale sb. a Scand. loanword; akin
gaddr 'a teut. base to DAN. gal, sw. galen 'furious,
goad, pike' ;

gazda- ident. w. lat. hasta from mad', NORW. galen "furious, wild,
an Aryan base ghazdha-; but gad mad' (of wind and storm).
in gadfly stands for goad. gall' ME. galle oe. gealla ^=
gag ME. gagge 'suffocate'; prob. OSAX. OHG galla G. galle, du. gal,
imitation of the sound of ON. gall. GOTH. *gallin- (hardly
choking. from pre-teut. g/iol- is
*galzin-)
gage' ME. gage: borrowed fr. cogn. w. GR. /oXrj /oXog, lat.
FR. gage = SPAN, gaggio fel fellis 'gair (whence it. fiele,
g'age, it.

(lat. type wadiuni). Source a SPAN, hiel, FR. fi^t). Many think
TEUT. sb. cp. GOTH. wadi\ cp. wed it allied with yellow so that
and wage. gall\\a'& named from its yellowish
gage'"^ also gauge jme. gauge: color.
 . ;

g;ill^ — garden 85

gall- 'a sore on the skin me. play'; prob. ident. w. goth. ga-
galle OE. gealla 'a gall' (on a -?nan 'communion of men'. The
horse) = du. gal 'a windgall', pref. ga- is used collectively
MHG. G. galle 'a foot -disease forman cp. man.
in horses'; perh. borrowed fr. gander me. gander oe. gandra;
LAT-ROM. galla a gallnut, an oak- akin to oe. gps from a teut.
apple' ^=- IT. galla, SPAN, agalla base gan-s in goose and cp.
'windgalls'. But a confusion of g a n n e t.
galla with a teut. gang ME. gang 'a going, course,
word of similar
phonology is way, passage' oe. gang 'a going,
possible, since in
sw. dialects too there exists a way, privy' osax. du. g. gang =
grdssgaller 'a swelling on a 'a going, walk, way, passage',
horse's hoof. ON. gangr 'a going, a crew'.
borrowed fr.
gair^ 'a gall-nut': gannet me. '^'ganet oe. ganoi
PR. galefrom lat. galla 'a gall- 'swan'; akin to du. gent 'gander',
nut, an oak-apple ? ohg. ganar-o 'gander; cp. a
galley me. galeie: adapted fr. primit. teut. base gati- also in
ER. galic galie (ri'. galea = med.- teut.-lat. ganta 'goose'; see
LAT. galea 'a galley'). gander and goose.
gallon ME. galoun: a fr. loan- gantlet prop, gantlope 'a mili-
word: FR. gallon =^ IT. gallone. tary punishment' corrupted fr.
galloon borrowed fr. VK.galon. sw. gatlopp 'running down a
gallop ME. galope: borrowed fr. lane' (sw. gata 'a lane' and lopp
FR. galoper; cp. also wallop. =^
'a running' fr. lopa 'run E.
gallows (the plur. used as leap).
sing.) ME. galwes plur. oe. galga
gaol see jail.
gealga 'cross, gibbet' ohg. osax. =
gap .ME. gap borrowed fr. ox.
—
:
galgo, DU. galg, G. galgen, on.
gap 'opening, breacVi, chasm .

galgi, GOTH, galga a common :

gape vb. ME. gape adapted fr.

TEUT. word, TEUT. galgan- from
scand. gapa 'yawn' =r du. gapcn,
kxy-AXi ghalghan-\ cp. lith. zalga
G. gaffen 'gape, yawn'.
'pole
gamble appar. a frequent, of gar see garlic and gore.
an unrecorded me. *gafn(e)le, garb borrowed fr. ofr. garbe
commonly me. gamene oe. ga- 'good fashion' from ohg. garawi
menian play at games Deriv. 'dress' oe. gearive 'preparation,
.
=
of game. For the change of ;/ dress'. Cp. gear.
to / cp. MHG. gamel gamen 'pleas- garden me. gardln fr. ofr. (Pi-
ure. —
game 'amusement' me. card.) gardin fr. jardin, which =
game OE. gamen gomen =
ON. is of Teut. origin org. garto :

OHG. gavian (mho. i^ameti garnet) (gen. and dat. gartiii) G. gartcn,
 . . :

gargle — gaunt

OSAX. gardo, goth. garda m. 'a warjan = goth. warjan 'hold,

fold'; akin to yard. defend'.
gargle borrowed fr. Ofr. gar- garrison see garnish.
gonilkr 'gargle' fr. gargoiiille garter me, gartere: borrowed
'windpipe'. fr. ofr. gartier jartier fr. jarrc-
garland me, gerkmnd: borrow- tiere: deriv. of fr, jarret 'the
ed fr. OFR. garlande F'R.guirlaftde, small of the leg behind the
whence du. g. dan, guirlande. knee'.
garlic ME. garUk garlick OE. gash ME. garse garfe borrow- :

gdr-l(ac\ for lie =

oe, l{ac cp, ed fr. ofr. garser 'scarify'.
leek. The element of the gasp vb. ME. gaspe oe. '^gdspian:
first

compound gar 'a spear' TEUT. base gaispon

is oe. on. geispa =
{c'^.gore^. Hence garlic prop, 'gasp'. The E. word is not
'spear-leek'. borrowed fr. Scand.
garment short for me. gar-
way, road' gate^ (cp. gait) 'a
}iC7)icnt: borrowed fr. FR. ^ar-
ON. gataME. gate : borrowed fr.
/lemcnt
'garnish'.
deriv., of fr. garnir
Cp. garnish.
(ace. gotu) 'way, path, road' =
sw. gata 'a street lane', dan. ,

garner me. gerner: adapted fr. gade 'a street'; ident. w. ohg.
OFR. gernier fr. grenier (it.
ga"i/i G. gasse 'a street', goth.
granaro lat. =
type grand-
gatwb 'a street'.
riuni)
gate'- 'door, gate, opening'
garnet me. gernet: borrowed
ME. gate ydte OE. leat (plur.
fr, FR. grc7iat (= span, granate,
gatu j^eatii) = gat 'a
osax. du.
IT. granatd) : source lat. grana-
hole, opening, gap', on. gat 'an
ius 'having man}^ grains or
opening
seeds'.
garnish vb. me. garnisshe: gather me. gadere oe. gaderian

borrowed fr.the stem

FR. garniss-. (= DU. gaderen, G. dial, gattern)

of certain forms of garnir (= deriv. of oe. geador (cp. to-

IT. giiarnire^ 'avert, warn, garnish',
gether). Prob. akin to oe. gade-
which is of Teut. origin: teut. ling 'cousin, G. gatte 'husband'
base tvarnjan. —
garrison me. from the same root as good.
garnison borrowed fr. fr. gar- gaud a show, ornament' me.
:

nison deriv. of fr. garnir 'pro- gaude: borrowed fr. lat. ^ati-
vide,
;

fortify'. Cp. garnish. diu7>i. gaudy 'merry, bright, —

garret me. garde: borrowed fr. showy' fr. gaudzwd the suffix -y.
OFR, garite fr. giierite 'a watch- gauge see under gage'^.
tower': derived fr, ofr. garir gaunt prob. from Scand. cp. ;

warir save, keep' fr, guirir norw. ^'«/^^/ 'a thin pointed stick;
(== IT. guarirey Source a teut. a tall and thin man'.
 ,

gauntlet gibber 87

gauntlet borrowed fr. ofr. gesiura 'a mode of action' from

gantelet, of gant
dimin. fr. = gerere 'carry, behave'.
gant (= IT. guantd) 'a glove'. get ME. gete borrowed fr. on.
Source a teut. (med.-lat.) wanins geta\ OE. litan would be me. yite
the long sleeve of a tunic, a ite\ cp. GOTH, gitan from a teut.
glove'; cp. DU. want, dan. va/ife, \r pre-TEUT. ghed ghend-^
get ,
OK. vgttr 'a mitten'. cogn. w. LAT. praehendere, gr.
gauze borrowed fr. fr. gaze /avddvi(v. Cp. forget.
'cushion-canvas, tiffan}'' span. = gewgaw corrupted fr. me.
gasa 'gauze'. giuegoue prop, gouegoue (i)ron.
gawk (cp. go7vk) 'a cuckoo, gugiV():adapted of fr. joujou-
fool' ME.' gouke: loanword from ghastly MF. gastly oe. gckstlic
Oi^.gaztkr (whence sc. gowk) = fr. OE. gckstan 'frighten' and lie

oug. gotih(hh) unG. gouch G.gatcch, = E. -ly\ cp. aghast.

OE. i(ac 'cuckoo . gherkin = du. agurkje , dan.
gay ME. gay borrowed : fr. fr. agurke, G. gurke: borrowed as
gai {= IT. gajo) 'gay, merry'. orig. "^'agur/ke fr. POL. ogiirik^
Source OHG. gahi 'quick, sudden' BOHE.^L okurka fr. late GR. ayyov-
G. gdhc jah. — Qiov a cucumber, gherkin'.
gaze vb. ME. gdse, prob. of ghost :me. gpst OE. gdst (gcest)
Scand. origin sw. dial. g(7sa : synon. ohg. g. dan. geist, =
'gaze, stare'. OSAX. gest : a common Teut.
gear me. ge're points to an OE. same meaning
word with the
*gcere or *gcero, ce being vowel for which a/ima is used in Goth.
mutation of ^ = teut. ai. Perh. The orig. meaning of the word
akin to OE.^'-^/r 'spear [c\i.garlic ('excitement?) is not establish-
g ore)} ed; yet ON. gezsa 'rage' (of fire
gem ME. gevime: adapted fr. and passion) and goth. usgaisjan
v\<. genmie {= vv. genwia). Source 'terrify' seem allied. For the
LAT. gemma bud, a
'a swelling dental formative of teut. gaist
jewel, whence also oe.
a gem', (pre-TEUT. ghaisdos) cp. the skr.
limm, OHG. gimma 'gem'. \f hid (from *ghizd) be angry',
gender me. gender borrowed : hedas 'anger' with which agrees
IV. OFK. gendre gefire fr. genre E. aghast 'angry, excited'; cp.
'kind ,
genus , style' (= span. also ghastly.
ginerc, it. genere 'kind'). Source giant ME. giannt prop, geaimt
LAT. gencr- in genus 'race, FR. giant =rz: lat. gigant-em,
stock'. fr.

german germane wlicncc also OE.OHG.^'/^''(7///'giant'.

adj. formerly
gennain borrowetl fr. fr. ger-
; gibber and with other var.
main (source lat. germatius). gabber gabble, frequentatives of
gesture borrowed fr. med.-l.\t. gab of which jabbrr and
 : ;

giddy — gist

Jabble are the assibil. frequent- gini 'a trap, snare' me. (c. i 200)
atives. gin and gmn shortened fr. me.
giddy ME. gidy oe. gydiy. engin -=l fr. engin 'a contrivance'.
orig. perh. 'having a demon, Source lat. i/igeftium.
possessed of a demon': deriv. gin- 'a kind of spirit' shortened
oigod; cp. OE. ylfii 'deranged,
crazy' prop, 'possessed of elves'.
fr. earlier fr. genevre (= fr.
genievre) 'juniper' (lat. jjiniperus
gift ME. gift yift OE. gift plur.
'an evergreen shrub').
gifta 'nuptials' =' du. ohg. gift
ginger me. ginger earlier gingi- .^

G. gift in viitgift 'a dowry'

vere from ofr. gengibre fr. gin-
and in ohg. g. du. gift 'poison',
getnbre (it. zenzero, mhg. ginge-
lit. that which is given, goth.
here from the synon. late lat.
gifts in fra- 'promise' with the
abstract formative -/ from gifan
gingiber gr. liyylfifgig). =
= give. The initial g in E. me. gingerly
sw.
Scand. loanword
a
gingla
gift points as in give to Scand. dial, gdngla 'go
influence. gently, totter': frequent, of on.

gig me. gigge 'a whirling thing'; gang a 'go'. t

prob. Scand.: on. geiga "rove gird short for me. girde oe.
at random' ; cp. Jig.
gyrdan =
osax. gurdian du. ,

gild vb. short garden, ohg. gurten gurtan G.

for me. gi/de
OE. gyldan: giirten, on. gyrda: all weak verbs
derived with vowel-
mutation (teut. gul/>jd/i) fr. gold. (teut. gurdjan), ident. w. the str.
gill' ME. gille: borrowed vb. GOTH, bi-gairdan 'begird'.
fr.

DAN. gjcelle, sw. gdl\ icel. gjplnar girdle .me. girdcl oe. gyrdel
plur. gills'. ^= synon. ohg. gurtil g. giirtel,

gill'- 'one- fourth pint' me. ^///t' DU. gor del, on. gyrdill: deriv.
borrowed fr. ofr. gelle girth me. gerth:
'a sort of gird. —
of wine-measure' (lat. type^^//a adapted fr. on. gjord 'a girdle'
gillo a wine-vessel). {gcrd 'girth round the waist',
gillyflower corrupted fr. ofr. goth. gairda 'girdle').
giroflie fr. cloii. de giroflc; lat. girl ME. girl gerl; akin to lg.
type caryophylliim 'a clove-tree'. g&re 'boy, girl' which is of late
gimlet borrowed fr. ofr. gim- occurrence (first record 1652).
of Teut. origin, The / of the E.
helet FR. gidelet; word (oe.
dimin. of the form represented *gyrel teut. base , gurilcr-) is
by E. ivimble 'a gimlet' cp. dimin.
w im h le. gist borrowed fr. ofr. gist =
gimp adapted fr. guimpe
fr. fr, git from OFR. gesir = fr.
(ofr. giiimplc fr. ohg. wimpal 'a g/h-ir 'lie'. Source lat. jacere
light robe' ^ e. wimple). 'lie'.
 , ;

give listen 89

give ME. give fr. on. gefa\ ident. gleam me. glrm oe. glmn
w. 's\Y..yeve oe. yfan j^efan =^ osax. 'splendor, brightness, gleam ;

g'cbaii, DU. gevcfi, OHG. geban akin

'splendor
G. to osax. gli-nio
geben, goth. giban: a common and to G. glim?ner; cp. ohg.
Teut. verb cp. also gir. gabhn glimo gleimo 'glow-worm'.
; An
'I take', LITH. gabinti 'bring, arvah sl^ghlt cp. in ir. gli (fr.
procure', gobinti 'fQich'l C\).gift. base^/«ev-) 'shining, clear' under
gizzard ME. giser: adapted fr. glee.
FR. §-('sier; source lat. gizeria glean vb. :sie. gl(;ne borrowed
'gizzard'. fr. OVK. glener (fr. glaner^ 'glean'.

glad ME. glad OE. glcEci 'shining,

glede ME. glide glede oe. glida

bright, cheerful, glad' ; ident. w.

'a kite' = of
on. gledi: deriv.
the teut. \f gild in glide (the
OHG. ^/<?/'G. ^/(///'smooth, shining',
DU. glad 'smooth', on. gladr glad,
name of the bird means prop,
'the glider).
bright'. TEUT. *glada- for aryan
ghladho-. agrees with OSLOV. gla-
glee mirth, joy' me. gle oe. glco
dtikii 'smooth',
.

LAT. glaber (for

with the by-form gliw on. gly = :

TEUT. base gliwa-, perh. akin to

ghladhro-') 'smooth'. The meaning
IR. gli (base gleizc'o-') 'clear,
of the E. word is secondary
when compared with the orig. shining. Cp. gleam.
meaning smooth'. gleed (E. dial.) me. glede oe.

glair ME. gleire: adapted fr. ofr.

gled (^glddix. glodi-') T>v.gloed, =
glaire 'the white of an Q^'g = OHG. gluot G. glut, on. glod, GOTH.
"^glo-di- TEUT. ^Tglo under glo7V.
:

IT. chiara d'un ovo, whence also

glen of Celt, origin; cp. gael.
G. eicrklar (med.-lat. clara ovt).
IR. gleatvi 'valley (cvmr. Corn.
glance vb. a Scand. loanword; glyn).
cp. swED. glans , dan. glands glide vb. ME. glide oe. glidan
'brightness, splendor'. = synon.osAX.^//Vrt:«, v>\i.glij(d)en,
glare \h.^\.^. glare] o^.'^gldrian OHG. glitaii g. gleiten, sw. glida,
is unauthorized. DAN. glide glide, slide'. Cp.
glass ME. ^/^-.y OE.^/^.y: a com- glede.
mon Teut. word, (not verified in glimmer vb. me. glimere G. =
GOTH.) =
DU. MHG. G. OSW. glifmnern, dan. gli7nrc; akin to
sw. dan. glas (oHG. glas glass sw. glimtna and osax. glhno
also 'afixber); but on. gler with 's])lendor under gleam.
change from s to r, thus proving glimpse vb. ME. gliuise vb.
the word to be primit. Teut. akin to glimmer.
i^glaza-'^glasa-). Perh. the OTeut. glisten vb. me. glistne OE. glis-
name of the 'amber' (lat. glesuni) nian 'gleam' akin to oe. glisian ;

is cognate. =
ovvM.glisa 'shin c' teut. \^ glit :
90 gloat — goal

in glitter me. glitere (oe. *gliio- glutoii\ source lat. glutio-gluttoncvi

riaii) vb. 'shine' = on.glitra, G. 'glutton'.
glitzern. A corresp. strong vb. gnarl akin to oe. gnyrran.
is ON. gllta, OSAX. glitan = ohg. gnash vb. me. gnastc 'gnash
glil.Zpn shine' (cp. o. gleissen and the teeth'; oe. '^•gndstian isakin
GOTH. glit7nunjan shine'). to ON. gnista 'gnash the teeth'.
gloat vb. akin to G. glotzcti, gnat me. g?Mt(it) oe. gmett:
ICEL. glotta an oe. glotian is un- TEUT. base gnatta-.
;

recorded; cogn. w. UE.gloute(p^. gnaw vb. me. gnawe oe. gnagan

^gluiiaii) 'look sullen'. T= o.SAX. g?iagati, OHG. (g)7iagan
gloom 0¥..glpm igldmung) 'gloom, g. nagen, ON. gnaga\ cp. a by-
twilight'; the m is formative (as form with initial k: DU. knageii,
in bloom, dooni); for the teut. OS. HG. knagan 'gnaw; the G.
\fglo cp. glow. form nagen arose from gnagen.
glory me. glg-rk glgrie from ofr. go me. go OE. gdn OSAX. gdn, =
glorie =
LAr. gloria; cp. fr. gloire. DU. gaan, ohg. gdn gen G. gehen.
gloss vb. akin to mhg. glosen The TEUT. \f ghai- (= oE. gd-,
'glow'. OHG. ge-^ supplanted the aryan
glove ME. glove short for glove \fi 'go' in LAT. ire, gr. Ikvm,
oe. glgf = ON. glofi 'glove'. Since teut. gai- has no
SKR. \^i.
glow vb. ME. glpwe OE. glpwan
old primit. noun-derivatives in
str. vb. cp. DU. gloeijen, ohg. Teut. and takes the place of
;

gluoen G. glilhen, on. gloa 'glow, the ARYAN-\/~z (the aorist goth.
glitter, shine': teut. Y"^/(9 gle iddja =
OE. eode still remains)
under gloom and e. dial, gleed. and as it is inflected after the
glue ME. glue borrowed fr. OFR. ;;«- conjugation, the supposition
glti 'birdlime'; source lat. gliis arises that teut. '^gaim "gais
glutem. '^gaip are contracted fr. the
glum from me. glomme verbal particle ga and the
adj.
gloinbc vb. be gloomy as inherited hn iz ?/
;
skr. cmi =
gloomy shows, connected with est eti; cp. gr. £ii.u.
gloo7)i and s\v. gldmig 'languid goad ME. god OE. gdd; ident.
of look'. with langobard. gaida 'spear':
glut sb. me. glut sb. borrowed TEUT. base gaidb- pre-TEUT. ^
fr. OFR. glut glout (it. ghiotto^ 'a *ghai-td; akin to oe. gdr, ohg.
glutton'. —
glut vb. me. glote \ger 'spear' under gore, arvan
glide vb. borrowed fr. ofr. glotir \f ghi ghaim gr. yaloc. 'shepherd's
gloutir (cp. fr. engloiitir 'swallow rod'.
up') source lat. ^//////yr 'swallow'.
; goal borrowed fr. VK.gaule ofr.
— glutton ME. glutoun glotoun: waule. Source teut. 7valu =^
I

borrowed fr. fr. glouton OFR. ON. voir, GOTH, walus 'a staff'.
:
 .

goat gossamer Qi

goat ME. ggte o^.gdi^= du. on. meaning of the adj. was prob.
geit, OHG. gei-^ G. geiss, sw. get, 'fit, suitalile from a root mean-
DAN. gcd, GOTH, goits a goat : ing fit, suit seen in gather,
cogn. w. LAT. hcedus fr. ARYAN together. — goodbye short
ghaido-s. for orig. »God be by you«
gobble a frequent, with suff. (Shakesp. »God buy you«).
-le fr. FR. gober 'devour. goose -ME. OE. gps (plur. ges) :

god MK. OE. god = 03AX. DU. Teut. base gans- du. gans, =
god, OHG. got G. gOtt ON. gud ^
OHG. G. gans, ON. gas; akin to
god. GOTH, giida- gupci- 'god' is gander a.nd gannet. An aryan
based on aryan ghu-to-, -to- being ghan-s- represented also by
is

a part, formative as in old, cold, SKR. hansd-s m. hansi goose', —

loud; INDO-TEUT. \'~ ghu SKR. = N.PERS. ydz, LITH. zqsls, OSLOV.
hti 'implore the gods' (skr. hutd- gqsi , GR. y7]r, LAT. anser (for
part.). Therefore god is 'the '''hansel') , OIR. gt-is swan' (fr.

being implored'; in the veda g hansi)

puru/iuia 'much implored' is an gore ME. gp're 'a gore of cloth, ^

ordinary epithet of the god a garment' OE. gdrei 'a projecting

Indra. god in godfather godson point of land' cp. du. geer 'a ;

goddaughter =
me. god -\- com- gusset, gore', ohg. gero G. gehre
pound: used in reference to I 'a wedge, gusset, gore', on. ^^/rz,
the spiritual relation between nor'W. geire, odan. gere 'a gore
them; cp. gossip. of cloth or land': deriv. of teut.
goggle-eyed me. gogel-eied; the gaiza- spear =Oi..gar a spear,
first element of the compound OHG. ger spear. Cp. goad.
'a

can scarcely be a native E. word gore - 'mud, blood' me. gore

and is traced to iR. Gael, gog- OE. gor 'mud' ohg. on. gor =
shuileach 'gogglc-e}ed'. 'mud', sw. gorr 'mud'.
gold .ME. OE. gold =OSAX. OHG. gorge ME. gorge borrowed fr.
G. gold, DU. goud, ON. goll gull FR. gorge 'throat': source lat.
(for *golpa), GOTH. gulj>: ARYAN gurges.
ghltO- =-- OSLOV. zlato RUSS. =
gosling dimin. of goose.
zoloto from '^zolto. The
gospel ME. gospel OE. god-spell
orig.
meaning of the \f ghel, from which the word of God', as shown by
gold is derived (cp. lith. gel-tas on. gud-spjall, OHG. got-spcKU).
'yellow' and skr. hdrita and hari Cp. spell.
'yellow'), is 'yellow
cp. skr. hi- gossamer me. gossomcr rei)re-
;

ra/iya 'gold'-Cp. yellow. senting an OE. type '^gps-sumor

good me. OE. god =
GOTH. gods, Summer of the geese'; cp. the
osax. god, du. goed, ohg. guot G. names altweibersonwur, mdd- •

G. gut, o\. godr. The orig. chcnsotmner.

 . .:

Q2 gossip — grave

gossip ME. gossip earlier gossib grange me. graunge: adapt, of

OE. god-sibbprop, 'relationship FR. grange (lat. type granea
in God' see the end of the
; granary' deriv. of grdnum' corn)
article on god. oe. sibb ohg. = grant me. graunte vb. adapt,
sippa, GOTH, sibja means 'relation- fr.OFR. granter 'caution, secure
ship'. (source a lat. type *credentare
gouge from FR. gouge. vb. — ^credentia sb.).
gourd ME. gourde: borrowed fr. grape me. grdpe : loanword fr.

FR. gourde (orig." ofr. gouhourde OFR. grape grappc 'cluster of

cougourde ; source LA.T. cucurbita grapes'. The fr. word is con-
'a gourd'. sidered to be of Teut. origin
gout sb. ME. goute borrowed
(teut. *krappa>). fr.

FR. goutte 'dropsy': source lat, grasp ME. grapse perh. for
gutta. *grapse oe. *grdpsian possibly :

gowk ident. w. gawk. an intensive deriv. of oe. grd-

gown ME. goune goun fr. ofr. pian =^- grope.
gone 'a gown', which is of Celt. grass ME. gras o^ grces gc^rs =
origin (gall. - lat. gunna 'fur- GOTH. ON. OSAX. UU. OHG. G. gras
coat'). 'herb, growth'. The final s is

grab vb.sw. grabba, mlg. formative, the ^^'x^gra meaning

cp.
grabben^x2i%^\ An ks.Yh^\^ghrbh 'sprout, grow'; cp. grow and
'to grasp' is in ?>&s^.\f grbh green.
found
'grasp, seize' —
grapsa 'bunch, grasshopper .me. grashoppcr
tuft' and OHG. garba G. garbe orig. grashoppe oe. gcers-hoppa (=
'sheaf'. DU. grashupper lg. grashiipper)
grace :me. grace fr. fr. grace 'an insect which hops about in
= LAT. gratia 'favor'. the grass'. Cp. hop.
grade borrowed fr. fr. grade: grate sb. me. grate source :

source LkT.gradus a step, station'. LAT. crates 'a hurdle'. grate —

graft (Shakesp. graff) vb. me. vb. w^. grate vb. from OFK. grater
graffe 'graft' deriv. of OFR. graffe 'scratch' (fr. gratter), which is
:

'a style for writing' (fr. greffe prob of Teut. origin (ohg. krazzon
.

'graft'?). Source lat. graphiicm G. kratzeti)

'a style for writing. grave vb. me. grdve oe. grafan
grail 'tine sand' fr. ofr. graile 'dig' =
GOTH. OHG. graban G. gra-
'tine, small ^=. lat. gracilis. bcn, DU. graven dig, O^. grafa:
grain me. grain grein from fr. TEUT. \l^grab ARYAN ghrabh, =
grain :source lat. graniim 'a orig. related to OSLOV. grebq
grain, corn'. 'dig' and grobil grave'.
grammar me. gratmnire gram- grave adj. from fr. grave
niaire from fr. grammaire. 'stately'.
 gravel — grizzly 93

gravel me. gravil borrowed fr. ME. greihound formed after ox.
0¥V..graz'ele,dimin. o{ 0¥K. grave greyknndr 'greyhound'; cp. ox.
'rough sand' fr. greve 'strand'. grey 'dog'?
gravy earlier orthography ^"^r^rt"- griddle me. gredel 'griddle': a
7y, akin to greaves! CELT, loanword; cp. IR. greideal
gray grey me. gray grey oe. 'griddle' (fr. a lat. '^crdtella).
gnei akin to du. grauw, ohg. grief ME. gref {= odu. grief)
—
; :

grdo (infl. grdwer') G. grau, ON. adapted fr. ofr. gref 'heavy'
grdr, which represent a Taut, FR. grief 'injury' (source i.at.
base grdwa- grewa- (oe. grchj^ grevis for gravis). grieve vb. —
pointing to a hasegrdga-grega- ?). u^. greve vb. 'burden, injure' fr.
graze vb. 'feed cattle' me. grdse OFR. grever.
OE. grasian = G. grasen : deriv. grill vb. adapted fr. fr. griller
of TEUT. grasa- = grass. broil on a gridiron'.
grease me. grcse grc'fe : adapted grim ME. OE. gri7n (mm): teut.
from OVR. gresse (fr. graisse) 'fat- base grifunia- ^ osax. ohg. gri^n
ness'. Source LAT. crassus 'fat. G. gj'ifnm, ox. grimmr: cogn. w.
great me. ^rfV oe. great; cp. OE. OHG. gram 'angry' G. gram.
OSAX. A'^r^/,DU. groot, OHG. ^r^5 grin vb. me. grinne gre?ine OE.
G. gross 'great': teut. graiita-. grciniian 'show the teeth, snarl,
greaves cogn. w. g. griebe ohg. grin'; cogn. w. gritid.
griiibo 'greaves'? grind vb. me. grinde oe. grindan
greedy me. gredy oe. gredi'^ str. vb. teut. yfgr'end
: aryan =
oSAX. grddag, ohg. grd-
grcBdi-^ --= ghrendh in lat. frendere 'gnash'.
tag, ON. grddtigr, goth. gredags gripe UY.. gripe o^.gripati str. vb.
'hungry' derived from a teut.
: = OikX.griJ)an, du. gi-ijpen, ORG.
gredu- 'hunger =
goth, grains, grifan G. greifcn GOTH, greipan
,

ON. grddr 'hunger'. Perh. akin to gripe, seize'. Outside of Teut.

the SKR. \fgrdh 'to be greedy': cp. the related sfghrib in lith.
PC&XK^ \f ghredh ghrdh. greibiic greibti 'seize' and lett.
green me. oe. grene Teut. base : griba will' — gribet 'to will.
grotii- =
O'iky.. groni, onG. gruoni grisly ME. grisly short for OE.
g. gruti 'green', on. grc^nn, sw. 'terrible, hor-
gryslic (cingrysiic)
DAN. gron deriv. of the teut.
: rible.
y/^gro in gr ow and grass. The grist ME. grist short for OE.
adj. orig. means 'growing. grist lit. 'a grinding': deriv, of
greet vb. me. grete oe. gretan grind.
= OSAX. groiian, du. groeten, on. grit 'gravel' me. gret OE. greot
grceta , OUG. gruoyian G. griissen: = OHG. grio2, G. gries, ON, grjot.
TEUT. type grotjan 'greet'. grizzly fr. me. grisel 'a gray-
grey see gray. — greyhound haired man': deriv. fr. fr. gris
 :

94 o-udafeon

'gray'. Source a teut. grh- 'gray' to ME. agruf agraiive 'groveling'

in G. greis. and ON. a grtifu groveling' —
groan vb. me. grpne oe. grdnian grilfa vb. 'bow down'. The E. word
'moan' : intensive deriv. of a seems to be a Scand. loanword.
str. vb. "^^gri-nan == OHG.
grinaii grow vb. ME. growe oe. grpwan
G. gi'cmcfi 'weep', DU. grijnen. =
DU. groeijen, ohg. gruaan mhg.
groat sb.ME.^rfVc?: a continental griiejen, ON. groa, SW. dan. gro:
TEUT. word: MLG. ov>\}. grote, DU. TEUT. \fgro, whence green and
groot, G. groschen. perh. also grass.
grocer borrowed fr. ov'R. grassier growl UY..growle from DV.grollen
(lat. type grossarms 'a wholesale = G. gro lien.
dealer', cp. fr. engros'^\\o\^ sale'). grub vb. ME. grubbe 'dig': teut.
groin corrupted fr. ofr. gi-me \fgrab under grave; cp. ohg.
FR.grain 'the fork of a tree or grubilon (g. griibeln 'brood, pour
of a river, a groin'. over).
groom ME.^T^y'w'boy': borrowed grudge vb. ME. grugge earlier
fr. OFR. gramme gourme, whence griicche (short for *grauc/^en ?)
OFR. gromet "servant". borrowed
fr. OVK. groucher groncer

groove ME. grove 'a =^ du.

murmur'.
pit'

groeve groef ohg. gruoba G. grube, gruel ME. grjiel: borrowed fr.
ON. grof, GOTH, groba; from OE. OFR. gruel ^= FR. gruau (lat.
grafan =
grave. type gruteUuni dimin. of med.- ,

grope vb. ME.grJ/>(' OE. gr apian; LAT. grutum 'meal').

intensive formation of gripe =
gruff borrowed fr. DU. graf
OE. gj'ipan. =
SA\'. graf, DAN. grov G. grab.

ground me. groiuid oe. gi-iind grumble loanword fr. fr. grom-
orig. grilnd = osax.
grand, meler
g. akin to mdu. grotnmelen,
;

DU. grand, ohg. grunt, on. grtcnd frequent. of mdu. griwimcn

'meadow' —
grunnr (fr. *grunpus) gronnnen 'murmur'.
'bottom of the sea, GOTH.grimdus grunt vb. me. grunte gronte
m. grundtmiaddjus 'foundation', lit. OE. grunnettan ident. w. G. ;

'a ground-wall'. grunzen, dan. grynte, sw. grynta.

group borrowed fr. fr. groupe A more primit. stem appears in
(= IT. grappa^ OE. grunian 'grunt'. The \fgrun
grove ME. grove oe. grdf 'grove'; is imitation of sound; cp. lat.
TEUT. base graiba- graifa-. The gruuiiirc.
ME. by-form gr{.ve greve 'grove, guarantee see warrant.
wood' corresponds to OE. grcefe guard vb. borrowed fr. fr.
= TEUT. base graibjon- ? guardcr, see ward.
grovel vb. with the ^.dv. graveling gudgeon borrowed fr. ^K.goujan
•

ME. graveli7ig{es) grufling{es) akin (me. *gugeon *gaugeauftl^.

;
 guess Gypsy 95

guess vb. AiE. gesse: prob. not gullet sb. 'throat' m^. gullet golet
a native word, but borrowed fr. borrowed fr. fr. goule 'throat'
the continent (du. lg. gisseti) or LAT. gula. =
fr. the Scand. (dan. gisse, sw. gum^ short for me. gpfne OE.
giss(i). A native me. gesse would gp?/ia. 'palate'; cp. on. §d?iir, ohg.
point to an OE. *getsiaft (cp. guo?no 'palate'; cogn. with the
bless OE. bletsiaii) = teut. base equival. lith. go?nurys: aryan
''gotisoti ? \^gM {ghduT).
guest ME. gest borrowed fr.
gum 2 ME. gonmie gwnme: bor-
SCAND. gcstr 'guest'; there was a rowed fr. fr. gonnne it. g07nma = :

native OE. y^st pest, which was source lat. gunimi (gr. y.6iif.ii).
supplanted by the Scand. loan-
gun ME. gunnc gonne the me.
word. SCAND. gestr OE. pst =
word was first applied to a cata-
;

OHG. OSAX. G. DU. gast represent

pult or machine for throwing
a TEUT. base gasti-z =^ lat. Posits
stones; perh. shortened for ofr.
'enemy j.oSLOv. gosti' guest' aryan :

mangonne, which is the base of

base gliostis.
OFR. ME. mangonel 'machine for
guide vb. me. gide borrowed
fr. FR. guider (ofr. also giiier
throwing stones'.
= gush vb. ^\^.gusche -\^xo-^.gousche\
ME. gie vb.).
akin to on. gusa vb. 'gush', Odu.
guild ME. glide OE. gyld\ cp.
guisen 'gush': TEUT. \fgut in GOTH.
uu. gild, G. glide.
giutan, OE. "^eotan, ohg. gio"^an
guile sb. ME. gUe borrowed fr.
G. giessen 'pour out'.
OFR. guile 'treacherv', which is

of Teut. origin; cp. zoile. gut ME. OE. gut (plur. ME. guttes
guilt sb. ME. gilt OE. gylt 'a OE. guttas) Teut. base guttu-. :

crime': teut. base gnlti; a \'"gult gutter ME. gutire gotire fr. fr.
is unknown elsewhere. gouttierc (ofr. goutier, lat. type

guise me. glse fr. ofr. guise guttarium deriv. of lat. gutta :

'way, wise', which is of Teut. drop').

origin; cp. wise. Gypsy short for me. Egipgi(n
gulf adapted fr. fr. gol/c, Egyptian ; cp. span. port, gitano
whence also G. golf. The Rom. Gyi)sy' from Aegyptidnus mod.- \

group Span. it. gol/o 'a gulf, bay' GRKKK /t'r/To'caus A'iyvnxnc.. The
is based on gr. y.nhfnq -/.oXtio^ Gypsies were poj)ularly supposed

'bosom, lap, a deep hollow'. to be Egyptians.

96 habergeon — hale

H
habergeon me. habergeon hmo- haggard ^ adj. 'lean, meager'
borrowed fr. ofr. hauber-
herjoim: (earlier spelling hagged) prop,
g07i hauberjofi, dimin. of ofr. 'hag-like'.
haitberc\ see hauberk. hail sb. ME. hail {haut) oe.
habit ME. abit: adapted fr. fr. ha;iel {hagof) du. g. sw. dan. =
habit garment, habit, a custom': hagel, OYiG.hagal, o^.hagl: Teut.
source lat. habitus 'condition, bases hagla- and hagala-. Perh.
habit, dress'. cogn. w. GR. y.ay'Krj^ 'a round
hack vb. me. hakke OE. hacciati pebble'. A single pebble is
{Jioicceait) ^= -DV.hakken, G. hacken, called stone' : e. hailstone OE.
sw. hakka, DAN. hakke; possibl)- ha-^elstdtt, = on. haglstcifin.
from the \/^ haunv haw seen in hail adj. (ident. w. hale adj.)
OE. heawan = e. he7v. Scand.
ME. heil 'healthy, sound' :

hack''^; see hackney. loanword (on. superseding heill)

hackle hatchel sb. me. hekel the native oe. hal =^ E. whole.
hechel; cogn. w. du. hekel, G. — hail vb. 'greet, salute' me.
hechel\ sw. hdcMa dan. hegle formed fr. the me. adj. heil,
heile,
—
,

(goth. '*hakihi). which was borrowed fr. oti.heill.

hackney me. hakeney. borrow- hail (an exclamation of greeting)
ed fr. FR. haquenie 'an ambling me. heil from on. heill 'hale,
horse' (= ODU. hackeneye, span. whole' (esp. used in greeting
hacanea a hackney). as far heill 'farewell').
haft ME. haft oe. haft\ cogn. hair (earlier spelling hear heare
w. DU. heft, on. hepti, ohg. hefti in the i6. cent.) me. hh- oe. hh-
G. heft: TEUT. v^ haf (cp. heavy) hdr =
on. Mr, osax. ohg. mhg.
=- .KYCik-ii^sf kap in LAT. capio 'take'. hdr, 'du. dan. g. haar, sw. hdr;
hag ME. hagge short for OE. Teut. base hera- Qieza-T). Orig.
ha-r^tesse := mdu. haghetisse, ohg. allied are ON. haddr, OE. heard
haga-zussa: the first (goth. *hazda-) 'hair'. Outside of
part of the
compound is perh. ident. Teut. cp. OSLOV. kosmii kosa (Lith.
w.
haw, the second part still un- kasd) 'hair' cesati vb. 'comb'. —
explained. hale adj. (ident. w. hail adj.)
haggard adj. adapted fr. fr. fr. ON. heill sound'; cp. zvhole.
'

hagard 'wild, lit. 'of the woods'; hale haul vb. 'drag' me. hale
formed fr. ohg. haga with the OE. {^eholian and) ^ichaliatt =
Fr. suffix -ard from G. -hart; cp. OS AIL. halon, OFRis. halia,DV. halen,
hag. OHG. holSn (Jialbfi) G. holett. The
 half — hamper 97

TEUT. \fhal hoi answers to lat. 'brittle'. — halt vb. :me. halte oe.
calare, GR. Y.akH\' 'summon'. healtian (= ohg. *halzen mhg.
half ME. half oe. healf=^ goth. halzen 'limp') from oe. healt =
halts ON. hdlfr
, ohg. g. halt,
, halt adj. 'lame'.
OSAX. DU. sw. half, DAN. halv: halter me. halter oe. halftre =:
Teut. base halba- , perh. cogn. MDU. halftcr DU. halster OHG. ,

w. SKR. klpay 'arrange, divide'. halftra g. halfter; closely allied

halibut holibut me. halibut; to oe. hylf m. ^= e. helve
from jME. holy 'holy' and buite 'a 'handle', ohg. half. From the
plaice'; cp. du. heilbot 'halibut', same are derived
root with
sw. helgflunih'a, dan. fullefiynder ;
w-formation me. haltne 'handle',
the fish is so called because it ohg. halmo mjioh- 'rope fastened
is excellent eating- for holydays; to the yoke to guide the oxen'.
cp. SCAND. heilagr fiskr , lg. heilige halyard halliard 'a rope for
butt and heilbutt. hoisting sails' shortened from
hall ]\IE. halle oe. Iieall = on. hale-yard, because the ropes
hall hgll, osAX. halla, du. hal. teut. haul the yards into their places.
\fMl hel in oe. hela/i 'hide' = Cp. hale vb. and yard.
DU. helen, ohg. hela/t g. hehlen; ham aiE. hamme oe. hainm lit.
cp. ARYAN \^^^/ 'conceal, cover' 'bend of the leg'; Teut. base
in LAT. celare oc cider c, gr. V"xaA hamma- from an Aryan kaimid-
in KaXvnra) hide' — xaXvjjtj 'hut', k?tdmd- in gr. •Avr-f.irjl oiR. cnd'mi
OIR. celim 'I hide'; skr. fala (base kndmi-) 'bone'.
'house'. hame :me. hdme
'horse-collar'
hallow vb. ME. hdhve short for (oe. *hama) =
haam, g.du.
OE. hdl^ian: from OE. hdlii ^= hatnen: Teut. base haman- cogn.
E. holy. — hallowmass 'feast' w. GR. y.rjuoc, LAT. cdtmis 'muzzle'.
shortened from All Hallorvs hamlet ime. hattielet; formed
Mass 'mass of all saints'; with dimin. suffix -et from ofr.
halloivs' is the gen. of halloics, hamel (= Fr. hameati) source :

plur. of ME. hal{o)we 'a saint' =

a Teut. word OFRIS. ham e. =
OE. hdlga 'a saint" from oe. hdlii home (with dimin. suffix -eC).
'holy'. Cp. holy. hammer me. hamer oe. hamor
halo borrowed fr. lat.-gr. ON. hamarr =
osax. hatnur, ,

halos 'circle around the sun or ohg. hamar G. haj/wier; on.

moon'. hamarr denotes also 'rock,
halt adj. me. halt oe. healt = cliff', pointing to relationship
GOTH, halts, on. haltr, oSAX. halt, with OSLOV. kamy 'stone'.
OHG. halz: Teut. base halta-, hamper vb. :me. hampere
pre-TEUT. ^ohlo — hlotlo in lat. ha/nprc vb.
claudus halt', gr. y.Xaiiao6^ hamper sb. borrowed fr. ofr.
English Etymology.
7
 hand — hard

hanapier, orig. 'a vessel to keep hanker vb. akin to du. htinkeren
cups in from ofr. ha nap (Lat. (dial, hankereii) long after'; prob.
type hanapus) goblet'. The Fr. akin to hang and hunger.
hatiap is of Teut. origin; cp. hap sb. ME. hap borrowed fr.
OE. /map, OHG. hnapf G. napf, SCAND. happ 'chance, good luck';
]\ILG. DU. nap. cp. OE. lehccp 'fit'. — Hence
hand jvie. hand hgmi ;= happen vb. me. happene ex-
oe.
GOTH, handiis on, hand, ohg. tended for ME. happen (cp. SWED.
,

hunt g. osax. du. hand: prob. happa^. (Z"^. perhaps. —

derived fr. teut. goth. hinpan harass vb. loanword fr. fr.
'catch' (cp. hound and hunt). harasser 'vex'.
— handle vb. me. handk oe. harbor sb. me. herberwc, earlier
handlian ^^ du. handclen ON. (i2. cent.) herJyerge inn, lodging,
,

hgndhi, ohg. hantalon g. handeln guest house": Scand. loanword,

\

frequent, vb. derived fr. hand. cp. ON. herberge 'inn, lodging' =
— handle sb. me. handd oe. OHG. heri-b'erga 'guest house'
handle from handle vb. —
hand- (prop, 'sheltering place f^r the
cuff 'a Cliff iox the hand adopted army") G. herberge, du. herberg.
fr. me. handcops 'a handcuff' from The first part of the compound
oe. handcops 'a handcuff' from is oe. here ohg. osax. heri, =
oe. hand 'hand' and cops 'a fetter'. GOTH, harjis 'army The second •

— handicraft with unorig. in- part is derived fr. a lost str.

serted / (after handi^vorJi) from vb. TEUT. berg an 'shelter'. —
OE. handcrceft. — handiwork me. harbinger me. herbcrgeoiir 'one
handiwerc OE. hand-y^cieorc from who provides lodgings: deriv.
OE. hond and ~^cii.'(orc ident. \v. of OFR. herberger vb. 'lodge,
lueorc. The i is due to the prefix quarter' which is a deriv. of
OE. le. OFR. herberge (= fr. auberge).
handsome :\ie. handsom prop, This is ident. w. ohg. heribcrga
'easy to handle'. — handy me. (see harboi-).
hendy OE. hendij^ in listhendi'^'^ hard adj. me. hard oe. heard;
Akin w. GOTH, handugs clever', perh. the me. phonology points
DU. handig 'handy, expert'; perh. to its being borrowed from on.
not derived fr. hand, but akin hardr. Cp. OSAX. du. hard, ohg.
to GR. -/.si'Tc'di 'prick, spur'; cp. ///';-// hart G. hart 'hard, solid,
OHG. hantag 'sharp'. heavy, painful', on. hardr, sw.
hang vb. to. hange oe. hangian hard, dan. haard, goth. hardus
:= OHG. hangen G. hangen: deriv. 'hard, severe': Teut. base hardii-
of a str. vb. teut. *hanhan =^ =
ARYAN kartii- in GR. y.oarvg
GOTH. OHG. hahan =
OE. hpn {yM(jTa). hardy adj. jSIE. hardy —
(for '^)wh<ifi); cp. hiinge?-. borrowed fr. fr. hardi which ic
 hards — hasp 99

of Teut. origin cp. ohg. harti

; word occurs first in the 5'^ cent,
herti under hard. as LAT. harpa ; fr. harpe is of
hards sb. 'the refuse or coarse Teut. origin.
part of flax' me. herdes OE. harpoon adopted fr. fr. harpon,
hear dan plur. 'hards of flax; whence also DU. harpoen (g. har-
akin to OE. heord, on. haddr pune^. Source lat. harpago(nem).
'hair' ? harrow sb. me. harwe (point-
hare me. hare oe. hara =
ing to OE. *hearwe or *hearge) ;

OHG. /laso G. hase\ for the perh. akin to the synon. G. harke,
rhotacism in E. cp. on. here: DU. hark, ON. hcrji, dan. harv,
Teut. base hasan- hazan-\ an SW. harf 'harrow'.
ARYAN kaso- is represented in harry vb. me. herie herien oe.
the synon. skr. (aga, opruss. heryan herigan 'overcome with
sasins 'hare'. The Aryan name an army' (= goth. ^harjon, on.
of the animal points perh. to hcrja 'go on a plundering ex-
the OE. adj. haso hasu gray'. pedition', ohg. herio7i g. ver-
hark vb. ime. herke (oe. *hircian heereti)'. derived fr. teut. harja-
*hyrciatt) from a Teut. base 'army' under harbor.
*hauzu/dn = ofris. herkia, mlg. harsh adj. late me. harsk: a
horken g. horchen aiHG. hdrchen Scand. loanword; cp. dan. osw.
late OHG. horechen from *hdrah- harsk 'rancid.
hon: derived fr. the teut. \fhauz hart sb. jme. hert oe. heort
in GOTH, hausjan =
e. hear. —
(heorot) =
DU. hert, ohg. /?/r?/!-
harken vb. ime. herJme short for hirz G. hirs now hlrsch, on.
OE. hiraijati hyrcnian] an E. hjgrtr, sw. hjort DAN. hiort:
,

derivative of the verb hear; cp. Teut. base *h'crut- from Aryan
ta/k and tell lurk and lower. kerud-, cogn. with lat. cerz'us
,

harlot ME. harlot a disorderly hart' and GR. y.eQun^ (lit. 'horned'
person' (of either sex) loan- from AtQag 'a horn'), kymr. carzc
:

word fr. OFR. harlot 'vagabond'. hart, PRUSS. sirwis, OShOX. surna
harm me. harm, oe. hearm =
'roe'.
OSAX. harm ohg. hara?n 'insult, harvest ;me. hervest oe. hcprfest
mortification'; cogn. w. OSLOV. =
DU. herfst, ohg. herbist G.
sramil (fr. "^sormii) 'shame, dis- herbst: related to lat. carpere
grace'. 'pluck', GR. Y.an-nog 'fruit', y.oni-
harness me. harneis; borrowed TTiov 'a pruning-knife', skr. krpaiia
fr. OFR. harneis armor', whence 'sword', lit. kirp-ii shear'.
also g. harnisch. hash sb. from fr. hacher vb.
harp ME. harpe OE. hearpe; cp. 'hack' (of Teut. origin cp. ,

synon. on. harpa, du. harp, ohg. hack vb.).

harp/a harfa G. harfe. The Teut. hasp MK. haspe oe. ho'ps (for
 .

lOO haste hawk

*hcesp) = DAN. SW. G. MHG. noun from the vb. hate', cp.
haspe, ON. hespa 'hasp'. ki/idred.
haste vb. ME. haste', loanword hauberk me. hauberk borrowed
fr. OFR. haster (fr. hater), whence fr. OFR. hauberc; source ohg.
also DU. haasten, o. hasten 'make halsb'erc prop, 'neck-defence'.
haste'. The fr. vb. is prob. a haughty adj. me. hauteifi 'arro-
Teut. loanword. gant' from OFR. hautain', source
hat sb. ME. hat (plur. hattes) OFR. haut =
LAT. altus 'high'.
OE. hat (plur. hcettas) on. = haul see hale vb.
hgttr 'hood, cowl', sw. hatt, dan. haunch sb. me. haunche.: loan-
hat 'hat' Teut. base hattii- cogn.
: word from FR. hanche (ofr. hanke
w. hood sb. and perh. also of Teut. origin cp. ; ohg.
with LAT. cassis (for *cat-tis) a Ilka ?)
'helmet'. haunt vb. me. haunte borrowed
hatch vb. me. hacche; cp. fr. FR. hanter 'haunt, frequent'.
MHG. hecken 'produce young have ME. have oe. habban =
from eggs by incubation' G. OSAX. hcbbiati, du. hebben, v ohg.
aiishecken 'hatch', sw. hdcka haben G. haben, ON. hafa, GOTH.
'breed', dan. hcekkebimr 'breeding haban: Teut. base habai-^ ident.
cage'. w. LAT. haberel Aryan base
hatch sb. 'halfdoor' me. hacche khabhey ?
OE. hcBcc'i cogn. w. DU. hekl haven me. have?! late oe. hcefene,
hatchel see hackle sb. prob. a Scand. loanword; cp.
hatchet sb. me. hacchet: loan- ON. hgf7i 'haven' perh. allied to
;

word from FR. hachette, dimin. OE. hcef, ON. haf 'ocean'.
of FR. hache 'axe': source a haversack borrowed fr. fr.
teut. hakka cp. hack vb. havresac 'a knapsack' from G.
hate vb. me. hate older hdtieu habcrsack hafcrsack 'a sack for
OE. hatian =
GOTH, hatan, DU. oats'.
haten, osax. haton, ohg. hai^'Z^on haw ME. hatve oe. haga 'an
G. hassen. —
hate sb. me. hate inclosure' = ON. hagi', cp. ohg.
influenced by the vb. hate hag 'an inclosure' G. hag 'a hedge',
earlier ]ME. h(te OE. hete = ;

DU. haag 'a hedge, garden'. A

osax. heti, DU. haat, ohg. hai^ corresponding Aryan \f kagh is
G. hass, ON. hatr, sw. hat, dan. evident' in cymr. cae, corn, ke
had, GOTH, hatis. The teut. 'hedge'. Hence hawthorn —
\P hat 'hate' is perh. ident. w. OE. hagii-porn. Cp. hedge.
the Teut. \^ hap in OE. heado- hawk ME. hank oe. heafoc; cp.
war' ^ OHG. hadu and G. hader OSAX. *habuc in the proper name
'quarrel'. Habuc-horst , DU. havik OHG. ,

hatred me. hatride{n): abstr. habuh G. habicht with secondary

 hawser heart lOI

/, ON. haukr (for hgdiikf) haila- ^= E.

, sw. of the Teut. adj.
//ok, DAN. Mji^; GOTH, hail adj.
'^habuks hale whole (cp. also —
with formative -ka- as in ahaks adj.). health me. helthe OE. —
'dove'. The \P haf is seen in /^^^^^ 'healing, cure' ohg. =
0'&. hebban E. heave orig. 'take, heilida an abstract formation :

seize' as in lat. capere. from the adj. hdl 'whole, hale'

ha\vser 'a tow-rope' borrowed (see whole^.
fr. the OFR. vb. hauls er 'raise, heap ME. hep OE. heap 'heap,
tow a boat' (Lat. type altiare troop, crowd' = OSAX. hop, DU.
'elevate, raise'). OHG. houf 'crowd, troop'
hoop,
hay HIE. hey oe. hej^ hii : Teut. haufe 'crowd
g. troop pile' , ,

base hauja- = goth. hawi {QOTYL.^haups). oslov. kupil and

(gen. hattjis) 'hay, grass', ohg. lith. kaupas 'heap' are prob.
hcwi houwi G. heu, on. hey, S\v. allied.
DAN. ho, DU. /^(?(?/; orig. verbal hear vb. me. here oe. heran
adj. of the Teut. verbal \fhau seen (west-sax. hyran) osax. =
in hew. Hence hay 'grass to be horian, du. hoorefi, ohg. horan
hewn' (orig. hauja- sc. grasa-'). G. horen, on. heyra, sw. hora,
hazel jME. hdsel oe. h(Bsel =
DAN. hore: all with rhotacism
DU. hazel, ohg. hasala G. ^rt'j'i?/, versus goth. hausjatt 'hear (cp.
on. ^^/: from pre-TEUT. koslo-, har k diXid hear ke/t). The teut.
hence in Lat. with rhotacism \fhauz == ARYAN kous may
corulus for '^cosulus 'hazel' ; cp. be connected with gr. d-xovio
also OIR. coll 'hazel' for *cosl} for d-y.ov(ifo (with prefix a- =
he MK. OE. =
osax. he.
he SKR. sam) and with teut. ausS
head short for me. hal fuller 'ear' = ear.
form hcveil OE. h{afod^= on. haufup hearken var. o{ hark en; cp.
{hpfuf), GOTH, haubip osAX. , h a r k.
hobid, DU. hoofd, ohg. houbit G. hearse sb. me. herse herfe orig.
haupi: Teut. base haubida- hau- 'a triangular harrow' then "a ,

buda- is closely allied to oe. hilfe, carriage for a dead body':

ohg. hiiba g. haube 'cap, hood'. adopted fr. ofr. herce 'a harrow'
This z?-root (aryan kap-T) may FR. herse 'a harrow'. Source =
be connected with lat. caput, LAT. hirpex hirpice?n 'a harrow'. —
if this, is traceable to an hypo- heart me. herie oe. hcorte ;

thetical *cauput *c6put. head —

equivalent to osax. hcrta, on.
var. suffix of -hood. hjarta, goth. hairto (ohg. herza
heal vb. ME. h{l^ oe. Juklan; G. herz by the second sound-
cp. the synon. osax. helian, du. shifting) Teut. base herton- or '
:

heelen, ohg. heilan G. heileti, on. hcrian- Aryan base kerd krd =
hcila, goth. hailjan 'heal' deriv. in LAT. cor cordis, GR. /(igdln
:
I02 hearth — heel

and x/jp for ""yirj^id, IR. cride, heaven me. h(ven oe. heofon
OSLOV. sridicc 'heart'. = OSAX. h'eban (lg. ha:veii) with
hearth me. herth oe. heorp = a by-form himll, ohg. hi7?iil, du.
DU. heerd, OSAX. herth, G. herd: hemel, G. sw. dan. hitinriel: the

a TEUT. \f her 'burn' (cp. lat. /-suffix stands by dissimilation

cre-niare 'burn?) may be as- for the older /i-suffix after goth.

sumed as the base of E. hearth himins, ON. hbnhw, whilst in the

and GOTH. hauri'coSiV pkir. hanrja Saxon forms the orig. 7)i is dis-
'fire', ON. hyj-r 'fire'.
similated to b. The common
Teut. word is prob. a deriv. of
heat sb. ME. hcte oe. hdto, the
a more prirait. teut. haiman-
abstract sb. from the adj. oe.
'clearness brightness' (oeris.
hat {=E. hoi) formed by vowel
hchnlieht
,

'bright as the sky'):

mutation (goth. *haitei f. heat').
— heat vb. me. hcte oe. hcktan:
hd-dor 'serene'.
TEUT. \/^
Cp. hoar.
hai in G. heiter, OE.

a factitive vb. from the adj. oe.

hat =
e. hot (goth. ^haitjan
heavy me. hevy oe. hefii =
OHG. hdng, ON. hgfugr 'heavy':
from *hatts) cp. G. hetzen.
;

deriv. of the TEUT. sf hxif in

heath me. heth oe. hckp heave. =
OHG. heida G. heide 'heath', hedge me. hegge oe. hecg (oe.
GOTH, haipi 'a waste', ON. heidr. also hc-^e me. heye haye): Teut.
Hence heathen me. hcthcn oe. base hagja-\ cp. ohg. hecka G.
hceden corresponding to on. he eke, DU. heggc heg. C'^. haw.
heiditm, du. mhg. hciden G. heide. heed vb. me. hede oe. hedan
In GOTH, we find only a femi- =
OSAX. hodian, ohg. huoten G.
nine haipno 'a heathen woman', hiiten, du. hoeden. The teut.
whereby the existence of the \fhdd from aryan M^/z {kodh})
common Teut. masculine haipina or /^d/ is regarded as orig. cogn.
is secured for the fourth cen- w. LAT. cassis (for *eat-tis) 'hel-

tury. It seems to be a trans- met'; cp. hood sb.

lation of the synon. lat. paganus heel sb. me. he'/e oe. y^^'/a A^/if?
occurring in the latter half of shortened from *h(ihi/a east- =
the fourth century of the Chris- fris. he/a (whence DU. hieb),
tian era. dimin. of OE. hob 'heel'; a Teut.
heave me.
vb. h{ve earlier base hanha- cp. in on. hckll 'heel',
hebbe oe. hebban str. vb. =
on. DAN. /^(?/, sw. hill, and in E. hough.
hefja, OSAX. hebbian, du. heffen, heel vb. 'incline' shortened
OHG. hejfan hcvan G. heben, from ME. helile oe. hildan hyhian
GOTH, hafjan 'lift, raise' aryan. :
=
ohg. heldan w. vb. 'incline':
yfkap in LAT. capio seize'. See Teut. base halpjati derived fr.
heavy. the Teut. adj. halpa- 'inclined'
 heifer — hen 103

in OE. nidcrhcald 'bent down- derived fr. the verbal \^ lie/ in

wards'. OE. OHG. /I'e/an, goth. hi/an 'hide,
heifer ime. haifer (heck/re) OE. conceal' (aryan \'~ /ie/ in lat.
1

heahfore heahfre (^'hcegfre ?) 'a ce/are occu/ere skr. ,(arman ,

young cow': apparently a com- protection').

pound, but of obscure elements, help vb. ME. Iie/pe oe. /ie/pan
the first element seems to be =
GOTH, hi/pan, on. /ija/pa, sw.
heah- hce-y- =
teut. haha- haga- hje/pa, DAN. lijalpe, osAX. hie/pan,
cp. G. dial, hagen hegeVhviW., ox'; DU. LG. he/pen, ohg. he/fan G.

the second element is perh. OE. he/fen. teut. \f }ie/p from pre-
fearr 'bull, ox' (gr. tzooic heifer). TEUT. \f/ielb- (lith. szelpti vb.
height 'MS.Jieghte earlier heghthe pasza/pa 'help' pointing to an
OE. hehpo hyhpo =
goth. hau- ARYAN yf/ielp).
hipa 'height', on. hdd: abstr. helve sb. me. Jie/ve oe. he/f
formation from the teut. adj. hylf: Teut. base }ia/bi-\ cp. mlg.
haiiha- =
high formed with suff. mdu. he/ve, ohg. Iialba he/ba mho.
ipa {ci. length, strength^. help ha Ip 'a handle. Si^e halter.
heinous me. heinous from ofr. hem sb. me. /letn (plur. /icmmes)
hdinos := FR. haineux 'hateful'. OE. hem (plur. /lemnias): Teut.
heir me. heir eir from ofr. heir base havija-.
eir = LAT. heres 'an heir'. hemlock me. hcm/idi limn/o/i
hell ME. he/Ie oe. he//; cp. OE. hnn/ic hym/cc\ the second
GOTH, ha/ja, OSAX. /le// —
he/lia, part of the compound seems to

oug. hella G.hd//e: common Teut. be explanatory (cp. lee/i), the

Christian name for 'Hades, in- first part ]H)ints to a Teut. base
fernum"; ON. /ic/ shows that the
older orig. word was also used
in pre-Christian times for heathen
'infernum'. Cp. also ON. Hel
'goddess of death'. Usually con-
nected with \^ /le/ Iial 'conceal'
(cp. hal/), hence /i^// 'the hid-
ing place, the unseen place".
helm sb. me. he/me oe. /ie/tfia\
cp. on. lya/m 'a rudder'.
helmet dimin. of me. oe. /le/m.
In the form /ielma- helmet' com-
mon to the Teut. langs.; cp.
GOTH. Iii/nis, ON. /ijalmr, sw. dan.
hje/m, OSAX. DU. G. he/tn with
the same meaning that mav
*/iauvii- ?
hemp ME. hemp oe. Jiancp; cp.
ON. hampr, DU. /lennep, OHG. Jianaf
G. Iianf: ident. w. the synon.
LAT. cannabis, GR. vAvva^iii^ The
Teut. word cannot be borrowed
from GR. or lat. Perh. the
Teutons adopted the word and
the thing from the Scythians
whence the word came also to
Greece.
hen me. oe. lien (stem /icnn-):
the fem. of oe. /uum 'cock' =
OHG. henna G. henne (goth.
^han/b-) derived fr. hana m.
be 'cock'). ON. hdna (sw. hona
I04 hence — hidei

'hen') points to goth. *honJd. stem hi- is cogn. w. lith. szis,

The common teut. masc. hanan- OSLOV. si 'this one', lat. ci-s
(goth. oe. hana, ohg. hand) ci-tra 'on this side'.
orig. meant 'singer', primit. re- heron me. heiroun from ofr.
lated to LAT. canere 'sing'. hairon fr. hiron. =
hence me. hennes with secon- herring me. hering oe. hcering
..

dary -s (as in thence, once) for =

ohg. hdring mhg. hceritic G.
an earlier henne, which by syn- hering, du. haring. westteut.
cope stands for late oe. heonane hdring is the source of fr.
mostly oe. heonan =
OSAX. ohg. hareng.
hinan (g. An origi- hest 'a command' me. histe
von hi/men).
nal stem hi- 'this' is evident Mst with inorganic / from OE.
also in here and hither. hcks 'a command' ^= teut. haisi-
herald :\ie. herald (Jieraud): orig. hait-ti teut. \fhait in :

borrowed fr. fr. hiraut (lat. OE. hdtan 'command'. See behest
type heraldus), which is of Teut. and hight.
origin (heri-waldl). hew vb. ME. hcwe OE. hec^wan
herb me. herbe adopted fr. fr. =
OSAX. haiiwan, OHG. houwan
herbe: source lat. herba 'grass'. G. hauen, du. houwen on. hgggva ;

herd' 'a flock' short for me. points to GOTH, '^haggwan in

Jierde oe. heord =
goth. hairda, place of TEUT. hawwan. The
on. hjprd, sw. dan. hjord ohg. verbal \f^ hawiv haw (cp. hay)
h'erta G. herde, teut. her do- from is allied to the Aryan sfkow in
ARYAN kerdha is cogn. w. SKR. OSLOV. /^^?/rt' —
kovati 'forge', lith.
fdrdhas (drdha-s 'troop'; also kauju 'I strike' kiijis 'hammer'. —
OSLOV. creda 'herd, flock', LITH. heyday orig. hey day e. =
kerdzus 'shepherd'. See herd-. high day.
— herd^ 'shepherd' now usually hiccough hiccup, also hick-et
compounded {shep-, cow-, swine-,) looks like a dimin. of hick or
me. herde oe. hyrde (Jiiorde), hik 'a catch in the voice', imi-
GOTH, hairdcis, on. hirdir, OHG. tative of sound?
hirti G. hirte: with formative ja- hide^ sb. me. hide oe. hyd (by
from TEUT. herdo- 'herd, flock'. vowel mutation fr. aTeut, base hu-
here isie. here oe. her =
goth. di-); synon. in all Teut. languages
ON.' OSAX. her ohg. hiar g. hier: except Goth.; cp. ohg. hiit o.
adv. of place (formed like goth. hatit, ON. hud, dan. sw. hud,
aljar 'elsewhere', par 'there' cp. DU. huid. ARYAN ktiti-s answers
there^ from the pronom. stem to LAT. ciitis 'skin'; cp. gr. y.vro^
///- in GOTH, hi-mma daga 'to- 'skin, hide'. The \/~ ku appears
day' und hi-na dag 'till to-day in LAT. scii-tutn 'shield', GR.
(cp. hence and hither). The 6av-xq^ 'skin, hide' with a prefix s.
 hide^ hipi 105

hide- sb. 'a measure of land' 'a hiir, admen 'a top', lith. katnas
OE. /lU conir. of OE. ///^zV/ 'enough kalva hiir, GR. •aoXu)Voc.

land for a household'; prop. hilt MS.. OE. ///// = ON. hjalt,
'^hlwida- 'family' allied to hind'^. OHG. h'elza 'a sword-hilt'.

hide vb. ME. hide oe. hjdan: hind ^ ME. hinde oe. hhid =
Teut. base hiidjan, perh. cogn. ON. DAN. sw. hind, DU. hinde,
w. CYMR.^//r/^/ 'hidden, concealed' OHG. htnia G. hindin. goth. *hindi
and GR. y.ftd^co 'hide': Aryan (gen. *hifidjds) is perh. connected
x'^Md/i? with GR. y.f^i-dc 'youngdeer'.
hideous by change of suffix for hind^ 'a peasant' ME. hine OE.
]ME. hidons adopted fr. ofr. hidoiis hina 'a domestic'. Cp. htde^.
= FR. hideiix: source a lat. type There is a Teut. base hiwa- in
hispidosus, extension of lat. hispi- goth. heiwa-fra2ija 'husband',
dus 'rough, shaggy, bristly'. OE. hiwrceden 'family, household'

hie vb. 'hasten' me. hie earlier

=
OHG. hirdt 'marriage G. heirat.
hind in behind and hind-feet
hi'^e higen oe. higian. Teut. base
akin to the oe. adv. hindan 'at
hi-gai- perh. a reduplication of
an ARYAN \'^M in lat. ci-to
the back of hinder 'backwards' —
^= GOTH, hindar prep, 'behind',
'quickly', gk.yuhv go'? Or cogn.
w. SKR. iigh}-a 'quick'?
G. hinter prep, 'behind'. hin- —
der vb. ME. hindre oe. hinderian
high adj. aie. heigh earlier heh
= =
ON. hindra OHG. h.intircii hin-
oe. h{ah GOTH, hdiihs, on.
hdr, DU. hoog, osax. ohg. hoh,
taron G. hindern. hindmost —
corrupted fr. hind7?iest (confused
G. hoch: teut. hauha- from an
ARYAN kouko-. oteut. possessed
with fnost) = GOTH, hindufnisis
'hindmost'.
a sb. formed from the adj.
hinge me. henge\ oe. "^hencge
meaning 'hill (base kouko-s) is not re-
;
(for TEUT. *hangjdn-')
cp. ON. haugr 'hill' (whence E.
corded: deriv. of the teut.
how in proper names) and with
ablaut G. hilgel; cp. lith. kaii-
\f Jmnh hang (see hang~)\ cp.
MLG. mdu. henge 'rack for hang-
kara 'hill'.
ing up things'.
hight vb. ME. highte heghte OE. hint sb. shortened fr. me.
heht (JiihtT) 'was called : pret. hinted part, of hinie (Jiente) =
to OE. hdtan r= goth. haiiafi, OE. hentan 'seize, hunt after'
G. heiss^n. ixom. \'^ henp seen in hunt}
hill ME. //// (plur. hilles) OE. hipi sb. MS., hipe o^. hype; cp.
hyll (plur. Teut. base GOTH, hilps (nom. plur. hiipeis),
hyl/as):
hulli- or hulja- cogn. w. goth. DU. heap, G. hilfte AfflG. huf (plur.
hallus 'rock' and on. hallr 'hill'; hilffe) OHG. huf (plur. huffi):
an ARYAN sf^kol cp. in lat. coUis TEUT. hiipi- from ARYAN ku/>i-.
 ; :;

io6 hip^ hog

hip- sb. 'the fruit of the dog- koi is cogn. with skr. kc-til-s
rose' ME. hepc OE. heope = OSAX. 'light, lustre, torch'.
hiopa, OHG. hiufo mhg. hiefe. hoard me. oe. hard osAx. =
hip vb. ME. hippe OE. *hyppan hord {Jiortli) goth. huzd, on.,

= l\fflG. hupfen hupfen o. hup/en; hodd n. —

hoddr m., OHG. G. hort.
allied to OE. hopfian =
e. hop TEUT. hozda- from aryan kuzdho-
vb.; o^. hoppcttan, G. hopfen, on. for kiidhto- part, 'that which is
hoppa. hidden'; cp. gr. y.evdw under
hire vb. me. /?/?-(? oe. hyrian hide vb.
vb. = DU. huren, OFRis. ///nz, Hoarhound me. hgrJioune oe.
sw. A>7v?, DAN. hyre mlg. hiiren, sio hare hilne 'the hoar hound'
G. heuern 'hire, rent': West-Teut. OE. hilne is a plant-name.
base hierjon. hoarse me. horse prop, hps, OE.
hiss vb. me. /^/Vj-^: prob. an has pointing to goth. '^haisa- ^=
onoroatopoetic word as ODU. OHG. heis heisi ^mG. heis heise;
hisschen 'to hiss'. the r of mhg. g. heiser seems to
hit vb. iviE. hitte: adopted fr. be the same r as in E. "hoarse
ON. hiita, DAN. hitte; perh. cog. =
j\iDU. hcersch (mod. DU. heescli) ;

w. GOTH, hinpan 'catch'. perh. originating from the OE.

hitch vb. me. hicche 'move' dat. hdsre (fnid hdsre stefne)
OE. ^hyccanl transposed to hdrse ^^ jsie. horse}
hither :me. oe. hiiter: derived hobble vb. ME. hoble for *hopple;
from a Teut. pronoun hi- 'this' frequent, of hop vb.
in here and hence; cp. goth. hobby sb. 'a toy like a horse,
hidre, on. hedra 'on this side ambling nag, a favorite pursuit';
;

cogn. with LAX. ci-tra 'on this ME. hoi)in 'a nag': borrowed fr.
side'. For the suffix cp. thither. OFR. hobin 'a little horse'?
hive ME. hive oe. hyf: Teut. hock corruption of Hochheim:
base Mibi- in mlg. hiive 'hive', the name of a German town on
DU. huif; cogn. w. lat. cupa the river Main, famous for wine.
'bowl? hoe sb. from fr. houe 'a hoe'
hoar adj. i\ie. hdr oe. hdr =
source ohg. houwa g. haue =
GOTH. *haira-, on. hdrr 'hoary', hoe'.
OSAX. OHG. her g. hehr 'distingui- hog ME. hog (plur. hogges') OE.
shed', also 'venerable'. The orig. hocg (plur. hoggas) a Welsh :

meaning of the adj. was prob. loanword, cp. w. h7cich 'a sow'
'venerable', on. and E. have the (bret. corn, hoch pig'). hogs- —
meaning 'gray with age'. A teut. head cp. the equiv. mlg. hukes-
\^hai 'glitter, shine' is supported hovet huxhovet du. okshoofd (earlier
b}' heaven and ON. A^zV/ 'clearness also hokshoofd') G. oxhoft, sw.
of the sky' teut. hai from Aryan oxhu/vud, DAN. oxehoved: origin
;
 .

hoist hood 107

and history of this compound veil'; from teut. huljan and

are unauthorized. sufT. -stra fr. -s-tra (oE. heolstor).
hoist vb. earlier hoise akin to holy JNiE. holy oe. hdlii earlier

the equivalent lg. OSAX. helag, ohg. heilag

hisscn du. hdlei
,
=
hijschen, dan. heise, sw. hissa, G. du.
heilig ON. heilagr DAN. , ,

G. hisse/i, FR. hisser, it. issare. hellig sw. //<?/4'- (goth. hailag ,

in a Goth, runic inscription).

hold vb. ME. hglde OE. hdldan
{Jh;aldati) =
OHG. haltaii (Jmltka/i)
Common teut. hailaga- from
G. halten OSAX. GOTH, haldan,
common teut. haila- cp. whole
,

DU. houden, on. halda a common :

and ^<?/^.

TEUT. vb. Cp. behold.

homage me. homage: borrowed

hold sb. (the hold of a ship)

fr.OFR. ho?nage FR. hotumage;=
source a lat. type homatiami 'the
prop, //t?/^: ident. w. hollow and
service of a vassal or man' (lat.
hollow ; cp. DU. ^(?/ 'a hole, cave'.
ho7no 'man').
— hole sb. ME. hole hoi oe. hoi
home ME. hpm oe. ham osAX. =
'a cave' =
on. holr, ohg. mhg.
hem, on. heimr, ohg. G. du. //<7w
hoi G. /r^>^/, DU. hol\ the E. ME.
'home GOTH, haims 'a village'. ;

OE. OHG. MHG. adjectives are

Teut. base haimb- (/laimi-) from
used as substantives: teut.
a pre-TEUT. kaimd- (kaimi-) =
\f hel 'conceal' in oe. helati, G. LITH. kemas
hehlcn. —
hollow me. holwc oe. village',
PRUSS. caymis 'a —
GR. Y.Mf.iri 'village
holh (gen. hohoes) cogn. with
hone ME. hone oe. hdn\ Teut.
;

equival. ohg. mhg. hoi, on. holr:

teut. '\j'~*hul connected with
base haino- ON. hein, SW. hen =
'hone'. Cp. OE. hcknan 'to stone'.
the teut. sfhel in oe. ohg. helatt
honey me. himi oe. hm'r^ huncy.
'hide, conceal' {c^iJiell, helmet).
Teut. base himang on. =
holiday prop, holy day. hiinang, du. hotline, OHG. honang
holly ME. holi?i OE. holeyi; akin G. honig 'honey. Origin un-
to the equivalent du. g. htdst certain; perh. cogn. w. OR. y.oric
MHG. huh, ohg. hulisy whence fr. 'dust'?
houx; pre-TEUT. \'~kel- suff. used to form
in w. -hood a
celyn , corn, celin , nouns
bret. orig. an in-
kelen, abstract ;

IR. cuilcann 'holly'. dependent sb. dying out in me. :

hollyhock for me. holihoc prop. oe. had 'state, quality' goth. =
holy hock': oe. hocc means haidtis, ohg. mhg. heit 'manner
'mallow'. (g. -heit only suffix). Cp. its var.
holster borrowed fr. du. holster -head.
'a case for a pistol' (g. pistolen- hood sb. 'covering' me. oe.
hol/tcr) ident. w. on. hulstr 'a hod
; DU. hoed OHG. hiiot g. = ,

case, a sheath', goth. hulhti- 'a hut. Closely allied to hat and
io8 hoof host'

to the TEUT. \l^ had hod vn heed. guttural (base *huqon) as shown
hoof ]\IE. OE. hgf = OSAX. ho/, by the oe. abstract noun hyht
DU. hoe/, ON. ho/r, ohg. huo/ G. 'hope' (base huh-ti-s) : teut.
hu/: Teut. base hS/(^- from Aryan \Phuq hup. — hope sb. me. hope
*koJ>o-, whence osLov. kopyto for OE. td-hopa = oSAX. to-hopo
'hoof'. Others derive teut. hb/a- sb. 'hope'.
from Aryan kdpho and compare horn me. oe. horn =; on.
it with SKR. (aphd avest. sa/a , ohg. du. hortt, goth. hailrn:
g.
'hoof. common Teut. (in a runic
hook ME. OE. hoc niDU. hoeh = inscription) horna 'horn' cogn.
'hook'. The kindred forms have w. LAT. cornu and IR. cymr.
a diff. vowel and answer to OE. corfi, with other suffix GR. y.s(j-ag

haca, ON. ha/^i, ohg. hd{c)ko G. horn'; cp. also E. hari prop,
hake. OHG. hdg(g)o 'horned' and skr. crn-ga 'horn'.
points to
GOTH. ''^'hcg(g)a 'hook'. G. haken hornet oe. hyrnet ohg. =
being 'a kind of plough', goth. hornai^ hurnnz, G. hornisse. The
hoha 'plough' may also be com- synon. Slav, and Lat. words
pared, so that the stem may be for 'hornet point to GOTH.
hoh heg hak. *haurzniiis with an ARYAN. \i^ krs
hoop sb. ME. OE. hop =
DU. (iND. (rs) LAT. crdbro 'hornet' :

hoep, OFRis. hop, north-fris. hfp for '^crdsi'o, osLOV. srnkni, LITH.
'hoop', MLG. hop; TEUT. base szirszofie 'hornet'. The Aryan
hb/>a-. stem is krs for 'hornet', cp.
hoop vb. ME. houpe adopted fr. OSLOV. sriisa, lith. szirszu. Du.
FR. hoiiper 'hoop unto'; of Teut. preserves a trace of this inner
origin, cp. OE. hwopan =^ GOTH. in horzel 'hornet' (goth. '^haiir-
i'

hwfpati vb. 'boast, glory'. suls)— horzelen vb. 'hum'.

hoot vb. ME. hoiite borrowed horse me.
oe. hors = osax.
fr. osw. hitta 'hoot'. hors — hem, du. ros, ohg. ros (gen.
hop vb. ME. hoppe OE. hoppian r asses) G. ross (whence it. rozza,
= DU. hoppen on. sw. hoppa FR. rosse a jade'), on. hross,
,

DAN. hoppe, G. MHG. hop/en. Cogn. also hors, sw. dan. dial, hors
w. hip vb. 'a horse' Teut. base hrossa-.
=
:

hop sb. ]VIE. hoppe = du. hose me. hose oe. hdsii
hop, G. hop/en late ohg. hop/o, DAN. G. hose, DU. hoos, OHG.
med.-lat. hupa
(for *hiippa). ON. hosa The (goth. ^''hilso).
Its originobscure.
is Teut. words found their way
hope vb. me. hope oe. hopian into Celt. (corn, hos 'ocrea,
= mdu. hopen, mhg. g. hoppen. cuisses') and into Rom. (ofr.
The labial in oe. hopia7i (goth. hose).
*hupdii) is a substitute for a host^ sb. 'army' me. host gst'.
 host 5 hull 109

loanword fr. OFR. Jiostc 'army' hovel ]ME. hovel 'small hut':
(source LAT. hostis —hosteni). dirain. with suffix -el from OE.
host^ sb. 'entertainer ]me. kosie: hof = ON. hof 'a temple, a
loanword fr. ofr. hosic (= LAT. hall'; cp. G. hof 'a yard'. —
hospHeni). Hence hostess me. hover vb. intensive derivative
hpstesse from ofr. hostesse and of ME. hove vb. 'tarry, wait'; cp.
hostler me. hostUr 'innkeeper' ofris. hovia 'receive in one's
from OFR. hosteller 'innkeeper'. house : derived fr. teut. hofa-
host^ sb. (in the mass) me. 'hall, yard'.
hoste pste source lat. hosiia,
: how ME. how
oe. hu (for
FR. hostic. *huiu Teut. form hwo in
*h7iiip) :

hot adj. ME. hot OE. hat: Teut. osAX. hwo 'how', OHG. wuo du. ;

base halta- =
on. he/tr, DU. hoe for hwo, ofris. ////: formed
heet, OSAX. het, ohg. heiT, G. helss from the Teut. stem hwa- in
'hot'; the TEUT. -y'^ hit cp. in who; cp. gr. TTfct,'.
GOTH. heltS 'fever and in on. how in local names cp.
hlti, OSAX. hlttla, G. hitze 'heat'; high.
cp. hrat sb. howl vb. jme. houle; cp. du.
hough sb. ME. hough (/uf) oe. huilen, G. heulen.
hph 'the heel'; hence the dimin. huckster me. huckstire (oe.
heel. Teut. base hanha- in on. '^huccestre) orig. 'a female re-
;

hctll 'heel'. tailer akin to mhg. hucke hocke

;

hound ME. hound oe. hiitid 'a retailer'; derived from mhg.
hu)id =^ GOTH, hiinds, on. hundr, hocke7i vb. 'squat', ox. hokkinn
DAN. SWED. hund, DU. hond, 'bowed, bent. Cp. du. heukcn
OSAX. G. hund OHG. hunt: Teut. vb. 'huckster, retail' heuker —
base hunda- prop, 'the hunter', huckster, retailer'.
derived fr. the teut.-goth. vb. hue ^ sb. ME. hewe hew oe.
hinpan 'seize, capture' (oE. hup heow 'appearance': ident. w.
'bootv') ;see hunt. goth. hmi (g. hiujls) 'form,
hour ME. houre cure borrowed appearance', sw. hy 'skin, com-
fr. OFR. {h)ure {h)ore (= fr. plexion'.
hew-), whence also du. tiur, g. hue'"^ sb. 'outcry' JIE. hii derived
uhr (dial. auer). Source LAT. fr. FR. huer 'hoot, hiss'.
hora. huge adj. me. huge (Jiouge):
house me. hous oe. hus: Teut. loanword fr. ofr. ahuge 'huge'.
base husa- in goth. gud-hus hull liusk' me. hule oe. hulu
'house of God', osAX. ohg. 'hull, husk'; cp. synon. G. hi'tlse
hiis G. haus, du. huis, ON. hus. OHG. hulsa for *hulisa (goth.
housings earlier houss (of a *hulisi or *huluzt) formed from :

horse), borrowed fr. fr. housse ? the \^hel hul (g. hiille) under
 .

no humble — hutch

hell, hollotv and holster. — hurt (plur. hurit) G. hilrde; cp.

hull 'body of a ship' ident. w. ON. hurd 'door', goth. haiirds
hold sb. door'. The meaning 'door' is
humble adj. me. hutnl'le bor- developed from the common
rowed fr. FR. humble (= lat. meaning 'wickerwork'. Teut.
hufiiilis) base hurdi- =
aryan krti in
humblebee me. hofnbel-be;
sb. LAT. crates, GR. y.vgT/] 'a fishing-
an equivalent OE. *hufnbol is to basket' — y.dpraXng 'a (woven)
be assumed for ohg. hufubal basket'; cp. skr. hrt 'spin' —
G. hummel, DU. hommel 'humble- ert 'bind, connect'.
bee'. hurl vb. ME. htirle earlier
humor me. humour from ofr. hu/tle vb.
humor = fr. humeur.
hurricane sb. akin to the
hundred me. hundred
oe.
synon. dv. orkaan, dan. sw. g.
{hundrep), ident. w. osax. huu-
orkan, FR. ouragan, IT. iiracano,
darod, G. hundert, on. hiuulrad;
SPAN, huracan 'a hurricane' ;,after
the word is appar. a comp., the
the discovery of Americaadopted
second part of which belongs fr. Caribbean hurakan 'a hurri-
to GOTH, rapjmi vb. 'count'; the
cane.
first part GOTH. OE. hund is
cogn. w. LAT. ceiiiuf/i, GR. ey.avov,
hurry vb. me. hurie horie vb.
'hasten'.
SKR. (atdm.
hunger me. hu?iger honger oe. hurt vb. ME. hurte hirte vb.
hungor ;cp. synon. osAX. ohg. 'offend' borroweti fr. ofr. hurter
hungar G. hunger, on. hungr; (fr. heurter^.
GOTH, hiihrus (for *hunhrus) husband sb. me. husbonde oe.
'hunger' with the derived hug- (about lo^o) husbonda: a Scand.
grjan 'hunger common teut. loanword, cp. on. husbondi, sw.
:

hunhru- hungru- hunger' from DAN. husbonde from hus 'house'

ARYAN, htikrti-l cp. LITH. kankli and ON. bondi bundi 'husband.
'torture' with on. hd vb. 'torture' husk ME. huske OE. *htlseca 'a
(from TEUT. *hanhd7!). small house' (?); cp. G. gehduse.
hunt vb. ME. hunte OE. huntiau: hussy short for housewife.
a secondary verb from a primit. hut ME. hutte from fr. hutte.
vb. shown goth. frahinpan Source OHG. hutta
in G. hiitte. =
'take prisoner'.From the same hutch sb. 'a box' me. hucche
root E. hound and hand. prop. hucche (whence me.
hurdle me. hirdel oe. hyrdel, whicchc') loanword fr. fr. huche:

dimin. of an OE. *hyrd ==. ohg. trough, bin'.

 :

I — inquest III

I ME. / earlier ich ic OE. ic = imp sb. ME. OE. impe 'graft,
DU. ik, OSAX. ic, OHG. ih G. ich, scion' with the vb. IME. impe
GOTH, ik common teut. ik ek
: OE. itnpian 'graft'; cp. OHG.
from ARYAN. egom\ cp. lat. ego, itnpfon G. impfen, dan. ytnpe,
GR. lyil, SKR. ahdm, aslov. azii, sw. ymipa. Source a lat. type
lATn.az. The oblique cases were impiitare, whence also fr. enter,
formed in all Aryan languages DU. enteti vb. 'graft'.
alike from a stem me--, cp. me impair vb. me. empeire bor-
and mine. rowed fr. ofr. empeirer fr. ^
ice ME. OE. is ^= OHG. ts G. empirer (lat. type impeiorare
eis, ON. tss, DU. /y^ (goth. *eisa-') 'make worse').
a common Teut. word, not impeach vb. prop, 'hinder'
found elsewhere. icicle — for ME. apcche vb. 'hinder' bor-
'ME. isikel: prop, a compound, rowed fr. fr. empccher (lat.
OE. is-ycel (isesycel) ;
peel is type itnpedicare 'fetter' irom. pedica

dimin. 'a small piece of ice' sb. 'fetter').

(cp. MLG. isjokel 'icicle', on. imply cp. ply.
ok lilt).
i in prep. :\ie. in oe. in =
idol ME. idgle borrowed fr. fr. OSAX. G. DU. GOTH, in, ON. /,
idole (lat. idobivt, gr. fiOVoAoi- sw. DAN. /. Orig. related to
'an image, likeness'). LAT. in, GR. av{i), LITH. i,

idle adj. me. oe. idel 'empty, LETT. C.

vain , useless' = oSAX. ulal inch sb. me. inche OE. ync'e:
'empty, useless', ohg. ital 'empty, early loanword from lat. uncia
vain, boastful' g. citel 'vain', DU. 'an inch', also an ounce'.
ijdel 'empty'. ingot ME. ingot = fr. lingot
ME. // OE. lif
if OSAX. ef = ingot} Source and history doubt-
of, DU. of if 'whether, but', ful.
OHG. oba with the older by-forra ink ME. enke from ofr. enqiie
ibu 'if, whether' G. ob 'if, as if, (fr. encre, DU. i7ikt, lg. inkci) :

even if, whether', on. if ef 'if, source lat. encaustum 'the purple
GOTH, -ihaii) 'whether, perhaps . red ink'.
Prop. dat. instr. of on. ifi efi inkling sb. from the vb. me.
m. and if ef n. 'doubt', ohg. inkle 'hint.
iba f. 'doubt, condition'. inn ME. OE. /// inn sb. 'house,
ill ME. /// ilk: Scand. loan- lodging - house' = on. inni
word from ON. illr; the native 'inn'.

E. synon. is evil (oe. yfel). inquest me. enquc'ste from ofr.

112 ire — jail

enqueste {= fr. enquete). Akin lie(source lat. insula) 'an isle'.

to inquire vb. ]ME. enquere from Cp. island.

OFR. ciiquerrer {^= fr. eiiquirir issue ME. issile from ofr. issue
'inquire') source lax. i?tqtiirere. 'end, event' (derived fr. issir
; =
ire ME. ire 'anger' from ofr. LAT. exire).
ire (lat. ird). it ME. it earlier me. oe. hit
irk vb. ME. irke 'tire' with the neuter to E. he (OE. MS., he).
adj. irksome extended me.
itch vb. ME. icche for ~^icche oe.
fr.

irk 'distasteful'. lyccan Teut. base jukjan : =

iron ME. OE. iren oldest oe. form DU. jeuken, oSAX. jukkian, ohg.
ise?'n = GOTH, eisarn, OSAX. ohg. juckan G. jiccken. teut. sf juk.
tsarn G. eisen, DU. ijzer, on. isarn ivory ]me. ivory (ivoire) borrowed
(jam): Teut. base isarna- perh. fr. OFR. ivorie FR. ivoire, whence —
borrowed fr. a Celt, isarno- {= also DXJ.iz'oor. Source 'LA.T.eboreus
OIR. lam 'iron'); gall. Isarno- 'made of ivory' ebur 'ivcyy'. —
doriim a placename. ivy ME. iz'y oe. ijil short for
island me. ilond oe. i~^lond "^ff-hii if-hei = OHG. eha-hewi
(i'^land) island'; the firstpart mhg. ep-hou (g. epheii) with the
of the compound represents by-form OHG. ebah: perh. akin
the oe. ii ii 'isle' (cp. on. eyland, to GOTH, ibuks 'backwards' ? It
OFRis. DU. ^'/AzWisland'), blended is uncertain, whether the 2"*^ ele-
w. OFR. isle. The word starts ment of OHG. eba-hewi OE. iji'^ ^
from a 'XWJT.aujo- {inScandin-avia is ident. w. hay.
Bat-avid), which is a derivative iwis 'certainly' me. iwis oe.
of TEUT. -GOTH, ahwa 'stream, lewiss =
OHG. ^i7iiis G. gezciss,
flowing water' ohg. aha = OE. ia DU. gewis'. Teut. base ga-wissa-
= LAT. aqua 'water'. prop. part, of the Teut. vb.
isle ]\rE. Ue borrowed fr. FR. witan 'know' (cp. wot).

jabber variant of e. gabber. jail with the by-form gaol

jacket from fr. jaquet; cp. ]ME. gail jaiole gaihgl borrowed fr.
me. jakkc = OFR. jaque (g. OFR. gaiole gaole (fr. geole) 'a
jackt). ^ prison, bird-cage'. Source lat.
jade UE.Jdde 'old horse'. Source caveola from cavea (= E. cage,
and history unknown. G. kdfig).
 jamb journal 113

jamb from fr. jambe 'a leg', LAT. Judaeus. In oe. we find
also 'a jamb' (source lat. Judeas plur. 'the Jews' from the
gat/ibd) . Latin.
jar sb. 'an earthen pot' from
jewel :me. jouel juel from ofr.
FR. Jarre. (whence G. jiiwel, du.
joiiel
jaundice ism.jaundis jaunis from juweei) FR. joyaii. Source=
FR. jaunisse prop, yellowness'; a LAT. type gaudiale from gau-
source FR. jaune 'yellow' dium. =
LAT. galbmus 'greenish yellow'. jig sb. me. gigge 'a fiddle' from
javelin sb. from fr. javelin: OFR. gige {= MHG. gige G. geige)
of Celt, origin cp. cymr. ga-
,
'a fiddle'.
fiach (whence OE. gafeloc) 'spear'.
jingle ME. gingle.
jaw ME. chaul (choul) earlier
chavel oe. (plur.) c€dfias\ akin to job sb. cp. ME. gobet 'small

OS AX. kdflos plur. 'jaw' and with piece' and OFR. gob 'a mouth-
ful'.
other formatives on. kjaptr, G.
kiefer 'jaw' teut. \^ kef kef fr.
:
jockey ident. w. Jackcy. dimin.

an ARYAN geph, perh. cogn. w. of Jack.

AVEST. zafra 'mouth, jaw'. jog yb. ^lE. joggc vb. go
jay ME. jai from fr. geai (ofr. hastily'.
jai gai). join vb. JiiE. joine borrowed fr.

jealous ]ME. Jeloiis gelous from FR. joindrc {= LAT. jungere).

OFR. gelous (fr. jaloux, whence —
Hence e. me. joint sb. from
DU. jaloes). FR. joint.
jelly sb. late me. gelU from joist sb. ME. giste 'joist' from
FR. gelce. OFR. giste (== FR. gtte ? derivative
jeopardy sb. me. jiiperdi orig. of FR. gdsir 'lie').
jilparti 'hazard, hazardous feat jolly iME. joli earlier jolif:
borrowed fr. fr. jeu parti 'risk, loanword from fr. joli (ofr.
hazard' (orig. 'a game, in which jolif)-
the chances are equally divi- jostle justle vb. intensive for-
ded'). mation from ME. jouste 'tilt' =
jest prop, 'a merry tale' me. OFR. jouster (me. jouste 'tour-
geste (also gcste) 'a story' from nament' fr. OFR. jouste :mhg. =
OFR. geste romance'. tjOSti^.

jet sb. (a mineral) short for journal from fr. journal. —

me. git contracted fr. geyH: journey me. journe journie 'a
loanword from ofr. gaiet {jaet day's travel, a day's work' from
jet) source lat. gagates.
: FR. journie 'a day, a day's work'
jew ME. jew earlier gl7a bor- (it. giornata, lat. type diur-
rowed fr. OFR. Giu Jui: source natd).
English Etymology.
 .

114 joy kettle

joy WE..Joie from YK.j'ok (source —

June aie. jilne earlier jiinie
LAT. gaudia r= gaudiufii). from ofr. gU7iiel (fr. y?^m) ^
judge sb. short AIE. jilge from LAT. Junius.
FR. jiige (source lat. judex —
just ME. yV/i-/ (short for jilstl)
judiceffi) 'a judge'. —
judge from FR. y>/5-/<? (= LAT. Justus').
vb. liiE. Ji/ge from FR. jnger ^= —
Justice IME. justice orig. Justice
LAT. jiidicare. ^= 'EK. Justice: source LAl.Justitia.
juice ]ME. Jiise j'l/fe from fr. —
Justify vb. ME. Justifie from
y/« (source lat. jus) 'juice'. FR. Justijicr.
July ME. Ju/i from lat. Julius.

K
keel sb. ident. \v. on. /Cy'c'/r rowed fr. ON. kenna vb. 'know'
(Teut. base kelu-) "keel of the r= G. GOTH, kannjan
kennen, ;

ship' =synon. dan. kjol, sw. causative of teut. kunnan 'know'.

kol, G. DU. kiel. Source and Cp. can vb.
history unknown. kennel 'a house for dogs'
keel vb. 'cool' me. kele oe. ME. kencl: adopted fr.oner, kenil
celan: Teut. base koljan derived {chcjiil)] source onfr. ken (fr.
fr. the adj. teut. kolu- E. = chieri) 'dog' with suff. -// (lat.
cool. type '^ candle from canis 'dog').
keen adj. me. kene 'sharp, bold,
kerchief sb. earlier spelling
brave' oe. cene orig. ccmi 'bold, borrowed
cu7-chief ME. coverchef'.
brave, wise' : Teut. base koni-
OFR. covrechef lit. 'a head-
= OHG. kuoni G. kiihn, DU. koen
fr.

covering', ofr. cozn-ir (= fr.

'bold daring the original
couvrii-) 'cover' and chef 'head'.
, ;

meaning is evident in on. kditir

'wise', which points

kernel me. kirnel oe. cyrnel
to the TEUT.

\f kan 'know' in can, ken and (Teut. base kurnila-) dimin. of :

knoii.'.
corjt (with the Teut. dimin. suff.
-iUi)
keep ME. kepe OE. ccpan ccepan
'keep' from a Teut. base kop-
: kettle ME. ketel borrowed fr.
jan; no \f kop exists in the ON. kctill =r GOTH, katils, ohg.
other Teut. languages. ke7,yl G. kessel, du. ketel; corre-
keg sb. sponding to OE. cetel ME. chetel,
Scand. loanword : ON.
kaggi 'a keg'. which was superseded by ON.
ken vb. 'know' me. kennc bor- ketill. The Teut. word was
 cey kitchen "5
early borrowed fr. lat. catimis kindred and mankind. —
'kettle', whence also ohg. ke-^-^in. kind adj. 'natural, loving' me.
key sb. ME. keie oe. cczj^ cceie ki7ide OE. lecynde 'natural, in-
= OFRis. kei 'a key': Teut. base born' : derived fr. kind sb. —
kaigi ? kind sb. 'nature, sort' me.
kid sb. ME. kid borrowed fr. kinde OE. j^e-cynd 'nature'.
ON. kid; cogn. w. ohg. kizzin' kindle vb. me. kindle: derived
chiizt G. kitze 'a young goat' a with intensive -/ from on. kynda
;

native E. word cogn. w. scand. vb. 'kindle' ? (on. kyndill 'a

kid would begin with ch. torch' ?)
kidney sb. me. kid-nere (oE. kindred ivie. kinrcde (oe. '"cy7i-
*cyde?teore *cydneoral); the rcedefi): composed of ki?i =
second part of the compound OE. cynn 'kin' and OE. rceden {=
is ME. nere {= ox. nyra, DU. GOTH. garaideins) a suffix meaning
nier, oHG. tiioro G. nie7-e 'kid- 'state, condition (cp. haired).
ney'). The first part is ob- king ME. late oe. king oe. cyng
scure. a late shortening for the common
kill vb. a corresp. oe. cyning: Teut. base kuninga-^^
;\IE. kille;
OE. *cyll(Tn is wanting: Teut. OSAX. OHG. kuning G. konig, DU.
base kuljan akin to oe. cwellan koning; cp. ON. konungr (but
= me. qiielle vb. 'kill', on. GOTH, rciks 'king').
kvelja, OSAX. quellian. There kirtle sb. me. kirtel oe. cyrtel
j

was a primit. str. vb. OE. cw'elan from a teut. base '^kurtil (= on.
'

'die', OSAX. OHG. (juclan 'smart' kyrtill) prop, 'a sliort under-
; :

cp. G. qua/. garment from lat. curtus 'short'

kiln sb. ]\ffi. ki/ne oe. cy/n = (cp. G. kurz and see short and
older cyletie cyline 'furnace': early shiri).
loanword fr. lat. ciilhia 'kitchen', kiss sb.
ME. kiss with the
whence also oiR. cuile 'kitchen'. vowel accommodated to the vb.
ON. kylna 'kiln' is an oe. loan- kiss for oe. coss osAX. kus =
word. OHG. kus G. kuss,
cos, DU. kus,
kin sb. iiE. ki/i oe. cynn orig. ON. koSS, DAN, kys, SW. kyss, GOTH.
'a tribe': Teut. base kunja- *kussus. =
kiss vb. ME. kisse —
on. ky'u, OSAX. kunni, ohg. oe. cyssau osAX. kussian, =
chutmi MHG. kunne race', goth. DU. OHG. kussen G. kilssen, on.
kuni; deriv. fr. the teut.
\f ken sw. kyssa, DAN. kysse.
'produce' in ohg.
kind 'child',
g. kitchen sb. me. kicchen oe.
oe. cennati vb. 'produce', answe- cycene from a wkst-teut. base
ring to an ARYAN V" gen in lat. kukina DU. keuken, ohg. =
genus, gerzs-gentis, GR. yivog —
yovi^ kuchina chuhhina G. <^//r//^ an
— yiyoum, si\K.\^jan. Cp. kind, early West-Teut. loanword from
:

8*
 :

ii6 kite — knuckle

late LAT. coqmna (class, culina there is an equivalent du. knijf,

see under kilii) or rather from LG. knif, G. dial, kneif.
a common Rom. and vulg. lat. knight sb. me. knight oe. cnihi:
cocina 'kitchen' (cp. fr. cuisine, Teut. base knehta- du. g. ^
IT. cucina, span, cocina). Cp. knecht OHG. kn'cht, ofris. kniuht;
cook. cogn. w. knave'}
kite sb. ME. kite oe. cyta 'a knit vb. me. knitte oe. cnyttan :

kite' : Teut. base kutjan-. deriv. of oe. cnotta (by vowel-

kitten me. kitoun answers to mutation) (= ON. kniitt-) =
the synon. fr. chatton 'a young E. knot; OE. cnyttan is ident.
cat' (perh. the E. word points w. LG. kniltten ?
to ONFR. ^ketonT) knob sb. ME. knobbe; allied to
knave me. knave oe. cnafa ^=- MHG. kniibel 'knuckle', du. kfwbbcl
OHG. knalw G. knabe 'boy'; iden- 'knot, lump, callosity', o. knopf
tical with oe. cnapa me. kndpe 'button, bud', ON. knappr.
'boy' = OSAX. knapo, ofris. knock vb. me. knocke oe.
knapa. ON. knapi 'boy', germ. *cnoccian; ident. w. oe. cfiucian,
knappe points to a teut. knab- ON. knoka: a sound imitation,
ban-. Perh. cogn. w. knight} closely allied to knack.
or. w. GALL, gnabat 'son'? knoll sb. IME. knol OE. cnoll =
knead vb. me. kncde oe. cn'edan DU. kno/ 'a turnip', G. kno//en.
= MLG. DU. kneden, ohg. knetan knot sb. me. knotte oe. cnotta
G. kneten: teut. y" kned = =
MHG. knotze, DU. knot; cogn.
ARYAN \'^ gnet in Russ. gnetate w. OHG. knodo knoto G. knoten
press'. and ON. kmltr 'a knot' knuta —
knee vb. me. kne oe. ctieo =
osax. f. 'dice' kngltr — (goth.
knio, DU. G. >^/z/V OHG. c/iniu kneo, ''•'knaitus) m. 'ball'.
GOTH, kniu (gen. kniwis): Teut. know vb. ME. knowe oe. cndwan
base knetva-, cogn. w. the synon. str. vb. =
ohg. chjiaan 'know',
LAT. genu, GR. yovv, skr. janu. ON. knd vb. 'know how to do':
'knee'. —
kneel vb. me. cnele oe. TEUT. sf knc kno (akin to can
•

^cniowliatt =
du. kniclen mlg. and kccii) Aryan y~ gen=
knelen, sw. chniile 'kneel', dan. g/io in LAT. gignosco ignotus
kncelc ? igftavus ignarus gr. yiyviooy.oj,
,

knell vb. me. knille oe. cnyllan; SKR. sj'^jna. —

knowledge sb.
cogn. w. MHG. knellen in er-, G. ME. kngwUche derived fr. the
knallen. vb. jME. kngwUche, intensive for-
knife sb, me. knif oe. (about mation of ME. kngwe E. =
looo) cnif. The occurrence in know (oe. *j^ecndwlckcan is
late oe. favors Scand. origin wanting).
on. knifr. On the continent, knuckle sb. me. knokel oe.
 ,

labor — lake 117

'^'cnucel\ cogn. w. G. knochel, dimin. of a simple word, seen

OFRTS. knokie, DU. knokkel, iiLG. in G. knochen 'a bone', DU. k/iok
knokel, DAN. knogle knokkel: 'a knuckle, a bone'

labor me. labour adopted hlapan 'load, lade': teut. \f hlad

sb.
fr. FR. labour =
LAT. labor (em) Map from an aryan \f Mat; perh.
'labor'. cogn. w. \(^klad in OSLOV. kladq
lace sb. mk. Ids borrowed fr. I lay'.
: The vb. OE. hladan —
FR. lace —
OFR. las {lags) source ME. lade signifies
: also 'draw
LAT. laqueus 'noose, snare' (=
water', hence E. ladle me. Iddel
IT. laccio). See late he t. OE. hlcedel.
lack sb. am. lak oe. */«« = lady ME. lady earlier lafdi
ODU. lac DU. lak 'blemish, stain, Idfdi-^ OE. hkefdiie 'a lady,
lack'. —
lack vb. jie. lacke mistress'; cogn. w. lord oe.
from the sb., but earlier me. hldford. The first part of both
lake (oE. *lacia>i) ODU. laken = words is oe. hldf e. loaf =
'be wanting', ofris. lakla. Teut. the second part in oe. hkef-
\^ lek in leak. dij^e is connected with goth.
lacquer lacker sb. adopted deigan vb. 'knead' (see dougH).
fr. FR. laque 'varnish'? cp. G. Therefore oe. hkkfdi-^e (teut.
lack, IT. lacca. '"hlaiba-digjo-) meant orig. 'the
lad ME. ladde borrowed fr. IR. kneader of bread'.
lath 'a youth, champion'; cp. lair :me. leir oe. leier 'lair,
lass. couch, bed' osAX. legar =
ladder me. Idddre short for oe. 'couch, sick-bed', du. leger 'a
hlddder: Teut. base hlaidrjo- =^ couch, bed, lair', ohg. legar G.
DU. ladder leer, OHG. leitara g. lager (for leger^ 'a couch, bed,
letter ; GOfH. '^hlai-dri (gen. place of lying, storehouse',
'^hlai-drjos'): teut. s^hlai hli in GO fH. ligrs 'a couch' Teut. :

lean vb., ARYAN \f kit in gr. base legra- from \^ leg in lie
y.}.T-/.iui 'ladder'. The Teut. and lay.
suffix -dr- in ladder answers to laity si), from the adj. lay.
a gr. -void. lake me. Idke 'lake' oe. lacu
lade sb. ME. lade oe. hladan 'lake' and 'stream': early loan-
== OSAX. hladan, DU. G. laden word fr. LAT. lacus 'a lake,
OHG. (hjladan, ON. hlada, goth. pool". OE. lagti 'sea, ocean' is
 n8 lamb — laT

the genuine E. correspondence G. la?ize. Source lat. lancea

of the LAT. word and of ir. {= IT. lancict); cp. launch.
loch 'lake'; cp. loch. land sb. me. oe. land (Igml)
lamb sb. lamb Igmb
ME. OE. =
OSAX. DU. G. on. sw. dan.
= OSAX. lamb, DU. lam, OHG. la?id from a Teut. base landa-;
lamb G. lamm, goth. on. lamb: cogn. w. IR. land lann cymr. ,

Teut. base lamba- {lambaz- in llan, CORN. Ian (from '^laTidha)

the plur. OE. lombru me. lonibrcn, 'open space, surface', bret. Ian
lambiz- in the plur. ohg. kt/ibh- 'heath', oslov. ledina 'heath,
G. liimtiier^. untilled land' (russ. IJada Ija-
lame adj. me. hhne OE. lama dina). —
land vb. me. lande =
= OSAX. lamo, DU. lam, ohg. du. g. lande?i, dan. lande, sav.
MHG. lam (gen. lames) g. lahm, landa from land sb. land- —
ON. lami, sw. DAN. lame. The scape borrowed fr. DU. land-
commoner meaning bruised, schap 'a landscape'.
maimed' is prob. the orig. one, lane sb. me. oe. lane (lone) =
though the meaning 'lame' is ofr;s. lona lana, du. laan a
very old (goth. used halls cp. lane, a narrow passage': ^Teut.
hall). Cp. OSLOV. lomi/i vb. base lanon-.
'break, bruise', ON. lama 'bruise' ? language me. langdge adopted
lammasME. lammasse shortened from FR. langage: deriv. of
fr. late OE. hldmrntrsse, commonly FR. langue =
lat. lingua 'tongue,
OE. hldf-mcBsse'. lit. 'loaf-mass' speech'.
from lildf 'loaf, bread' and languish vb. me. languisshe
masse 'mass'. See loaf. from FR. languiss- stem oi languir
lamp short for me. laumpe 'languish (lat. langicere 'be
adopted fr. fr. lampe, whence weak).
also DU. lanip, dan. g. lampe, sw. lank adj. me. lank oe. hlanc;
lampa. Source lat.-GR. lampas perh. cogn. w. G. schlank, which
'a torch,lamp' (== it. lampa). points to a teut. slanka- aryan :

lamprey sb. me. laiimpreie bor- klang- s(k)lang ?

rowed fr. OFR. lampreie {;= FR. lantern me. lanterne humterne
lamproie), whence also du. lajti- borrowed from fr. lanterne:
prei. Source lat. lampetra source lat. laterna lanterna,
'lamprey' in a vulgar form lajji- whence also G. laterne.
preda (= it. lamprcda), whence lap sb. ME. lappe 'lap, border'
also OE. Icmpedu lampreta' and OE. Iceppa loosely hanging
a
perh. the synon. pride (oE. portion'; cogn. w. DU. lap, ofris.
^pride short for *la7?iprulel). OHG. lappa G. lappen 'rag, tatter'
lance me. laiinge borrowed fr. and lith. /^/^/.f 'patch' (lat. labarc
FR. lance, whence also du. lans. 'hang down, fall'). See limp adj.
 lapwing — lath 119

lapwing vb. accommodated to Icest 'the shoemaker's last'. The

tving for me. lapivinke, shortened orig. meaning is evident in ON.
fr. OE. hlcapwince lit. 'the bird leistr 'foot below the ankle, a
which turns about in running'; short sock'. Cp. the aryan
cp. leap for OE. hlcapan 'run' \j'^ Its la is 'go' in lat. delirare
and wink. go mad.
larboard earlier Icrboard and last vb. ME. Idste short for OE.
leerboard (cp. starboard)'^ perh. Icestan'perform, stand by, carry
from ME. ler 'cheek? In Scand. out' =
OSAX. lestian, OHG. G.
the planks in a ship's side have leisten, goth. laistjan: derived
different names as au7-~, skaiit-, fr. a TEUT. laista^ 'foot-mark'
so I- bar d. under last sb.
larch sb. me. *lerc/i oe. '^lerc latch vb. ME. lacche oe. Iceccan
*leric = aiHG. ler che G. liirche. le-lcBCcan 'seize, catch hold of.
Source lat. larix {laricem). — Hence latch sb. me. lacche
lard late me. lard from the sy- 'a catch, fastening'.
non. FR. lard =^ lat. larda latchet sb. iiE. lacchet from
{laridus adj. 'fat). ONFR. *lachet = FR. lacet a dimin.
large me. large large, wide, of FR. lacs 'a snare, noose'; see
liberal, generous' from fr. large lace.
= LAT. largus. late adj. me. lat (late adv.)
lark ME. larke contracted fr. OE. la-t 'slow, late' = osAX. lat,

OE. Idwerce earliest form Idwricce: (lg. late adv. 'late'), du. laat,
Teut. base laiwrakon- =
OHO. OHG. lai (^^) G. lass, latr, ON.
Icrahha (from ^lewrahhd) G. lerche, GOTH, lats 'slow, slothful' an :

DU. lecuwerick inilg.

, lewerke. OTEUT. adj.-stem lata-, belonging
Formation and origin quite ob- the ARYAN \'~ lad in lat.
to
scure. (from *lad-tus, an old part.)
lassiis
lash sb. ilE. lasshe 'the string 'weary'. Cp. let vb. and last
of a whip' OE. Icesce =^ du. lasch, adj.
MLG. lasche 'a stripe'. lath :me. lappe oe. hetta (Jceppa)
lass ME. lasse: perh. for *ladse r:rr OHG. latta G. lattc, DU. lat.
and cogn. w. lad ME. laddel Though OE. // corresponds here
last adj. ME. last(e) earlier to OHG. // (regularly oe. // =
latsi(e) shortened for oe. latost OHG. tt), the word is still ge-
'latest': superl. of OE. Icet = late. nuine Teut., since it is allied w.
last sb. the shoemaker's woo- G. laden "board, plank, lash,
den mould of the foot' ident. shutter', whence fr. latte (=
w, OE. last sb. foot-track, foot- SP.\N. lata, IT. lattd); akin to "\v.
print'; the E. meaning agrees w. Hath 'a rod. staft', IR. slat, bret.
G. leisteti, DU. leest, sw. last, dan. laz 'rod, lath' (Celt, base sla/ta-').
I20 lather lay

lather me. lather short for OE.
Uado}- =ON. laiidr (mod. icel.
Igdr^ 'froth, foam: Teut. base
lau-^ra- derived from the aryan
\'^law in LAT. lavare', as for the
Teut. suffix cp. gr. Xovtqov
'bath' and gall, laiitrum 'bal-
neum'.
Latin adj. me. Latin adopt,
fr. FR. lathi (= span. it. latino,
DU. laiijn, G. lateiii)\ source lat.
Latinus, whence also OE.
'Latin'.
Source lat. lavandus 'to be
washed' (it. lavanda 'a washing').
laurel inie. laurLh- (with the by-
forms lor^r lor it) from fr. lauricr:
source lat. laurus 'a laurel tree'.
lave vb. ME. lave oe. lelafian
= ohg. lapon G. Men 'refresh'.
The WEST-TEUT. ladSn is perh.
a loanword fr. lat. lavare (=
FR. laver).
lavender me. lavendre (with an
Iczdefi inserted e. ;) borrowed from
FR. lavande =
IT. lavanda laven-

latten sb. 'a kind of brass or tola, whence du. g. lavendel.

bronze' me. latoun borrowed fr. Source lat. lavare wash' (la-
the synon. ofr. laton =
FR. vender was laid in freshly washed
linen). *
laitou, SPAN, laton.
lattice sb. ME. latis adopted fr. law ME. lawe oe. lagu 'law',

FR. lattls which about goo was borrowed

'lathwork, lattice-work'
formed from fr. latte 'a lath'; fr. an early scAND.*/«^« ON. =
see lath. log nom. plur. law' (sw. lag, dan.
laugh vb. ME. laghe laughe lov 'law). Cogn. w. lat. lex —
e?ix\\eT lahhe OE. hlehhan hlyhhan ^= legem fr. aryan \f legh 'lie'; cp.
OSAX. hlehhian, du. g. lachen ohg. G.gesetz, satzung for the meaning.
lahhen {h)lahhai?, ON. hlceja (for The genuine E. word for 'law'
*hlahja), goth. hlahjan 'laugh'. was OE. (k OHG. ewa. =
TEUT. sfhlah =
ARYAN klok, prob. lawn sb. 'a grass plot' me.
1

onomatopoetic. —
laughter sb. lau/ide lande: borrowed from FR.
ME. laughter oe. hleahtor =
ohg. lande 'a grassy plain', which is
hlahtar g. geliichter, on. hldtr of Celt, origin (cp. IR. lann
from the TEUT, \f hlah with the under land).
suftix pra- tra-. lawn 2 sb. 'tine linen' orig.

launch vb. me. launche com- 'lawn linen": so called from fr.
monly launce: adopted fr. onfr. Laon a city N. W. of Rheims;
(Picard.) lancher =
fr. lancer cp. Arras and Cambric.
'hurl, cast, dart, thrust';deriv. lay vb. ME. Icie lein earlier
of FR. lance = lance.
E. li'ggc OE. lecgan wk. vb. (3 sing.

laundress extended with suftix OE. leyl> ME. lei-th): Teut. base
-ess fr. :me. laundir lavendire from lagjan =
goth. lagjan, osAX.
OFR. lavandiere 'washer woman' leggian, OHG. leckan G. legen, du.
FR. lai'andiere laundry - maid'. leggen, on. leggja: causative for-
 lav — learn 121

mation of the \f leg 'lie' in lie\ legue = FR. lieu: source a lat.-
hence lay 'cause to lie down'. GALL. leuga leiica 'a Gallic mile',
lay sb. 'a song' aiE. lai from whence also late oe. leowe 'leuga'.
OFR. FR. lai. GALL, leuga corresponds to BRET.
lay adj. me. lai from ofr. fr. leo, IR. leige 'a 'league'.
lai 'secular, belonging to the leak vb. me. leke oe. Iccan (the
laity'. Source lat. la'icus, whence factitive
leccan 'wet' from a base

also OE. Imved (g. laie 'a lay- lakjaii) on. leka drip, leak =
man). See leivd. as a ship', du. lekke/i, ohg.
lazar sb. me. Idzai- fr. ofr. lechan G. lecken vb. Icck adj. —
lazarel Source the biblical prop, 'leaky'. —
teut. yf lek lak see
n. Lazarus; 'the lazar-house' is under lack vb.
in G. lazaret = it. lazzarctto, fr. lean adj. me. lene oe. hldnc
lazaret. from a Teut. base hlai-ni 'lean'
lazy from fr. /as= lat. lassiis. (with suffix -7ii as in clean ^

green).
lead vb. ME. Icde {lede) OE.
Icedan:
laidjan =
lean vb. aiE. Icne oe. hkman
Teut. base OSAX.
'cause to lean': Teut. base hlain-
Icdian, DU. leiden, G. leiten, on.
leida 'lead': prop, factitive of the
jan = OHG. leinan factitive of
:

str. vb. TEUT. lipan = OE. lidan

oe. hlionian 'lean' =
oSAX. hlinon,
OHG. hlinen 'lean'; cp. G. lehnen,
'go, travel', osax. lithafi, goth.
leipair. .teut. lip under lode-
DU. leunen. The teut.V"/^// (cp.
\f ladder^ corresponds to an
star.
ARYAN \fklt\ cp. LAT. inclpidre
lead sb. short for led oe.
lead = DU.
.aie.

load 'lead a weight',

'incline',GR. •aXIvm 'I lean' vXi- —
rrc lat. cli-vics 'hill', GOTH.
'hiir,
lead-weight': Teut. base
G. lot 'a
hlai-w (oE. hldiv) 'mound'.
*lauda- cogn. w. synon. oiR.
leap vb. ME. l{pe oe. hlcapan
liidide (base laudio-^.
str. vb. 'leap, run' ^= du. loopen,
leaf ME. Icf OE. leaf osax. =
OSAX. hlopan, OHG. louffan G.
lof, DU. loof 'foliage', ohg. loub
laufen, ON. hlaupa, GOTH, hlaupan
G. latib leaves, foliage', ON. lauf
'leap, run': T'EXST.\/^hlaup, perh.
'leaf', GOiH. laufs (plur. latibos)
cogn. w. LITH. klupati vb. 'stag-
'leaf: Teut. base lauba- orig.
ger, stumble'.
the single leaf (used as a col-
learn vb. short for jme. Icrne
lective; sb. 'the foliage').
OE. leornian: from a base Icrnon
league sb. 'an alliance' adopted teut. liznon ohg. lirnen Urncn =
from FR. ligue 'a league': source G. lernen 'learn'; cp. osax. llnon
lat. ligare 'bind'. from a base Ihndn. Akin to
league sb. 'about three miles' the primit. str. vb. GOTH, lais
,

late ME. /(W borrowed fr. OFR. 'I know' and the deriv. oe. ohg.
 leisure

lis-t, GOTH, lis-ts 'art, cunning'. a hl6« 'to stand to leeward')'

See lore for the teut.-v^A/Zs liz. prop, 'shelter, protection' (oe.
lease vb. 'let tenements' bor-
^ hleo, osAX. hleo 'shelter'). Cogn.
rowed from FR. laisser. w. on. hly 'warmth' —
hlyr 'warm;
lease 2 vb. 'gather, pick, glean' and G. laii- ohg. hlao\ cp. luke-
ME. Icse OE. lesan 'gather' OSAX. = wartn.
I'esan,- DU. lezen 'gather, read', leech 1 'physician' (Shakesp.)
OHG. lesan G. lesen 'gather, ME. leche OE. lece Idee 'physician'
read', on. Icsa 'gather, pick', = GOTH, lekeis, OHG. lahhi 'phy-
GOTH, lisau 'gather'; cogn. w. sician': Teut. base lekja- Idkja-.
LITH. Icsli 'pick up'. Pei'h. allied to oiR. liaig (gen.
least ME. lest Ugd) 'physician'.
OE. Icest shor-
tened fr. Icesest (by-form Iccresi) leech- 'hirudo' me., '^liche (not
:

Teut. base laisista- superl. to recorded) OE. /^irV hirudo': prop,

the cornpar. teut. laisiza- = 'physician' and ident. w. leech^.
less. Cp. ODU. lake 'leech'?
leather me. lether oe. I'cder = leek ME. lek OE. l^ac :is= du.
ON. letlr, DU. leder, OHG. ledar look, OHG. IoilJi g. lauch, on.
G. leder 'leather': Teut. base laiikr leek': Teut. base lauka-
lepra- =
pre-TEUT. letro- in IR. pre-TEUT. lougo-. ,

lethar, cymr. lledr, bret. lezr leer me. le'r oe. //leor 'cheek
'leather'. = OSAX. /illor, ON. /ilyr 'cheek':
leave vb. me. Ic've oe. Ice/an Teut. base hleuza-. If the orig.
tr. 'leave — intr. 'remain': Teut. meaning was 'ear', listen might
base laibjaii; cp. OS AX. far- be allied.
lelrian 'remain', lees 'dregs of wine' from fr. lie
OHG. mhg. leiben
'leave', on. lei/a 'leave': causat. 'lees base a late Gallo-Latin :

of a str. vb. Itba/i. in oe. belifan lia for ^liga 'sediment' (aryan
me. belive osAX. hillban, du. \f legh in lie).
,

blijvefi OHG. biliban G. bleiben,

, left ME. left lift allied to the
ON. Ufa (orig. str.),GOTH, bi- synon. ODU. lucht luft, lg. lue/it,
leiban 'remain'. For the root NFRis. leeft; the orig. meaning
see live. was perh. 'faint, weak' in oe.
leave sb. me. l(ve {leve^ 'per- lyft 'inanis': Teut. base lufti-1
mission' OE. leaf 'permission'; liifnfti-l perh. allied to OHG.
cp. OE. dlifaii dlefan 'permit', lenka 'the left hand' G. Ii7iks 'left'?

OHG. rrlouben G. crlauben. legend me. legende from ofr.

leaven me. kvain froni FR. Ugeiide.
levain 'ferment'. Source lat. me. lisiire (commonly
leisure
lev amen. OFR. leisir == FR. loisir.
Icistfr) fr.

lee ME. Ic from on. hU (»sigla Source LAT. liccrc.

 .

leniman liei 123

lemman 'sweetheart' jME. lenwian let^ vb. ME. lete OE. litan Icktan
shortened fr. an earlier Icfinan: str. vb. := GOTH, letan, on. Icita,
prop, -olief nian«. OSAX. latan, ohg. Idi^y.i7i G. lassen,
lemon from fr. DU. laten'. TEUT. \/~/i?? /cw" 'permit'.
limon; cp.
lit/i c' let- vb. 'hinder' MR. lette OE.
lend vb. ]ME. line OE. Icznan lettafi fr. a base latjan 'to make
vb. lend' from OE. Idn 'a loan'; slow' (teut. lata- 'slow' see un-
cp. loan. der late^ =
GOTH, latjan 'tarry'
length :me. lengthe oe. lengp ON. letja, OSAX. lettian, OHG.
from a Teut. base lafigipo- =
lezzan (g. verletzeii), DU. lette n.
ON. lengd: abstract formation of letter me. lettre fr. fr. lettre
TEUT. langa- cp. long.
; (lat. litter a).
lent :me. /^v;/^ lentcn oe. Icnj^ten lettuce late me. letii(e\ allied
'spring' = OHG. lenzin with the to FR. laitue =
lat. htctitca
by-form lengiyn Icngizo Icnzo G. (whence OHG. lattiiJi).
/^«s 'spring', DU. lente. ohg. /V/zz/;/ levy fr. FR. levie (fr. lever =
(= oe. lenpeti) points to a teut. LAT. lei'are^.
langa-tina- 'the long day'; for lewd me. litved oe. Icewed 'un-
the second element cp. goth. learned' fr. LAT. la'iciis cp. lay'-''.
sin-teins 'daily, SLOV. dim, skr. lick vb. ME. likke OE. liecian =
dina day'. OSAX. likkon, OHG. leckon G.
lentil ME. lentil fr. fr. lentille; Iccken, GOTH. *likkdn. teut. likkon
source the synon. lat. Icnticula belongs to the Aryan \f Ugh
(Jens — leniis lentil'). 'lick' in GOTH, laigon, gr. Xuyu)
leper me. lepre 'leprosy' fr. fr. "lick' —
XiyvsrVM 'taste secretly',
lepre 'leprosy' (lat. lepra). SKR. s^rih lih 'lick', Oslo v. //i(j:
less me. lesse lasse oe. IcBssa {liiati') and lith. /,t\s«> 'lick', lat.
smaller' fr. a Teut. base laisiza?i- ////^-i? and perhaps lat. lingua
= OFRIS. lessa\ the adv. e. less LITH. I'eziivis 'tongue', oiR. /^'/w
me. les OE. Ices answers to OSAX. 'lick'.
Ics (teut. laisiz). For the superl. lid sb. {eye-lid') me. //V/ oe. ////^/
cp. least. A primitive adj. laisa- 'cover, lid' =
DU. lid lid, cover',
is lith. Icsas little, small'. OHG. /// (older hlit) G. //V/ (in
-less suffix =
ME. -l(s OE. -leas: augenlid 'eyelid'), on. lid 'cover,
prop. adj. meaning loose. gate'. Cp.the teut. \P hlid \\\
lesson ME. lessoun fr. fr. Icfon: the str. vb. oe. osax. hlidan
source LAT. lectio{ncvi). cover'.
lest 'that not' ME. leste shor- lie' vb. 'speak falsely' me. lie
ten etl for the list the oe. py Ices earlier lie li^e oe. leogan =
pe 'for the reason less -that'; OSAX. OHG. liogan, DU. liegen, G.
for OE. Idis = ME. les cp. less. lilgen ON. Ijuga, GOTH. liugan
,
124 like

str. vb. 'tell a falsehood'. The light(e)ne (where the /i is

TEUT. \f Ictig answers to an Aryan formative) 'become light and
\f leugh - high in OSLOV. litzq lightning verbal sb. 'an il-
{Jiigati) vb. lie' —luza sb. lie'. luminating flash' (with the suffix
lie^ vb. 'rest, repose' me. Ik -i/ig).
liti OE. licgan = OSAX. liggian, light adj. ME. light OE. liht leoht
DU. l/ggen, OHG. licken G. liegejt, =
DU. ligt, OHG. liht G. leicht,
ON. liggjd, GOTH. ligan str. vb. ON. Idttr GOTH, leihts: Teut.
,

'lie'. The str. vb. teut. Ugjan base linhta- for lenkto-1 Perhaps
is derived fr. the Aryan sf legh cogn. w. GR. IXayvQ 'small', lith.

in GR. Xey.T^ov Xh/og 'bed' —

lengjcms leng7ci as light See lung. .

dXo/oc wife' — Xi/(o 'bedridden Hence also lights 'animal's

woman' — Xo;(S(.o 'bear' — ^^6/oc lungs'. — light vb. 'alight,
'ambush, lair', LAT. lectns 'bed', descend' me. lihte OE. Uhtan lit.
OSLOV. legq (Jc'zati) 'lie'. Cp. lay 'make light, relieve a horse of
and lair. his burden' fr. OE. liht light. =
lief adj. ME. Iff OE. If'of (cp. —
lighten vb. ident. w. Vight
lemmaii) = oSAX. liof, du. lief, vb. (w. formative -en). light —
OHG. Hob ijiub) G. lieb 'dear, lief, in the phrase "to make light of
ON. Ijiifr, GOTH. Frufs dear Teut. somebody' represents me. lite OE.
:

base leuba- adj. 'lief from the lyt 'little, smair, which is cogn.
TEUT. \flub in love. w. little.
liege ME. lege (by-form ligc) fr. like vb. ME. like oe. lician wk.
OFR. liege lige fr. lige. vb. 'please' =
goth. leikan (pret.
life ME. OE. /// =
OSAX. lif, leikaidci) 'please', du. lijken "suit',
ON. hf, OHG. lib 'life' (g. leib, ON. lika 'please': deriv. of like
DU. lif 'body) ; allied to the adj. or cogn. w. oiR. ligach
TEUT. \f lib in liz!e', a lost str. 'beautiful' —
lig 'color, splendor'?

vb. Itban cp. under leave vb. like adj. me. lik earlier ilik OE.
Outside of teut., gr. kma^HO ^elic =
GOTH, galeiks, ON. glikr,
'remain' points to an aryan \f lip. OSAX. gillk, DU. gelijk, OHG.
lift vb. ME. lifte fr. scand. lypta\ gilih (hh) G. gleich. The Teut.
cogn. w. loft. adj. ga-lika- is a comp. of the
light sb. ME. light OE. leoht =
particle goim. ga- and a sb. lika-
OSAX. OHG. lioht, DU. G. Hcht "body', the comp. meaning having
light. The dental of the word the same body'; cp. goth. leik,
is formative as seen in goth. OSAX. ON. lik 'body', oe. lic-hofna
liuh-ap 'light; cp. the Aryan 'body G. leiche
, leichnam —
\f Ink: leak in lat. luceo 'shine', 'corpse Cp. -ly. which and ,

GR. Xhvy.6c, 'white', skr. rue 'shine'. such. —

Hence liken vb. me.
— Hence lighten vb. me. likne compare'.
 ;

lily — lion 125

lily ME. lUic OE. Ulie (plur. line ME. OE. line = du. UJn,
lilicvi)^= OHG. lilia o. Ulie, DU. OHG. lina MHG. j\n.G. line G. leine,
lelie: source lat. plur. lilia 'lily', ON. lina 'cord, rope': Teut. base
whence also OSAX. ///// 'lily'. lin-jbn- prop, 'the thing made of
limb j\iE. lini oe. Ihn (plur. flax ; cp. linen.
leomii) =ON. limr 'limb' Teut. : lineage aie. li?tdge adopted fr.
base li-via- cogn. w. goth. li-piis, lignage: source lat. linea a line .

OHG. li-d, OSAX. li-t/i oe. //•/ , linen adj. and sb. (orig. only
'limb'; cp. also lith. lejiiif adj.) ME. OE. llfien adj. osAX. =
'stature, growth': ARYAN \j^ll. OHG. linin G. leinen linjtefi, DU.
lime^ sb. 'viscous substance, Ii7ten 'made of flax' deriv. of :

bird-lime' me. oe. lifn 'cement, OE. lin 'flax' =

OSAX. ohg. lin,
glue' =DU. lijfn, G. Icim OHG. GOTH, lein sb. 'linnen'; cogn. w.
lim, ON. lim 'glue': teut. lima- LAT. linum GR. Xivof
, OSLO v. ,

is allied to teut. laima- (see Itmi 'flax'. i

loavi). LAT. llmus 'slime' cor- linger vl). extended fr. me.
1

responds to lime in form, to letige vb. 'tarry' w. the frequent

loam in meaning. \(" lai li is suffix -cr; OE. lengan prolong'
|

attested by ON. leir (Teut. base fr. long.

lai-z-a-^ 'clay, loam' and lat. li-no link sb. 'ring in a chain' fr. an
\

'rub over, daub'. unrecorded me. '^lenk *link:

lime sb, 'the linden-tree', cor- SCAND. loanword fr. an orig.
rupted fr. earlier line-tree for hlenk- cp. ON. hlekkr {lor hie nki-), '^'

lind-tree\ see linden. sw. liink, DAN. IcEuke link'. There

lime'^ sb. 'a kind of citron' was a genuine oe. hlence 'link'
borrowed fr. fr. lime 'a lime'; fr. a base hlankjon-', but the
idcnt. w. lefnon. guttural of link shows that the
linch-pin earlier lins-pin me. word may not be the develop-
Ims OE. lynes =
osAX. lunisa, ment of oE. hlenee.
DU. Inns lens, G. liinse', allied to linnet sb. jme. Unet adopted
OHG. luning and ohg. imG. lun fr. FR. linot{te) 'a linnet' fr. fr.
'linch-pin'. The primit. base lin 'flax' so called from feeding
luni-, if fr. an ARYAN Ini- is on the seed of flax or hemp
,

perhaps ident. w. SKR. d/ti 'linch- cp. G. luinjiing 'linnet' fr. hanf
pin'; cp. oe. d-lynnan 'loosen'. 'hemp'. Cp. oe. linece 'carduelis'
lindentree me. linde oe. llnd and Unetwige 'linnet'.
'lime-tree' =
ohg. linta G. DU. linseed short for me. lln-sed
linde, ON. sw. DAN. lind: Teut. prop, 'flax-seed cp. linen. ;

base Undo pre-TEUT. lenta-, if lion me. lloun earlier leun bor- :

allied to gr. f-Xdrrj 'fir-tree' or rowed in the 12''' cent. fr. fr.
LITH. lenta 'board'. Uon; source lat. lcone?n (leo^.
126 hp loath

lip ME. Uppe OE. lippa OSAX. = G. leben, DU. leven, oSAX. libhian;
*Uppia, DU. MLG. uppe (whence
///, cogn. w. oE. belifan ^= ohg.
G. uppe) cogn. w. the synon.
;
biliban G. blciben: TEUT. \'~ lib see
OSAX. lepur =
OHG. leffur and under leave vb. and life.
OHG. lefs 'lip'. LAT. labium 'lip' liver ME. livre oe. lifer = DU.
with the Teut. group points to lever,ohg. libara I'ebara G. lebcr,
an ARYAN sfleh lab. ON. lifr. Connection of teut.
lisp vb. (Scotch wlisp) me. synon. GR. rj-nao,
libro- w. the
lispe {lipse^ formed fr. SKR. yakrt and the
the adj. LAT. Jecur ,

OE. wlisp wlips 'lisping' =

OHG. two assumed stems '^lik and *ljek
lefs (for ^wlc/s) 'stammering'; is doubtful.
akin to DU. lispen, G. lispeln 'lisp': livery me. liveri fr. fr. livrde.
TEUT. Y"?£'/^i" pre-TEUT. w/^i-. lizard me. lesarde fr. fr. lizard
list sb. ME. list short for OE. 'lizard' (= LAT. lacerta).
^

list =
DU. lijst^ G. leiste 'list, lo interj. me. Ip oe. ld\ a pre-
border' OHG. lisle 'border'. —
historic OE. *ldw for TEVT.^laiw
Ident. w. list^ 'catalogue' fr. is warranted by ohg. Ihv-es 'lo'!
FR. liste, which is of Teut. origin Perhaps teut. lai-wa- is con-
(OHG. Ihta 'border, strip'). nected with lai-pa- in loath.
list vb. ]ME. lisle OE. lystan 'desire' loadstar see lode- star.
derived fr. licst. loaf ME. Igf OE. hldf: Teut.
listen vb. ME. listene earlier base hlaiba- in GOTH, hlaifs
form lisle OE. hlyslan 'hear'; allied bread', on. hleifr, OHG. leib G.
to OE. hlos-nian , OHG. {h)losen laib; akin to LiTH. kl'cpas 'bread'.
'hear, on. hlera (goth. *hluzaii) See lady, laf/imas and lord.
'listen'. An aryan \f klus 'hear' loam ME. lorn OE. ld?/i OHG. =
is evident in skr. ^rus-ti 'obe- leim G. lehvi, du. Iee7n: Teut.
dience', OSLOV. slysati vb. 'hear', base lai-ma- fr. the aryan \^ li
LITH. klausyli 'hear', ON. hhis-t under lime.
'ear cymr. dust 'ear'. Cp. leer.
; loan ME. Ion fr. on. Idn 'a loan'.
litter ME. littre fr. ofr. litiere There was a genuine oe. Idn
(fr. litiere) 'a horse-litter' (lat. fr. a TEUT. laihniz; cp. OHG.
type lectaria fr. lectus bed'). Wian 'a thing granted' and ON.
little short for ;me. oe. litel Idn fr. a teut. laih'ia-(zf): TEUT.
= GOTH, leitilson. ////// \f lihiv (goth. lei/miati 'lend',
'small',
'little'. Relation to the synon. OHG. lihan G. leihen OE. leon ,

DU. luttel, OSAX. luttil, OHG. luzzil, pret. Idh 'lend, give ) aryan =
OE. lyttel 'little' is obscure. \^ liq in LAT. linquere 'leave', GR.
live vb. ME. liz'e earlier form Ldn^iv, sw. ric leave'.
livie libbe OE. libban {lijiari) wk. loath adj. me. loth oe. lap
vb. = GOTH. Uba7i, OHG. I'ebm 'hateful' = ON. leidr 'loathed',
 lobster — lore 127

OHG. kid 'odious', OSAX. leth] ofr. log/ie now longe (lat. type
cogn. w. OHG. lidan G. leide?i "^lumbea fr. LAT. lumbus loin').
'suffer. Perhaps there was an loiter vb. me. loitre.
ARYAN \f li lai cp. lo. loll vb. me. lolle.

lobster me. lopstre lone short for alone.

oe. loppestre
earlier lopust 'lobster': adoption long adj. me. oe. long (Jang)
fr. LAT. loaista 'lobster, locust'. ^= OSAX. la/!g, DU. OHG. G. lang,
loch OE. loh lake' a Gaelic ON. langr, goth. laggs; cogn. w.
:

word; cp. GAEL. IR. loch 'lake' synon. lat. longus (whence it.
(ident. w. lat. lacus , oe. lagu lungo, fr. lofig) ; cp. ling er. —
'sea' under lake). long vb. ME. lotige OE. langian
lock 1 sb. fr. the vb. me. Idke 'long after, long' ^= osAX.
louke OE. Ittcati 'lock, enclose' = langoian, G. verlangen 'wish for'.

GOTH, galukan 'shut up", ohg. look vb. ME. loke earlier Igkie
lichhan, DU. liiiken. OE. Ipcian = OSAX. lokon (ohg.
lock- (of hair) ME. lok (plur. hiogen G. lugen). The early
lockes) OE. locc (plur. loccas) = history of the teut. \f^ lok {log)
DU. lok, ON. lokkr, OHG. lok G. is obscure; cp. skr. laks 'notice,

locke : Teut. base lokka- cogn. \v. perceive' and cymr. llygat corn.
GR. Xvyltco 'I bend. lagat 'eye'.
lode-star me. Igde-sterre con- loom sb. ME. Igme oe. ^e-lgma
tains OE. "^eldd "way, course' {andhhnd) 'a tool, implement';
(cf.
ON. leidarstjarna =
G. leitsteni), perh. akin to OE. ^elmne ohg. =
which is cogn. w. lead vb. ^= giluomo gilamo 'frequently', ohg.
TEUT. laidjan 'guide, lead'. Cp. gastluomi 'hospital'.
ME. Ipdesjnan 'pilot' and E. lode- loose adj. ME. Ids (Jous) bor-
stone. rowed fr. ON. Ipiiss ^= goth.
lodge vb. ME. logge vb. adopted latis, OE. leas (cp. less), DU. los,
fr. FR. loger; e. lodge me. logge OSAX. ohg. los G. los. The
'lodge, tent' fr. 'a common teut. adj. laiisa- is a
fr. loge orig.
small house'? Source
a lat. deriv. of the \^lus 'be loose'
type laubia fr. ohg. louba 'an under lose.
arbor' (g. lanbe 'a covered hall'; lord ME. lord short for Igverd
allied to leaf). OE. hldford prop, hid -wear d f
loft ob. ME. loft 'an upper loaf-ward' 'keeper of bread' —
room' borrowed fr. ON. /i^/ 'upper (cp. OE. /^/(t/ under loaf)', the
story, balcony', which has also masc. corresponding to the
the meaning 'air, sky' =
goth. fem. formation lady OE. =
luftus, g. luft, OE. lyft 'air'. hldf-dij^e. Both compounds are
Hence lift vb. peculiar to English.
loin late me. loifie : adopted fr. lore IME. lore oe. Idr infl. hire
 : .;

128 lose — lump

= OHG. OSAX. Icra, G. lehre, DU. w. ME. luvestiche oe. lufestice.

leer : Teut. base laizo-, whence Source of the whole group LAT.
GOTH, laisjan, OE. Idran, OHG, ligusticutn 'lovage'.
leran G. lehren, DU. leeren 'teach'. love ME. love oe. liifu =:
See also learn for the teut. GOTH, lul^o OHG. li/da 'love': ,

Y'" Uz laiz. Teut. base lubon- allied to the

lose ME. /f/iv mostly forlese oe. TEUT. adj. letcba- lief. An =
forleosan str. vb. =
goth. /ra- ARYAN sf lubh 'desire' is evident
liusan, osAX. oho. farliosafi G. in LAT. lubido, skr. lobha 'desire'
verlicren str. vb. lose'. An aryan and SKR. V" lubh 'to desire'.

V^ //^^ (cp. loose) may be an low adj. ME. low earlier Idg
extended form of v^ lu in -gr. late OE. lag: borrowed fr. on.
Af'oj "I release', lat. lucre. Icigr 'low' —
(sw. lag, DAN. lav)
loss sb. me. oe. los 'destruction'. =
DU. laag, which are derived
lot ME. lot OE. hlot =
DU. from the teut. \f leg lag 'lie
lol; ident. w. oe. /ilyt =
goth. Hence low prop, 'lying flat'.
hlauts, OHG. Ib-^ G. loos Teut. low vb. ME. Ipwe OE. hlgwan
:

base hlmiti- teut. \/^ hlut hlaiit 'low' cp. DU. loeien, ohg. luoien
: ;

in ON. Jiljota str. vb. 'get by low': TEUT. \f hid pre-TEUT. ,

lot', OE. hlcotati, OHG. {h)lio"i^an. kid in LAT. c la-mare 'cry.

loud adj. ME. /<?«^/ OE. /^/z^^/ lower vb. ME. loiire ^=- arao.
= OSAX. >^/z/c/, DU. luid, OHG. luren G. lauern 'lurk ; cp. lurk.
(-^)/z2/ G. laut\ the Teut. base luck found since the 15*'' cent.;
hlii-da- (cp. ^(?/^/, <?A/, coiitli) ident. w. DU. luk geluk 'good
was a part, with suffix -to fortune', mhg. gelilcke G. gli'ick,
orig.
(lat. GR. -roc, SKR. -tas)
-//<!.f, OFRis. luk. Akin to G. lockeii,
;

pre-TEUT. klu-to-s (sKR. (rutds, DU. locken 'entice, allure'.

GR. xA-tTo't,', LAT. incliitus 'famous') lucre ME. lucre fr. fr. lucre =
fr. an ARYAN y" /^/« in skr. /tz/ LAT. lucrujH.

hear, GR. x/.i)W v.Xhoq. — lug vb. ME. lugge 'drag, lug'
lough 'lake' fr. ir. gall. loch\ cogn. w. sw. lugga.
see loch. lukewarm fr. me. leukc (liikc)
louse ME. Ions (plur. lis) OE. earlier hlcuk; perh. contr. fr.
/«5- (plur. lys) =
DU. ///«, OHG. an unrecorded OE. ^hleowoc
l/7s G. /az/.y, ON. Ms (plur. lyss) 'lukewarm' cogn. w. me. lewe ;

Teut. base li7s-, derived perh. OE. hleowe 'lukewarm' ON. =

fr. the TEUT. \^ lus 'destroy' hlyr 'warm' (ohg. hlao G. lau
under loose and lose; cp. GR. 'lukewarm').
(p&siQ 'louse' —
(pdil{j(<) 'I de- lull me. lulle DU. lulle/i, =
stroy'. DAN. lulle, sw. lulla.
lovage fr. FR. livcche mixed lump sb. ME. luffipe lonipc;
 lung — magpie 129

ident. w. du. lotiip 'a lump', G. XiXuloi-iai, SKR. Y^ las for lals
lumpen 'rags'. 'desire", lat. las-civus.
lung jNIE. lunge longe OE. lungen lute sb. ]\IE. liite: borrowed fr.
= ON. lunga, DU. long, ohg. OFR. lut leut =
FR. luth; ident.
lunga G. lunge 'lung': Teut. base w. DU. lull, g. laute, IT. liuto
lungon-j-, allied to an ARYAN leuto, SPAN. laud. Source arab.
adj. bnghu- 'light' = gr. slaxvc, al lid 'lute'.

SKR. laghu 'light'. Cp. lights -ly adj. -suffix aie. -ly -It earlier
as synon. with lungs. See -lich(e) OE. -lie osAX. -lik, =
lighi for the ARYAN V" ^^f^g^- DU. lijk, OHG. -Iteh g. -lieh, on.
lure sb. ivee. Im-e fr. fr. leurre -///5r, GOTH, -leiks. Orig. the
'bait'; source a teut. lopra- same as lika- 'body' discussed
= MHO. luoder 'bait' under
(goth. waira- leiks
(o. luder^. like
lurk vb. ]ME. lurke: derived prop, having the body
fr. 'manly'
iviE. louren (== lower) as hark of a man').
fr. hear, talk fr. /<?//. lye sb. ME. liie oe. Icah (infl.
lust sb. ME. OE. //^^/ 'desire' le'age); cp. synon. DU. loog, ohg.
= OSAX. DU. G. ON. lust, GOTH. louga G. lauge ON. /^«^ 'warm ,

lustus 'desire': a common Teut. bath': prob. connected with the

formation, prob. allied to the ARYAN \'~ lou lu 'bathe' (cp.
ARYAN \^ las 'desire' in gr. lather).

M
mace 'a big club' borrowed letncedan 'drive mad', deriv. from
fr. OFR. mace fr. masse: source the OE. adj. ^e7ndd 'mad' =
a LAT. type *t?iatea 'a beetle'. OSAX. gimed 'foolish', ohg. gimeit
mackerel me. makcril adopted 'foolish', GOTH, ga-fnaids "frail,
fr. OFR. maquerel (fr. maquereaii) feeble'.
= DU. fnakreel, whence G. mak- madder sb. me. '^maddrc oe.
relc source MED. -lat. macarellus madre (mcedre'i)
: on. madra, =
?naquer^llus 'a mackerel'. OHG. mdtara; cogn. du. lg.
machine (= g. masc/une, du. mede 'madder' ?
machine) fr. fr. machine: source maggot lateiME. maggot maggat;
LAT. machina gr. (.iti^uvi'i 'a prob. fr. CYJIR. maceiad jnacai
device'. 'a maggot'?
mad adj. :me. mad of. '^cnukd magpie sb. 'a bird'; mag
prop, lemceded: part, of oe. short for Magot = FR. Margot
F.NGLisH Etymology. y
I30 maid malt

'Marguerite', also 'magpie' pie it was adopted by the other

=
;

FR. pie fr. LAX. pica 'a mod. languages.

magpie'; see pie. make vb. me. 7ndke oe. macian
maid me. 7?iaidc oe. 7nceyien OSAX. ?nakon =
DU. make ft, ,

= OHG. magatin: Teut. base OHG. tnahlidn 'make, also fit or

magadina- is diminutive of a fasten together' G. machen:
TEUT. -GOTH. tfiagap- 'a girl, Teut. base makon 'join, belong
virgin' = OE. niceiep OSAX. together'. Cp. with GOTH. *makdn
,

jnagath, DU. ?//«>/, OHG. magad the on. comparat. makara 'more
G. magd — mddchcn. Allied to suitable, fitting', oE. ymcBC 'fit,

the Teut.-Goth. base tiiagu- 'boy' suitable', ohg. gimaJi 'con-

= ON. mggr 'boy, son', oe. venient, comfortable' G. gemach ;

magu. OE. letHceccea 'husband, wife' (e.

maiU sb. adapted fr. fr.

make companion, spouse', e.

7)iaille 'mail' (also 'a mesh of a match 'spouse'),

net') : source lat. macula 'a

malady ]\ie. maladie
sb. bor-
spot, hole, mesh of a net'.
rowed fr.OFR, maladie fr. fr,
malade (source male 'ill, bad'
mail 2 sb. me.
bag, male 'a
and aptus 'disposed'),
wallet' borrowed fr. the synon.
male adopted
OFR. viale =
FR. malle (ohg.
fr,
adj. jME.
FR, fndle (source lat. dimin.
mdle

malha 'a leather bag').

f?iasculHS.
maim vb. me. f/iaifuc prop. malice sb. ls\s.. jnalice borrowed
mai/ie borrowed fr. ofr. f/iehaigner fr. FR. vialice (source lat. ma-
'torment'. litia 'ill will'), — malign adj.
main sb. me. f/iaift oe. mcej^eti adopted fr. fr. fmili/i (f. maligfie')
'strength' ^= OHG. magan megin, 'malignant' (source maligniwi i. e.
OSAX. ON, i?iegin 'strength' : teut. genus 'ill-born).
?nale
\fmag and tnay.
in ?/iight mall sb. me. malic melle mail
main borrowed fr. ofr. borrowed fr. fr. inail 'a mall':
adj.
maine magne 'chief' (lat. magims source LAT. malleus 'a hammer'.
'great'). — Hence mallet sb. me. maillet
maintain vb. me. maintene borrowed fr. fr. a mallet',
fnaillet
adopted fr. fr. tnaintcnir (lat. mallow ME, mahve oe. mealwe
type maimtencre 'hold by the = DU, vialuwe: borrowed fr.
hand'). LAT. malva whence also fr.
,

maize sb. = fr. tnais, g. mauve, SPAN, it, malva, G. nialve.

tnais;adopted fr. span, maiz. Cp. viajive.
Columbus is said to have im- malt sb. ME. malt oe, mealt
ported the Haytian name mahis r=: OSAX. ON. DU,
j/ialt, moui,
and the cereal to Spain whence G, f/ialz. The Teut. base ?nalta-
 many 13^

fr. a TEUT.\^fne/f in OE. mUtan geoire 'manger, stable' (fr. ma7i-

'dissolve, melt' with which is ger 'eat = lat. 77ianducare).
allied the on. adj. 7naltr 'rotten' mangle vb. ME. wa«^^/^ frequent,
= OHG. inalz 'melting away, and weakened for *7?ui7ikele fr.

soft' so that *malt is perh. the ME. ma7ike OE. J^e77iancian which ,

adjectival neut. sb. meaning 'that was prob. formed from an adj.
which is soft'. Cp. melt. OE. *7nanc=^'D\j.7/iank: loanword
man sb. aie. oe. man mo/i{?tn) fr. lat. 7na/tcus adj. 'maimed'.
= OSAX. OHG. DU. MLG. man mangle sb. borrowed fr. du.
G. manii, OX. madr, GOTH, maiwa 77ui7igel (= sw. G. 7na7iget)\ dimin.
'mankind, man'. In OE., man tngti of a simple word represented
{ii =
nn) denotes 'man' and by G. 77ia7ige 'a mangle' IT. =
'woman' (cp. OE. wifmon E. = 77ianga7io 'a machine for smoothing
woman), goth.-teut. maiin- is linen, a war-engine' fr. lat. 77ia7i-

based on older ??ianw- manu- (as ga/itwt = GR. udyyavov 'a war-
chin is based on an aryan machine'.
kcnw- genu-), ixdo-eur. manu manikin 7na7taki7i borrowed fr.

'mankind' appears in skr. as FR. =

DU. 7/ian/ieken\
77ia7i7iequi7i

Manu, but it signified also the cp. G. 7nd/mche77, DU. t/iannetje:

'father of mankind'; cp. also all diminutives of man.
SKR. mamis and matiusa 'homo' mankind sb. me. 77iankinde
and OSLOV. mqzt 'man'. earlier 7nan-kin OE. 7no7i-cy/tn.
mane sb. me. indtie oe. manu == See 7na/t and kin, kind.
also
OHG. jnafia G. mdhne, DU. maan, manner me. ma7i47-e borrowed
ON. mgn, sw. dan. i?ian. The fr. OFR. 7na7tei-e = fr. 77ta7iierc.

Teut. base nianb- 'mane' shows mantle me. form

77ia7iiel (a
a later development of meaning; 77iau7itelv& unrecorded) ^= du. sw.
the older meaning was 'neck'; cp. dan. mantel', on. mgttull and OE.
ON. men, OE. niene, OHG. menni 7nentel rest on a lost lat. 77ia/itu-
'necklace', cogn. with lat. monile luin 7/iantilu7n (fr. LAT. 77ia/itu77i =
'necklace', ocelt. ^iavid/.i]g = FR. 7na/ite, it. a cloak'),
7nanto
oiR. muince 'necklace . In lieu whence also G. 77iantel onG. 7nantal •.

of ARYAN W(^7//<? 'neck' occurs skr. cogn. w. FR. 7/mnteau, ir. manttllo
7nanya 'nape', closely allied to (lat. type *7nantellu7ti).
oiR. ihuin muindl 'nape'. many me. 7fia7u 7na7iy oe. 7!U7tii'^
mange sb. shortened
the fr. 7/i07iey. Teut. base 7tuinaga- =
adj. :me. *maungt' which
bor- is OSAX. OHG. 77Ul7iag G. 7/ia/ich, DU.
rowed from the FR. part. ma7igi 77ienig, ON. 7/iargr. Cogn. w. oiR.
lit. 'eaten ; cp. fr. ?nangaison 7/ie>iicc IR. 7ni/iic 'frequently' (base
mange'. — manger sb. me. 7nenccci-'f) and cy:sir. mai/it, bret.
viaungir borrowed fr. FR. man- 7nent (celt, base t7ia7tti-).

y'
 .

132 map — marsh

map sb. borrowed fr. fr. mappe fnarca

ir. gael. marc, cymr.
,

= IT. LAT. viappa prop, nap- CORN, t/iarch 'horse'.

'a

kin, table-clotli'. miargin me. fndrgin(e) fr. lat.

maple sb. me. vidpel oe. *mcspel marginetn (nom. sing. lat. margo
*mapul in mapoltreo viapidder 'a FR. marge). =
maple-tree': perh. ident. w. ohg. mark^ sb. 'line, dot, cut' me.
tna-i-piltra (g. mass/wider), which marke OE. mearc =
DU. on. mark,
points to TEUT. fftatlu-, whilst aiHG. marc (gen. markes) g.
the E. word points to a base marke (gotk. marka 'boundary').
map III-. —
Hence mark vb. me. marke
mar vb. me. t/urre oe. d?/ierran OE. mearcian =
on. marka, osAX.
dmyrran wk. vb. 'to hinder, ob- 7narkon; cp. DU. G. j/ierken =--
struct' =
GOTH, marzjan 'oflfend', GOTH. *markjan.
OHG. marren, DU. marren 'tarry': mark'- sb. 'a unit of weight,
TEUT. -ARYAN \f marz mars. a coin' me. mark late OE. marc:
marble me. marble mdrbre fr. borrowed fr. ON. mprk, whence
FR. fiiarbre; source lat. marmor. also DU. G. mark (med.-lat.
march sb. me. ?ndrche 'march, marca).
boundary' fr. fr. marche 'bound- market sb. me. market late oe.
ary'. The Fr. word is of Teut. (ii^'^cent.) markit marcdt: bor-
origin; cp. GOTH, marka, OE. rowed fr. OFR. "^market FR. marcM
mearc, OSAX. OHG. marka 'bound- (it. mercatd) ^= lat. mercatns
ary' which are primitively related 'market', whence also ohg. markdt
to LAT. margo 'border, edge', merchdt G. DU. markt. See mart.
AVEST. merezu 'border', IR. mruig maroon adj. 'chestnut-colored*
'shire' (Celt, base mrogi-). Cp. borrowed fr. FR. marron ^= it.
mark. marrone 'a chestnut'.
march vb. fr. fr. ?narcher. marrow me. marow mary oe.
March (the month) me. (since mearh mearg oSAX. marg,=
the 12"' cent.) March fr. fr. OHG. mar{a)g G. mark, DU. tnerg,
mars} Source lat. Martins me?isis ON. mcrgr: Teut. base mazga-
(whence ohg. me/ zo g. mdrz, lg. =
ARYAN *?nazgko- in oslov.
merte) mozgii, ZEND mazga, skr. 7?iajjau
mare me. mire oe. mire myre: 'marrow'. The root is skr. 7}iajj
Teut. base tnarhjon- (= ohg. 'immerge' lat. mergere.=
merihJia G. mdhre, DU. merie, on. marry vb. me. marie vb. adopt-
merr^, deriv. fr. teut. tnarha' ed fr. FR. marier: source LAT.
'horse' in oe. mear/i, ohg. mara/i, maritare 'marry'. Hence mar-—
ON. marr horse' (see fnarshaf). riage ME. maridge FR. mariage. =
There is a pre-TEUT. marka- in marsh me. 7?iersh oe. mersc
the Celt, languages; cp. gall. earliest form merisc mdu. =
 marshal mastiff 133

maersche ,lg. G. marsch, dan. mash vb. masche vb. 'mix' (oe.
marsk: Teut. base mariska- = (^7?idscia7iT) = G. fneischen: prob.
]MED. - LAT. mariscus 'swamp', cogn. w. OSLOV. mezga 'sap of
whence ofr. niaresc fr. marais. trees' (osLOv. s<if := teut. skl^.
Source TEUT. 7nari- 'ocean (= Cp. 7?iix.

LAT. f/iare) in OE. mere, OHG. meri mask sb. borrowed fr. fr.
G. f/icer, ON. fnarr, GOTH. tnarei. masque, whence also G. DU.
marshal aiE. ?/uir(e)schal adopt- DAN. maskc SW. mask.
ed fr. OFR. ffiareschal fr. = mason ime. tndsoun adopted
mar^chal, span. ?fiariscal, it. ma- fr. FR. ma(on source a
; type
r/j'^a/(? 'a marshal, farrier'. Source matio 'a maison' OHG. = fnezzo
a teut. marha-skalkaz 'horse- G. steiitfnetz 'a stone-mason'.
thane' =OHG. marah-scalc (ohg. mass^ sb. 'a lump of matter'
marah 'a horse' =
E. fnare and late ME. ?nasse borrowed fr. fr.
OHG. scalch =
OE. scealc jme. masse (== it. tnassa^ source :

schalk, ON. skdlkr OS ax. skalk,

, LAT. massu 'a lump, a mass',
GOTH, skulks 'servant'. whence also OHG. tnassa G.
mart sb. short for inarkct. masse.
marten short for martern orig. mass^ sb. 'the eucharist me.
martrc aie. j/iartre adopted fr. masse OE. mcesse; evidently
FR. inartre (=^ it. martora, span.identical w. osAX. tnissa, DU.
martii). The
word, which mis, OHG. messa missa G. messe'.
Fr.
supplanted a genuine OE. mearp, a Christian word from ivied.-
is of Teut. origin: on. mgrdr, LAT. ?nissa 'mass' fr. ?nesse =
OHG. viardar G. niarder DU. (whence me. messe).
,

inarter] OSAX. "^marthar inferred mast ME. mast oe. fncest =

fr. the adj. marthnii. DU. LG. G. SW. DAN. mast, ON.
martin sb. borrowed
fr. fr. mastr. In accordance with
viartin, proper name Grimm's law, the Teut. base
orig. the
Martin, wliich was applied to masta- is based on pre-TEUT.
various birds and animals; cp. mazdo- LAT. mains (for *madus) =
robin- red-breast. 'a mast'.
martyr sb. me. ;nartir OE. mar- master sb. me. maister late
tyr = OSAX. martir, OHG. martyr, OE. mceiester borrowed fr. ofr.
GOTH, martyr (with suffix DU. maistre fr. maitre (= it. maestro) :

martelaar, ohg. martirari G. 7ndr- source LAT. magister whence ,

tyrer^ fr. lat.-gr. martyr 'a wit-

: also OSAX. mhtar, DU. meester,
ness'. OHG. mcistar G. meister. See
marvel vb. me. merveile bor- mister.
rowed fr. FR. fnerzieil/er; source mastifFME. wi'ji-/'//"wrt'iV//"adopted
LAT. mirabilia 'wonderful thinars'. fr. OFR. mcstif prop, an adj. fr.
134 mat — mayi li-

the sb. OFR. 7)iastin (fr. matui) mattress me. materas (= du.
'a mastiff'. 7natras)borrowed fr. ofr. 77iate-
mat ME. matte oe. tneatta = ras = FR, 77iateias = med.-lat.
DU. vtat, OHG. matta g. tnatte, 7/iat7-atiu7n\ source ARAB. 7nat7-ali
IT. viatta borrowed fr. lat. prop, 'a place where something
matta 'a rug', whence fr. /lattf. is thrown'.
match' sb. me. macche oe.
maudlin adj. corrupted fr.
-^cmcrcca
OE.
'a

lemaca sb.
companion' ident. w. ME.
= E. make.
Majuielei7i = Magdelai7ie =r
OFR. Magdeleine, lat.-gr. Mag-
match- sb. of a dale7ia.
'the wick
Ma7'ia Magdalena was
candle, a match' me. macche
considered a type of sorrowing
borrowed fr. fr. fnlxhe 'match penitence.
of a lamp' source lat. jnyxa
:

'the nozzle of a lamp'.

maul vb. me. 77ialle 'strike with
mate sb. 'a companion' jie. a mair formed fr. the me. sb.
7ndte =DU. maat, OSAX. '"'gwiato,
77ialle 'a mall' borrowed fr. ir.
OHG. gima7,%o mhg. gemai^i^e, oe. 7nail 'a mall', whence also niall-
''"lemdta (wanting) would be "Maundy Thursday :me. 77iau7ide
derived from oe. mete =
meat; thursdai fr. ofr. mandi (= OHG.
hence mate prop, 'mess-mate'. MHG. fnanddt^ 'the ceremony of
mate adj. me. mdte mat 'con- Christ's washing his disciples'
founded, dejected borrowed fr. feet': source lat. 7na7iddtu7n ac-
OFR. fr. tmit (= SPAN. ?nate, cording to John XIII 34.
IT. 7/iattd). Source the Arab.- mauve 'mallow color' borrowed
Pers. expression in the chess-
play sc/idh mat 'the king is dead'.
fr. fr. 7/iauve 'a mallow' = lat.
77ialva\ ident. w. 7n allow.
matins, mattins 'morning
maw me. 77iawe oe. »;aga
prayers' me. matin{e)s:
fr. FR. matins plur.
borrowed
of matin
'stomach' = ohg. mago 'sto-
mach' G. 7/iagefi, DU. 7/iaag, ON.
'morning': source lat. matutinus
77iagi 'stomach'.
'belonging to the morning'; cp.
LAT. hora matutina in ohg. mettina may vb. me. mai oe. mce"^ =
G. 7nette 'matutinal service'.
OSAX. OHG. G. DU. mag, ON. 7nd,
matter sb. me. matere adopted GOTH. mag. TEUT. \'^ 7fiag (7/!Ug)
fr. FR. matiere] source lat.
fr. ARYAN magh is closely allied

materia 'materials'. to OSLOV. mogq 7/iosti 'be able'.

mattock jNIE. nmttok oe. mattoc May me. 77iay 7nai fr. fr. Mai
prob. fr. CYMR. viatog 'a hoe'; (lat. Mains 7ne7isis).

but OSLOV. 7/iotyka and LITH. mayor sb. me. 7nai/'e adopted
matikas 'mattock* point to a Teut. fr. FR. 7/iai/-e: source LAT. 771ajor
word. 'greater'.
 .

me — mean 135

me pers. pron. dat. and ace. an ARYAN v'" "^^^^'^ 'thin, long'.
ME. OE. me fr. a Teut. and ARYAN lith. mdzas 'small' and ohg.
stem nu- in GOTH, mis 7)ii-k, magar might point to a common
G. mi-r 7in-ch, lat. mihi me GR. V" magh. Perh. the Teut. group
\

Lioi tuoi us lie; skr. mahyam comes fr. vulg. lat.-it. magro.
I-

me dat., imim 7/id ace.; base meali sb. 'flour' me. m(le oe.
t/ia- mclo (gen. 7nelwes) = OSAX.
mead^ sb. me. fn(de oe. f/ieodo m'elo, DU. DAN. meel, ohg. melo
= DU. :mlg. 7)ieiie ohg. ;;/t'/^
(gen. melawes') o. w^/?/, on. wyV)/:

w/V« g. met, ox. mjgdr: base Teut. base "^'m'elwa- 'flour meal'
teut. w^^/w i= ARYAN *tfiedhu; cp. lit. 'that which is ground' from
SKR. mddhu 'honey, sweet drink', a Teut. and ARYAN \'" mel 'grind'
OR. i-iBtyv 'wine' (allied jiisSim seen in osAX. ohg. goth. imdan
'I am drunk', a,-';!^/; 'drunkenness'), DU. 7nalen G. 77iahlen, ON. 7nala
OSLOV. 7;iedu 'honey, wine lith. 'grind'; cp. LAT. /wf/t', GR. fivXXc,
,

midiis 'mead' —
mediis 'honey', IR. osLOV. 77/e//a (7;/teti), LiTH. f7/a/u
mid. (md/ti), OIR. f//e/i7/i 'grind'; cp.
mead- 'meadow' (now in 7nill.
sb.
poetry) ME. imde OE. mdd (gen. meal'- sb. 'a repast' mk. w<"7
vickdwe^ =
DU. mat iiLG. tnade OSAX. 7Hdl, DU. 77iaal, G. 77iahl, =
olg. mdtha iridda, ofris. meth, ON. w«7, OHG. *///«/ wanting with
G. viatte, GOTH. *tnedwa: based this meaning; ident. w. goth.
on a TEUT. V" imip med, con- 77iH time', oe. 7>i(bI 'time'.
nected w. LAT. f/ieto 'I mow,
mean adj. me. 7naie oe. J<e77i(kne
reap' and showing a shorter
form me in E. moiv. But the
fr. a Teut. base ga-7nai7ii- =
GOTH. ga7naitis OSAX. gi77ieni, ,

GOTH. ''^me might represent

the root and twd the suffix.
ohg. gi/tiel/ii G. ge7nein,
cogn. w. lat.
— DU.
<rw//-
ge7nee7i\
meadow iiE. medwe oe. mckd 7/uinis for co7/i-i7ioi/ii-s\ cp. lat.
gen. mdd7ae. A/e ad and meadoiv
are related as shade and sha-
//««i- with GOTH. rt^/^J- = ARYAN
oi/io-s.
dow. Cp. mead.
meagre adj. me. mcgre bor- mean vb. me. wr'//^- oe. 7/id/ia/i

=
1

rowed fr. FK. maigre (= span. OSAX. 7timia7i, DU. i7iee/ieii,

IT. 7nai]rd): source lat, macei: OHG. 77ieinett inei/tari g. 7/iei7ien,

thin, meagre', oe. tna'^er oyi.7/iei/ia, GO-m.*7nai7iJa7i; OSLO v.

'lean,
closely allied.
{= DU. MLG. G. mager ohg. magar, !
1/ieiijq 7/te7iiti is

ox. magr is common Teut.). Connected with v^ w^?// 'think' in

The Teut. forms with i-Ai". >/ii/i dl

macer, GR. ua/.tdvoy tall uur.- , mean adj. me. ;//<•>/<• adj. 'middle'

oog long" have prob. come fr. contracted fr. '^7iiej(n =^ ofr.
 :

136 mercy

meyen FR. moyen 'intermediate': adj. midhvds 'spending lavishly').

source LAT. mediamis. meek adj. me. mek (late oe.
measles sb. me. mesel sb. *mdoc) borrowed fr. the equiv.
leper' —
adj. leprous': loan- on. mjukr sw. ?/iJuk, dan. =
word fr. OFR.w^^^/=LAT. jniselliis. fuyg 'soft', cp. DU. muik 'soft',
measure bor- GOTH, fuiiks (inferred fr. muka-
sb. me. fn^'silre
rowed fr. FR. mesiire (=
SPAN. 7nddci 'meekness').
mesura it. misiird)
, from LAT. meet vb. me. mete OE. metaii.
menstira. vb. OSAX. motian, DU. moeten, =
meat me. mete oe. tnete fr, a ON. mcita, GOTH, gamotjan 'meet'
Teut. base mati- =
OSAX. meii, TEUT. \f7)lbt.
DU. 7fief (in -wurst), ohg. wa;, meet adj. mk. mite oe. lemdte
ON. matr, GOTH, fnats 'food'. OFRis. mete, mlg. tnate, ohg.=
medal borrowed fr. FR. jh^- gimdi^i; cp. mete.
daille {= SPAN, medalla IT. melt vb. me. melte oe. meltan;
,

medagUii); source a lat. type for the V" ^'^'^^^ ^^^ »/<?//". An
metallea fr. LAT. metaUum. Aryan V" meld is evident in» skr.
m.eddle me. medle {tncle^ 'mix' mrdii 'soft, tender', GR. /.UXdaiv
borrowed fr. OFR. medler inesler 'cook'.
= FR. meter source a lat. type
: menace sb. me. menace mandce
miscnlare lat. mis
'mix' fr. cere borrowed fr. fr. 7nc>iace (lat.
'mix',— medley me. medle sb. minacia') 'tlireat'.

adopted OFR, medle mesle

fr. mend vb. tnende short for

(fern,medlee = fr. trie I^e') part, atnende borrowed fr. fr. amc?ider
of OFR. medler 'mix'. (lat. etnendare'). See af/iend.

miedlar sb, me, medlc-tre fr. menial (prop, but also

adj.,

OFR. meslier mesle 'medlar-tree': used as sb.) me. meineal formed

source lat. mespilmn 'a med- with the suffix -al fr. me. meini
lar'. maini 'a household'. This is
meed sb. me. oe. med (oe. borrowed fr. OFR. inesne meistiee
once =^ osAX. tneda,
f/ieord) '
answering to a LAT. type *;;/(?«-
DU. miedc, OHG. «?<?/«; wzV/Za G. sionata.
tniete 'hire' GOTH, tnizdo 'reward'
;
merchant me. marchaunt mar-
(the z of which was lost in chaund borrowed fr. OFR. mar-
Teut. witli lengthening- of / to chant FR. marchand: source =
e) fr. an aryan mizdho- in gr. LAT. mercari 'buy' (cp. market).

fiialfog 'wages, pay, hire', OSLOV. mercy me. mer(i borrowed

mizda , avest. mizda 'wages', from FR. tnerci (source med.-
OIND. midhd (for mizdho) 'contest, LAT. fnerces 'mercy, pity' extended
match, booty' (perh. orig. 'a fr. LAT, merx 'traffic'). See
prize' by inference fr. the skr. market, merchant.
 lid 137

merge vb. adopted fr, lat. an extension of lat. fnissus. —

inergcrc 'plunge under water'. Hence messenger (with the
merit inie. fr. mirite. insertion of 7i as in passenger)
merit
fr.

mermaid me. mer-tnaide; OE. ME. messagir formed fr. message

7/ierc 'ocean' me. i/nye agree with the suffix -er denoting 'the
with OHG. OSAX. jricri, GOTH. agent'.
marei 'ocean'; cp. marsh. metal me. metal borrowed fr.
merry adj. me. mirie OE. rny7-^e E'R. mital.
from a Teut. base niurgi- 'short' mete vb. 'measure' ]\ie. tucte
in OHG. murgfari 'of short life', OE. metan sw. vb. 'measure' =
Swiss 7nurg 'mannikin'; cp, goth. GOTH, mitan, G. messen ohg. mc'^z^an,
viaurgjan 'shorten'. The adj. DU. meten.
TEUT. ?niirgu- 'short' IE. =
mettle ident. w. tnetal but
mrghu- corresponds to gr. /J^pa-
meaning now 'spirit, ardor'.
yvc 'short' (for ""aga/vc).
mesh me. fnesche oe. mcesce
sb.
mew vb. onomatopoetic like
DU. maauwen, g. maiien; imitative
^= on. ohg. mdsca G.
mpskve,
of a cat's cry.
maschc the Teut. base *?/tesgen
\

belongs to the IE. tnezg in lith.

ME. tniw oe. 7ndw mew
cp. ;

DU. meeuw on. md-r, G. moive:

mdzgas 'knot' from the vb. mezgii y

TEUT. base maiw-.

{megsti) 'knot, weave nets'; hence
mesh may be traced to a teut. mickle me. mikcl michel 7iutkel

\^ mcsq (aryan mezg 'braid). 7/iuchcl, oe. 7/iicel 77iycel = goth.

mete vb. me. mete oe. m'etan = 771 ikits , ON. i7iikill 77iykill , OSAX.
osAX. fiictan DU. mete?i
, ohg. ,
1/iikiI, ohg. 77iihhil\ cp. 77itich.

inc"i^an G. nicsscn, on. vieta, GOTH. mid- adj. me. 7/iid oe. i/iid 7nidd
mitan with which is allied GOTH. = OSAX. 77uddi, OHG. 7Tiitti g. 7nit-,

mitbii 'think over', ohg. m'e"i^dn ON. midr, goth. 7nidjis. In mod.
moderate'. The teut. \Pmet is E. and in mod. G., the adjectives
based on the ARYAN \fmed in E. 77iid- = G. 7/iit- are only used in
GR. utdnuui I devise' — ut-dntv compounds as e. 77iidday, 77udle/it,

'counselor' — a corn- 77udsu7ti7ner, 77iidwinter g. t/iittag,

jnhdiurog \

measure', LAT. modtis 'manner' 77iitte7-nacht, 77nttwoch (orig. dat.

— tnodius 'a corn-measure', goth. sing.). The teut. stem 77iidja-
mitaj>s 'measure'. answers to aryan 77iidhyo; cp.
mess sb. me. messe borrowed GR. usnoc (for "n£djo.s-) , skr.
fr. OER. fnes fr. tnets (source 7/iddhyas, LAT. 77iedius. middle —
lat. missus fr. tnittere) "send' and adj. and sb. me. oe. 7niddel =
in MED. -lat. put, place'). DU. 77iiddel, ohg. 7nittil G. 7nittel;
message me. message borrowed with formative -/ from the adj.
fr. FR. message: lat. type missatica 771 id.
138 midge — milt

midge me. migge oe. f?iycg fr. (passuum) lit. 'thousand paces',
a Teut. base mugjo- OSAX. = (whence also FR. milk, it. miglid).
muggia, DU. 7nug, OHG. tnucka G. The more frequent plur. milia
milcke. From ON. my it may be was adopted in Rom. and G. as
inferred that the West-Teut. a fem. sing, (omitting passimni).
guttural is secondary. milfoil ME. milfoil fr. fr. mille-
midst formed with excrescent / feuille = LAT. inillefolium.
from ME. in niiddes equivalent to milk ME. milk oe. t/ieoloc mile
a m id. ^= OSAX. miluk, DU. ohg.
melk,
mien borrowed fr. fr. mine fr. miluh G. milch, on. mjolkr, goth.
IT. 7>iina = OIT. me}ia 'fashion,
miluks. It is remarkable that a
carriage ofman': sourceMED.-LAT.
common Aryan or at least a
minarc 'conduct, lead'. West -Aryan term for 'milk' is
might ME. might oe. miht meaht wanting, although the
\f melg ^=
^=^ OSAX. OHG. maht, du. magt,
teut. fftelk 'to milk' occurs in all
GOTH, mahts.
G. macht, ON. mdttr,
From
the West-Aryan languages.
The common teut. *t?iahti is an a common Indo-Eur. vb. oe. :

old verbal abstract from goth. melcan, DU. melken, ohg. melchan
magan (like OSLOV. most! from G. melken, goth. ''^milkan. Cp. lat.
*mokti from mogq 'clean'). See oSLOV.
mulgere , GR. af.iBXy^iv ,

tn ay.
mlcsti (pres. mliizii), lith. t7ulsti.
miilch adj. me. inilche oe. my Ice: '^

OIR. mbligim {inlicht

(pres. ynilzii)
deriv. of milk\ cp. the equiv.
mjolkr OHG.
and melg 'milk'). — milk vb.
adj's. ON. milkr ,
ME. 7nilke oE. meolcian {= ofris.
m'elch G. tnelk, oe. t/i'elc.
melka, ON. ?njdlka) fr. oe. meolc.
mild me. oe. milde
adj. =
raiill ME. 7nille earlier milne oe.
DU. G. mild OHG.
OSAX. mi/di
milti ON. mildr
,
,

GOTH, mildcis.
,
my In (whence ON. mylnci) DU. =
molen mculen OHG. tnuli{n) G. ,

Cogn. w. oiR. meldach 'agreeable'

mfihle; borrowed fr. late LAT.
or blaitli 'soft, smooth' (base
mlati-) ? or oSLOV. mladii 'young,
common ROM. fnolina 'mill' (for
class. LAT. mold), whence also
tender', lith. mildiis 'pious' ?
IT. mulino, FR. moulin.
mildew me. mildew oe. miled{aw
= DU. mceldainv, OHG. mili-tou millet fr. FR. millet; source lat.
G. 7iiehltau\ the first part is prob. milium 'millet'.
fr. OE. mele = GOTH, milip 'honey milt ME. oe. milte ;
du. milt, =
cp. ON. mihka 'a honeyed drink'; ORG. milzi G. f?iilz, ON. milti: from
the second part see under dew. the TEUT. sfmelt seen in malt.
mile ME. mile OE. mil =
DU. E. and DU. milt soft roe of fishes'
mijl, OHG. mlla tuilla (for ^milja) is a corruption of milk (sw.
G. meile: borrowed fr. lat. mtlia mjolke 'milt' fr. mj'olk 'milk', dan.
 139

fiskcmclk 'soft roe of fishes', lit. mingle a frequent, vb. from me.
'fisli-milk). mingc menge OE. fnengan = OSax.
mince vb. me. mince oe. min- mpigiajt, DU. fnengen, ohg. mengan
sian wk. vb. 'make small' deriv. fr. G. viengen, goth. *maggjan. Cp.
OE. ?nin(nii) =DU. min 'smaller'; am fig.
cp. FR. tninccr 'mince' from mince minnow 'a fish' me. minowe oe.
'small' of Teut. origin. *mynwe (and wjv/^'capito ) OHG. =
mimiwa 'capedo'; cp. westphal.
mind sb. me. minde oe. "^e-mynd
mane, hess. mcvhn} Etymology
'memory, mind': Teut. base
ga-mundi- = goth. ga-munds
unknown.
minster me. minster oe. mynster
'memory' from goth. ga-munan
= OSAX. (far)munan "despise",
fr. a base munistirja- du. =
munster OHG. munistri prop,
,
ON. viuna, OE. letnundiT, cp. GOTH.
'monastery' then convent-church'
miins 'purpose desire
, mind',
,

G. fniinster after lat.-gr. fnona-

:
ON. mimr 'mind desire
, love',,

sterium, whence also fr. nioutier

OE. jnyne 'memory, love'. Allied
'monastery, convent'.
to ON. m/w« 'remembrance, mind',
OHG. minnia and
minstrel me. miftistral menestral
OSAX. ?ninna ,

borrowed fr. FR. minestrel: source

OHG. minni G. minne 'love', orig.
LAT. ministerialis 'an artisan, jester,
'remembrance'. All belong to
buffoon'.
the common Aryan and teut.
man mint sb. me. mint oe. 7nynet
1

\fmen GR.
'think'; cp.
'courage, mind, jiiiuv7J(yy,(o I
/.tkroc
=
DU. munt, OHG. 7nuni~^ nmni".^a
g. milnze: TEUT. viunita- ?njinitd-
remember', lat. mejuini reminiscor
borrowed fr. lat. moneta 'place
mens moneo, skr. \/^?nan 'think,
of coinage, money', whence also
believe'.
FR. monnaie under money.
mine possessive pron. me. oe. mint- sb. 'a plant' me. oe. miiite
tnin = OSAX. OHG. min, DU. mijn,
=
DU. munt, OHG. minza G. minze :

G. 7neiti (also OHG. min G. meine/'),

adapted fr. lat. mentha ?nenta
ON. minn, goth. mcins: derived
(gr. jiiivda) whence also fr.
,

fr. the stem me- of the pers.

ment/ie, it. span, menta.
pron. cp. me and for the suffix
mire^ 'deep mud' me. /nire oe.
cp. SKR. makina 'mine and thine.
myre from west-teut. miurjon =
mine sb. uv..mine =
du. fnijn, G. ON. mvrr 'slime' the r of tliese
;

DAN. f/iinc: borrowed from fr. words is orig. z ^r= s] cp. OE. meos
tnine {= span. it. mimi): of Celt, 'moss' by the side of oe. mos
origin; cp. IR. Gael. 7nfin 'metal', 'moss, swamp G. moos also signi-
;

BRET, men 'stone, metal, cymr. fies 'marsh'; cp. moss. Hence
mwyn 'metal CELT, base jncna e. mire prop, 'mossy soil'.
:

mcina ? mire- cp. pismire.

140 mirth mole

mirth me, mirihe earlier ftiur/ide small', whence goth. maitan =

OE. 7nyrgd deriv. fr. OE. myv^c = on. meita 'cut'.
merry with formative -ih (as in mite'- sb. 'a very small portion'
length, strengtii). ME. mite borrowed fr. ODU. mijt
mis ^ prefix me. oe. mis- du. = a small coin.
mis-, OHG. viissa- missi- G. miss-, mitten me. mitaine borrowed
ON. mis-\ GOTH, missa- for '^mipta- fr. FR. mitaine 'a mitten'.
(prop. 'lost') an old part, in
is vb. ME. mixe OE. miseian mix
to- from a \("mip seen in OE. ohg. miskan from *misk/an =
mldan me. viithe 'shun avoid' mhg. mlg. g. mischen: all prob.
,

{= OSAX. midan, ohg. mldan G. borrowed fr. lat, miscere 'mix'.

meideti). Akin to oiR. mi in ml- mizzen sb. borrowed fr. fr.
gnim 'misdeed' ? misaine = IT. mezzana: source
mis 2 prefix older w^y- borrowed LAT. medius. Ident. w. G. bezaan-
fr. OFR. mes- (tR. ;//t'-) : source scgel.
LAT. minus 'less'. —
mischief moan vb.ME. mone (oe. *?/idjiian^
ME, f/ies-chefborrowed fr. Ofr. with the by-form me. md/x oe.
ines-chief 'a bad result, damage' nice nan 'moan'.
fr. mis'*" and chief (cp. me. bon- moat sb. ME. tnote borrowed
chi'f 'happiness'). —
miscreant fr. ofr. jnote 'dike'.
borrowed fr. OFR. mescreaiit mock fr. FR. se moquer.
(source lat. crcdent-eiri). mode fr. FR. 7node.
miss vb. ME. misse oe. missan moiety borrowed fr. fr. moitii
= DU, G. misscn, ON. missa, goth, (lat. type 7nedietateni).
missjan. Evidently connected moist adj. me. tnoiste 'moist,
with WEST-TEUT. mipan 'avoid' in fresh': borrowed fr. ofr. tnoiste
OE. mldan, ohg. midan G. mciden {= FR. ?noite). Source lat.
'avoid. Cp. ?/iis. musteus 'belonging to new must
miss contr. of mistress. or wine', also 'new, fresli' (^mustiis
mist ME. OE. mist =
du. mist, 'new wine').
LG. mist 'darkness fog mist', mole^ sb. 'a mark on the body'
, ,

on. fnistr 'darkness, mist'. ME. 77iple OE. Tndl ohg. meil =
mister me. maister r^ master. also tneila, GOTH, mail 'a spot',
mistle ME. mistel oe. 7nistel =
mole'- sb, 'breakwater' bor-
OHG. mistil G. mistel on. ??iistel rowed fr, FR. mole 'a bank'
,

'mistletoe. — mistletoe oe. (= IT. 7nole ?nolo^ : source

misteltdn {= on. >nistilsttinii) fr. LAT. moles 'a great heap, a vast
w/ji-/// bird-lime' and tan 'branch . pile'.
mite ^ sb. 'a small insect me. mole^ sb. 'an insectivorous
OE. mite = LG. mite, ohg. miyi animal' me. tnolle =^ du. fttoH
'a midge, fly : teut. \fmit 'cut Prob. short for me. moldciverp
 . ;

monday — more 141

= OHG. moliw'erf G. mauhvurf. G. mut, goth. mods, on. modr.

From ME. molde OE. mglde 'earth' The orig. meaning of the teut.
=: ON. mold, OHG. molta, goth. stem moda- was perhaps 'strong
w/^/(^/i:7 'earth' and from the\'~ werp emotion, violent excitement and
seen in goth. wairpan\ see was prob. derived fr. the \^ wa-
warp. in GR. {.lauGd^at desire".
monday me. unmenday OE. moon me. tnone oe. f?iptia ^=
f/iona/ida;'^ = du. 7iiaandag, ohg. OSAX. OHG. mdno, du. maan, G.
fnanatac G. moiitag, on. mdnadagr: mond ON. mdni, goth. jnena
,

the common Teut. name for 'the moon'. The Teut. base
LAT. dies Lunac (fr. Inndi, it. menan- (and nienop- mont/i) =
lunedt) ; the first syllable of is cogn. with the greater part
fnonday is ident. w. moon. of the terms for 'moon, month'
money me. motieie borrowed in the other ARYAN languages
fr. OFR. mo/teie = fr. montiaie cp. SKR. mas (for mans mens)
(= SPAN. jHonedciy IT. jnonetd)'. 'moon, month' mdsa 'month', —
source lat. moiieta. See fnint^. GR. f.i7Jv (for ^'jLiij'vS) 'month',
monger sb. me. oe. mongere OE. LAT. fnhisis 'month', osax. meseci
mangcre {= OHG. mangdri, ON. 'moon, month', lith. memi 'moon'
mavgari) formed from OE. wa«- —
vienesis'v(XQ\\i\\ OlR.w/ 'month'. ,

^'zVz// 'trade' with suffix -ere.

Moor^ sb. 'an inhabitant of
Source lat. mango 'a defrauding
Barbery' borrowed fr. fr. More;
trader
source LAT. Maurus whence
monk :xiE. mofik oe. mtmuc =
also SPAN. IT. Moro, ohg. Mor
,

osax. mu/iik, DU. Jiioimik, ohg,

G. Mohr.
munih(h) G. monch: source lat.
monachus (gr. uoraxo^^j whence
moor^ sb. 'a tract of unfilled
land' :me. oe. mor a moor, morass,
also FR. moinc and OIR. vianach.
monkey formed like donkey. bog' =
OSAX. mor, DU. 7noer,
OHG. muor, LG. G. moor; related
source IT. tnonna mona 'ape',
whence also G. (16. cent.) mun- to OE. fnere, org. meri 'sea'
^
LAT. ?fmre 'sea'. See marsh.
aff 'simia prasiana'.
month me. moncth oe. mpnap morass me. tnareis bor-
sb.
= DU. tnaand, OHG. mdnod G. rowed marais {= it.
fr. FR.
motiai. OT<!.mdnudr,GOT:il. menops. marese), whence also du. ?/ioras
The common Teut. stem jncnop- fnoeras moras (whence G.
, LG.
'month' (pre-TEUT. ?nendt-^ is tnorast)source med.-lat. mara-
:

ident. w. teut. vicnan- = gium 'swamp, marsh'.

moon. more adj. me. more oe. 7ndra
mood ME. OE. jnod
sb. = = OSAX. OHG. mere G. 7nehr, du.
osax. mod, DU. moed, ohg. vmot 7neer, on. meiri; goth. maiza
142 morning mother^

(whose iza is the OTeut. coin- 'a swamp, plant' G. moos 'plant,
parat. suffix) became OE. nidra bog', ON. tnosi 'moss, mire'.
(r from z by rhotacism) The Ident. w. OE. meos, ohg. mios
stem 7na- belongs to the teut. from a Teut. base fneusa-, whence
adj. nic-ra- 'iUustrious'. mire. Outside of teut., lat.
morning jme. morni/tge mor- miisais and OSLOV. vmchic are
weninge deriv. of OE. morgen =^ cognate.
OSAX. OHG. vi07-gan, DU. G. morgen, most and adv. 'greatest
adj.
ON. morgunn and myrgenn, goth. in size' me. most OE. mast com-
tnaurgins: a common TEUT. word monly OE. mdst =
OSAX. mest,
for the first half of the day DU. meest, OHG. G. meist, ON. mestr,
from day break. —
Cp. evening. GOTH, moists. Superl. belonging
morrow; see 7norn and to- to the compar. more. goth.
7norrow. maists has the old superl. suffix
morsel me. tnorsH adapted fr. like GOTH, bat-ists, ohg. be—^ist,

OFR. morsel (= fr. morgeaii, OE. betst (for bet-est). The adj.
IT. morselto) : dimin. of lat. stem GOTH, tub's, ohg. ha-ri,
morsiim a bit'. OE. mdre etc. seems to be the
mortar' 'a vessel in which
base of more and ?nost.

substances are beaten to powder' mote ME. 7ngte oe. mot (plur.
ME. inortir OE. jnorUre (= DU. motii) 'atom' ; the ME. form are
mortiery. borrowed fr. fr. tnorlier based on the of. nom. plur.
(= SPAN, moriero, IT. fnorta/o^ Cp. DU. mot}
'mortar' source lat. mortarium
: moth ME. tnoththe oe. tnoppe :=r
'a vessel in which substances DU. motyf), MHG. G. motte, on. moiti,
are pounded'. sw. mott a moth' with the by-
mortar- 'a mixture of lime forms MHG. matte, oe. mohpe me.
and of sand so called from the moughpe.
vessel in which it was made
1 mother
I\ie. mdder oe. mo dor
mortar"^ me. morter OSAX. tnodar
mortier = DU. moeder, ,

adopted fr. fr. mortier (= OHG. nmoter G. fmttter, on. modir.

SPAN. morter 0, it. mortajo~), The common teut. word for
whence also DU. mortel, jSIHG. 'mother' (gotH. saidrt'/'/5^r/). teut.
morter ??iortel G. 7jwrte[): source 7fiddr- 'mother' from ARYAN tnatr-
LAT. mortariiun. in SKR. ??iatr, gr. /.n^vqo uartj^j,
mortgage borrowed fr. fr. LAT. fnater, oSLOV. mati OlR. ,

mortgage lit. 'a dead pledge'. tndthir 'mother'.

moss me. OE. mos 'a swamp, mother^ 'dregs, lees' from
a plant': Teut. base mosa- '^'mudder ^
ODU. modder. 'mud, =
DU. mos 'moss, plant', ohg. mos dregs', DU. mocr 'dregs, lees',
 . .

motley — muff 143

LG. G. vioder, dan. sw. mudder 'mouse' with the \^ f/ius mm

'mud, mould'. Cogn. \v. mud. musdy 'take away, rob'; also
motley adj. me. motle bor- GR. ^ivq, LAT. nitlS, OSLOV. 7}iysi.
rowed fr. OFR. Jiiattcld 'clotted, mouth me. jnouth oe. 7tttid =
curdled'. OSAX. 77iud, DU. 77l0nd, OHG. 7/timd
mould' sb. 'fine soft earth' G. 7>tund, ON. 77iu7i7ir 7/mdi-, GOTH.

ME. OE. mglde ground, land, 77iiinps 'mouth'. The teut.

=
!

earth, country' ohg. violta, \

77mnpa-z 'mouth' is based on
ON. mold 'mould', goth. mulda pre-TEUT. 77i37ito-s and connected
'dust': \f ffial (cp. meat) with with LAT. 77ieiitii77i 'chiu'.

formative d as in old, cold. move vb. me. 7iigvc with the

mould^ sb. ME. mglde adopted by-form moeve fr. OFR. 7/wvoir
fr. OFR. molle (fr. ?fumle) 'a 77ievoir fr. 7nouvoir = lat.
mould': source lat. moduhis 77iovere.

dimin. of f/iodus 'measure'. mow sb. ME. 77iowe 7/iouwe oe.

moult vb. ME. ?nouie OE. l>i-
7/niga 7>iu'wa = on. 77iugi 'heap';
miltian: borrowed fr. LAT. miitare cp. OHG. 7/w-werf 'mole' orig.
'change', whence also DU. muiteti, 'maker of mole-heaps'.
OHG. G. 7nausern 'change
7nii"J"i
mow vb. JME. 77i(hve oe. 7/idwa7t
the feathers or skin, moult'. ;= DU. ohg.
str. vb. 77taaijen ,

mount vb. adapted fr. fr.

77iae7i mhg. 77iceje7i g. 77idhen. A
mohkr 'mount'.
common avest-teut. sf7iie. 'mow'
mount sh.UE. 7nouiit: loanword
appears in oe. 77i(i'p (e. 77iath in
from FR. fno?it. Ident. with OE.
aftei--, laltiT-'), ohg. 7/uid G. 7/iahd
?niint from lat. jnontem (mons).
'mowing, swath', and in GR.
The MF. on ;=; u is not the OE.
a-ii>]TOQ 'harvest' a-ud(o I —
it, but substitution for the FR.
mow' and in lat. 77ietc7'e 'reap
nasal vowel. —
mountain me. much me. 77wche 77iiiche for
mountaine fr. OFR. montaitie =
earlier 7/iuchel OE. 7/iyc'el fr. a
FR. fftontag/ie (lat. type mon-
Teut. base 77iukila- {77ukila-)\
tanccj)
cogn. w. GR. 1.11-ydXrj and usyac,
mourn vb. me. mounic oe. SKR. 77idha7i 'great'. Cp. 77iickle.
miirnan str. vb. =
osax. morfiian,
muck me. 77iuck borrowed fr.
OHG. mornen, ON. morna, GOTH.
mmirnan ARYAN \^ mer in gr. a
:
SCAND. *77iuk- ON. 7/iyki =
77iykr 'dung'.
tdoinva sorrow' and 'Lh.T.7nemor.
mouse me. mous (plur. mis) mud ME. 7/lud OLG. 77iudde =
OE. 7m'i.s (plur. fiiyi) = DU. micis, 'mud'.
OHG. iniis G. }naus, ON. f/iiis. The muff vb. DU. 77iof LG. G. s\y.
base mih- occurs in almost all 77iiiff\ DAN. 77iuffe a new teut.
ARYAN languages. Cp. skr. 7fius word derived fr. FR. mouflc
144 imilbenv

'mitten', med.-lat. viuffula (q*^ murky me. 77ii7'ke 77urk bor-

cent.). Cogn. w. fiiuffle vb. rowed fr. ON. 77iyrkr and ident.
'cover up warmly' fr. ofr. nioujie w. oe. 7nirce 7/iy7'ce. OE. 77iy7-ce,

'mitten'. OSAX. t7iii'ki and on. 7/iyrkr

mulberry :me. oe. milrberie oe. 'dark' represent a Teut. base
mor-berie ^= DU. moer- moerbes 77iirkwi-.
besie ohg. 7>wrberi morlnri G.
, murmur vb. me. 77iw-77iure
maulbeere', the / of the first part adopted fr. FR. {^= 771117- 77iU7- £7'

of the compound for r is the SPAN. 77tur77turar, it. 77i07-77iorare,

effect of dissimilation mdr is ; OHG. mur77iuron G. 77iU7-7/iel7i) :

LAT. ffiorum 'a mulberry'. The source lat. 77iU7-77iU7'are.

second part is an explanatory muscle adopted fr. fr. 77iitscle:

addition. source lat. 7nusculus 'a muscle,

mule ME. mille borrowed fr. a little mouse', dimin. of 77ius
FR. mule; source LAT. mu/us 'a mouse' (gr. f^Lvq) 'a mouse,
'a
mule', whence also it. 7/mlo, o. a muscle'. From the same source
maulcsel (ohg. mul^ OIR. oe. also DU. G. 77iuskel 'a muscle'.
71111 f). must sb. me. OE. 77iust 'new
murder sb. me. f/iorther oe. wine' (= DU. G. 77iost, on. 77ius{)
7)iordor = GOTH. 77iaurpr\ from adopted fr. lat. musttmi 'new
\^t/ir 77idr 'die' and suffix -pra\ whence also ofr. 7/iousl,
wine',
Cp. oe.
77l07'd =
ON. 77lOrd, OSAX. FR. 77wfd, IT. 7/iosto. See 77171s ty,
TTlOrth,DU. 7>l007-d, OHG. G. 77iord 77ioist etc.
'premeditated murder'. teut. must vb. ME. OE. 77ioste pret.
77iorpa- 'murder' is based on of OE. 7)ipta7l OSAX. 7716 ta 71, =
pre-TEUT. 7/irto-7n 'death': \f7710r DU. 77wete7i, OHG. niuo'7^a7i g.
widely diffused through all the 77iilssen, GOTH. TnotuTi.
Aryan languages signified 'die'. mustard me. 77iustard 77tostard
Cp. the SKR. y^77ir 'die' {7/irtd-77i (= DU. 7noste7-d 7710s taard, G.
'death' — mrtas 'dead' — 77idita-s 77iostc7-t {77iost7-icK) \ borrowed fr.

'mortal') 77irtyus 'death'; LAT. OFR. 77lOUSta7'd ^= FR. 77iouta7-d.

77i07-i 'die' — 77107- tuns' d&did' — 77iors Source OFR. W^WJ^ LAT. 7/lUStllS =
'death'; OSLOV.^wr// 'die' — 7/ioru- 'new wine'.
su-7/iriiti 'death' — 77irutvu (lat. mutfe ME. 7/iuei fr. fr. //met.
77ioriiius) 'dead ; lith. 77iirti 'die' Source lat. //mtus 'dumb'.
— 77n7'tls 'death' ; GR. (j(jorng (for mutton ME. /«^/'6'««w«^'^z^/^ adopt-
* uQ0T6g)'morial' — «'»/!^^orot,' "im- ed fr. OFR. 77ioton (fr. 77l0Ut0/l).
mortal'; OIR. 77iarb 'dead'. — muzzle ME. TTiosel borrowed fr.
murder vb. me. 77iurthre 7nh'th7e OFR. 7/insel = FR. 77iuseau 'muzzle';
OE. 77tyrdrian = OHG. 77iurdi)-en, perh. orig. identical w. 7/iof-cel

GOTH. 77iaurp7-ja7i 'murder, kill'. = E. 77107-Sel.

 iiiusliroon nap 145

mushroom late me. mus/ieroun sw. DAN. monster. Hence the vb. —
fr. the equiv. ofr. f/umssero/i. muster vb. 'exViibit, review' etc.
muster sb. 'a show; review, ME. must(e)re <. ofr. mojistrer
array; pattern' etc. short for (fr. montrer span, mostrar, =
ME. f/iotistre from OB'R. tnonstre IT. mostrare) from lat. monstrare;
(fr. r/iontre= it. f/tostiii): source cp. DU. monsteren, :mlg. fnnnsteren,
LAT. vions/rare, whence also DU. G. musterft, sw. monstra , dan.
monster, mlg. tnunster, G. niush'7-, monstre.

N
nag ME. nagge 'horse'; cp. odu. without consonantal suffix are
negge a small horse'. formed osLOV. nagii, lith. jiu gas

nail ME. nail oe. ineiel := osAX. naked'. Allied also lat. niidus
OHG. nagal DU. G nagel, on. for *nozidus * nog via us. - - aryan
/zfl'^/'tinger-nail — /z^^^/? 'wooden, \^nog}
iron nail'; goth. *nagls inferred name si), me. name OE. ndma.
from the vb. uagljan 'nail', teut. noma
osAX. OHG. namo, DU. =
nagla- arose from aryan ?toghlo- naam, g. name, on. nafn (for
or nokhld-\ cp. SKR. nakhd 'nail *namn), goth. namd\ synon. witli
of a finger or toe, claw of a SKR. ndma, gr. o-voua, lat.
bird', GR. ovvx- (nom. oVyi) 'nail nomen and perh. also ident. with
of a finger or toe, claw, hoof, OSLOV. im( fr. *m-men ^'^n-men,
hook', LAi\ unguis 'claw, talon', PRUSS. emmans, OIR. ainm. The
oiR. ingen (cymr. ewifi) from ARYAN base was nd-?nen-, which
jnghwind, OSLOV. nogiiti 'nail, perh. was orig. *gno-7>ten- fr. the
claw" (fr. OSLOV. noga 'foot'); ARYAN \'"^//^ in know. Then
LITH. ndgas 'finger-nail' —
nagd. nafne prop, meant 'name by
horse's hoof, akyan \'^ nokh which a thing is known'.
nogh. nap sb. from the vb. me. '

naked adj. mk. naked oe. nacod nappe OY.. hnceppian hnappian 'doze';
= DU. naakt, OHG. nackut nahhut cp. OHG. hnaffezen mhg. nafzen
G. nackt, ON. nokkziidr GOTH. vb. 'slumber'.
,
Perh. cogn. w.
naqaps: Teut. base naqo-da- OY.hnipian, o^.hnipna vb. 'droop'.
naqa-da- from a pre-TEur. fiogoto- nap'- sb. earlier nop :me. noppt
from nap', OE. hnoppa ('villus') 'nap
nogeto-; cp. oir. «^^^/'naked'
a base nokto- and SKR. nagnd of cloth' DU. nop, MLG. DAN. =
•naked' with suffix na for ta\ noppe, osw. nop 'nap of cloth or

English Etymology.
 146 nape neck

wool'; cogn. w. NORAVEG. niippa, nave'^ sb. 'the hub of a wheel'

[

GOTH, dishniiipan nave oe. ndfu =r du. naaf

"to break'. :mk.

nape me. udpe 'knob'; pcrh. aaf nave OHG. na/>a G. nahe,
i
,

with inner labial for guttural and ON. no/, GOTH, "^naba: an old
j

cogn. w. neck. ARYAN word (l)ase nobhcf); cp.

napkin me. SKR. nabhi f. and nabhya n. 'the
napekiu adopted fr.

PR. nappe table-cloth' with diuiin.

nave (of a wheel); cogn. w.
suffix -kin. Source a vulg. lat. navel. See auger.
'•'nappa ^
LAT. mappa 'a cloth'. navel sb. me. ndvel(e) oe. >!a-
See map. fela ^=- DU. navel, ohg. nabulo
nard :\ie. /lard borrowed fr. G. nabel, ON. nafii; goth. *nabala :

FR. /lard (= SPAN. IT. nard(i) a commonARYANword with a base

= LAT. nardiis, whence also G. nobhalo-: onbhalo-; cp. the synon.
narde. GR. djiUfaXog, lat. umbi/iais (tor
narrow "unbHieus '"nobilicus), skr. nabhila,
narowe narive
adj. me.
OE. nearu =
CSAX. nam, du. OIR. i?nbliu 'navel'.
very
These words
Jiaa)-) from a teut. adj. nanua-
are old /-derivatives of
(used as fern. sb. in ohg. nanva ARYAN nobha on bha 'nave, navel';
G. narbe 'scar'). Cp. ltth. ncr-ti
cp. LETT, naba 'navel', lat. umbo

vb. 'thread' (a needle) narvit — 'boss of a shield'. Cp. nave.

cell of the queen-bee". navy me. ndvie ndvr. borrowed
narwhal (== g. narwat) adopt- fr. OFR. navee orig. 'a single
ed fr. DAN. sw. narJwal on. = ship' (fr. LAT. navis ship').

nd-hvalr 'sea-unicorn'. The se- nay aie. nai; loanword fr. on.
cond element see under ^oliale] DAN. nei 'no, not', which answers
the first part is obscure. to genuine no (cp. aye).

nasty corruption of an
adj. neap-tide me. ncp-sesoun
sb.
earlier perh. borrowed
nasky. OE. ntp-Jfod a teut. adj.
'ebb';
fr. sw. dial, naskug 'nasty, dirty'. jtepa- is not found elsewhere.
naught ME. naught OE. ?idht near adj. nigh' now used as
earlier ndwiht =
OSAX. niowi/it a positive, but prop, a compa-
OHG. niozi'iht G. nic/it, du. niei, rative adverb me. n& {net-) oe.
GOTH, ni waihts 'no thing'; cp. ncar{nvr) contr. oi^neahor (*ne'a-
whit. osAX. OHG. nahor adv.,
hir) =
nave' sb. the l)ody of the DU. naar adv. Cp. nigh.
church' borrowed fr. OFR. nave neat adj. borrowed fr. fr. net
FR. nef (= SPAN. IT. nave^ 'a (source lat. nitidits 'shining,
ship' — 'the body of the church': clear).
MED. -LAT. navis 'the nave of neck ME. nekke oe. hnccca =
a church' =
lat. navis 'ship'. DU. nek; cp. OHG. nac hnac (ck)
 need — nest 147

c. nacken, on. hnakki: Teut. base origin like on. gneggja and ohg.
'"huakkan- for ON. hnakki and Inocion. \-h. 'neigh'.
'^/ui'ekkan- for OE. hnccca. oiR. neighbor me. neighebour oe.
ciiocc, OBRET. cnoch 'hiir (stem m^hhebur prop, n^ah-j^ebiir^o'&xy;..
rnocco-') may be cognate, perhaps ndbur (for ndh-gibur^, Ttxs.nabuur,
also nape. OHG. ndh-gibiir G. nachbar: a com-
need sb. me. niul {nai) oe. /led mon West-Teut. compound of
}iyd i^/icad) fr. a Teut. base iiaiuii nigh and bower, pointing to
= OSAX. nod, DU. nood, ohg. GOTH, ''nelnva-gabtir.
//fV G. ^^Z, ON. nandr, goth. neither see either; .me. nonther
naiips: pre-TEUT. naiiti- has been OE. ndiader earlier form /la-
connected with pruss. nauti- hwirder.
'fhstress'; pre-TEUT. \'^ nan. nephew jme. nezn'w borrowed
from FR. neveu; supplanting the
needle ime. nedle oe. nedl ricedl
(oldest form ncedl) — osax. nadla,
genuine me. neve oe. ncfa 'grand-
son, nephew' = on. neji 'relative',
i)U. naald, OHG. nadala G. nadel,
DU. :'/(?^ 'grandson, nephew, cou-
ON. ?/^//, GOTH, nepla: a common
sin', OHG. n'evo G. neffe 'sister's (or
Teut. word for 'needle' formed
brother's) son': Teut. base n'efan-
with the suffix -plo-, Aryan -ila- fr.
\" ne seen in ohg. najan G. ndhen from a pre-Teut. base m'poi- ap-
pearing in SKR. ndpdt (stem
'sew', TEUT. v^;/6' is usually con-
ndpfr) 'descendant, son, grand-
nected with the ARYAN \,^.y//6' in
LAT. nere, gr. I'f-'w 'I spin' I'T^/m —
son', GR. avsit-'iog 'a first cousin,
—
'thread' — I'fjrgov 'spindle'; oiR.
kinsman' venodeg 'offspring',
LAT. nepos (the source of fr.
i-«/w 'spinning' and jr//(^///?t' 'thread'
— sndthat needle'.
neveu, whence E. nepheu') 'a
grandson, also a nephew', oir.
neeze vb. cp. me. nesinge 'snee-
nia 'a sister's son'.
and ON. hnjosa, ohg. hnio-
zing'
san G. niesen, du. niezen
nest
vb.
nest me. oe.
ohg. g. =
teut. n'esta- = pre-Teut.
DU. nest:
'sneeze': i'i-V\\\f hneus, cogn. w.
form nizdo- confirmed by skr.
the TEUT. \^y>/f ?/.f in oe. fneosan
nida-s 'lair of animals' also
ME. fni'se and du. fniezen 'to
'dwelling', armen. nist 'seat',
sneeze' and \'^ sneus in sneeze.
OIR. net 'nest',lat. nidus 'nest'
neif neaf me. //(W 'fist' bor- for *nizdos. The .vrvan ni-zdo- is
rowed from ON. hnefi 'fist' (sw. prop, a compound of the Aryan
ndfve, DAN. nceve). \^sed "sit, seat oneself, and
neigh vb. jie. /;<V<' oe. hndyin the verbal particle ni jireserved
'neigh' = nu. nckn vb. and in SKR. (see nether) nizdo-;

mlg. neiinge sb. 'neighing', MHG. from ni-sedd- means lit. 'settle-
neigen vb. 'neigli': of imitative ment'; cp. .SKR. ni-sad 'sit down,
10*
 148 nisht

settle'. — nestle vb. me. .nest(e)le

[
newt with secondary // from
OE. nistlian (:= du. ncstelcn, g. I me. cute evete OE. efete\ not found
nistebi): a frequent, form, lit. in the other Teut. languages.
'frequent a nest'. Tent, base abiton-'i
net ME. OE. net (U) fr. a Teut. next adj. me. tiext oe. niehst
?iatja- = OS AX. 7tet {/iftii), du. nchst =z osAX. OHG. ndhist o.
ON. 7iet, OHG. nezzi g. neiz, goth. ndcJist: superl. of oe. 7iiah := e.
nati; allied to ON. ndi 'a large nigh. See also near.
net'and lat. nassa 'net'. nice ME. Wj-t' 'foolish' fr. ufr.
nether adj. me. nethere oe. ni(e 'slothful, idle, dull'; source
fieodera; cogn. w. osAX. nith'tri, lat. nescius 'ignorant'. '

DU. ncder, ohg. nidiri g. nieder niche borrowed fr. kr. wr/?^
and oe. ///i^/cv- =
osAX. nithar, =1 IT. nicchia 'a recess in the
DU. «(?^/i?r, OHG. 7iidar G. nkder, wall'.
ON. w^r, GOTH. '''ni/>ar: deriv. nickname short for earlier
from the Aryan verbal particle nekendme me. eke-ndme prop, 'ad-
ni 'downward' mentioned under ditional name'; cp. on. aii^na/n,
nest and the comparat. suffix DAN. ognavn 'nickname'. For oe.
LAT. -ter, GR. -rfc(jOv,\ skr. -tarcj. icanycean 'to add' cp. eke. The
nettle -ME. /leitle OE. nete/e =
initial // of fiickname is secon-
DU. MLG. nete/, ohg. ne—^Ua G. dary as in newt.
nesscl; with dimin. suffix -/7(5/^- niece me. ne^e fr. fr. niece:
from a more original form seen source med.-lat. neptia 'a niece'
=
j

in OHG. na-^yi 'nettle', goth. *nata lat. neptis a' grand-daughter,

and possibly connected niece'.
''^natilo;

with net and with the redupli- niggard sb. me. nigard with
cated OIR. nenaid (base nenat-) the by-form ME. nigoun 'niggard';
^

nettle'; cp. lith. notere 'nettle' the formation of the ^le. words
never adv. me. never oe. ncpfre points to Fr. influence.
from ne 'not' and dfre ^= ever. nigh adj. adv. and prep. me.
new adj. me. newe oe. ni'owe neigh OE. neh earlier ncah =
{/liwe) = OSAX. OHG. niinai, du. OSAX. ndh, OHG. ndh G. nahe, on.
nieiiw, G. neu, on. nyr, goth. niujis. nd-r, GOTH. >ieh7Lis 'nigh, near':
The common teut. niuja- from Teut. base nehica- pre-TEUT. =
pre-TEUT. nhiyo- answers to skr. 7ieko- tieqe-. Cp. near, next
ndvyas 7iaviyas (and ndvas), lith. and neighbour.
nanjas navas (oslov. //c;?'/^, lat. night ME. 7iiglit {natight) oe.
noviis, OR. j'f'oc); prob. connected 7iiht {/leaht') = osax. ohg. 7iaht,
with the ARYAN particle /nt 'now', I du. g. goth.
/lacJit, on. ndtt 7idtt,

so that that which is new' means I 7iahts teut. 77aht- from pre-
:

now, recent'. Cp. no7ei. |

teut. 7/okt-: cp. lat. 770X (stem
 nightingale — nose 149

nodi-'), GK. vvS. (i/i'XT-), skr. ??«' cp. (^77) from ?ie not' and
ndkta — tiaktaii — ndktt, a 'aye, ever'.
LlTH.
naktis, osL.ov. nosti. See fort- noble me. iwbk fr. fr. //c/'./^ =
night, sennight. L.\T. nobilis.

nightingale me. nightcngdle oe. nod vb. ME. nodde; cogn. w.

nihte-gale =
OSAX. ohg. nahti-gala, OHG. hnutten 'vibrate' mhg. notten
ou. nachtegaal, G. nachtigall 'a and ON. hnjoda vb. ham-
'stake'

nightingale': from oe. ////// (gen. mer TEUT. \~ hnud.

:

7iihte) = night and 'lEur. go Ian noddle 'head' me. nodle.

str. vb. 'sing'. Cp. stanycl. noise sb. me. 7ioisc borrowed
nightmare me. nighlcmdre; oe. fr. FR. ;;wV^ 'quarrel' ; source la'I'.

OHG. ON. mara 'a night-mare' nausea 'nausea'.

(du. nach'-jnefrie 'nightmare'). noisome adj. of me. noy nuy
'annoyance, hurt' earlier me. aniii
nightshade oe. niht-sceadu from
fr. FR. ennui (ofr. aniii) cp.
OE. niht =1 E. night and oe.
;

an n oy.
scciidu -=. E. shade.
none me. non oe. Jidn from ne
nimble
to catch'
adj. me. niviel
from oe.
lit.

ninian
'ready
vb.
'not' and an = one.
nook ME. mik 'cornei-'.
'take, seize'; for tlie suffix cp.
noon ME. OE. np7i ^= osax. ohg.
brittle.
no/ia, DU. noen, G. none, ON. non.
nine :\ie. nine oe. nigonc without
Source LAT. nona (sc. hora) lit.
inflexion nigon neogon =
oSAX. 'the ninth' (hour) with an ex-
nigun, nu.negen; cp. goth. ohg. tension of meaning 'midday,
niun G. nenn, on. ni/i 'nine' the twelve o'clock'. :

forms with g- are based on teut. nor ME. nor short for nother
'''negun for ""tiewiin, whilst GOTH, 'neither', oe. ndwder contr. of
and OHG. niun are based on^n&ian. ndhivccder 'neither' from oe. nd ==
The numeral is common to all no cind oe. hwceder whether. =
Aryan languages in the form north ME. north(e) oe. ?ior^ =
new3n tiewn; cp.SKR. mhum, L.vr. DU. noord, OHG. G. nord, ON. nordr,
ncn>evi, gr. fvrsn, OIR. noi. sw. DAN. nord; it. span, norte,
nit ME. nite OE. hnitf^ = du. FR. nord are of Teut. origin.
neet, mlg. nete nit, ohg. fii- G. northern me. northerne oe. nor-
;«V.f. ;r. ; ojVc (plur. ,om)6c) derne prehistoric *norpriini fr. a
"egg of lice, bee-bugs and TEUT. type norproni ^= owG. nor-
fleas"
may be allied ,druoni, on. norrd'nn 'northern'.
if y.(n)vid is

common to both languages. Cp. nose ME. nose oe. nosu (ndsn)
also SLAV, gnida and ai.han. deni 'the nose' cp. DU. nens, ohg. ;

from *kenida. fiasa G. nase, oyi.nps: TEUr. ""naso-

no adv. me. no oe. //(/ (= ox. noso- 'nose' = Aryan nas-; cp.
 .

I50 not — nut

SKR. fldsa /MS, OSLOV. UOSi^i, LITH. a verbal noun fonned fr. the
nosis, LAT, /lihiis ndrcs. — nostril pres. part, of fr. nuire = lat.
ME. noscthirl oe. iws-l^yrcl {iias- nocere hurt, injure'.
pyrf) lit. 'a nose-oriticc' from numb adj. me. nonie nonien prop,
OF., aosu /iasu^= nose and of., pyre I part, of ME. nime OE. niman =
'a perforation, orifice'. 'take, overpower, deprive of sen-
not ^!E. not short for nought sation'; cp. ON. nuniinn 'bereft'
OE. nauht niuciht ^= osax. ohg. (of life, of speech).
niowiht, uu. niet, G. ///V//A From number adopted fr. vw.notnhre:
OE. //(• 'not' and ok. dwilit -==
source lat. numerus 'a number'.
aught.
notch also nock me. nokkc =
— numerous adj. adopted fr.

FR. numcreux (for the usual noni-

ODU. nock 'a notch in the head
hreux) fr. lat. numerosus adj.
of an arrow', O'^w.nocka 'a notch':
'numerous
source OFR. hoche 'notch ?
nun ME. non/ie oe. niin/ie =- du.
note ME. fipte adopted fr. vk.
7107J, OHG. nunna G. no?ine. *In the
note: .source i.at./!ota 'a mark,

sign, note'. — notice borrowed

8'^ cent, adopted fr. lat. nonna
fr. FR. notice 'notice' = lat. notitia
(orig.
nonne,
meaning 'mother') cp. fr.
it. nonna 'a nun'.
;

'knowledge, acquaintance'.
noun sb. borrowed fr. ofr. non nurse sb. contr. of ^me. uorife

= FR. noni 'a name source niiri(e: loanword fr. Ofr. nurrice

LAT. nonien name

:

= FR. nourrice. Source lat.

'a

nourish vb. me. nurisshc vb.

.

nutnc-eni'a nurse'. — nurture sb.

adopted fr. ofr. noriss- the stem me. nortiire adopted fr. ofr. no-

of certain forms of ofr. norrir riture {= ¥V.,nourriture) source :

= FR. nourrir 'nourish': source lat. 7iutritura 'nourishment. See

LAT. nutrire 'feed'. Cp. nurse. nouj'ish.
now ME. noici oe. nu osax. =
nut ME. note nute OE. hnutu =
nti, DU. ;///, OHG. //// G. nu(n), on. uu. /und., OHG. nuz, g. nuss, on.
////, GOTH. nfr. a common aryan ///A'/ 'nut'. I'lie Teut. base ///;///-
adv.; cp. skr. ful n.un.-a?n 'now', points to v^ knud (seen in OIR.
GR. vv vvv, LAT. nuuc (with the c end 'nut'?). nutmeg me. note- —
oihi-c^, OSLV. nyne 'now llth. nu. niuge nutmegge from me. Jiut
,
=
Cp. ne7C'. nut and me. miige borrowed fr.

nude adj. fr. fr. nude = lat. OFR. niiige 'musk' = lat. muscus
nitdus 'naked'. 'musk ? C]). OFR. muguette fr.
nuisance sb. me. no/sau/ife bor- /nuguet 'a nutmeg' == ital. noce
rowed fr. fr. nuisance 'a hurt nwscada. :
 . .

oaf — on 151

o
oaf ident. with elf\ perh. OE. odd numbei'' (^standask i odd<r
celf or rather borrowed fr. on. be at odds, quarrel').
alfr 'elf. of ME. OE. 0/ GOTH. ON. DU. =
oak ME. ok OE. dc fr. a Tent, af, OHG. aba G. ab: aryan apo in
base aik- = on. elk, du. <?//&, GR. ano, SK.R. dpa 'away. — off
OHG. cih G.with the
m-//^: all orig. ident. w. of.
same meaning 'oak'; perh. cogn. offend vb. ME. ojfeude fr. fr.
w. OR. uiyavirj 'spear' — AiyiQ. oftendre = lat. of/endere.
oakum me. okii7nb oe. d-ciimba offer vb. ME. offre oe. offrian
'tow'; cp. OHG. tr-kaf/i/>i \o\\: wk. vb. 'offer': loanword fr. lat.
])rop. 'that which is combed offer re 'offer'; cp. du. offer sb.
out'. For OE. C0//1/' cp. comb. offering' and osax. offron vb.
oar ME. ore oe. dr (infl.are) offer'.

IV. a Tcut. base ciiro- ^= ox. dr office ME. office fr. i-r. offfce =
(DAN. aare, sw. dra^. If teut. eat. offfcium 'dut}'.
eiiro- is an aryan eryd-, \~ er in often earlier oft me. ofte oe. oft
GR. ^()8T>]Q 'oarsman' — spsr/nog = ON. 0/>t, GOTH, ufta, OHG. tf_/A>
'oar' might be cognate, cp. ro7C'. G. oft 'frecjueiitly'. The adv.
points to a Teut. adj. of-ta-,
oast ME. ost OE. ^-sY 'kiln, dry-
= du. which is peril, part, of an aryan
inghoiise' eesf: teut.
cogn. w. LAT. aes/us 'glowing heat';
a/sf/i-
X^//;/ = SKR. uc 'to be wont'.
oil ME. o/7e [olie) fr. ofr. oi/e
ARYAN V" 'burn' in GK.aiiior
'heat'.
r7/V//^
= KK. //w'/t' 'oil' (eat. oleutii).
ointment me. oinemcut fr. ofr.
oath ME.
a/'/s, ON. r/V/r,
d^A OE. GOTH.
DU. <'^</, OHC. G.
d/> ==
oig'^ement: deriv. of fr. oitidre =
lat. tmgere vb. 'anoint
ei(/ 'oath': teut. ai/a- fr. a pre-
old ME. old OE. did (Jald) Teut. :

TEUT. t^Z/d;- in OIR. oe//i 'oath'; perh.

base alda- r= osax. aid, ohg. g.
\^(?/ in OHG. tw« 'law'.
a//, ON. aldr, du. tiz^c/ 'old'; cogn.
oats ME. d/es plur. of rZ/t' oe.
w. GOTH. <7^m 'old' and usalpan
'grow old'. A primitive teut.
oblige vb. me. ob/il^e =
fr. and ARYAN \'~al' grow' cp. in goth
ob/^i^'-er, LA'i'. obligare.
alafi =1 LAT. alere 'nourish
obtain fr. kr. obtenir. on ME. OE. on ^= GOTH. a//>r
odd .MK. ^^(AA' 'distinguished, 'on', G. a/i OHG. ana, DU. aa//,
special': loanword fr. on. oddi 'a ON. a (for *afi): cogn. w. GR.
triangle', which also means 'an «')'(/, SKR. (Tf/a.
152 once — otter

once ME. ones late Oe. dues(com- ^r/(?); GOTH, aurtja 'gardener' and
monly cknes) ; genitive of OHG. orzon 'cultivate' point also to
orig.
OE. an = one; cp. G. einst OHG. LAT. hortiis. The r// of the E. word
eines. — one ME. on oe. an fr. is owing to a fusion of / + 5
a Teut. base aina-z = goth. ains, (oe. ort -\- yard'), oe. j^eard
ON. einn, du. een, G. ein. aryan 'garden' (cp. yard and gardeii)
oino-s may be inferred fr. lat. unus is added in explanation of lat.
(for oinos), iR. den, cymr. z/i//, or. hortus (= TEUT. ort).
Of roc', cogn. w. skr. e-ka 'one'. ordain vb. me. ordainc fr. ofr.
onion me. onionn fr. oignon ordener
fr. lat. o r dinar e. = — ordre
whence also flam, anjocn- du. ME. ordrc fr. fr. ordrc = lat.
ajuin fr. o'DV.onJiiun: source lat. ordinem (nom. or do).
nnidincni) , whence also o^. ynne ordure (Shakesp.) 'excrement
'onion' fr. west-teut. *nnnjdn- = ME. ordure fr. fr. ordure.
TEUT. unjon-. ore ME. or oe. dr 'brass' =^ goth.
only ME. pnli earlier gnlic oe. ais 'brass' {iiiza-stnipa 'copper-
dnlic 'unique'. From^c?;/^. smitli ), ON. eir, ohg. er 'brass';
ooze me. wose wgs (infl. cogn. w. lat. aes 'ore, bronze','
oe.
tvose) 'juice'; perh. fr. a Teut. SKR. ay as 'iron.
base wansa- in on. zw 'wetness'; origin me. originc fr. fr. originc.
cp. MLG. wbse 'juice'. orison 'prayer' me. oreisoun fr.
or conj. ME. or shortened fr. FR. oraison 'prayer': source lat.
an earlier odr, which supplants oratio-neni.
OE. odde or' under the influence orts ME. ortes plur. of a sing.
of OE. dwdcr dhwceder =^ me. *ort OE. ^oret for '"or-dt; cp. lg.
anther outlier 'either' ('one of two') ort 'what is left by the cattle
or adv. 'ere'ME. or late OE. (j'are) in eating' and goth. uzcta 'crib :

dr; commonly OE. dr me. Ir 'ere'. prefix or 'out' and v^'''' "^ ^''^
See ere. ostrich ME. ostrichc fr. ofr.
orange me. oreiige fr. ofr. orenge OS true he r:= fr. autruche; source
= FR. 0/ange. LAT. avis struthio 'ostrich', whence
open ME. p/^en oe. o/>en fr. a OE. stryta , ohg. strui, (g. vogel
Teut. base opana- = ohg. offan Strauss) and also it. struzzo.
G. offen, osax. opan, DU. open, Other ME. other oe. gder fr. a
oa.opinn. The form Teut. base anpera-^= goth. anpar,
adj. has the
of a participle and points to a ohg. g. du. a?ider, on. annarr \

lost verbal root (eupl wepT). cogn. w. LITH. antras, SK.K. antara
orchard me. orchard oe. orcerd and anya 'other'.
older ort-jpard (^=: goth. aurti- otter ME. oter oe. otor du. =
gards 'garden ) adoption of lat. g. otter OHG. ottar, on. otr base
: :

horttis (for the mute h cp. it. TEUT. \fotra- ARYAN ?/;i^/;-<y- cogn. ^
 ouch pack 153

w. water; otter prop, water An ARYAN type uqno- is found in

'the
animal'. water- gr. tnvdg 'oven'.
Cp. gr. vi>Qa 'a
snake and closely allied to the over ME. p'z'er OE. o/er ^=. goth.
Teut. group OSLOV. vydra, lith. u/ar, OHG. i^har, on. o/r, DU.
tidra 'otter'. oz>er', cp. G. iil^er ohg. ul>iri.
ouch ME. ^z/r//d' commonly nouche Outside of the Teut. languages,
'necklace, collar' fr. ofr. nouche GR. vnep and skr. updri 'above'
prop, nosche (= OHG. nnsca). are cognate.
ought :^ aught. owe vb. ME. owe oe. dgan
ounce ME. oun(e fr. fr. once\ possess' GOTH, aigan, OHG. =
source lat. imcia whence also eigan 'possess'
, aryan \^ aik in :

inc h. SKR. i( possess'. ought me. —

our ME. otire oe. j'lre for *usre gughte OE. dhte is the pret. tense of
= GOTH, uinara: from the Teut. oe. dgan and own me. gwen oe.
pron. uns\ cp. ns. dgen is part. ^ ohg. eigan G.
ousel ME. gsel oe. psle iox'^otnsle eigen, OS ax. egan. The vb. ow^n
TEUT. amsla r= ohg. amsala G. me. dune oe. dgnian 'possess' is
ninsel 'ousel'. a deriv. of the adj. otvn.
out ME. oicte OE. lite earlier lit gsnX me. oule OE. ule fr. a Teut.
= GOTH. ///, OX. ///, OHG. //^ G. base cp OHG. t7wila G.
?/7C'7f'^/(?/z-;

aus, uu. uit. Cp. SKR. //(/ 'up, out'. cull'-., ON. sw. ugla points to a
outlaw ME. outlawe late oe. GOTH. *ugg7C'alon-. The word is
lit lag a fr. ON. litlagi; cp. lat. sound-imitation.
ex /ex and see law. ox OE. <?Xrt; ox
GOTH. ME. =
outrage me. outrage OHG. ^^jv g. ochse, on. (?a.7
fr. fr. ou- aiihsa,
trage (= source a i.at. type ?/x/, DU. OS 'ox' Teut. base ohsan-, :

ultra-ticuni). ARYAN ukson- in SKR. uksan 'ox',

oven ME. fh'en oe. ofen ^= ohg. CYMR. ^ir/;.
oi'an G. ofen, uu. oven, ON. ofn oyster me. oistre fr. ofr. oistre
and GOTH, aiihns 'oven'; an ori- FR. hiiitre 'oyster': =
source
ginal meaning of the Teut. word LAT. ostrea, whence also oe. gstre,
is preserved in OE. ofiiet 'vessel'. g. auster, du. oester.

pace me. /d'^^ /<i.y borrowed fr. paquet\ source and

hret. /<7^':

FR. pas = LAT. passus 'a step'. history of the group unknown.
pack sb. ME. packe =^ V)\].pak, — package formed by adding
ON. pakki, g. /<7<;/J, it. pacco, fr. the fr. suffix -age = lat. -aticuvi
 154 pact — pall

to the sb. pack. —

packet pair ME. peir fr. fr. paire (=
formed fr. the fr. daviym. paquet. SPAN, pai-, IT. pa7-o pajo) source :

pact adopted fr. fr. pacte =

LAT. /r/r 'alike', whence mhg. /(?/-
h\'V. pactum, whence also vv.patto, G. paar 'pair'. See peer.
DU. G. pacht 'rent-contract'. palace me. paleis palais fr. fr.
paddock ME. the ending- palais, whence also mhg. palas
/(^^(^/(^/l;''/&;

-ock a dimin. suffix as in bul- (rare paleis) G. palast:

is source
lock, hillock. Primit. ME. /rt^/^/^ MED.-LAT. palatium.
'frOg'=SCAND./<?^/^/(?, DU. LG. FRIES. palate fr. the svnon. lat. pa~
padde (g. schildpatf). There exists latu7n (me. palit paldt from ofr.
also LG. pad-hucke 'paddock', the palat).
second element of which is lg. pale adj. yvE. pdle borrowed fr.

huckc paddock'. FR. pale: source lat. pallidus

page sb. ME. pdj:;e fr. ^\<. page 'pale'.
(whence G. page). Source gr. pale sb. ME. pdl{e) 'stake' fr.

7j aid lov 'a little boy'. FR. pale 'stake or pole'. Source
page- sb. (of a book) fr. ofr. lat. pdlus 'a stake'. for the
page. Source lat./4v^''^<^', whence rare OE. pal 'stake see pole.
also OFK.pagene {m&. pdgine pdgcnt palfrey me. pal(e)frei palefrai
page') and ohg. peine (rare) fr. ONFR. palefrei FR. palefroi. =
page'. — pageant orig. 'the Source i.x'Y .paraver edits an extra
movable scaffold on wliich the old post-horse' which is also the
mysteries were acted' me. pdgent source of ouG. pferfrid G. p/erd
— earlier form pdgine 'pageant'. and IT. palafreno, svx^.palafren.
Source med.-lat. pagina "scaffold The Lat. word is a compound of
= LAT. pagina 'a page also 'a GR. nagn and gallo-lat. ver edits
,

plank of wood'. For the excres- 'horse' {rlieda is Gallo-Lat. for

cent / \n pageant cp. parchinent. 'travelling carriage' and ve is a
pail ME. pail OE. pceiel 'bucket' Celt, prefix) hence naga-ver edits ;

=T>\:. pegel peil, \.g. pegel, whence was orig. the horse in reserve'.
G./^^^/'water-gauge' is borrowed. palisade Shakesp. palisado =
pain ME. peine fr. fr. peine: FR. palissade, span, palizada, it.
source lat. poe/ia, whence also palizzata. All equiv. and deriv.
OE. pin =
E. pine. fr. LAT. pdlus 'a stake'. Cp.
painim y\.Y.. painim heathendom' pale and pole.
fr. ofr. paeninie =
lat. paga- pall ME. pal OE. pcell: source
nismus 'heathendom'. LAT. pallium. The adoption
paint vb. me. painte peinte vb. cannot have occurred before
borrowed fr. fr. peint, part, of the literary period of Anglo-
peindre ^='L\i'.pingere 'paint'. See Saxon, as we should expect an
depaint. OE. form ''"pelle *pylle 'wrapper'.
 palm — parchment 155

LAT. piiUa cannot be the source, teler') 'gasp, pant'; cp. ofr.
as it never was the ecclesiastical pantais e. pantas (in falconry) =
terminus technicus, but rather 'a disease of hawks'.
palliufn. pantaloons fr. f^r. pauialon.
palm 'inner part of the liand The FR. word prop, meant
AIE. pau7ne palme: Ijorrowed fr. trowsers worn by the Venetians
OFR. palme. =
paume. Source who were called Pantalonc after
LAT. pir/ma'' the palm of the hand' the patron Saint of Venice, St.
(cogn. w. OE. /(>/»! under feel^. Pantaleone.
palm 2 sb. 'a tree' me. pabn OE. pantry me. pan{e)trie fr. fr.
/ydim: a bible word, lat. palma paneteric (derived fr. lat. panis
'a palm-tree'. 'bread').
paper me. pdper earlier papcr
palsy ME. pal{e)sie oldest form
par Ic sic fr. FR. paralysic: source
fr. fr. papier lat. papyrus =
(cp. also taper), whence also
LAT. paralysis 'palsy', which was
G. uu. papier. In late oe. (ii'''
used in OE. as paralysis.
cent.), a rare paper (cp. ohg.
pan ME. OE. panne ohg. =
pajfur^ 'papyrus is found.
pfanna G. pfanne, on. sw. panna, paradise jme. paradis (parais)
DM. pan: TEVT. panna is regarded
fr. ofr. paradis (parais pareis)
as a transformation oiLKT. patina
fr. paradis it. —
paradiso. ,

(or rather *patna) 'a basin'.

Source lat. paradisus, wlience
pane me. pane 'patch, piece,
also OHG. OSAX. paradis G. para-
pane fr. fk. pan a pane, piece,
dies, D\j. paradijs on. sw. dan. ,

or pannel source lat. pannus paradis. The corresp. oe. term

:

"a cloth, rag, patch'. —

panel w'as neorxnawgng.
pannel me. panil 'a piece of paramour me. paramour 'lover,
cloth' (= uu. paneel^ fr. ofr.
concubine'. Source the fr.
panel YV^. panneaii. Source a eat.
phrase /(?; amour by love' (cp. me.
type panellus fr. pannus. par dc by God' par fay 'b)' —
pannier panier 'bread-
me. my faith' and perhaps^.
basket' fr. ER. panier (= lat. parcel me. parcel prop. par(d
panariuni 'bread-basket', whence fr. fr. parcclle (l.\t. type '^par-
also DU. paander, os.ax. paneri, ticclla derived fr. particula).
OHG. ^/anari). parch vb. prop, the same as
pansy borrowed fr. fk. pensie: pierce fr. y\K.pcrche perce.
derived from fr. penscr 'think' parchment me. parcheinin fr.

(cp. G. vergissmcinnicht as the FR. parchemin (du. perkamcnt fr.

name of a flower). OFR. parcamin) source lat. :

pant vb. \^^'^^ c*^w\. panic pauntc pergamena {charta) parchment'.

fr. OFR. pantoycr (cp. kk. pan- Tiie citv of Fcrvamon in Asia
156 pardon — pastry

JVIinorwas famous for the in- part sb. me. part fr. fr. part
vention of parchment. The ex- {= SPAN. IT. parte) source :

crescent / in 'HY.. parchment is the LAT. pars-partetn. part vb. —

same as in tyrant; cp. pageant. ME. parte vb. fr. fr. partir =--
pardon sb. .me. pardoun from LAT. partiri partire 'divide, -part .

FR. pardon: source lat. per- —

partake vb. me. part take;
donare 'remit a debt', whence cp. G. teil nehvieti. party sb. —
FR. pardonfier. ^\¥,. parti(e) fr. FR. partie, whence
pare vb. me. pare fr. fr. parer also MHG. partie G. partei, du.
= LAT. parare. partij; IT. partita = lat. type
parish me. parisshe earlier partita.
parosche fr. ofr. paroche ^ fr. partridge me. per trie he fr. ofr.
paroisse: source i^m:. para'cia (gr. pertris, whence also du. patrijs
nagoiy.i'a), an ecclesiastical ter- (ouu. pertrise) source i^kT.perdix- :

minus technicus. periiieeni.

paritory see pellitory. parvis me. parvis fr. ¥\<. parvis

park ME. park short for OE. porch of a church'; ident. w.
pearroc; ident. w. du. mlg. perk paradise. The church-porch
'a park', oho. pferrih G. pferch is called in several languages
'an inclosure, sheepfold': source paradise (esp. the portico of
a Celt, base parraka- (parrika-) St. Peter's church, Rome, was
in fr. pare, it. parco. Cogn. w. called paradtsus).
SPAN, parra 'fruitwall, espalier pass vb. ME. passe (pd(e) vb.
for vine' and provenc. parran fr. FR. passer (it. med.-lat.
'small garden'. passare 'step, walk fr. lat. passtis
parlour me. parlour fr. fr. 'step'. —
passage me. passage
parloir 'conversation room (fr. fr, FR. passage. — passenger
parler 'speak). earlier pas sag er me. passagir ;

parrot for earlier (15'' cent.) cp. messenger for the secon-
perrot ^= fr. Perrut Pierrot dary 71.
'little Peter (in fr. also used paste sb. ME. paste fr. ofr.
as a name for a sparrow). paste ^= FR. pate source late ;

parsley me. persli earlier form lat. pasta 'paste'.

persil fr. FR. persil — lat. petroseli- pastern earlier pastroft repre-
num 'parsley' (cf. G. oe. peter silie). sents an unrecorded ME.*past(ii)-
parsnip late me. parsnipe pas- roun fr. the synon. ofr. pasturon
idpc fr. OFR. pasteiiaque = lat. = FR. paturon.
piasiitiaca 'parsnip'. pastime for pass-time, an imi-
parson me. persoun ident. w. tation of the synon. fk. passe-te?nps.
person, med.-lat. persona also pastry sb. me. paste' pie' fr.

meant 'curate, parson'. OFR. paste' (^earlier pastf'th, whence

 , .

patch — peat 157

ODU. pasteide =
DU. pastei) pay vb. ME. paie vb. fr. FR.
:

derived fr. l.KX. pasta t=z paste. payer ([)rop. satisfy, content' ^=
patch ME. pacche; perh. ident. LAT. /(?^<?/v "pacify'), whence also
\v. LG. plakke 'a piece'. DU. paaien 'pa}'

path ME. path oe. pa^p ^= du. pea(plur. peas) fr. me. pcs(e),
lAi.pad, OHG. pfath pfad G. pfad the of which was considered
JT

a way': Tent, base papa-, not to be the plural ending. me.

cogn. w. GR. Tiarog a way pes points to oxfr. pels fr. =
SKK. /(///? 'a way", avest. /a/ pais. Source i.at. pisum 'a pea'^
way'. But cp. OE. pappan 'tread', whence also oe. pisu.
•m.pedden vb. 'tread', ^WiG.p/ftten.
{=
peace me. pes earlier pais
pattern me. patroun borrowed DU. MLG. peis, MLG. pais) fr,
iV. FK. patron 'pattern'.
OFR. pais fr. paLx (lat. pax- =
pause adopted fr. fr. pause pa eem) .

=:: LAT. paiisa.

peach late me. pee/ie fr. fr.
pave vb. ME. pave borrowed pee/ie for pesche
fr. FR. paver 'pave' (lat. pavire
it. pesca, LAT. =
persicum 'a peach'. Fr. the lat.
beat').
word, G. pjirsich, nv.perzik, oe.
paw sb. me. pane poue bor- persoc 'a peach' are borrowed.
rowed fr. OFR. t>oue {== PROV.
peacock ME. pc-cock and pea-
pauta 'a paw') ident. w. du.
;

hen MR. pc-hctine point to oe.

poot, G. pfote: it is uncertain
pea with the by-form pdwa 'pea-
whether the base pauta is orig.
cock source lat. pavo-neviy :
Celt, or Tent.
whence also org. pfawo G.
pawn^ sb. borrowed fr. FR.
nn. pauw, oyi. pd/u^l; cp.
pan 'a pawn, gage, pledge'; pfau,
FR. paon peacock".
perh. ident. w. ofkis. du. pand,
OHG. pfant G. pfand. pear me. pe're oe. peru 'a pear'
pawn'- sb. (at chess) me. paun =
ODU. pere, DU. LG. peer loan- :

poun borrowed fr. ofr. poon word fr. the equival. \.x\:. pirum
paon peon =
fr. pion source (whence also G. hirne^
:
FR. =
IT. pedone prop, 'a footman (lat. poire 'a pear'. Cp. perry.
pedo -neni). Cp. ox. ped-viadr pearl me. pi^r/e fr. fr. per/e =^
pawn at chess. OHG. p'erala G. perle, it. perla:
paxwax late me. pax-ivax source lat. pirula (for pilula 'a
'tendon of the neck'; cp. OHG. litde ball'?).
ivaltowahso, ofris. waldewaxe'n^x- peasant fr. fr. paysan; cp.
vus'and wax for the second ele- pheasant fr. fr. faisan and see
ment of tlie compound. The first parehnient.
part of E. paxwax (dial. e. fax- peat for heat (see purse for
wax is obscure. the change of b to /).
 58 pebble — penny

pebble sb. me. pibhel-stgn and pellitory sb. late ]ME. paritorie
pubic -sign OE. papol-stdn popol-staii fr. FR. paritoire, which goes back
"a pebble-stone'. to a LAT. type *parietaria 'the

peck vb. a var. oi pick. plant of the walls'?

pelt sb. ME. pelt 'a sheep-skin'
peck sb. ME. pekke 'a measure';
(e. peltry == DU. pelterij, mlg.
perh. akin to fr. picotin 'a mea-
peltrie fr. ¥R. pelletrie); ident. w.
sure'.
G. pelz OHG. pelli-y Source a
pedant
sw. pedant)
sb. (:=
borrowed
du. g.
fr.
dan.
fr.
Rom. ty\)& pellicia = fr. pelisse,
IT. pelliccia. Cp. pilch.
pidant^ IT. pcdantr, the ultimate
pelt vb. ME. pelte also pilte pulte,
source of which is GR. naidiveiv
the latter forms corresponding
educate'.
to OE. piltan pyltan. Source
pedigree late me. petegrcw
LAT. pultare 'beat, strike'?
petigril: perh. adopted fr. fr.
pen sb. borrowed fr. fk.
pied de grue 'a crane's foot'?
pame. Source lat. pe^iua 'a
peel vb. adopted fr. fr. peler.
feather'.
Source lat. pellis skin'.
pen vb. ME. penne oe. onpennan
peep' vb. 'chirp me. *pepe pipe 'impound, enclose': prob. con-
borrowed fr. FR. piper. Source nected with pound'^ and LG.
LAT. pipare = gr. vmvil^eiv
iopennen 'bar, bolt* — i'lppcmien
chirp': sound - imitation for
;
'open'.
variant in form see pipe.
penance me. pcnaunce fr. ofr.
peep2 vb.
OFK.pipe/- 'peep'
look
—
pryingly';
/a pipe du jour
c[).
penance older pen'eance = lat.
poenitcntia 'peniten ce'.
'the peep of day'.
pencil orig. 'a hair-brush' me.
peer per borrowed
sb. me. pere
penfH fr. ofr. pincel fr. pinceau
fr. OFK. per peer fk. pair. Source
a brush'. Source lat. penicillus
LAT. par 'equal'; see pair.
'a painter's brush', whence also
peer' vb. 'appear' me. pere G. pinsel.
short for me. appere = appear. pennon pennant
me. penoun
peer^ vb. 'pry' me. pire =^ lg. borrowed
pennon 'a flag, fr. OFR.
pireii lookclosely'. streamer' (for the secondary / of
peevish adj. mr. pevisch peviche pennant see pageant, parch-
peviige. The ending (cp. par- ment). Source i.kT. penna 'wing,
tridge and paris/i) points to feather'.
FR. origin. penny .\ie. peni plur. penies
peg ME. OE. pegge; akin to
sb. (contr. pens, whence E. pence)
DAN. pig, .sw. pigg 'spike', lg. OE. penij^ pennii^ penning pending
pigge 'peg. 1
:=: osax. pending penning du. ,
 • ;.

people — pester 159

pamwg, OHG. phantitic pfmting parauntre and per cas; haps is

pfenni/ig pfennig, ON. pen?iingr. the plur. of hap under happy
G.

The word may be derived fr. (cp. paramour).

pa ft, so that the form of the peril ME. peril fr. fr. pi^ril.
pennies may have suggested the Source lat. pericitliun 'danger'.
word or it may have been asso-
perish vb. me. perisshe bor-
ciated with the base *pafid
rowed fr. the stem of some
under pawn} For the suffix forms of the fr. verb perir
-ing cp. shilling ,
farthing. 'perish'.
people MK. peple pdple bor- deriwig formerly periwigge per-
rowed fr. OYK.pueple fr. peuple, wicke borrowed fr. vv.. perruque (ud
whence also G.pobel. Source lat. being substituted for fr. «)
populus 'people' (cp. also dU. DU. pruik.
cp. also G. perriicke,
peupel.
periwinkle; cp. the synon.
pepper me. peper piper OE.
ME. pervenke oe. pervince. Source
pipor = DU. peper, OHG. pfejfar lat. pervinca 'a twining plant'.
G. pfeffer, on. piparr: borrowed
perry adopted fr. fr. poir^
fr. LAT. piper (whence also it. formed fr. a vulgar LAT.
'perry',
pepe, FR. poivrc). Cp. oslov.
type *piratus 'perry, drink made
ptprii 'pepper'.
of pears' il.A.T.pirjim nxidQX p e a r)
perceive vb. me. perceive fr.
borrowed
person me. persoun
OFR. perceverFK. apercevoir. Source FR. personne. Source lat.
fr.
LAT. percipere 'apprehend'. persona; ident. \\\ parson.
perch' 'a rod' me. pirchc fr.
pert adj. me. pert 'pert, plain,
the synon. fr. pcrche. Source clever, bold'; cp. odu. gepertich
LAT. pertica 'a pole, bar? FLAAL pertig 'alert'. The group
perch'- 'a fish' me. pircJie bor- goes back to fr. apert.

rowed fr. FR. perche. Source lat. pertain vb. me. partine bor-
perca = GR. nsQv.rj a perch', rowed fr. OFR. partenir. Source
perchance cp. perhaps. — LAT. pertinere 'belong',
perdy (Shakesp.) by God' peruke ident. w. periivig.
ME. parde =
FR. par dieu 'by
pervious adj. borrowed fr.
God'.
LAT. pcrvius 'passable'.
perform vb. me. perfourmc ear-
pest borrowed fr. fr. peste.
lierparfoiirne borrowed fr. Oi'R.
Source lat. pestis plague'.
parfournir 'perform'.
perhaps (late
pester \b. short for impestcr
me. perhappous
15''' cent.) and perchance have borrowed fr. OFR. eynpestrer
entangle' fr. empetrer.
the FR. preposition par (per) in 'pester,
imitation of me. pera7<cnture- pet sb. 'a tame animal a ,
 i6o pet — pile

favored child' short for earlier pickle sb. s\Y.. pikel =^ du.
peat (me. "^^pci). MLG. pckel G. pdket; prob. h. pickle,
petty adj. me. petit adopted fr. frequentative of pick 'pickout,
FR. petit 'small'. cleanse'.
picnic a modern word arising
pew sb. ME. pile (piiwe) fr.
about 1700 and soon received
OFR. 'an elevated space',
piiie
into fr. (^piqueniqiie about 1740)
an open gallery with rails',
whence also du. pui ofris.
and GERM. {^picknickKhoviX. \i-j6).
,

pie ME. pie fr. fr. pie 'a broiled

poie. Source lat. podiufn 'a
remnant of a shoulder of mutton.
balcony'.
pie (in magpie) me. pic fr. ofr.
pewet peewit
its plaintive
so called from
cry; the earlier
pie = LAT. pica.
piebald composed of pie 'a
by-form puet points to a fr.
magpie' and bald 'streaked'.
source.
piece ME. pe(e borrowed fr. fr.
pewter late me. pmter adopted
piece.
fr. OFR. peutre {peaittre) a kind
pier ME. pere borrowed'fr. ofr.
of metal'. It stands for '^peltre
piere, VK.pierre = LAT./^/r«'stone'.
= SPAN, peltre, it. peltro 'pewter';
pierce vb. me. per^e borrowed
cp. DU. planter.
fr. FR. perccr pierce'. ME. by-
pheasant me. fcsaunt earlier form perche.
fcsaun fr. FR. faisan it. =
piety adopted fr. fr. piiti
fagiano. Source LAT. phasianus, 'piety' LAT. pietdtem; ident. w. =
GR. (paGiavog 'bird of Phasis in pity.
Colchis', whence also ohg. fasdn pig ME. pigge.
G. fasaii. late me. pigoun fr. fr.
pigeon
phial vial borrowed fr. Source lat. pipio{neni)
ofr. pigeon.
phiole (kr. Jiole). Source lat. 'a chirper. See peep send pipe.
phiala, GR. (pidXr^ 'a broad, flat, pike .ME. pike oe. pic du. =
shallow cup'. pick, G. pick ; cp. pick.
philtre borrowed from fr. pilch ME. pilche OE. pilie pylce
philtre. Source lat. philtrum, fur. Source med.-lat. = it.

GR. ipiXxQOv 'a love potion'. pelliccia felt', whence also fr.
phlegm adopted fr. VK.phtegnie. pelisse and ohg. pelli-^ G. pelz, du.
Source lat. gr. phlegma a flame, pels 'fur (primitive source la'J".
inflammation, phlegm'. pellis). Cp. pelt.
pick vb. ME. pikke oe. pician ^ pile '
sb. 'an arrow' me. oe. ///
LG. uu. pikken, G. picket!. (=
du. ////, OHG. pfil G. pfdl,
picket borrowed fr. fr. piquet ON. pila) borrowed fr. lat. pilum :

picquet 'a little pick axe', dimin. 'a javelin', whence o^Vi. pile, span.
of OE. pic 'a pike' under pike. IT. pilo 'a javelin, pestle'. The
 1

pile — pipe i6i

corresponding" Goth, word was piloot, G. pilote. Origin unknown.

arhwazna ; cp. on. gr, oe. earh The word occurs in Germ, and
= LAT. arcus. Engl, since the 15'^ cent.; in

pile- sb. 'a -heap' UY.. pile 'tower, Germ, it appears first in the

castle borrowed fr. ofr. pile a It. form piloto. Perh. the It.

pier, pyramid fr. pile 'a mole' word became European through
r= SP.\N. pila 'a pillar, trough', the commerce with Genoa and
VY.pila 'trough'. Source 'LK^.pUa Venice.
'a pier of stone'. See pillar. pimpernel sb. fr. fr. pi7)iprenelle

pile'' sb. 'a tumor' (now used pimpinelle.

in plur.) fr. lat. pila 'a ball'. pin sb. ME. OE. ///;;/ = du. lg.
piti. Source lat. penna 'a pin,
pile^ sb. 'hair' borrowed fr. ofr.
peil FR. poil = SPAN. IT. pelo.
nail'.
pinch vb. me. pinche borrowed
Source LAT. pilus 'a hair'.
fr. FR. pinccr.
pilfer borrowed fr. ofr. pelfrer
pine sb. me. pine oe. ''^pin(trdo)
pilfer'.
'pine-tree': borrowed ir.'LKT.pmus
pilgrim me. pilgrim borrowed pine, whence fr. pin (pv. pijfi),
'a
fr. ymo. pilgrim. Source med.-lat.
SPAN. IT. pifio 'a pine-tree'.
peregrinus (late lat. pelegrhms),
pine vb. me. ptfie oe. piniatt
whence fr. pHerin, it. pellegrino,
SPAN, peregrino, DU. pelgrim.
'torment' on. pina, du. pij'nen, =
pill =G. DAN. pille prob. bor-
OHG. pfinbn phion (g. peinigeii)
deriv. fr. OE. pin OHG. pina G. =
:

rowed fr. the dimin. fr. pilule.

pein. Source lat. /rt';^i7 (pronounc-
Source lat. pilula *a pill'.

ME. pilcr borrowed ed pani).

pillar fr.
pinfold; see pound'^.
fr. pilicr {^ SPAN, pilar, IT.
pint sb. late me. pinte fr. fr.
piliere). Source med.-lat. pilare
pinie (whence du. pint, lg. pinte
pilarius (lat. pila) 'pillar', whence
'can ) : source lat. pincta.
also OHG. pfilari G. p/eiler; du.
pilaar is fr. pilier, but du. pijler pip sb. me. pippe = du. lq. pip,

is lat. pilarc. G. pips OHG. pfiffil, : borrowed fr.

pillory sb. me. pilory borrowed a vulgar lat. pippita (=r lat.

fr. FK. pilori 'a pillory'. pituita) 'phlegm', whence also

pillcA/' sb. me. pilwe OE. pyle FR. p^pie, span, pepita, it. pipita.

*pyluie = DU. peiiluw , OHG. pipe sb. ME. OF., pipe = Tiu.pijp,
pfuliwlin) also pfuhoo G. pfdhl: LG. pipe, OHG. pfi/a G. pfeife, ON.
borrowed fr. lat. pulvinus 'cu- pipa borrowed fr. med.-lat. pipa,
:

shion'. Cp. cushion. whence also the synon. FR. pipe,

pilot sb. borrowed fr. "EK. pilote span, pipa, IT. piva. Source lat.
— SPAN. it. piloto pilota , du. pipare 'chirp'.
English Etymology. 1
ib2 pit — plant

pit sb. ME. /// OE. py^ (tt) = flat-fish', whence also du. pladijs,
DU. ////, LG. ///// OHG. puzzi pftCZZi G. platteise.
G. pfiltze: TEUT. putjus: borrowed plain adj. me. plain borrowed
fr. i.ki piiteus 'a well, pit",
. whence
FR. plain (whence fr. also du.
also YY. pozzo, SFAti. poza, FK.pliiiS pleiri) span, piano = , rr. piano.
and oiR. cuithe, cymr. peten 'well, Source lat. planus flat, even'.
pit'.
plain sb. me. pleine adopted
pitch sb. ME. pick OE. pic = fr. FR. plaine = span, plana, it.
OSAX. ODU. pik DU. /^/^, OHG. /i?/z
piano. Source lat. pldnm?i a
b'eh{hh) G.pec/i, on. M': borrowed plain'.
fr. LAT. pix (pic-) 'pitch', whence
plaint sb. me. pleinte plai?itc fr.
also FR. poix, SPAN, pez, it. pccc
'pitch'.
FR. plainte (= lat. planctns
'lamentation').
pitcher sb. yx'e.. piccher borrowed
plait vb. u^.plaite 'fold' derived
fr. OFR. picher. Source med.-lat.
fr. OFR. plcit (ploit) sb. 'fold'.
picdriiim, a by-form of late lat.
Source hXT. plicare 'fold,, braid'.
hicarimn under beaker.
plan adopted fr. fr. plan,
pith sb. ME. pithe oe. pida cog-
whence du. G. plan. Source
nate w. DU. /// ODU. pitte 'pith'
"LhT. planus 'flat, plane', whence
and MLG. pedik West- 'pith'. A
SPAN. '/>lan, IT. piano. See plain,
Teut. ha.s,Q pipan- is to be assum-
p la n e.
ed, perh. a teut. pipivon- in-
plane adj. borrowed fr. fr.
stead of (jip^von-: \Pgit'?
pla?ie (= SPAN, piano, it. piano).
pittance (^nhO. Source lat. planus 'flat, level'.
sb. u^.piiaunfe
pitancie) borrowed fr. FR. pitance
plane sb. 'a carpenter's tool'
'meat, food, daily subsistance'. late ME. plane borrowed fr. FR.
pity sb. ME. pi/e fr. fr. pitiL med.-lat. plana
plane. Source
Source LAT. pieteitcm.
'a carpenter's tool'.
place ME. place fr. fr. place plane-tree me. pldne{-tre) = du.
(= plaza,
SPAN, IT. piazza'). plaan-boom fr. 'F'^. plane. Source
Source lat. plaiea -=- gr. TtXareTa LAT, platanus 'plane-tree'.
'a street'. G. platz and du. plaais plank ME. planke borrowed fr.

are also of Fr. origin. ONFR. planke FR. planche {= span.

plague ME. (14'^ cent.) plage plancha
Source it. piancd).
,

adopted fr. lat. plaga 'an injury' MED.-LAT. planca whence du. ,

whence du. plaag OHG. plaga plank, G. planke.

,

G. plage and it. piaga, fr. plate. plant ME. plante oe. plant ^= du.
plaice ME. plaice borrowed fr. plant, OHG. pflanza G. pflanzc
FR. plaise OFR. pla'ise. Source (on. planta) : fr. LAT. planta,
MED.-LAT. platisa prop, platessa 'a whence also fr. platite , span.
 e

plash — pluck 163

planta, Yi. pianta. In me. we find plaide fr. fr. plaider 'plead,
also plaunte sb. vb. as adap- argue whence also DU. pleiten
,

tion of FR. plante —

planter. 'sue'. —
plantain ms,. plantain i^plauntain f) please vb. me. plcse borrowed
borrowed fr. 'SB.. p la /i tain. Source fr. OFR. plesir plaisir (fr. plaire
LAT. plantago (^plantagineni) 'a 'please'). Source lat. placer
plantain'. 'please'. pleasure (late me. —
plash ME. plasche borrowed fr. plcsilre is'*" cent.) fr. the fr.
ODU. plasch DU. plas 'water- but influenced by
infinit. plaisir,

puddle'. abstract nouns such as fiature

plaster me. piastre plaister fr. leisure.

OFR. piastre (^plaistre whence , pledge sb. me. plegge fr. ofr.
TiV.pleister^ cp. FR. platre. Source plcge (jK. pleige) 'a surety', which
GR.-LAT. tf-ivXaargnv = IT. is related to OSAX. plegan ohg.
empiastro, FR. cmplatre 'plaster'. p/legan 'be responsible for,

LAT. emplastriim ^= med.-LAT. answer for' (cp. plight).

plastrmn 'gypsum, whence OHG. plenty me. plente fr. ofr. plentl,
pflastar G. pjfaster. source lat. plenitatem.
plat plot ME. OE. plot (tt). See plier see ply.
plot. plight sb. me. plight oe. pliht
plate ME. plate borrowed fr. formed by means of the abstract
OFR. plate plaite 'plate - armor, formative -/ from a vb. seen in
ingot, silver' VK. plat whence oe. pUon 'risk' (ohg. p/legan 0.
,

DU. plat, G. platte. Source a pfiegen whence G. pjlicht 'friendly

MED.-LAT. plata 'plate of metal' care, interest').
(gr. TrXarvc). plot^ short for cofnplot fr. =
platoon fr. FR. peloton 'a ball, complot 'a conspiracy'.
platoon'. plot- sb. iME. OE. plot {tt).

platter me. plater fr. ofr. platel plough ME. plough plow OE.
'a plate' = fr. plateau also plph =- uu. ploeg, OHG. pfluoh
'waiter'. pfliiog ON. plogr.
G. pflug, This
play vb. ME. plaic plcie oe. Teut. group plohu- plogu- was
plegian play' and play sb. jme. borrowed by the Slav, (serb.-
plaie pleie oe. plega. other The RUSS. pltigu, lith. pliugas).
TEUT. languages have no such plover ME. plover borrowed fr.
root as pl'eg play'. OFR. plainer fr. pluvier.Source
plea sb. ME. pli plai 'debate' a LAT. type ^pluviarius 'rainy'.
fr. OFR. pie plai with the by- pluck vb. ME. plukke plokke
forms plait plaid. Source med.- (^plicche') OE.. pluccian (OE. *plycc'a}i)
LAT. placitiitn 'a decree, sen- =. DU. plukken, OHG. *pfiucchen
tence'. —plead vb. me. plede *pJlockd?i 0. pfliicken, on. plokka.
164 plug — pol

Source a lat. type ^piluccare ^ poach' vb. 'dress eggs' fr. fr.
IT. pihiccare, fr. iplucher. Vulgar pocher. — poach ^ vb. 'intrude
LAT. *pilitccare (whence me. pilken into preserves' borrowed fr. fr.
pluck') prop, 'pluck hairs one pocher from poche 'a pouch'.
by one' is an extension of lat. pock 'sve.. pokke o^.pocc = mdu.
pilare. pocke, du. pock, G. LG. pocke 'small
plug sb. ident. w. du. plug, pox'. — pocket me. poket
fr. ofr.

LG. plngge (^pluck) late mhg. pjfoc dimin. oiovvi. pocke poche.
poqtiette,

G. pjlock 'plug'. See poke.

plum ME. ploume oe. plume poignant adj. ^ik. poinani poin-
i^plyme) =; DU. pruim, LG. prume launt fr. FR. poigfiant. (Source
plihne, OHG. pfruma beside pflihno lat. pungere). point me. point —
(lat. r changed to teut. /) G. fr. FR. point (source lat. pimc-
pfaume: early loanword fr. lat. tuni) 'point'.
prununi, whence also fr. pniuc, poise vb. ME. poise earlier peise
IT. prima. Cp. prune. fr. OFR. poiser peiser F^. peser
plumb fr. FR. plomb ^= lat. 'to weigh'. Source lat. pensare
plumb iif/i. 'to weigh'.
plume fr. FR. plume = lat. poison ME. puisoun fr. fr. poison
pluma. 'poison' r=i LAT. potio(tiem) 'a

plummet ^XE.plof/imet borrowed drink'.

fr. FR. plombct 'a poke sb. ME. poke 'a bag' =^
plummet' dimin.
of FR. plomb lead'. ODU. poke, ON. poki. FR. pocke is
plump adj. borrowed fr. LG. perh. an Engl, loanword. Cp.
plump, DU. plo7np. pock.
poke vb. vi^. poke {^pouke puckc)
plunder vb. adopted fr. mdu.
plunder c II =
g. plilndern 'rob,
'thrust, throw' =^ DU. poken, MLG.
pnken.
pillage'.
pole sb. 'a stake' UE.pole O'E.pdl
'

plunge vb. short for me. plounge: 'a pale, pole': source lat. pdlus
borrowed fr. fr. plonger 'duck, 'a stake', whence G. pfahl OHG.
dive', whence also du. plonzen.
JMHG. pfdl. See pale.
plush sb. =
du. pluis G. pole 2 sb. 'a pivot' the synon.
,

plusch; borrowed fr. fr. peluche fr. pol lat. polus (gr. t/oAol,-)=
= Yt. peluzzo. Source a lat. type 'a hinge'.

*pilucia, an extension of lat. polish vb. ME. polisshe fr. fr.

pilus 'hair. polir {poliss-^ 'polish'.
ply vb. me. pile 'bend' adopted poll ME. pol (II) 'head' := lg.
fr. fr. plier 'fold, bend, bow'. ODU. polle 'head'; perh. ident. w.
Source lat. plicdre 'fold'. bowl}
 pommel — port 165

pommel me. pomel borrowed 'LA.T.popuhis 'poplar', whence also

fr. OFR. p07nel FR. potnnieau 'the DU. popcl and G. pappcl.

pommel of a sword : prop, dimin. poppy sb. ME. popy oe. popi-"^

I, AT. pomutn 'apple'. pap(Zi (about 800). The suffix /

pomip ME. potnpe fr. lat. pompa, (not producing umlaut) points to
whence an older form -ang as in body,
also fr. pof/ipe.
pond pond pondi.
ME. There are no Teut.
holly.
ponder vb. borrowed fr. lat. equivalents. Usually considered
p;>tidcrai-e 'weigh'. to be borrowed fr. "LKV. papaver.
pontiff fr. FR. poutif pontifc, porcelain sb. == fr. porcelaine,
LAT. pontifex. DU. porselein, G. porzellan (since
pontoon fr. FR. ponton, IT. the 1 6th. cent.); the base is

pontone 'a great broad bridge'. IT. porcellana. orig. 'the Venus-
pool sb. ME. OE. pgl DU. = shell', 'conclia Veneris'; this hav-
poel, hG. pol, one pfjiol G. pfu/il; ing much resemblance to porce-
perh. akin to OE. piill pyll 'pool' lain, the name of the
shell was
^= ON. pollr 'pool, pond'. transferred to that of the cera-
poop borrowed fr. fr. poupe =; mic ware.
L.AT. hinder part of porch sb. ME. porche borrowed
puppis 'the
a ship'. fr. 'S'!^. porche: source lat. porti-
poor adj. me. pgvrc fr. ofr. cus, from which OE. portic and
povre =
pauvre (source lat. OHG. pforzih are earlier loan-
patipe)-) 'poor'. words.
pope me. pope OE. papa ^= lat. porcudine occuring in the
papa. The continental dialects 15"" 16"^ cent's in the forms —
differ from the lat.-oe. forms; porpentine porpoint antl porkcpin
cp. OSAX. palws, DU. pans, mhg. which go back to OFR. pore
MIh'S G. pap St. espin (now porc-ipic^ =^ IT. porco
popinjay late sx^. popinjay earlier spino (porco spinoso^ 'thornbush
papegai (== DU. papegaai, mlg. hog. pork 'flesh of swine'—
papegoie, o. papnga'i) fr. fr. pape- ME. pork 'pork, swine' fr. the
gai OFR. papegay and papcgau =
s3'non. vk. pore {= hk^. porctis).
IT. papagallo. Prob. derived fr. port^ sb. 'harbor' me. Oe. port
Low OR. nanayug = arab. ^a- 'harbor fr. the equival. lat.
^7,i^//(?
'
(PERS. bapga). The Lat. portus {-^ FR. port, IT. porto')
name psittaciis agrees with OR. harbor, whence also ODU. port
^|'^tray.oc. 'city'.

poplar sb. me. popUr{e) --^ DU. port'- sb. a gate fr. fr. porte
popnlier, oux]. popeliet". borrowed := porta a gate', whence
L.AT.

fr. ofr. popUer tz= fr. peuplier. also OK. port ox port-i^eat 'b. gate
=
,

Source fr. peuple 'poplar' DU. poort, G. pfortc.

i66 port power

port^ sb. 'behavior' me. port^ pound ^ me. pound OE. pund 'a

fr. FR. port 'behavior : deriv. of pound' (weight and money) =

LAT. portare 'carry'. OSAX. pund, DU. po7id, ohg. pfimt
porf* =
Port-wine orig. »\vine G pfund, ON. SW. DAN. pund
of Oporto in Portugal*. GOTH, pund: borrowed in the
portray vb. me. pourtraie fr. second cent. fr. lat. pondo
FR. portraire. — portrait = FR. (indecl.) pound', not fr. lat.
portrait. pondus 'weight'.
post^ sb. a pillar' me. OY.. post pound '^
sb. 'enclosure' me.
= DU. LG. post: early loanword poiind (shortened in pon-, pun-
fr. 'LkT. postetn (nom, ^vci'g. postis), fglde 'pound'). oe. pund 'en-
whence also G. pfosten ohg. pfost pyndan
closure' with the verb oe.
and FR. poteau. ME. pinde 'impound, dam up the
post- sb. 'mail service' = du. water' =
on. pynda 'shut in'
G. post, FR. poste, IT. posta. The (e. pinfold uis.. pinfplde 'pound'
word is a native of Italy and was points to oe. pynda ft MB. pindc^.
borrowed from there by the Yxoh. pc?i OY.. pennan is cognate,
modern languages in the ib**^ if the base "^panjan goes back
cent. toan earlier form *pandjajt: teut.
post'^ sb. 'a military post' = \fpand pund.
G. posten, DU. post fr. ir. posto
pound vb. 'beat' UK.poune oe.
guard, post'. pi'inian 'pound'; perh. cognate w.
pot ME. OE. pot DU. LG.
(tt), =
DU. puin 'ruin, rubbish'.
pot(tt), ON. (swED. potta,
pottr
DAN. potte); akin to vk. pot
*putianl).
^
pout vb. ME. poute 'sulk' (oe.
pout sb. (a kind —
CYMR. pot, IR. pOta.
of fish) OE. puta or piite (in the
potato imported in the second
compound dleputan 'eelpouts');
half of the i6* cent, together
cp DU. puit a kind of fish. The
with SPAN, patata from America
word is derived from the vb.
(in Hayti the name was batata
pout (teut. \r/?//) the fish has :
about 1530).
name from its pouting lips.
pouch ME. pouche 'bag' fr. ofr. its
poiiche i^poche) 'pocket'; akin to powder sb. me. poudre 'hair-

poke. powder' fr. fr. poudre, whence

poult sb. 'chicken' {= pitllet^ also DU. poeder, G. puder.
Source
(^pulvis), whence
late UK.pulte fr. V'H.potdet 'chicken' lat. pulverefn
(^poule 'hen'). —
poulterer ex- Q. pulver, Yi.polve 'dust, powder'.
tended for ME. pultcr fr. fr. power ME. poutr earlier poer
toulletier. — poultry ^\E. piiltrie fr. OFR. poer = fr. pouvoir\
is derived fr. me. piilter. ident. w. it. potere and deriv.
pounce vb. see punch. fr. LAT. potest potui etc.
 praise — proud 167

praise sb. M'E.prais preis fr. ofr. prician) 'prick, spur'. Cp. iVfflG.
prcis, ident. with price. pfrecken, o^.prikka: 'V'EXiT.\j'~prik.

pram sb. 'a flat- bottomed — prickle relation me. prikcl

lighter' = 1.0. pra/im, DU. praam; oe. pricel.

LG. pram, on. prdmr, sw. pram. pride me. pride o^. pryda: um-
DAN. pram of Slav, origin;
are laut-relation to proud.
cp. OSLOV. pramil belonging to priest sb. aiE. prest oe. preost;
the ARYAN \fper 'cross, ferry' ident. w. ohg. prist priestar mhg.
seen in fare vb. osax. prestar, fr. pretre
G. priesfer,

prance vb. for OFR. prestre: descendants

iME. praimfe vb.
ident. w. E. prank vb. me. praiike]
of LAT. presbyter priest'. But
the sound points to Fr. oi'igin. there are discrepancies in the
phonetical development of the
prate vb. late me. prate = du.
Rom. and Teut. forms.
i.G. praten 'prate', dan. prate
'tattle'.
prime fr. fr. prime ~ lat.
primus. — primrose fr. fr.
pray vb. me. preie fr. ofr.
preicr =
fr. prier pray' (source
pritfie rose ^= lat. prima rosa

LA'i'. prccari 'pray). first rose'. — prince me. prififc

fr. FR. prince (source lat. prin-
preach vb.
prcchcr. Source church-LAT.//v/^-
me. prcchc fr. fr.
ceps — principetti =^ it. principe^,
whence also G. prinz du. prins.
dicare 'preach', whence also OE.
predician , on. prcdi/ia, du. prc-
print vb. me. printe short for
diken, osax. prcdikon
prcnte imprente fr. FR. empreinte
ohg. pre-
,

digo/i MHG. G. prcdigcn 'preach'.

sb. 'a stamp, print'; cp. fr.

press vb. ME. presse fr. ofr.

empreindre = lat. imprimere.

prcsser =- la'I". prcssarc.

prison me. prisoun fr. fk. prison;

pretty adj. .me. ^pn^ti for prati

source lat. prehensio{nc7n) = it.
prigione.
'pretty' and 'clever, cunning';
0E.//v<^/'/j 'tricky, deceitful'. The privy me. prrc'c fr. fr. privd
OE. sb. pru'tt plur. prattas means (=^ lat. priva tils').
'trickery. prize vb. M&.prisc fr. ¥K.priscr;
prey ofr. cf. e. prise fr. VK.prix.
sb. mk. preie praie fr. prize —
prcic praie =
fr. proie (hence du. sb. 'taking or capture e. g. of
prooi) 'prey". Source lat. praeda. a ship' fr. fr. prise seizure (du.
price sb. ME.pris fr. ofr. pris prijs, G. prise).
---
FR. prix. Source eat. pretium proud ME. proud late oe. prild
price . See prize. (by-form me. prout late oe. /////
prick sb. .me. prickc {prike) oe. prete'); cp. on. prudr 'proud',
f^ricca {prica) 'prick, spike'. — I dan. /r«^/ Cp. the um-
'stately'.
prick vb. ME- pricke i^prike oe. '

laut-relation /rzV/^. Source OFK.

 prove push

proud Valiant" (under pi-owess) pull vb. ME. pulle OE. pulljan
= FR. preiix. 'draw'.
prove vb. ME. prove late OE. (c. pullet ME. polite fr. -E-Bi. pouleite
\ ooo) profian: loanword fr. lat. 'ayoung hen', cp. poult.
whence
probare,
MHG. prileven G. pril/en, ON. profa
also ¥'SL. protwer,
pulp sb. fr. FR. pulpe = lat.
pulpa 'pulp'.
and also me. preve pro^ve 'prove'.
— The sb. proof is derived fr. pumpion {dixnin. pumpkiti) ear-
the vb. (cp. ME. preve prceve
DU.
=
lier pompoun fr. FR. pompon (:=
po7?ipoen) 'a kind of gourde'.
ER. prcu7-e).
prow ME. "^proue fr. fr. prone Source lat. pepo {^ fr. pipon,
IT. pepo tie poponc).
{\x:.priia proda, hkT.prora) 'prow'.
prowess me. prouesse
ofr. punish vb. jme. punisshe fr. fr.
fr.

protu'ssc 'prowess', of punir i^puniss-') 'punish'.

abstr. sb.
OFR. prou proud late oe. priid= purblind me. purblind orig.
s. under proud. 'blind as 2l p7irl OE. /«r means
proxy sb. earlier prockesy for the bird 'onocrotalus'; cp.'feWED.
procuracy; cp. proctor late me. purblind.
proketour =
LAT. procurator(em). purchase vb. me. purchdfe fr.
prune sb. me. prime fr. fr. FR. pourchasser.
prune ^-- i^XT. plum. purge
pi-{mum\ cp. vb. ME. purge fr. fr.
pry vb. ME. prie oe. *pnwan purger.
''^preowian, the root of which is purple ME. purpre fr. fr.
evident in oe. beprman vb. 'wink pourpre = LAT. purpura.
with the eye' — preo7C'ot/i7e'il
purpose vb. ME. purpose fr.
'twinkling of the eye'.
—
OFR. pourposer = fr. proposer
psalm sb. i\ie. psalm lat. 'pro])ose'.
psalmus; already oe. salm.
purse MU.purs late oe. (c.1050)
puck sb. short for me. poulie piirs:
loanword fr. ofr. borse —
OE. plica 'demon, hobgoblin' =r FR. bourse cp. la.t. bursa.
;

ON. puki imp' cp. oe. piicel

;

'demon', north-fries, puk 'mis- pursue vb/ me. pursue fr. ofr.
chievous sprite with large eyes'. porsuir fr. poursuivre (source =
LAT. prosequi) 'prosecute'.
pudding ME. pudding prob.
borrowed fr. boudin 'black- purvey vb. me. porvcie fr. ofr.
fr.

pudding' (cp. j\iE. cuuing fr. OFR- porvoir

=
FR. pourvoir (lat.

conin under cony). providere) 'provide'.

puff vb. ME. puffe OE. '^puffian. push vb. ME,, posse pusse iposshe)
aside of oe. pyffan 'blow': teut. push' fr. FR. pousser (=: lat.
base puffon puffja?t. pulsare) 'strike, thrust'.
 :

put — quencli i6g

put vb. ME. piite putte vb. fr. OFR. bouter "thrust' (cp. OE.
tlirow, push, thrust' OE. (c. looo) purs 'purse' fr. OFR. borse under
potian 'thrust'; perh. borrowed purse).

quail sb. me. quaile fr. ofr. kz'enna (= ohg. qu'eua kona,
guaille =- FR. caile a quail'; GOTH, qino); cp. late OE. cwene-
cp. IT. quagUa. Source a vulgar fugeV^Si hen-bird' fr. the equiv. on.
LAT. qiiaccola, whence also du. kvenfugl. There was a genuine
kwakkel =-- ODU. quackele 'quail'. oe. corresponding cwine 'bad wo-
quaint adj. me. qiieiut, earlier man'. The group rests on a teut.
form coint (quoint) 'famous, well- qenon- 'wife' =
arvan gena cp. ',

known, clever, neat, elegant': gr. yvvT] SKR. gnd oir. ben, , ,

loanword fr. OFR. coint neat, OSLOV. RUSS. SERB, zena PRUSS. ,

fine' =LAT. cognitiis 'known'. gena 'wife'. See the following

quake vb. me. quake oe. cwdcian word.
vb. 'quake' cp. oe. cweccean
; queen sb. me. qum oe. cwen
'move' =
ODU. quecken shake queen, distinguished lady'; base
one's head': teut. \'^qak. qoni for qdni --= GOTH, qens, ON.
qualm me. qualm 'death, pesti- k7Jdn kvckn, OSAX.qudn 'wife':
lence, torture' oe. cwealm death, TEUT. qeni- = aryan. geni- (=
pestilence': derived fr. the teut. SK.R. j'dni 'wife') is of the same

\f^ qel in oe. cwelan me. qiiele root as TEUT. qenon- (see quean)
vb. 'die'; cp. quell. = ARYAN gena.
quarrel .me. querele quell vb. me. quelle oe. cwellan
fr. fr.
querelle =
LAT. querela a com- 'kill': derived fr. the str. vb. oe.
plaint'. cwelan me. qu(le 'die' (cp. qualm).
quash vb. me. quasshe vb. fr. They belong to the teut. ^Tqel
OFR. quasser =
FR. casser break'; in G. qual =^ oHG. osax. qudla
source LAT. quassare 'to shake'. 'torment, torture': aryan V~ S^^
quaver vb. derived fr. me. in LiTH. geld 'grief oslov. zali —
qudve (oe. *'cwdfiaii) vb. 'tremble'; 'suffering'.
cogn. w. .MK. quappe vb. 'tremble'. quench vb. me. quenche oe.
quay earlier spelling keie late civencean wk. vb. 'extinguish'
me. keie fr. fr. quai. derived fr. oe. d-cwincan 'be
quean me. queue oe. cwene exstinguished' ofris. kwinka =
woman': perhaps a scand. loan- 'vanish'. It is doubtful whether
word cp. ON. kona G. plur. oe. cwinan 'to be exstinsiuislied' is
 .

question —- quoth

connected with e. quench (du. kohief) = FR. cahier

'copy book'.
ktvijnen 'wither'). Source a Latin quatertium
late

question me. qucstioun fr. fr. 'collection of four leaves' (= it.

q lies lion. quaderno 'a quire of paper', oe.
eivdterfi)
quick adj. me. quick oe. cjvicu
'living, alive' = osax. du. qtiik, quitch-grass (also quick-^rass
OHG. MHG. quec (g. quecksilber couch-grass) me. *quicche] oe.
'quicksilver' and er quicken vb. cwice 'quitch-grass' answers to
'quicken, refresh) o. keck (for DU. kzaeek, lg. queke, G. quecke
quecJi) 'pert', ON. kvikr kykr : 'quitch-grass'. The name derives
lYX>'\:.\f qiq fr. ARYAN\r_^?^- in lat. fr. teut. quiku- 'alive' (under
vivo {vixi-victu7n-vivere). There quick), because the weed seems
exists an aryan doublet giw in not clearable.
GOTH, qius (stem qiwa-^ adj.
quite adv. me. fr.
'alive' = SKR. Jiva, lith. gywas,
quit.
quite fr.

LAT. vivus 'living, alive' (cp.

GR. |J?/og 'life'). See quite h- quiver vb. derived fr. the adj.
g r a s s. ME. quiver, late OE. cwifor 'lively,

quill sb. iME. quille = westphal. brisk, eagerly'; cp. OFR. quivrer
vb. 'awaken, encourage'.
qtiiele 'quill': teut. base qili-., perh.
ident. mhg, kil G. kiel 'quill'.
\v. quiver sb. me. quiver fr. FR.
quilt sb. ME. quilte fr. ofr. cuivre\ ident. w. fr. coivre cuivre:
ctdlie =
LAT. culcita 'cushion, late Latin base cucuruni, whence
pillow'. also OE. cocor, ohg. kohhar g.
quince me. coine quine fr. OFR. k'ocher 'quiver', du. koker.
coifi = FR. coing 'a quince' (the ce
quoth {(juoth he 'he said)
of modern 'E. quince belongs prop, 3'' sing. pret. ME. quoth earlier =
to the plural). Source lat. quath OE. cwcBd pret. of me.
cydonia it. =cotogna ohg. que the oe. czv'cdan str. vb. 'say,
,

kutina G. qtiitte , OE. godcpppel; speak' = GOTH, qipan, on. kveda,

DU. k^uee ODU. quede corresponds quedan 'say': OS>hy..qu'edan , ohg.
to MHG. quiten =-- G. quitte. ARYAN sTget (by-form ^frt' in skr.
quire (of paper) sb. me. quair gad 'speak'?). Cp. bequeath
quaier book' fr. OFR. quaier (du. and bequest.
 . . ,

rabbit — rat 171

R
rabbit cogn. w. odu. robbe raisin me. reisin fr. ofr. raisin
robbcken 'rabbit'; perh. identical 'a grape, whence also T>\j.rozijn,
w. DU. rob, G. robbe 'phoca'? G. rosine. Source lat. raccnms
race^ ivie. rp- o^.rcksl or bor- 'a bunch of grapes'.
rowed from ON. rds 'a running': rake me. rake oe. nica DU. =
TEUT. base resa-. raak\ ident. w. OHG. rehho G.
race- 'family' fr. fr. race =
rechen, ON. reka: teut. base rakoii-
SPAN. PORT, rijza; source arab. r'ekon-, derived fr. the str. vb. .

rds 'origin'. GOTH, rikan 'gather'.

race 3 'root' fr. ofr. rats = lat. ram sb. me. oe. ram (^f/if/i) OE.
radix. -—
also
From
radish == DU.
the same source rpm
radijs (fr.
{f/i7n) = OHG.
du. rat?t jsihg. :

TEUT. base ranima-; perh. cogn.

radis^.
w. ON. raf/ir 'strong
rafter ime. rafter oe. rafter;
formed by suffix -tra- from the
ramsons me. ramsen OE. hra?n-
san plur. : teut. base hramusan-
same root as on. rdf 'roof and
also in G. (dial.) raniseii, swed.
OHG. rdvo 'rafter'. Cp. the Aryan
\^reph in gr. 6()8(p(o OQO(fog. — ramslok
allied to
'bear-garlick';
gr. y-oc^uvur
further
onion',
rag ME. ragge (late OE. *ragg
inferred from the adj. raggii
IR. erem — cymr. e?-af 'garlick
LITH. /eermusze 'wild garlick'.
shaggy'): borrowed fr. ON. rpgg
'shagginess'. range vb. fr. fr. ranger.
rage me. rage fr. fr. rage ^= ransack vb. me. ransake fr. on.
LAT. rabies. rawisaka prop, 'search the house':
rail ' ME. rait reit fr. ofr. reitle ON. rami 'house' (= goth. razn,
;

source LAT. regula, whence also OE. rasn rcen 'house); for am
G. riegel OHG. rigil, odu. rijchel ON. saka see seek.
'bar, rail'. ransom :me. raunfoun (du. raiit-

rail- ME. rail oe. hrce^. 'a gar- soen) fr. FR. ranfon (= lai".
ment'; ident. w. OHG. hregil 'a redeniptio-neni)
garment': TEUT. base hrag{i)la-. rap vb. ME. rape 'rush, hasten'
I

rain me. rain rein OE. r'eyi =

OHG. — ON. hrgpa vb. 'hasten'; cp.:

OLG. regan G. DU. regen, on. regn, DU. rapen, mhg. raffen 'seize":
j

GOTH, rigns: teut. base regna-. TEUT. base hrapon.

Cp. Lith. roke 'drizzling rain'. rape sb. jvie. rape (= du. raap^
\

raise vb. inie. reise borrowed fr. fr. LAT. rapa 'turnip'.
ON. reisa 'raise': causal of on. rat ME. rat oe. rat (ti) =^
risa = GOTH. reisan\ cp. rise. G. rattc OHG. ratta, DU. rat rot\
 172 rate

ident. w. fr. rat, it. ratto. History ident. w. goth. redan, ohg. rdtan
of the group unknown. G. rateu vb. advise", on. n/^^f^r

rate fr. fr. rate =^ lat. rattirn. 'counsel, consult*, read meant
rather me. rather oe. hrador orig. 'to read a riddle' (cp.
prop, 'quicker, sooner': compa- riddle^, then 'to interprete the
rative form of OE. hrade 'quickly'; runes' (on. rdda gdtti 'read a
cp. the adj. oe. hro'd, on. riddle' — rdda draum 'read a
hradr 'swift', OHG. hrad, du. rad dream' — rdda riuiar read
'quick' fr. a teut. base hrapa-. runes'), skr. has a correspon-
Akin to OIR. crothivi \ shake'. ding Y~rrt^//2 'perform'; cp. also
rattle vb. me. ratele vb.; cp. OSLOV. raditi.
OE. hrcptcle sb. 'rattle wort' and ready adj. me. r(di (oe. *rcedii
l^G. rateien vb. 'rattle', mhg. extended fr.) oe. rcede 'ready'
rar-^eln
G. rasseln vb. 'rattle ': teut. \f hrat =
OHG. reiti 'ready'; cp. GOTH.
= ARYAN y^.^rrt^^/ in GR. y.gaSalvio garaids = on. greidr 'ready'. As
{^\~ krot in GR. xgotaXiCnv vb. prop, meant 'ready for
G. fertig
'rattle'?). a journey' (g. fahrt'), perh. a
raven sb. me. rdz'en oe. hrcefn TEUT. base raida- 'journey' may
= ON. hraffi; cp. ohg. hraban be the source of the group; cp.
G. rate, du. raaf: teut. base IR. riid 'passable' and see ride
hrabua- hrabn-; perh. fr. an and road.
ARYAN \f kro kor in lat. corvus, realm sb. me. rialme (f-ialme)
:

GR. v-OQCti raven'. fr. OFR. reabne (fr. royaunn^.

ravish vb. me. raviss/ie vb. fr. ream late me. reme fr. ofr.
FR. rariss- in ravir 'to ravish'. raimc fr. raf/ie] cp. SPAN, resma,
raw me. ra7ci oe. hreaw =
ohg. ital. risnia (g. ries) ream of
hrao hro G. roh, du. rauw, ON. paper'. Source ARAB, rizvia 'a
hrdr: teut. base hrawa-; perh. bundle'.
cogn. w. SKR. krura 'sore' and
•
reap vb. me. ripe oe. riopan
LAT. cruor 'blood'. vb. fr. a TEUT. v^''^ cut' in ripe;
ray see roach. cp. OE. ri/"/(?r 'sickle' and see ripe.
reach ^ vb. me. r(che oe. rckcean rear vb. me. rire OE. nhan
fr. a TEUT. type raikjan in ohg. vb. ^
ohg. reran vb. 'raise' fr.
reihhan G. reichen vb. 'reach', du. a TEUT. base raizjan] cp. rise
reiken. and raise for \fris.
reach 2, retch vb. me. rcche rear adj. me. rere oe. hrer.
oe. hrdcean; teut. \'~hrdk in reason me. resoun earlier reisoun
OE. hrdca = ON. hrdki 'spittle' fr. FR. raison := lat. ratio-nem.
and OHG. rahhison'to try to vomit'. reave {bereave) vb. me. rcvc
read vb. me. rede oe. rddan OE. r(afian vb. OHG. raubon =
vb. ^on. rdda 'read'; prop. G. rauben, goth. (bi)raiibdn 'de-
 .

173

spoil',o^.raufa (see also robe): in ON. hrckll 'a weaver's rod',

derived fr. a primitive str. vb. NORTH-FRIES. r(7?V?/.

OE. hereofan, ON. rjufa 'to break'. rehearse vb. me. rehcrfe fr.

Cp. SKR.\r//^/. OFR. reherfer.

receive vb. me. receive fr. ofr. rein sb. me. ;r2>/^ fr. ofr. reine
recever = FR. recevoir. = FR. r^nc (cp. rrAL. redina;
reck vb. me. recke {recche) short source lat. retincre 'restrain').
for OE. recean earlier rdceati'. relieve vb. me. releve fr. fr.
TEUT. base rokjan in on. rcekja, relever =
lat. relevare.
OSAX. rokian, OHG. ruohhan 'have rely vb. from lat. re (as in
a care for'. recall, remind, rcne7ci) and
reckon vb. me. rekne OE. j^e- E. lie 'to rest
r'ecenian vb. = OHG. rehhanon
remnant sb. me. remenaunt fr.
G. rechnen 'reckon', du. rekenen;
OFR. retitenant 'remnant'.
cp. the TEUT. v^ri'-i' in OHG. rahha
rend vb. me. rende oe. rendan
'subject, thing'.
-red suffix in haired', cp. OE.
vb. 'tear, lacerate' = OFRIS. renda
vb. 'tear, break'.
feondrddeii freondrckden 'friend-
ship' (Jiiwrceden under hind) \
rennet 1 sb. fr. the vb. me. renne
orig. -raidin in GOTH, ga-raideins. 'run, make to run'; cp. under
red adj. short for me. red OE. run.
read = teut. rauda- in goth. rennet ^ sb. fr. fr. reinette.
rauds, ohg. roi G. rot^ du. rood, renounce vb. me. renounce fr.

ON. raicdr 'red ; cp. OE. reodan FR. renoncer. renown me. —
=
^

ON. rjoda vb. redden' and renoun fr. FR. renovi. j

ruddock (f-itst). There is a rest sb. me. reste oe. rest: teut.
!

corresponding- ARYAN \/~ riuih base rasti-, cp. ohg. rasta 'rest,
j

reudh in GR. t(jvii(j6g, SKK.riidhira, a measure of distance goth. ,

OSLOV. riidru, LAT. ruber 'red', rasta 'a mile on. rgst 'a mile'. ,

LAT. rufus, IR. ruad. Tliere is a TEUT.\^r«^ in goth.

reed sb. me. red oe. hreod razn 'house',= ON. rann (cp.
OHG. hrioi G. DU. riei: teut. base ransacJi).
hreuda-. retch vb. see reach^.
reek sb. me. rek sb. fr.ribb ME. ribbe oe. ribb
the vb. OE. teut. =
reocan 'reek, smoke' =^ ON. rjiika, r/^/^?- in ON. ri/, ohg. rippi:
OHG. riohhan G. riechen; cp. OE. ARYAN \^r'ebh in OSLOV. RUSS.
r^r' rjV, ON. reykr, ohg. ;'<?«/? G. /y/';'(? 'rib'.

ranch, du. ;v^^ 'smoke' fr. a teut. rhythm see rime.

base rauki-. -ric in bishopric me. bisshop- =
reel ime. oe. hreol; prop. riche oe. bisceoprice; cp. OE. r/^V
/r/^'

*hr(ihil fr. a TEUT. base *hranhil 'reign' ^^ goth. ;y/^'/, ohg. rihhi
174

G. reich: fr. teut. rik- = goth. ridge me. rz^/i? oe. /^rjv^^ (genit.
reih 'king'. hrycgei) ^= teut. hrugja- in OSAX.

(du. rijs/) hruggi, DU. rz^^, ohg. hrucki G.

rice sb. fr. fr. n'z
= ITAL. r/'so, G. rm: source r«r/Cw/ 'back', on. hryggr: pre-
TEUT. krnkjo-, cogn. w. IR. crocemi
GR. 6()vCa 'rice'.
sb. 'back'.
rich adj. me. w/i^ fr. fr. ric/ie;
rife adj. me. oe. ri/" 'abundant,
ident. w. OE. rk'e 'powerful', OHG.
ri/i/ii G. reic/t, DU. r?jk, ON. r/kr, frequent' ^
on. rz/";- 'munificent,
abundant', ODU. rijf 'copious',
GOTH. re/h. Originally a deriva-
rive 'abundant'.
tive of GOTH, rdks 'king' under LG.
ric. — riches sb. me. richessc right adj. me. right oe. rihi
=^ OHG. OSAX. reht
fr. FR. richesse: derived fr. fr. earlier '^reht
G. DU. recht, on. rittr, goth.
riche ^= teut. riki 'powerful'.
TEUT. rt'/^/a-
raihts 'right, straight':
rick si), short for me. rek OE.
=
DU. rook, on.
fr. an ARYAN
LAT. rectus r'ekto- (=
hr{ac 'a heap'
'right, straight'), prop, participle
hraukr {kroki) 'a heap': teut.
fr. a verbal v^r^i^ in laI*. regere
base hrauka-, akin to on. hrilga
'to rule'; cp. SKR. rjii 'right,
'a heap' and IR. criiach 'heap'.
straight'.
rid vb. ME. ridde prop, reddc righteous transformed fr. ME.
OE. hreddan =
OHG. hrettan G. rightwis oe. rihtwis OHG. rM/"- =
retten: teut. base Jiradjan from 7«j- 'knowing the right'; see
an ARYAN \fkrath in skr. (rathay. wise.
'loosen'. rim sb. jnie. rime oe. rima rioma
riddle sb. me. m//<fjr OE. mZrA 'border, margin'; probably cogn.
7-ckdelse = DU. raadscl, OSAX. w. OE. rand, ON. rgnd, OHG. rant
rcidisli G. rt;/^^/ 'riddle"; cp. OHG. G. DU. rand 'border, margin':
rdtisca rdtussa 'riddle': teut. TEUT. ran-do- for ram-do- (as
sfrad red under read. (Z n d for ARYAN samdho-)
.y
Perh. .

riddle 2 sb. 'sieve' me. r/V/^/^'/ r/zz^/ belongs to the same ARYAN
for OE. hrhider = OHG. hritara \j'~r'em.

G. rczV^r 'sieve': ARYAN y^/^r/ in rime^ sb. me. rim 'verse, song'
LAT. cribrmn 'sieve', GR. •xfjivw borrowed about 1200 fr. OFR.
and in goth. hrai-ns, OHG. r^/«/ rime, whence also mhg. rhn G.
G. rein 'clean' (prop, sifted'?). reim, du. rijm (properly 'verse').
ride me. ride oe. rldan str. vb. Source LAT. rhythmus.
= OHG. ritan G. reiie/i, DU. rijden, rime''^ sb. me. rime oe. hrifn =
ON. r/^rt'l TEUT. V"rlir/= pre-TEUT. DU. rijtn, ON. hrim
'hoarfrost';

r^zV/A in gallo-lat. reda 'carriage' doubtful, whether ohg. hrifo G.

— verediis\ox^^ (undQr palfrey) reif, OSAX. hripo, du. rijp 'hoar-
and IR. riadaim 'I go'; see ready. frost' are cognate.
 rind 175

rind sb. me. rhide OE. rind riviera sea-shore: deriv. from
'bark of a tree' fr.a teut. base LAT. rtpa 'bank'.
rindo- (r'endd-) ^ OHG. rinta G. roach late me. rpche points to
I

linde 'rind'; perh. cogn. w. oho. a fr. source (cp. swed. rokka,
[

rani G. rand and OE. rand 'border, DA^. rockc 'roach'); the synon.
margin' under rim. ray goes back to fr. raie =
=
j

ring sb. me. rin^ oe. /iring- lat. raia 'roach'. 1

ON. hrifigr, ohg. hring ring G. road me. rode 'journey, road
=
j

DU. ring: teut. base hringa- OE. rdd 'journey, road' teut.
(hrenga-) fr. a pre-TEUT. V~/^r6'«^A base raido- (oN. reid 'riding')
in OSLOV. krqgu 'circle' and fr. the verbal v^r/;:/ in ride.
kraglil round'. roar vb. me. rare oe. rdrian
ring vb. me. ringe OE. hringan vb. OHG. reren mhg. reren vb. =
=^ ON. hringja 'ring the bells'. 'low, bellow': teut. base r air an}
rip vb. ME. rippe {I'lippe) OE. or raizan ?

ryppan =
HG. rupfen 'to tear': roast vb. me. roste fr. ofr.
TEUT. base ruppjan\ cogn. w. rostir = fr. roiir 'roast'. Source
GOTH, raupjan, ohg. rouffen G. a teut. vb. raiistjan ^r-z oHG.
raufen, OE. rypan ripan and perh. rosten G. rosten 'roast'; cp. ohg.
allied to S'K.^.\frtip 'break'. MHG. rost G. rosi 'gridiron, grate'.
ripe adj. me. oe. ripe 'mature, rob vb. ME. robbe fr. fr. rober.
ripe' =
west-teut. ripi- in OSAX. robe sb. me. robe fr. fr. robe.
ripi, DU. rijp, OHG. riffi G. reif\ Source a teut. sb. rauba- =
'mature, ripe'; derived fr. the OE. rc'a/ 'spoil, clothing', OHG.
j

teut. verbal V~^?/ 'cut' in e. reap mhg. roup(b) 'booty, spoil'. Cogn.
|

and OE. rifter sb. 'sickle'. There- w. reave.

fore ripe orig. meant 'cuttable, robin := fr. Robin the name
tit for reaping'. Robert.
rise vb. ME. rise OE. risan str. rock sb. ME. rock late OE. rocc
vt). = ON. risa, ohg. risan sir. (stdnroccy. borrowed about lOOO
vb. move up, rise': teut.
'to ^
fr. onfr. roc (fr. rochc) ITAL. =
verbal \^;7i-, whence also rear' rocca. Source celt, rokka-1
and raise. \ rock''^ vb. ME. rocke late OE.
risk sb. fr. fr. risque = ital. '

roccian 'shake, swing, rock'; cogn.

GERM, risico. i w. OHG. ruckan G. riicken, ON.
rive vb, me. rive fr. on. rZ/rt I
'to pull roughly and hastily':
?_)'-('/^/«

'tear' = ohg. riban

G. reiben, DU. XE\il.\f rukk. j

rijven 'grate, teut. verbal

rub': rod ident. \v. rood.
\'^wrih in ODU. MLG. wriven 'rub', roe sb. 'a female deer* me. rp '

=
j

river me. river fr. fr. riviere OE. rd earliest form rdha
'river, stream'; ident. w. ital. ohg. rcho: teut. base raihan-\
 . :

176 roe — row

ident. w. ohg. reh G. reh,DU. = ON. rota 'grub up'; cp. MHG.
ree, on. rd fr. a teut. base ri'ie"i^el G. riissel.

raiha-. ME. rpp OE. rap ^=

rope sb.
roe''^ sb. 'the spawn of
TEUT. base raipa- in on. reip,
fishes'
short for late ME. rgune; properly DU. reepy ohg. G. ;r//"hoop, ring,
OE. *hrogen =
on, hrogn^ ohg. rope'; perh. cogn. w. gr. Qai^oc.
rogan G. rogen with the by-form 'bent'.
ohg. 7-ogo'. TEUT. base hrogna- rose sb. ME. rose oe. rose (by-
(Jirogan-') form riise^ borrowed fr. lat.
rogue sb. fr. fr. rogue. rosa, whence also fr. g. rose
roll vb, ME. rolle ofr. roler ohg. rbsa.
fr.

= FR. ronlcr: source lat. rotu- rosemary sb. me. rosmarine fr.
lare. ofr. rosjuarin (fr. romarhi) =
rood ME. rode OE. rod (obi. LAT. ros marifius (prop, 'marin
rikic^ 'cross', original meaning dew'); cp. G. rosmarin.
'a rod or pole'. Ident. w. OSAX. rotten adj. me. rote/i on. =
roda, DU. roede, ohg. ruota G. rotinn: partic. of a verbal \^r/^/
rute and w. E. rod. teut. base reut in oe. rotian, oSAX. rotbn,
rodo-, pre-TEUT. rddha- or rata-. MHG. ro-^':.^en vb. 'putrify'.
roof ME. rpf OE. hrpf: teut. rough adj. me. rough {I'ou^
base hrbfa- in on. hrdf 'shed', OE. rilh OHG. ruh G. rauh =
OFRIES. hrbf 'roof, DU. roef 'rough' (du. ruig 'rough'): TEUT.
'cabin'. Perh. allied to roost. base i-iiha- pre - teut. rtiko-, ,

IR. cro 'roof points to a pre- cogn. w. LITH. raukas 'wrinkle'?

TEUT. form krdpo-. round vb. 'whisper' me. roune
rook sb. ME. rgk OE. krpc OE. riinian = oSAX. runian, =
ON. krokr, OHG. hruoJi: TEUT. OHG. runen G. raunen 'whisper':
base /iroka-, pre-TEUT. krago-. derivative of teut. riinb- 'secret,
room sb. ME. roum oe. riim =
mystery' under rune.
OHG. nh/i G. rauin , DU. ruim, round adj. me. round fr. FR.
ON. rum , GOTH, rums 'room' rond (oFR. roond^i.k.i. rotundus),
TEUT. ru-ma- fr. an ARYAN \'^rz2 whence also G. rund, du. rond
in LAT. riis {ritris) 'open country'. 'round'.
roost sb. ME. rpst OE. hrpst row sb. me. rpwe oe. raw 'row'
= DU. roest 'hen-roost', osAX. fr. a TEUT. base raiwb- orig.
hrbst 'roof; prop, hrbfsta- and raigwb- cogn. w. jfflG. rihe G. reihe
;

cogn. w. roofl Vow' and the str. vb. OHG. rihan

root sb. ME. rote late oe. rot 'rank, string': ^xe.-T^\2i.\frikh
borrowed fr. ON. reikh in skr. rekhd 'line'.
the equival.
rot: TEUT. base wrbta-, cogn. w. row vb. me. rpwe oe. rcnvan
E. root vb. OE. wrptan 'grub up' ON. roa, DU. roeijen =mhg. ,
 rowlock rye 177

riiejen 'to row" : common base OHG. rinnan G. rinnen str. vb.
a strong verbal Y^r<5 in rudder run'.
ME. rather OE. rodor =^ ohg. rune the teut. word for the
ruodar G. ruder, du. roer 'rudder': old characters in writing oe. :

TEUT. base rd-J>ra-. lat. ri-fnus ON. riin with the orig. meaning
and or. i-()e-rf.i6g belong 'mystery, secret' (goth. ohg.
'rudder'
to thesame ARYAN-y^r^ re. rund) ident. w. oiR. riin 'secret'.
: ;

rowlock rollock sb. prop, Cp. round vb. for the root.
hole for rowing'; cp. o. oe. hrung (obi.
/oc/i rung me. runge
and goth. hrugga 'staff', hg.
OE. lir/oe me. orlock 'hole of hrunge)
oars. LG. runge, du. rong 'spar, bolt':
ruddock sb. me. riuidok oe. TEUT. base hrungo-.
ruddiic 'red-breast'; cogn. w. rust me. rust roust oe. rust fr.
ruddy me. rodi ricdy (oe. '^riuii-^ a TEUT. base rusta-; ident. w.
reddish' and OE. rudii. 'red HG. LG. rost fr. a TEUT. base
color'; cp. the adj. red. rusta-derived with st- formative
:

rude adj. ime. riide fr. fr. rude from the ARYAN \~rudh (in E.
= LAT. rudis 'rude'. i red and ruddy), whence also
rue vb. ME. rewe oe. hreowan LAT robis^o 'rust' and OSLOV.
str. vb. =^ OSAX. hreuwan, ohg. riizda (for *rudjd) 'rust'.
riwivaii G. reuen, on. hryggva vb. rush sb. ME. r usshe oe. rysce;
'distress, grieve': base a strong ident. w. lg. du. rusch 'rush,
v&x\i'A\.\'~ hreuw. Cp. ruth. reed'.
rue sb. (a plant) jvie. riie fr. rush vb. ME. rousche = G.
FR. rue ^ LAT. ruta 'rue'. rauscheni\inG. riischen, du. ruischen
rule ME. reule earlier riule fr. ODU. ruuschen OSWED. ruska ,

OFR. reule riule: source LAT. rush': TEUT. base hriiskoti} There
regulij, whence also oe. regol, occurs also OE. hryscan.
OHG. rtgala G. regel, fr. regie. ruth sb. ME. reuthe: extended
rump late me. ru7npe\ ident. w. fr. a more primitive sb. OE.
MHG. G. rumpf, DU. ro7iip 'trunk, hreow; cp. OE. hreowan str. vb.
body'- rue' under rue.
rumple parallel form
rye sb. me. rie oe. ryj^e: teut.
to me.
rimple OE. hrympek and
base rugi- in on. rugr 'rye'; OHG.
ident.
w. ODU. roinpel 'ripf)le': derived rocko G. roggen and oSAX. roggo
fr. the TEUT. verbal \^ hretnp in 'rye' point to a teut. parallel
OE.^'-^///'KW/^« 'wrinkled' and OHG. base ruggan-. Outside of teut.,
rimpfan str. vb. 'wrinkle'. OSLOV. riizi 'rye' (base rugi-)
run vb. me. rinne (part, ironne) and lith. rugial 'rye' show the
OE. (rare) rinnan (mostly yrnari) same base as oe. ry-^e and on.
= ON. ri/ma, goth. rinnan 'run'; rugr teut. base rugi-. =
English Ety.mologv. 12
 ;

178 sable — sand

sable sb. me. sable borrowed sake sb. me. sake oe. i^^?^// ^=
fr. OFR. sable\ ident. w. mhg. TEUT. base sako- in ohg. sahha
G. zobel: source a slav. word, G. sache, DU. artia/C' 'matter, affair'

Russ. soboli 'sable'. perh. based on the TEUT. verbal

sabre saber fr. fr. sabre ^ sakan 'content, rebuke'.
G. sabd SERB. RUSS.
, sublja, sale ME. sale oe. salu; hence
HUNciAR. szablya. Source and sell.

history unknown. sallow sb. ME. salwe earlier

sack sb. 'bag' me. sakk OE. "^salge OE. scalh {*sealg-) = ohg.
sacc ^= GOTH, sakkus, du. zak. rEUT. base salho-; cp. salaha:
G. sack OHG. MHG. Sac TEUT. ON. selja 'willow' (base salhJdn-~).
:

base sakku- borrowed tr. lat. Prob. cognate w. lat. salix (base
saccus, whence also IXAL. sacco, salic-) 'willow' and gr. fXi'y.rj.
ER. sac. Source HEBR.-Phenic. sallow adj. me. sahce o*:. sea /a
sak. salo =- DU. zaluw, on. sglr 'yellow-

sad ME. .f.r?^/'sad, quiet, serious'; ish',OHG. salo 'sallow': teut.

the ident. OE. jr«^/ 'satiated' corre- base salwa-.
sponds with OHG. sat G. satt, salt sb. ME. salt oe. sealt: teut.
OSAX. sad, ON. sadr, goth. saps base salta- in goth. ON. oSAX.
'satiated'. There is an aryan salt, OHG. G. salz
salt'. Cogn.
\^ sd 'satiate' in lat. satur-satis w. LAT. sal, GR. ale, OSLOV. soli.
and oiR. sathach 'satiated' cp. OIR. salami ;
salt'.

GR. a-f,i^vm 's^vtiate . salve sb. me. salve oe. sealf

saddle :me. sadcl oe. sadol == (inti. jYr?//V) = OHG. salba G.

ON. sgdull, OHG. satul g. sattcl, j-^?//v, DU. zalf ; cp. GOTH. j-<?//w;
DU. zadel: teut. base saditla-, vb. =
OE. sealfian E. salve vb.
perh. borrowed tVom a non- Cognate w. the aryan \f selp
TEUT. language which might have solp in SKR. sarpis 'butter'
—
formed a sb. sadtilo- from the srpra fat', CiR. iXnoq, 'oil'.
ARYAN \~ sed in sit set. — same sb. me. same OE. sam =
safe ME. sdf earlier saiif: loan- GOTH, sama, on. samr, ohg. .^.tw;
word fr. FR. sauf =
LAI", salrns; the same': pre-TEUT. soma- in
cp. save. GR. ofWQ, SKR. .yt/OT(Z 'the same .

sail sb. jNIE. sai/ sell oe. siiiel sample sb. me. saiimple earlier
= OHG. ^6^^/ G. segel, DU. 2^/7, asaumplc fr. OFR. essemple fr.
ON. .ff^^/: TEUT. base segla-. example lat. exemplum. =
saint sb. me, seint saint fr. fr. sand sb. me. oe. sand osax. =
saint = LAT. sanctiis. .><?;/(/, OHG. sant G. .fd;«!^/, du. srt'«^/,
 "

sap — scoff 179

ON. sandr teut. base sanda- for

: scale ^ sb. 'shell' me. scale:
samda-, cp. pre-TEUT. samadho-s loanword fr. OFR. escale FR. icale.
in 6r. ai.ia&o<; sand'. Source OHG. scala under shell.
sap sb. ME. sap oe. seep = scale'- (of a balance) me. late
MLG. OUU. JT^/, MHG. OHG. Saf OE. skdle: loanword fr. ON. skdl
G. i-cz/V 'sap': TEUT. base sdpa- 'scale of a balance'; ident. w.
borrowed fr. lat. sdpa mast'. OHG. osax. skctla 'bowl'.
satin sb. me. satin fr. fr. satin: scarce ]ME. scars fr. ofr. escars
source the vulgar lat. seta 'silk' (fr. khars^ ital. scarso =
(in G. scidc ohg. sida = OE. 'scarce source lat. excarsus
:
=
sfd 'silk'). excarpsHS selected .

Saturday me. saterday earlier scarlet fr. ofr. me. scarldt

Saterndai oe. Sceternda;i =
DU. escarlate (fr. icarlate~) ident. w. ;

zaterdag, ofris. saternesdag ,west- G. scharlach, du. scharlakcn (mhg.

PHAL. Sdterdach: adaptation of scharldt, ODU. schaerlaet'). Source
LAT. Saturni dies. Cp. the names pers. sakirldt.
of the other days of the week. scathe vl). me. scathe fr. on.
sauce sb. me. sau(c fr. fr. skada\ ident. w. oe. sceppan =
sauce: source lat. salsa. Hence GOTH, skapjan vb. 'harm. The
sausage fr. fr. saucisse. TEUT. \^ skap corresponds to an
savage adj. :me. sauvage fr. fr. ARYAN \^ skdth in GR. doy.7]itr}(^
sauvage = lat. sih'aticus. 'harmless'.
save vb. me. save earlier sauve scatter vb. me. scaler e: loan-
fr. FR. sauver = lat. salvare word of the 12''' century fr.
'secure. Cp. safe. ODU. scateren 'scatter' ?

savor savour fr. ofr.

sb. me. scent vb. properly sent (late
savour =
lat. sapor-em 'taste'. me. sent sb. 'scent') fr. ofr. sentir
saw sb. ME. sa7cie OE. sage
' = 'smell' = LAT. sentire.

OHG. saga, lg. sage, du. saag, school me. scple oe. scdl (infl.

ON. spg; cp. the ablaut-varia- scple^ ^ ohg. scuola g. schule,

tion OHG. sega 'saw': derived fr. DU. loanword fr. lat.
school:
an ARYAN \'" sek sok (in lat. scola (in medieval pronun-
a
j^^ar<? 'cut'), whence also OE. secg ciation scoLi), whence also fr.
sword' and E. scythe, ! kole and ital. scuola.
saw- sb. ME. sawe oe. sagu scissors ME. sisoures (isoures
'saying' =
g. sage ohg. saga: fr. ofr. cisoires 'scissors' (fr.
derived fr. the TEUT. verb sagain 1
a'seaux).
= OE. secgan me. sein sain E. [
scoff ME. sco/; cogn. w. the
say and ohg. sagen G. sagen; I equiv. ohg. scop/ sb. and ofriks.
cp. on. seggja say' perh. cog- : schof\ cp. ON. skopa vb. 'scoff,

nate w. LiTH. sakvti vb. 'say'. mock'. Source and history un-
12
i8o scold — see

known; the E. word probably scythe me. slthe oe. sipe siipe
not genuine Anglosaxon. 'sickle'=^ on. sigdr 'sickle':
scold vb. iME. scglde; cognate Teut. base sigipja-, derived fr.
w. OHG. saltan G. scheltcn vb. a TEUT. \fseg in ohg. s'egansa G.
'scold'. Probably the E. word sense 'scythe'; cp. sa'ic.
is not genuine English, but bor- sea me. sc oe. see ; ident. w.
rowed fr. abroad. got. sai7ijs, ON. sdr, ohg. olg.
score ME. score late OE. sco7- seo G. see du. zee: base samii-.
'twenty': loanword fr. on. skor seaP sb. ME. sc'l fr. OVK. seel YVi.
'notch' source the teut. \f sker
: sceau. Source lat. sigillum.
in shear. seal 2 (the animal) sb. me. s(lc
scorn iME. scorn earliest form OE. seolh (pi. seolas) = ohg.
(about 1200) scam: borrowed selah, mlg. sel, on. selr: Teut.
fr. OFR. escarn 'scorn'. Source base s'elha-.
OHG. seem 'mockery'. seam sb. 'suture me. scm oe.
scour vb. ME. secure. seam =1 on. saumr, ohg. mhg.
scourge sb. 'whip' me. scourge soitm G. saum du. zooiti"*. Teut.
fr. OFR. escurgc (whence also base sau-ma-, derived from the
FR. escourgde icourgie) 'a scourge'. same root as the vb. se7(:i. --
scrape vb. me. scrape fr. on. seampstress me. setnster oe. sca-
.

scrdpa; cp. mlg. du. schrapen mestre 'a woman who sews seams'.
G. schrappcn. sear 'withered' me. ser oe. sear
scream vb. me. scrcvie vb. fr. ^= DU. zoor 'dry', ohg. sor.
on. skrdma \o scare, terrify'. search vb. me. serchc cerche
screw sb. fr. ofr. escroue, mo- vb. fr. OFR. cereher (= FR.
dern FR. I'eroii. chercher^. Source lat. eireare.
scribe sb. me. scribe fr. lax. season
sb. me. sesoun (seisoun)
s crib a. OFR. seson fr. saisoii: source
fr.

scrip sb. :me. scrippc fr. on. lat. satio-nem '(time of) sowing'.
skreppa. seat sb. ME. scte borrowed fr.
scurf me. late oe. scurf bor- on. sckti 'a seat derivative of :

rowed fr. on. skurf (= SWED. the TEUT. \f set in sit and set.
skorf , DAN. sktiri)) cp. ohg. ;sedge sb. ime. segge oe. secg:
seorf G. sc/wrf, du. schurft 'scurf. Teut. base sagja- also in ODU.
TEUT. \f skerf skorf in oe. sceor- MLG. segge. \f sah sag in ohg.
pan to scrape'. sahar 'sedge'. Perh. cognate
scuttle me. oe. sci/tel 'a with a reduplicated GALLO.-LAT.
sb.
dish, bowl identical w. ohg. si-sc-a 'sedge'
; IR. seisg. =
scuTjyla G. schussel, du. sc hotel, see vb. me. se oe. seon con-
ON. skutcll 'dish'. Source lat. tracted for *s'ehan ohg. olg. =
scutula scutella. sehan G. sehen du. zien: west-
 ISI

TEUT. scha7t = GOTH, saihan. DU. zelfkant, G. (dial.) self-end

TEUT. \(~ S'chw =
ARYAN \~ SCq and LG. egge\ therefore selvedge
in LAT. sequi, GR. eneodat, skr. compound of self and edge, per-
sac 'follow'. The original mean- haps in imitation of early du.
ing of the TEUT. verb probably selfegge.
was to follow with the eyes'. send vb. me. sende (prt. se/iie')
see sb. 'seat of a bishop' me. OE. seiidan (prt. saide) \vk. vb.
sc fr. OFR. se 'seat' lat. sede-m =GOTH. sa7idjan on. senda, = ,

seat'. DU. zenden, OSAX. sendian, OHG.

seed -ME. sed {sc'd) oe. s^l seed sentan G. senden. Derived fr.
= OHG. sat G. iaat, DU. zaad GOTH, .y//^/, OHG. i-/////, OE. iv/
{goth. seps in vianasips 'man- 'journey' oir. stH 'way' (aryan ^
kind') Teut. base se-di-\ for base setito- sb.
:
sontejo vb.). —
\'~ sc cp. sow sennight prop, 'seven night
seek vb. me. sekc oe. secan oe. seofoii nild; cp. fourtJiight.
(scceaii) == GOT. sbkjan, ox. sa''kja, sermon me. scrmonn fr. fr.
OHG. suohhan G. siichen, du. zooken. sermon.
TEUT. v'" .f^/5 =
ARYAN \f SClg serve vb. me. serve borrowed in
in oiR. sdighn 'I seek' (lat. the 12'*^ cent. fr. fr. servir (=
sai^lrc ?) 'LP^r.servire). Derivative servant
seethe \i). 'boil' me. .ft'7//<? oe. me. servaunt fr. fr. servant and
scodan str. vb. = on. sjoda, service me. servise fr. fr. scrviec
OHG. siodan G. siede/i, du. zieden. (lat. servitium).
In GOTH., we find only the deri- set vb. me. .y^/A' oe. settan wk.
vative saups sb. 'sacrifice' (prop, vb. = GOTH. satja?i, on. .r^'i^'^',

'a burnt-offering'), teut. \^ seup DU. 2^//^;/, osax. settian, OHG.

= ARYAN \^ sent, sezzan G. setzen'. teut. satjan
seldom adv. me. seldom prop. causal vb. to sitjan = j'//. —
seldcin) OE. seldan adv. = on. settle vb. me. setlc oe. setlian

sjaldan,ohg. j-iVAw/ G. selteriy du. 'to fix': derived fr. oe. sctl 'a

zehkn adv. Cogn. w. goth. y/A/a- seat'; cp. GOTH, sitls, ohg. .>"t';;<//

A'/'-^jT 'wonderful'. G. sessel.

self pron. ME. OE. self ^ OHG. seven num. me. seven oe. seofone
jv/Z' G. sclbsi., i)U. s^"^, ON. sjtil/r, prop. .f^^/(?;/ =
GOTH. OHG. sibun
GOTH. sMa: Teut. base selba-. g. .JzV/'if/? DU. zeven. Oldest Teut.
sell vb. ME. sclle (pret. solde^ form seplun in Lex Salica. Ident.
OE. sellaii 'to give' w. LAT. septefn,
(pret. salde) GR. f77Ta, skr.
= GOTH, bring an sap tan.
saljnn to
off"ering on. selja to liand over
, sever vb. ime. severe fr. OFR.
,

MHG. sclleii. sevrer =^ lat. separare.

selvage, selvedg c cp.thesynon. se^v vb. ME. si'ive oe. seoician
 .

I82 shackle — shaw

shoian; cp. goth. siujan, on. TEUT. languages. Base skal-zaa-

syja, OHG. simvan 'to sew': teut.- (skal-da-).

ARYAN \l~ siw in LAT. sucre, SKU. shambles me. schdmel 'bench'
sh' 'to sew'; cp. seam. OE. sceamol 'stool': borrowed fr.
shackle sb. me. sc hackle oe. LAT. scavielluvi , whence also
scedcol 'a bond'; OHG. OSAX. sca^nal G. schemel.
ident, w. on.
skgkull 'pole of a carriage', teut.shame vb. me. schdme oe. scedmu
\f skak in shake. OSAX. skania, OHG. scania G. =
shad sb. me. schaddco%. sceadda. scham; cp. goth. sik skanum 'to
Perhaps an orig. teut. skadan- shame' oe. sc'edmian. =
'herring' is found in Scadin-avia, shank vb. me. schanke oe. scean-
if it originally meant 'herring's ca\ cp. G. schenkel 'shank' fr. a
isle'. Cp. yet m. gael. sgada?i lost OHG. *scenkil. Cogn. w. G.

'herring' schinken 'ham' OHG. scinko 'shank',

shade, shadow ]Me. schdde sliad- which is perh. a doublet by the

we oe. seeadii obi. sceadwe: Teut. side of OE. sceanca.

base skadwa- in du. schaduw, shape vb. me. schdpe gtr. vb.;

OHG. skato gen. skaiwes, G. schatten, ident. w. OE. scieppan = goth.

GOTH, skadiis; cogn. w. oiR. scdth (ga)skapjan 'to create', ohg. scep-
'shadow': pre-TEUT. \^skdi. fan 'to create' (g. schaffett) : TEUT.
shaft sb. jNIE. schaft oe. irV^?// \^skap.
= OSAX. shaft, OHG. JTCt;// G. share sb. 'part'oE. jrV^^r//; cogn-
schaft, ON. i-/'^7//: teut. skafta- w. shear.
prop. a 'shaven' pole; cp. shave share sb. 'plough-share' ME.
and GR. oy.ijTTTpor 'staff, sceptre' schdre oe. scearn ^=^ OHG. scar a
— av.antov 'staff'. G. pfugschaar: teut. \fsker 'cut"

shag 'rough hair' oe. sceacga in shear.

'hair'; cogn. w. ON. skegg 'beard. sharp adj. me. scharp oe. scearp
shake vb. me. schdke oe. sc'edcan = ON. ska/pr, uu. scherp, osax.
str. vb. = ON. skaka; cp. oSAX. skarp, OHG. scarf G. scharf adj.
skakaii 'to go away'. 'sharp'. TEUT. verbal \f sk'erp in
shall vb. ME. schal (prt. scholde) OE. sceorpan str. vb. to scrape'.

OE. sceal (prt. sceolde) = goih. shave vb. me. schdve oe. scedfan
j-/C'<i/ (skiilda), OHG. JT^^z/ (scolda) str'. vb. =
GOTH, skaban, ON.
G. soil (SO/te), DU. C(//, ON. i-/Ja/. skafa, OHG. scaban G. schaben, du.
Cogn. w. LiTH. skelc-ti 'to be schaven\o shave': teut. \^ skab
liable'. cogn. w. LAT. scabere 'to shave
shallop see sloop. andprob. w. gr. ay.dnzco 'to dig'.

shallow schalwc 'not deep' Cp, shaft.

3>ie.

with the byform me. schcdd; not shaw ME. schawe oe. scedga
found in oe. nor in the other 'thicket, small wood'; ident. w.
 d

shawm — shield

ON. skagi 'promontor}'' and cogn. G. schon, GOTH, skauns: teut.

\v. skogr 'wood' and jNIHG.
ON. base skaii-rii-, verbal adj. 'to be
sc/huih' 'piece of wood'. looked at' fr. \^sk(ru in show.
shawm me. schahny borrowed sheep sb. me. schep oe. seep
IV. FR. (dial.) chale/nie, whence {scedp) = osax. skdp, du. schaap,
also G. schahnci; standard fr. OHG. scdf G. schaf: Teut. base
cJialuvieau fr. a lat. type cala- skcpa- (skapa-).
mella. sheet sb. ME. Scheie oe. sc'ete

she ME. sche; umlaut-deriv. of oe. sccat

functionally cor- (scyte),

responding to OE. hco (fem. of 'fold of a garment' goth. skaiits =

he), but phonetically to oe. seo 'hem of a garment', ohg. scoz. g.
(fem. of the article se the). = schoss 'bosom, lap'; oe. scyfe re-
sheaf sb. me. schcf oe. sccaf: presents a TEUT. type skautjbn-.
teut. base skauba- in on. skauf, teut. \' skcut in shoot.
OHG. slou/>, du. schoof. Cogn. w. shelf me. schelve oe. scylf =
OHO. scobar o. schober rick' (of MLG. ODU. sche//, ohg. sce/b; cp.
corn). All derivatives of the on. Hlid-skjalf.
Teut. \f sktib in shove with the shell sb. ME. schelle oe. sccll
orig. meaning 'things shoved obi. scelle: teut. type skaljb- in
together'. DU. schel, ON. skel 'shell' and in
shear vb. me. schcre oe. sccraii goth. skalja 'a tile'; cogn. w.
str. vb. = OHG. sccran DU. G. OHG. scald G. schale 'shell'.
scheren, on. skera: arvan \'".f/('tV shepherd sb. me. schepherd o^.
in LiTH. skh'-ii 'separate', cogn. scip-hyrde prop, compound of oe.
w. \~ ker OR. xeioaiv shear'. siip 'sheep' and oe. hyrde e. hej-
in
sheath vb. me. schcthe oe. scedp 'one who tends a herd'; cp.
obi. icedpe: fr. a teut. skaipjo- GOTH, halrdeis, ohg. hirti G. hirte
in OSAX. slicdia, ohcj. sceida o. and see herd.
scheide, du. scheede: orig. meaning sheriff sb. me. scherefe earlier
that which Separates'. Cogn. I^' part
schir-i-eve oe. scii'-j^erefa;
w. shed vb. .ME. schcde oe. seed- of the oe. compound see under
dan =
GOTH, skaidan with the shire', oe. ^erefa E. reeve is
byform osax. skcdan =
ohg. derived fr. teut. roba rofa =
sceidati o. schciden 'u^ separate': OHG. ritoba ruofa 'number'?
TEUT. \^ skaip skaid which is shide sb. me. schide oe. scid
,
=
compared to gr. OxiXsiv, skk. ON. skid, OHG. scit G. schcit thin
(///(/, LAT. schidere 'to cleave, cut' board'; ident. w. OIR. sciaih
(arvan \^skhid}'). See shide. 'shield' (ARYAN base skciio-).

sheen sb. (prop, adj.) me. Cogn. w. sheath.

schetie oe. scene (sc'y/ir) adj. 'fair' shield sb. ME. schehi oe. scdd
= osax. ohg. skoni DU. schoon (byform .fr/A/) : teut. base skeldii
 ; .

1
84 shift shop

in GOTH, skildus =
on. skjgldr, scindula, by form oi scandula 'shing-
OHG. scilt, DU. G. schild. Perh. le); but the phonetic anomaly
cogn. w. LITH. skcUu I split'. is not yet explained.
shift vb. ME. schifte oe. sciftaii ship sb. ME. schip oe. scip ^=-
'to divide' =
ON. skipta, DU. GOTH. ON. OSAX. skip, OHG. Scif
schiften 'to divide'. G. schiff: common Teut. base
shilling sb. me. schiUing oe. skip a-.
sailing ^=^ GOTH, skilliggs, ON. shire sb. me. schirc oe. scir
skilling, OHG. oSAX. scilling G. (obi. scire) = ohg. skira 'pro-
schilling: teut. base skillinga- vincia'.
more orig. sk'ellingo-, perh. akin shirt sb. me. schirte pointing
to OHG. jve'//i3' G. sckelU bell'. to an OE. '''scyrte; deriv. fr. the
The common Teut. name of adj. OE. sceort == short, as
the coin properly meant 'the shown by G. schurz 'shirt' a.side
tinkling money' (for the suffix of mhg. schurz 'short'. ON. skyrta
-ing in names of coins see penny ^
OE. ^'sc'yrte represents a teut.
and farthing). type skurtjon-, but OE. sceort a
shimmer vb. me. schimcrc oe. base skoria-. See short.
sciviorian: deriv. of OE. scima shoal 'crowd' me. schgle oe.
light' =: GOTH, skcifna 'light' sceolu =
OSAX. skola 'troop'.
cp. G. schi/ni/icrn aside of OHG. shock vb. ME. schocke fr. fr.
schno 'light'. Cp. shine for the choqiier 'give a shock.
TEUT. \^ski. shock sb. ME. schocke 'heap
shin {shiiihone) sb. me. schine of corn'. OE. "^sccocc is lost,
{schincbgn) oe. scina (scinebdn) but inferred from :^^TG. schoc
r= OHG. scina (mhg. schinchein') 'heap' —
schocke 'shock'. Cogn.
G. schienc (schienbein), DU. scheen also w. MLG. hockc 'shock of corn'.
{scheenbeen). oe. scic shin' shows shoe sb. ME. schg OE. scegh
evidently the more primitive (pi. sceg-s for *scghas) Teut. :

root-form ski: separate oe. ohg. base skoha- in GOTH, skbhs, ON.
sci-na. skb-r, OHG. sciioh G. schuh, du.
shine vb.ME. schine or. sci/nrn str. schocn. Perhaps derived fr. a
vb. =
GOTH, skeinan, on. skina, TEUT. \f skeh skc(g)w in goth.
ohg. OSAX. sklnan G. scheincn, DU. skewjan on. skdva 'to go
schijnen.: all equivalent. teut. shoot vb. cp. ME. schgte vb.
ski-na-n rests on a \'~ ski as OE. scebtian 'to dart, derived fr.
shown by oe. sci-ma ohg. sci-i?io tlie primitive ME. schete OE. sceo-
GOTH, skei-ma light'. tan = ON. skjota, oSA>'. skeoian
shingle sb. me. schingcl; ap- OHG. scio"4i'i G. schiesscn , DU.
parently identical w. G. schindel schietcn: teut. \^ skeut skiit. :

OHG. scintilla (loanword fr. lat. shop sb. me. schoppc OE. sceoppa
 .

shore — shut i«5

*booth, hut'; cognate w. OE. = GOTH, skiira 'storm', ohg.

scypen 'shed for cattle', schopf scdr G. schauer, on. ,f/^/^r.
G.
schiippen 'shelter'. shred sb. short for me. schr{dc
shore sb. me. schorc: fr. the OE. scread (obi. screade) 'shred,
I'EUT. \^ sker 'shear, cut'. piece' cp. oe. scr(admig 'shred ;

short adj. me. schort OE. sceort: and scrcadian 'to pare' teut. :

base skorta-\ cp. ohg. scurz fr. \^ skraud in ohg. scrota /i 'to cut,
a base skurtu-'. loanword fr. lat. pare*; perh. cogn. w. shroud.
* ex-cur tus, as lat. curtus is pre- shrew sb., shrewd adj. fr.

served in G. OHG. schrcwe sb. 'bad

liU7-z 'short', du. person'
:me.

kort, ON. korU- (see kirtle for —

schrcwed adj. 'wicked, bad';
OE. cyrtil and shirt for G. the corresp. OE. scr^'awa means
schiirze) 'shrew-mouse'. Origin and history
shot sb. ME. schot OE. lesceot 'a of the group unknown.
missile': deriv. from the teut. shriek vb. me. schrike (oe.
\'^skeui skut in shoot. scrkiiiii) cogn. w. shrike sb. ;

shoulder sb. .me. schulder oe. oe. scric 'a bird's name'. Cp.
sculdor; cp. du. sclioudcr G. ON. skrikja 'to titter'.
,

schulter (ohg. scultirrci). shrine sb. me. schrin OE. serin;

shout vb. me. schoute. ident. w. ohg. scrhii G. schrcin,
shove vb. me. schouve oe. DU. schrijn: loanword fr. la'1\
sciifaii = on. skufa, du. schu'wen: scrinium, whence also ital. scrig-
ident. w. goth. skiuban, ohg. no, FR. (ic7in.

sciohan G. schiebeir. teut. \^sktib shrink vb. me. schrinke OE.

= ARYAN skubh\ \'~ ksubh SK.R. \'^ {for)scrinca)2 str. ODU.vb. =
^to be agitated' seems to be schrinken; cogn. w. swed. skrynka
cognate. — shoi'e/ mk. schovel sb. 'a wrinkle': teut. \^ skrcnk.

oe. sceojf; cp. du. schoffel and shroud sb. me. schroud oe.
ohg. scufala (;. schaufcl. scriid 'garment' = on. skriid 'or-
show vb. schcwe late oe. nament, dress'.
ME. See shred.
lesce'au'iii/i show'; the corre-
to shudder vb. me. schudere (oe.
sponding oe. sccaivian means '•'scudoria/i) LG. schuddcrn =
to look, behold and is iden- (whence G. schauder/i) du. ,

tical witli the OHG. \schudden 'to tremble'; cp. ohg.

equival.
skou7c>oti g. schaucn du. schouwen: scutisoti 'to shudder'. '

teut. \'~ skau sku (see sheeii) in shun vb. ME. schiinc oe. sciinian
GOTH, skuggwa 'looking glass'. wk. vb. 'to avoid, abhor' perh. ;

Cogn. w. the aryan v^'^''' '^^?^'' deriv. fr. a teut. \^ skcn 'to flee
in eat. caverc 'to take care', away' in on. skynda to hasten',
GR. Y.ohlv 'to beget'. OHG. scuntan 'to urge on'.
shower sb. .ArE. schour oe. irV/r shut vb. me. schuttc OE. scvttaii
i86 shy — sin

= DU. schutten 'to shut in, to OE. i'tw/ ohg. «/zrt« G. seihen 'to
block up': Teut. base skutjan filter, strain' the guttural of ,

cogn, w. shuttle sb. me. schitel which may have changed to a

OE. scytels bar, bolt Teut. base labial {sif for slJu).
:

skutisia-, \^ skciU skui in shoot. sigh vb. ME. sighe points to

shy adj. me. sc/iey OE. scn)/i an OE. *sihhicin cogn. w. the ;

(^sceog-) 'timid' =r mhg. schicch equivalent me. sike oe. i/V<?«.

(g. scheii), DU. schinv: Teut. base The root sik slhh looks like
skeoha- skeuha- , whence
ohg. sound-imitation.
sciuhan 'to frighten' sight sb. me. sight earlier ME.
(g. scheuefi).
sick adj. short for ME. sek OE. sighthe oe. lesihp: deriv. of the
seoc ^= GOTH, sinks on. sjilkr, TEUT. \^sehf in see.
,

OSAX. siok, ohg. sioh g. siech., sign sb. ME. signe fr. fk. i7|i,'-//f'.

DU. ziek: TEUT. seuka- adj. 'ill, silk ME. si/h OE. wcV6- fr. an
sick' by the side of the str. vb. earlier ^^siluc; cogn. w. ON. sil/ii:
GOTH, siukan 'to be ill', whence source lat. sericum (whence
the verbal noun goth. saii/its, also on<. sirie and oslov. selkii
OHG. suht 'illness'. 'silk').

sicker (Scotch) adj. me. siktr sill sb. ME. sille oE. syll obL

OE. sicor = OHG. sihhur G. sichcr, syllc: Teut. base .y//^'J- borrowed
O'iky.. siki/7-, DU. zeker: loanword fr. LAT. solea 'sole of the foot',

(Teut. base sikfrra-) fr. lat. whence also goth. sulja 'sole
sectiriis, borrowed during the first of a shoe'. ON. syll is an OE.
centuries of the Christian era. loanword. Cp. sole.
sickle sb. ME. sikel oe. adj. ME.
sicol: sillyseli' oe. seli^
borrowed fr. lat. secula, whence 'happy, fortunate'
(sdlii) OHG. =
also OHG. sihhila G. sichelux}. sikkel. saHg G. selig, du. zalig 'blessed':
side sb. me. side oe. side (obi. secondary extension to goth.
sidnii) =ON. sida, ohg. slla G. sels 'good' =
ON. scell 'iiappy'
seite^DU. zijde: Teut. base sid- (cp. OE. seel sb. 'happiness').
jon-, perh. connected w. OE. sid TEUT. \'~sel.
adj. long, wide' =
on. sidr silver me. silver oe. siolfor ^=-
'hanging down' ? GOTH. silubr, OSAX. siliibar, OHG.
siege sb. inie. sege fr. fr. siege. silabar G. silber^ DU. zilver ON. ,

sieve sb. me. sive oe. sife (oldest silfr; ident. w. o.SLOV. sirebro
form sibi~) =
OHG. sib G. sieb, RUSS. serebro, lith. sidabras.

DU. c^^v/ 'a sieve': Teut. base Source and history uncertain.
sibi-, connected w. the vb. sift. sin sb. ME. sinne oe. jjw/ obi.
sift ME. sifte OE. siftan =^ DU. synne: base simjb- for an earlier
ziften, LG. (g.) sichtcn 'to sift'. swuijo-in ohg. sutitea G. sihidey
There exists a teut. \f sih in OSAX. sjmdia, DU. zonde; cp. yet
 ;

since — skew 187

ON. synd fr. a base simidjo- (the sip vb. ME. sippe', deriv. fr. OE.
dentals are suftixal). Cogn. sype 'absorbing', which is verbal
w. LA r. sons (sont-is) 'guilt)''. noun to OE. siepan', see sup.
since with the more original sir, sire me. sire fr. fr. sire,
byform (Shakesp.) sithence me. whence also on. sira. — sirrah,
sithens prop, sithen OE. sippan', spelt in 16'^ cent, sirrha serr/ia,
the additional of the me. form points to orig. »sir, ah« or />sir,
j'

is of adverbial origin (cp. once, ha«.

twice). Tlie orig. oe. form was
sister sb. me. sister is regarded
sip-pan (cp. the identical goth. as a distinctively Scand. loan-
pana-seips 'later') resting on The oe.
word fr. ON. systir.
,

the -oe. adverb sip 'later', which equivalent sweostor swiistor me.
is a comparative to goth. seipus
suster is not responsible for the
'late'. ON. sidan corresponds to
modern phonology. The Teut.
OE. sippan; cp. OHG. shi G. seit swestr- sunstr-; cp. goth. base is
= OE. sip 'later'.
S7vistar, OHG. swcster G. schwester,
sinew sb. me. sinave OE. {sionu
uu. zuster. The / of the com-
pi.) sioneowe, which results fr. a
mon Teut. word is excrescent.
Teut. base sinewb- or s'eneivd-\
Aryan base sw'esr- (nom. S70csdr')
cp. ON. OHG. scnawa G.
sin,
in SKR. svasr , lat. soror (for
sehne, du. zenuw. cogn. w. skr.
'^svesoi-), lith. sesu 'sister'.
snava 'sinew' or w. gr. ]vic,
sit vb. ME. sitte oe. sittan str.
'sinew'.
:= DU. zitten, OSAX. sittian, vb.
sing vb. ME. singe oe. sing an
OHG. sizzan G. sitzen: westteui.
str. vb. =
OHG. OS AX. sing an
sittjan fr. TEUT. sitjan (= ON.
G. singen DU. zingen oldest Teut. ;

sit/a); cp. GOTH, sitan: strong

form GOTH, siggwan (= ON.
verbal \^ set sat [whence a causal
sytigiHT) all s}'nonymous.
: teut.
vb. satjan under set), aryan
\/^ s'eng7ci sangw
is related to
\/~ sed in LAT. sedeo, gr. stoiiui
GR. "speech,
o/<(/)?; oracle':
SKR. \^ sad 'to sit',
ARYAN v^ s'eng/na. The cor- (t'cJoc 'seat'),
OSLOV. sesii, Lrrn. shti. Cp.
resp. causal is represented by
settle and soot.
singe ^lE. senge oe. sencgean fr.

a Teut. ground-form sang(w)jan six :me. oe. six fr. a i'eut.

= OHG. scngan G. scngcn 'to

I

I
se/is = GOTH, sai/is, ohg. osax.
singe' prop, 'to make to sing'. I
se/is G. sechs, du. srj-, on. sex :

sink vb. j7/2^<' OE. sincan str. ARYAN .ft'/&.f in LAT. sex, GR. f^

=
I

OHG. sinkan G. sinkcn DU. cp. SKR. sas.

'

vb.
zinken; oldest form goth. w^v''/^-'' sketch sb. = DL". sc/iets, g.

(= ON. S'okh'il) : TEUT, \^SCn/i7C' s/iizze borrowed fr. ital. schizzo.

'to sink'. skew vl). late .ME. skewe 'to

 ;

skill leiglit

slip away'; cp. odu. schouwen vb. schlage7t) , du. slaan , ON. sld:

'to shun ? TEUT. \'"slah sloh = aryan .y/;?/^

skill sb. ME. skil 'reason' bor- cp. slaughter and sledge.
rowed fr. ON. skil 'discernment' slay sb. (a weaver's reed) oe.
{skilja vb. 'to separate'). slej^e 'percussorium' cogn. with
skin sb. me. skin late OE. skiiiii the TEUT. \(^ slah =^ slay vb.;
borrowed fr. ON. skinn, which ON. sld bar, bolt'.

arises a Teut. base skinpa-,

fr. sled short for me. slcde ;
bor-
whence derived ohg. scintan G. rowed fr. ON. sledi 'a sledge';
schinden wk. vb. 'to skin'. BRET. corresponding to OHG. slito G.

scant 'scale' rests on an arvan schlitien, du. slede 'sledge'. Tlie

shnto-. group rests on the teut. \^ slid
skirmish me. scarmisshe fr.
sb. in slide.
FR. escarviouche\ cp. ITAL. scara- sledge-hammer me. slegge oe.
muccia, o. scharmiltzeL The group slecg (obi. slecge) sb. 'sledge-
rests on ohg. scinnan (g. schir- hammer' : Teut. base slagjo-

nieii) . deriv. fr. \^ slah in slay; cp.

skirt sb. ME. skirt fr. ON. skyrta ON. sleggja, du. slegge slei 'mallet'.
'a shirt'; farther relations see sleek adj. me. slik borrowc;d
under kirtle and shirt. fr. ON. slik-r 'sleek, smooth' (^=
skull sb. ME. senile (scolle). DU. slijli): teut. \'^ silk in OHG.

sky sb. ME. skie borrowed fr. slihhan G. schleichen.

ON. "cloud
sky not ;
found in sleep vb. me. slepe (slcpe) oe.

OE. (but OSAX. skion). slepan (sldpan) str. vb. =: GOTH.

slack adj. me. slak oe. slrz-c slepan (pret. saizlep), oSAX. sldpan,
'languid, slothful' =: ON. slakr, DU. slapen, ohg. sldffan G. schlafen.
OLG. slak, OHG. sla/i sVdck': Teat, Cogn. w. G. schlaff OHG. sldf
base slaka-. — Hence slake 'lax, loose, remiss', teut. \r slap
vb. me. slake OE. sldcian 'slacken'. I
= ARYAN sf slab peril, in lat.

slaughter sb. ViY.. slaughter: bor- j

labi 'to slide'.

rowed in I ON. sldtr

i'^ sleet sb. yv£..slet\ oe. '^slet Cslyt)
cent. fr.

or its oldest form *slahtr. Der. not found umlaut-relation to i

;

fr. the TEUT. \^slah in slay. MHG. slbz, (g. schlosse 'hail):
slave sb. = du. slaaf: loan- Teut. base slauti-, whence also
word fr. FR. e.sclave, whence also DU. sloot, FRIES, slat.
G. sklave. Source iTAL. schiavo sleeve sb. me. sieve oe. slefe

'slave' = OR. '

E6y.)MlJt]i'0i, 'the (slyfe): Teut. base slaubjd[n-) in
Slavonians, Slaves'. ODU. sloove 'veil'.

slay vb. ME. sle (part, slaiii) sleight sb. me. sleighte earlier
OE. slc'a?i (part, slcej^en) str. vb. ME. slehpe: borrowed fr. on. sliigd
= GOTH. OHG. OSAX. slahan (g. 'slyness', which is abstract for-
 slice — slow-worm 189

mation to the adj. sly ^= me. cp. ON. slita, OSAX. slitan str. vb.
s/('/i ON. sld'gr. 'to DU. slijten, ohg. sli"^ein
slit,

slice sb. iME. slice fr. ofr. esc lice G.schleissen: teut. \^ slit 'to tear.
'a shiver, splinter' ; source the sloe sb. me. sip OE. sld (infl.
TEUT. sfslit in slit. sld-//),prob. contracted fr. oe.
slide vb. ME. slide oe. slidan *sldlie (infl. *sldhati) = ohg.
str. vb. = MHG. sliten 'to slide'; sleha G. schlehe; cp. du. slee,

TEUT. \f slid under sled\ aryan swed. sldti, DAN. slaaejt 'sloe' and
\f slidh in lith. slidus 'slipper' OE.i7c//?-/^r«'black- thorn'. Doubt-
(cp. oe. slidor 'slippery'). ful whether lith. slyvas 'plum'
slight adj. ME. slight; oe. *sliht and OSLOV. russ. slizui 'plum'
not found, but may be inferred fr. are cognate.
the corresp. GOTH. i'/f?//?/'.f 'smooth', sloop sb. fr. DU. sloep: source
OHG. y/t'///" 'smooth, flat' {G.schlecfit FR. chaloupe whence also E. ,

'bad' — ir////V/// "simple") du. skclit,, shallop = G. schaluppe.

on. slittr smooth': Teut.
'flat, slot sb. 'bar, bolt' late me. slot
base sleh-ta- prop, slih-ta- fr. the = DU. LG. Slot^ OHG. sloz, G.
verbal \f silk in sleek (on. slikr sehloss; derived fr. the teut.
'sleek, smooth'). \'~ sltit 'shut' in DU. sluiten, LG.
slime sb. me. oe. slif/i ohg. = sltiten, OHG. slioi^yin G. schliessen
:mhg. slim o. schleim , du. slijm, (cp. G. schliissel ohg. slu"^il =
on. slif/i : Teut. type sll-nia- fr. OSAX. sbitil 'key), teut. \f slut
an ARYAN sf^sli, whence also rests on an aryan \^ sklhd,
LAT. li-nius 'mud. cogn. w. LAT. claudere 'shut'.
sling vb. ME. sliiige str. vb. sloth sb. ME. slguthe with abstr.
(oe. *slitigan not recorded) 'to sufflx fr. the didi]. slow; cp. the
fling' = ON. slyvgva str. vb. 'to umlaut-relation OE. shkop mk.
cast, fling'; cp. mhg. slinge sb. s leu the.

'sling', DU. sUngcren vb. 'to toss' slough sb. 'mire' .me. slough OE.
and ohg. slingan 'to swing'. slidi mire .

TEUT. \f slengw (slenhivl). slow adj. .ME. slinu oe. sld7ci

slip vb. me. slippc oe. '^slyppan = OSAX. OHG. sleo blunt', du.
belongs to the str. vb. oe. sliipan sleeuTO 'sour', on. s/jor blunt':
'to glide' = DU. slitipen 'to Teut. base slai7va-, perh. cogn.
sneak'; cp. GOTH. sliupan str. w. LAT. laevus 'left' gr. Xaiog. ,

vb. 'to slip' and ohg. slupfan G. slow-worm sb. prop. .me. slti-
schliipfen 'to slip' : Teut. verbal wor^n sip - 7i.'urm OE. sld - 7c<yr//t
\^ slt(p ,
perh. related to lat. 'blindworm' ident. w. swed. ;

luhricHS slippery'. sld (ofjiisld), NOR\\'EG. slo (ormslo)

slit vb. -ME. slitte dcriv. fr. me. blindworm. Not compounded
slite oe. slitaii str. vb. 'to slit'; with slo7ci OE. sld'ic, but resting
 ;

I go sluice smelt

on a TEUT. slaiha- 'blindworm'; history of the group unknown.

cp. LlTH. slckas, PRUSS. s/ayx It doubtful whether late OE.
is

'rainworm'. snacc ON. snekkja (kind of ship)

sluice sb. :^ Du. sluts, g. is cognate.

Sihleuse: source ofr. escliise (fr. small adj. me. stnal (infl. snmle),
icluse) fr. a low Lat. type ex- OE. s?nal {ix\^. smala): Teut. adj.
clusa 'a floodgate'. smala- in goth. smals, OHG. OSAX.
slumber vb. me. slomere fre- S7nal G. scJmial. on. S77iali =
quentative of ME. slounic vb. OHG. S77iala-77o- — S7/ialaz, "''ihu

'slumber', derived fr. the sb. 'sVieep' points to gr. ui^Xor

OE. slii-nia 'slumber'; cp. DU. 'sheep' and oir. t/ii'I 'beast ; cp.
sliiinie7i sluimere7i , lg. sliinieren also OSLOV. fnalu.
(g. schlmnmerii) vb. smallage
'slumber'. sb. prop. S77iall
OE. slii-fna sb. 'slumber' rests on ache; ME. ache is fr. ache 'pars-
an ARYAN \'^slu in goth. slawan ley'. Source lat. apiu77i 'pars-
to cease, be silent'. ley'. ,
sly adj. ME. prop. sUi
sli smalt sb. fr. DU. S77ialt ^=^ G.
(sly)

slei (Orrm sh'/i under sleight) schtnalte, fr. S77ialt: source ital.
:

borrowed fr. ON. sldgr adj. 'sly, s77ialto, which is of Teut. origin
cunning'; ident. w. the non-um- (cp. MHG. S77ielze/t G. scht7ielze7i).
lauted DU. sluw lg. silt (g. schlmi), smart vb. me. s7/ierte oe. smeor-
SWED. DAN. slug. As Seen by ia7i a Teut. strong vb. ^^ OHG. :

G. verschlage?! 'sly', the adj. S77iiTzan 'to smart'; cp. du. st7ia7-t
rests on the teut. %/" slah in sb. OHG. s>7ie7'zo G. schmerz =
slay} sb. 'pain': teut. \f s/nert pre-
smack 1 sb. taste' me. smak teut. S77ie7-d cogn. w. lat. 7tiordere
OE. smcec sb. =
du. sfnaak; oho. 'to bite', GR. aufgdaXeo'c'
igijsmah; cp. the vb. OE. sniaccan smear vb. me. s7/ic)-e vb. fr.
'to taste' =
ODU. smaken ofries. the sb. OE. S77ieo7'o on. sf/ijpr =
S7}iakia] cp. OHG. smacken sfueckett 'butter', OHG. ospc^. s7tiero\ aryan
G. schnecken 'to taste', west- \^sm'e7- also in goth. S77iair-p7-
TEUT. \'~' sviak sinakk. 'fatness' and in lith. S77tarsas
smack''^ (Shakesp.) sb. 'a loud 'fat' and OIR. S77ii7- 'marrow'.
kiss' cp. G. schmatzen fr. ivihg. smell sb. ME. smcl cogn. w.
smatzoi prop. Sf/iackeizen , LG. s7)ioulde7- vb. ME. s77iolde7-e vb.
Sfnacke/i 'to smack the lips. 'to burn with a stifling smoke'
smack^ sb. (a fishing-boat) cp. the sb. ME. smolder 'a stifling
fr. ODU. MLG. sviacke (du. si/iack), smoke' and the vb. du. s77ieule/7
whence also the equivalent G. 'to smoulder' = lg. S77ia'le7i.

schuiacke, fr. semaquc, ITAL. semac- smelt vb. not found in oe.
ca, SPAN, zwnaca. Source and .ME. (see 77ielt)\ borrowed fr.
 smelt igi

SWED. sf/idita r=r DAN. sf/ielte, du. OSLOV. smykati se 'to creej)', LITH.
LG. smelten ohg. sm'elzan G.
, smiikti "to glide'.
schmelzen 'melt cp. ital. sf/ialto
; smoke sb. me. smoke oe. smoca
^ FR. </ot^?/7 'enamel'. The teut. sb. smoke'; cogn. w. OE. smic
\f smelt is probably connected 'smoke' (base smauki-) and the
AV. \^ntclt under ?nelt. str. vb. OE. smeocan 'to smoke';

smelt sb. (a kind of tish) me. cp. DU. smoken (base *smukdii)
OE. s?/ielt; ident. \v. dan. du. and smook sb. (base *sfnauki-) :

smelt: cp. NORW. sfnelta (name TEUT. \'~ s?nuk, perh. cogn. w.
of various kinds of small fish). LITH. smaukii 'to choke'.
smile vb, me. smile (oE. ""smy- smooth adj. me. smpthe late
Ja/i}); cogn. w. the non-umlauted OE. smiid with the umlauted by-
MHG. swielen sftiiereii 'to smile' form OE. smede; mlg. smdde re-
and the frequentative e. smirk presents an OSAX. ''^s?nothi fr. a
OE. smearcian 'smile'. Teut. base smanpi-.
smirch vb. 'to besmear' deri- smother sb. me. smorther (^P>'(i-

vative of stiicai-. being an abstract suffix) ; OE.

smirk see under smile. smorian "to choke, sufifocate ^
smite vb. ME. smite oe. s?nita7i DU. r.G. smnren G. sch7noreii 'to
str. vb. = GOTH,
smeitan, du. stew'. smoulder vb. me. —
stnijten, lg. ohg. sfnvyyjn smolder e vb. rest on me. smolder,
smite?!,

G. schmeissen 'to cast': teut. which is ident. w. me. smorther.

\^ smit 'strike, beat, smear'. snail sb. me. snail oe. sntep:
smith vb. me. smith oe. smip Teut. base snagla- cp. mho. ;

= ON. sf/iidr, DU. smid, OHG. snegel, ON. s?tigill 'snail'; cogn.
smid G. schmied; cp. goth. aiza- w. OHG. siiecko G. schnecke (i-G.
smipa 'coppersmith'; cogn. w. snigge^, me. snegge.
ohg. S7nidagism'idi^^Q. geschf/teide, snake sb. me. snake oe. sndea\
DU. gesmijde. I'he dental is for- cp. the equiv. on. sndkr snokr,
mative. There is an aryan LG. snake. Teut. \^ snak in ohg.
\f smi in GK. Gi-u-Xrj af.avvr,. snahhan 'to creep'. —
Smithy sb. seems to sb. me. snare borrowed
be the snare
SCAND. smidja {= on. snara 'a snare, halter";
OE. smippe, fr.

OHG. smitthd). ident. w. ohg. snar(a)ha oe.

smock sb. ME. smi)k oE. sfnocc snearh 'noose, snare' fr. a Teut.
'smock, frock, shirt' =
on. smokkr; base snarhon-; cp. the str. vb.
cp. OHG. smocko 'shirt': deriv. ohg. siier(a)han .mho. snerhen 'to
fr. the TEUT. Y^ smug in OE. bind tightly'. Probably cogn.
smiigan, on. smjilga 'to creep w. ohg. snuor g. schnur a lace,
through a hole', MHG. smiegcn cord (goth. snorjfl).
G. schmiegen. arvan \'~ sintik in sneeze vl). me. snese (oe. sneo-
ig^ snipe — sole'

jiv?//)ident. w. nccse me. nese any way related with the Teut.
;

^=- ON. hnjosa and w. oe. fneosa/i. word-group, is uncertain.

snipe sb. me. s/iipi-; ident. w. sob vb. ME. sobbe (OE. *sobbian) :
ON. 7nyri-S7iipa 'a moor-snipe' and frequentative of a teut. \'^siib in
cogn. w. the equiv. ohg. sn'epfa OHG. sf//t'a sigh, a sob' siifteon —
G. schnepfe DU. suep snip (ital. (g. seufze7i) 'to sigh'.
sgneppa is of Teut. origin).
sock sb. ME. J<7^-^ OE. .f^^^: loan-
snite see under snot.
word fr. LAT. soecus (= fr. socquey
snore vb. me. snore vb. with
ITAL. socco) whence also ohg. ,

the frequentative snort me. snorte;

MHG. SOC, ON. Sokkr.
cogn. w. G. schnarchen, DU. snorken
snurken 'to snore, snort.
sod sb. ME. sgde: probably
snot vb. me. snot oe. "^esnot
borrowed fr. mlg. sode\, which
corresponds to ofries. sdtha
'mucus of the nose' =^ du. snot\
'sod, turf: Teut. base sanpdn-\
cogn. w. snout sb. me. snoutc
= ODU. sniite DU. snuit and w.
perhaps related to seethe.
snite vb. me. snite OE. snytan ^= soft adj. adv. me. softe Ihort for
ON. snyta 'to wipe the nose'. Cp. OE. spfte adv. by the side of the
G. scJinaiitzc, schndutzen. umlauted adj. OE. sefte\ ident. w.

snow sb. ME. snow OE. sndw OSAX. sdfti adj. — sdfto adv. ^
= GOTH, snaiws, ON. sneer snjor, OHG. senfti adj. — sa77ifto adv.
DU. sneeuw, ohg. S7ieo G. schnee: (g. sanft sacht, du. zacht),
Teut. base snaiwa-, derived fr. soil sb. ground' me. soile fr. '

the ARYAN \f snigh in ohg. smwati OFR. soel ^=- FR. sueil: source
G. schneien, OE. sniivan 'to snow' LAT. solea.
= LAT. ningere lith. snigti,
, soil'- vb. 'to defile' me. soile fr.
AVEST. sniz 'to snow'; cp. or. FR. souilier.
vi(f,-a 'snow' and lat. 7!ix 7ti7j-e»i, solace sb. me. solas fr. ofr.
IR. sneehta — cymr. 7i(if 'snow'. solaz = LAT. solatium.
LITH. S7ii:gas and OSLOV. snegic soldier sb. me. soudionr properly
'snow' correspond completely to souldier fr. ofr. soldier (FK.soldat).
TEUT.S7tai'iva- fr. S7iaigwa-. Source ofr. soiilde 'pay for soul-
SO adv. ME. so prop, swp oe. diers', whence du. g. sold. Source
swd =
GOTH, .fa/d', on. svd (ohg. LAT. SOliduS {= ITAL. Soldo FR. ,

so DU. zoo^. Cp. the derivative soil) 'piece of money .

i'^/cV/ and MHG. sus (g. so/ist^, sole^ (of a shoe) sb. me. sole

DU. .C/^.f. ^= OHG. sola G. so/ile, du.

oe. sole
soap sb. ME. sgpe oe. jv//^^ =
zool: Teut. base sola, borrowed
OHG. seijfa G. j-«yi?: Teut. base fr. a LAT. type *sola, represented
saipoii-. Whether lat. sapo{ne7n) by FR. sole, ital. sno/o, span.
=- FR. savon, ital. sapone are in suela 'sole of a shoe'. The vul-
 sole^ soiind^ 193

gar-LAT. sola has supplanted which is participle of the aryan

LAT. solea, whence goth. sulja \j'" es 'to gr. fCr/,
be' (skr. dsti,

'sole' isborrowed. LAT. est, G. isf) with the suffix

sole^ (a flat fish) me. sole fr. fr. out- in GR. (pEQovv- (cp. toot Ay
sole\ ident. w. sole^\ cp. lat. GOTH sun/is 'true' corresponds to
soldi 'sole-fish'. SKR. j"c//iv/ 'true'.

some pron. me. sum sof/i OE. su»i sore adj. me. .yf/r oe. sdr fr. a
=1 GOTH, sums, ON. sumr, OHG. TEUT. adj. sai-ra- in on. .yJ/-;-,
sum ARYAN base sj?no- in gr. ohc. ser, du. s^^r 'sore, wounded';
:

ai-iod^sv, SKR. samij. cp. GOTH, sair sb. 'pain', ohg.

son sb. ME. sone suuc OE. suf/u scr (g. 7'ersehren vb. 'to hurt).
^=^ GOTH. SUnuS, ON. Sit 11)', OSAX. Cogn. w. lat. sae-7'us 'wild' and
sunu, OHG. sitn G. sohn DU. s^^a/: oiR. sai-th 'pain'. Cp. sorry.
Teut. base sunu-. An aryan base
sorrel (plantname) fr, ofr.
siuiu- is evident in SKR. sunu-,
sorel (fr, surelle), which is de-
OSLOV. synii, lith. i-?/;??>^ son'.
rived fr. FR. sur 'sour
Cogn. w. GK. vine, 'son' fr. an siir (see under sour^.
ohg. =
ARYAN base suyu-and w. OIR.
There occurs also
sorrow sb. me. sorwe oe. sorg
suth 'foetus'.
infl. sorge: Teut. base sorgo- in
a SKR. \f sit 'to beget, bear,
goth. sat'irga, ohg. sorga G. sorge,
bring forth'.
DU. ZOrg, ON. JTf?/-^'^ : ARYAN \^ SiTg/l
song vb. aiE. OE.
base sang{w)a- also in goth.
Sin^^'. Teut.
in LITH. sergiti 'to heed' —
j/r^/z 'to suffer'.
saggws, on. spngr, du. zang, G.
sang. Cp. i^>/^^ sorry adj. me. sgry oe. sdri^

soon adv. me. sone oe. spna; as earlier sdre"^: Teut. base sair-ag-,

shown by goth. siins-ako 'soon', deriv. fr. TEUT. saira- = sore.

OK.spn-ai^ a compound of oe. sot sb. me. sot late oe. (c. iooo)
.?.<?'«

(=^ OHG. OSAX. ^a«) and d {= sott; borrowed fr. fr. sot, whence
goth. aiiv OHG. u)); cp. ohg. i^ar also DU. zot and mhg. sot; cogn.
sar-io and goth. .$•«//.? 'soon'. w. IR. suthan "a dunce'.
soot sb. ME. OE. sot ODU. =
soul sb. ME. soule prop, sgule
soct ,ON. .y^/; derived fr. the OE. sdwol infl. sdwle teut. saiw- :

TEUT. \j'^ set 'sit, set'; cogn. w. alo- in GOTH, saiwala, ohg. sHa
OIR. suiile (base *sdiluf), ltth. (for *sewla') G. seele, osax. .yr«/<r7,
jY'f/zV, OSLOV. saiila 'soot'. ui". s:/<f'/. Cp. GR. «foA.o^^ 'movable'.

sooth adj. true' me. spth OE. sound ^ adj. 'healthy' me. sound
.f.(^)!5

fr. a Teut. base sanp- =

ON. prop. Isound OE. lesiind OSAX. =
saniir ohg. .vv/z/^/, osax. soth; gisund, OHG. gisunt g. gesufid,
,

cogn. w. GOTH. sunjis (for *sundja-'). DU. gezond; probably cognate w.

TEUT. j-f^^/- answers to skr. sat, LAT. .f(7w/i' 'healthy'.
English Etvmology.
194 sound — speak-

sound (of the sea)'-' sb. me. cogn. w. GR. Ona^r] 'a blade of
sound OE. sund\ the orii^inal wood or metal'.
meaning- of the oe. word is 'a span vb. me. spanne oe. spannaa
swimming' which affirms connec- str vb. ohg. spannan G. DU. =
tion w. swim: Teut. base sunda- spannen to extend'.
(ON. sicnd^ for '^swunida-. span-new adj. me. span-newe
sound ^ sb. 'a noise' me. soiui fr. ON. spdn-nyr] on. spdnn (cp.
fr. FR. sou: source lat. soiius. spoon) means 'a chip, shaving'.
sound -^
vb. fr. FR. sondcr. spar sb. ME. sparre (cp. the vb.
sour ad). ME. sour oe. siU- = oe. lespearrian 'to shut, bar) =
ON. siirr^ DU. zuur, ohg. sih- G. OHG. sparro (whence g. sparrefi),
saner: aryan base siiro- in LITH. DU. spar, ON. sparri: Teut. base
si)ras, OSLOV. syrii raw, rough'. spar r on-.
source sb. me. sours fr. fr. spar 2 sb. oe. spcer-stdn; cp. G.
source (deriv. fr. l\t. surgerc). sparkalk.
south sb. ME. south oe.
silf" =
spar 3 vb. ME. sparre ^. ofr.
ON. sudr, Teut. base esparer
DU. zu/d: fr. iparer. =
sunp- in ohg. sundati 'from the spare adj. me. spar infl. spare
south' (= OY,. Sudan, o^.sunnaii). oe. spar (infl. *spdrd) in the
Probably alUed to OR. voxoq compound spa^r-hende (original
(for *(T)'r)rot,^) south-wind'. -- meaning having spare, thrifty
southern me. sothcm oe. siiderne hands') and in the vb. sparian
corres[)onds to ohg. sundroni 'to spare'. Teut. base spara- in
Tr-= ON. sudrd'nn. on. sparr, ohg. spar (g. spar-
sow vb. ME. smve oe. sd^van savi) cp. ON. spara, OHG. sparon
^
;

str. vb. =- GOTH, saian, ON. sd, G. spar en 'to spare'. Outside
DU. zaaijen, OSAX. sdjan, ohg. sden of teut., OSLO v. jt^J^ww 'thrifty'
G. sdm ^=- ARYAN verbal v"" ^^ and or. CuaQvoc, rare, lacking'
in L.A.T. sero (ground-form '^•'stso') are cognate.
-sevi-satuui, osLOV. se-ti lith. spark sb. me. sparke oe. spear ca:
,

silti 'sow' and in lat. sc-men =

Teut. base sparkon- in DU. spark,
OHG. sd-mo G. same. Cp. seed. LG. sparke; cogn. w. lat. spar-
sow^ sb. ME. sowe earlier suwe gere ?
suge OE. sugzi. Cogn. w. TEUT. sparrow sb. me. sparwe oe.
sii 'sow' (under swinc^ and w. m. spearwa =^ GOTH, sparwa Teut. :

suig 'a pig". base sparzvan- cp. OHG. spare ;

space sb. me. spd(e fr. ofr. (g. Sperling).

espacc; source lat. spathwi. speak vb. me. spcke oe. specan
spade sb. me. spade oe. spddu str. vb. OHG. spehhan with =
infi. spadan; ident. w. on. spadi, the byforms OE. sprecan OHG. =
DU. spade, 0.SAX. spado, o. spaten; sprchhan G. spreehen, DU. spreken,
 .

spear — spit* 195

OSAX. spr'ekan; west-teut. strong ing in OE. Cognate w. Ofr.

verbal \j^ sprek: spek, perhaps espeler =^- fr. ipeler 'to spell'.

connected w. on. spraka 'to spelt sb. OE. spelt du. spelt, =
crackle' and lith. spragiti 'to OHG. spelta spelza'. loanword fr.
crackle'. See speech. late LA'i'. spelta (= ir. spelta,

spear sb. me. spp-e oe. spere; FR. ipca litre).

ident. w. ON. spjpr, OHG. spl'r spend vb. me. spende oe. *spenda/i
G. DU. speer and cogn. w. lat. (in the sb. spending and in the
spams 'a dart covix^onwdi'S,d-,for-spendati) loan- :

speck vb. me. specke oe. specca word fr. LAT. i^//i;^^W<;7(?vb. 'spend',
'a spot, mark' cp. DU. spikkel. whence also G. spenden
;
ohg.
speech sb. me. speche oe. (rare) spentan.
spec (spcet) with the common spew vb. ME. speive OE. spiwan
bytbrm oe. sprd'c: Westteut. base ^= OHG. OSAX. spiwan o. speien,
spdki- spraki-; derived fr. \r spek GOTH, spehvan str. vb. (on. spyja,
sprek in speak. uu. spuwen) strong verbal \P~ spiw :

speed sb. me. oe. sped pro- as in LAT. spuere, lith. spiauti 'to
perly oe. spchi fr. a Teut. base spew'; cp. the cognate \^ pju
spo-di- in oSAX. spod 'success', in gr. TXT.VUV, OSLOV. pjuti'^,
DU. sfocd 'speed' ohg. spuot spice sb. ME. spife fr. OFR.
,

'siici;ess' (whence G. sputen to espice (fr.) = lat. species.

make verbal abstract to
haste') : spider sb. me. spither in Kent,
the str. vb. oe. spgwan 'to suc- for spinder OE. "^spinnire; derived
ceed ;= OHG. spuon to succeed', fr. spin.
which arc w. OSLO v.
cognate spike sb. ME. spik 'an ear of
spejati 'to SKR. sphdy corn' fr. lat. spica.
succeed",
'to increase': aryax \~sphe spho. spill vb. ME. spille late oe. spillan
spell sb. me. oe. spel (infl. fr. ON. spilla; ident. w. oe. spildan,
spell-^ 'story, saying' (see also ohg. spildan 'to spill': Teut. base
gospel) =^ GOTH. spUl 'tale, spiipjan.
myth', ox. spprll 'a saying , ohg. spin vb. ME. spinne OE. spinnan
spel 'a narrative' (du. spelleii vb.) : str. vb. ^=^ GOTH. OHG. spinnan,
Teut. base spella-, assimilated g. du, spinnen ox. spinna: all ,

for sqedlo-, pre-TEUT. sq-etlo- ^-= equivalent. The str. vb. teut.
oiR. sc^l, CYMR. chwedl 'a story'. spinnan rests on a \^ spen in
Derived from the aryax \^ seq spindle me. oe. spinel ohg. =
'to say, tell (cp. say^ aryan spinila. ;

suffix -etlo- as in gr. {'/trXov. spirit see sprite.

spell vb. .ME, spelle 'syllabi- spit* sb. me. spite oe. spitu
care (Orrm spelldrenn 'syllabi- 'roasting spit' r^ ohg. spiz,, DU.
care'); not found in this mean- spit (iTAL. spito, FR. ipois repre-
'3*
 .

spit^ spur

sent a teut. spiUis) derived fr.

; not found in oe. (where splof
the TEUT. adj. spitu- in OHG. pi. splottas spot); cp. ODU.
'a

spiizi G. spitz. spotte DU. spot a blot'.

spit- vb. ME. spitic 0¥.. j^espyttan; spouse sb. ME. spouse fr. ofr.
ident. w. on. spytta with the by- espouse (fr. ipouse) ; source lat.
form spyta, LG. spy ten, G. speiitzen ;
sponsa.
see spout. spout vb. ME. spoute; cogn. w.
spite sb. ME. spit for despit; spit.
see despite. sprat sb. me. sprot (pi. sprottes)
spleen sb. fr. lat. (or.) splen. OE. cp. mlg.
sprot (pi. sprottas) ;

split Scandin. loanword; sprot g. sprotte, DU. sprot.

vb.
cp. DAN. spiitte; cogn. w. du. Sprawl vb. me. spraule oe.
splijten =
MHG. spliTjCn G. splcissen spreawlian fr. a TEUT. sprauwalon.
(whence G. splitter^. spread vb. me. sprede oe. {^e)-
spoil vb. ME. spoile fr. FR. spo- sprddan 'to extend' =^ OHG. G.
licr (lat. spoliarc). spreiten, DU. spreiden\ cieriv. fr.
spoke sb. ME. spoke oe. spdca the str. vb. OHG. siritan 'to be-
^ OSAX. speka du. speek, oho. come extendi d'.
speihha gl speiche. All equivalent; spring str. vb. me. springe OE.
Teut. base spaikon-. springan =
osAX. OHG. springan,
sponge sb. me. sponge fr. ofr. ON. springa (ital. springare is a
esponge (fr. sponge); source lat. TEUT. loanword) teut. \'^ spr'eng :

spongia, whence also osax. spunsia sprang, perhaps related to gr.

DU. spoils. anigyBdii^oj 'to make haste.
spool sb. (not found in me. sprite sb. me. sprite fr. fr.
OE.) loanword fr. DU. spoel] ident. esprit; ident. w. spirit. Source
W. OHG. Spuolo G. Splde (iTAL. LAT. spiritus.
spuola is of TEUT. origin) Teut. :sprout vb. me. sproute (oe.
base spolon-; doubtful whether '^sprutan) DU. spi'uiten, lg.=
cogn. w. spin. spriiten, ofries. spriita 'to sprout';

spoon sb. me. oe. spgn fr. a cp. G. spriessen: TEUT. \^ sprtit
TEUT. spdnu- {spam-) in OHG. spreiit.
span 'a chip, splint', DU. DAN. spur sb. ME. spure OE. spura
spaan 'a chip', on. spdnn sponn (spora); ident. \v. ohg. sporo (g.
'a chip' (cp. span-new). Cogn. sporfi), DU. spoor, on. spori (ital.
w. MHG. spd-t 'a chip': \fspe. sprone fr. ^peron are of teut.
sport sb. for disport as spend origin) Teut. base spuron- sporo?!-.
:

for dispend] me. disporte vb. fr. \f~ sp?r in OHG. osAX. oe. spiir-
OFR. se desporter 'to amuse one- fian 'to kick against' under spurn
self. and in G. spur du. spoor oe. spor
spot sb. ME. spot pi. spottes] a foot-track
 .

spurge — stammer 197

spurge sb. short for me. spoiirge

stain sb. : me. ^/^/«^ fr. ofr.
loanword OFR. espurge (source desteindre
fr. = lat. dis-tingere.
LAT. expurgare). stair sb. me. i'/tzr properly
spurn vb. ime. spu7-ne oe. spilr- stiier OE. stck^er = odu. olg.
naii str. vb. 'to kick against' = stcger DU. stciger 'stair': west-
OHG. OS AX. spurnan 'to kick TEUT. ground-form staigir, deriv-
against': aryan \f spsi- in lat. ed fr. the Teut. verbal \'" stfg in
sper-nere 'to despise', lith. sp}rti OE. stigan, OHG. stigan G. sttigcn,
'to kick against', gr. stijgen 'to climb'; cogn. w.
a-naiostv, DU.
SKR. sphur. Cp. spur. nTci/f-iy 'to march'
GR. skr. ,

spy vb. ME. spie fr. ofr. espier, i'//^/; 'ascend' (cp. lat. ve-stigium
which is of Teut. origin ohg. 'a foot-track'). :

spchon G. spcihen ODU. spien ,stake sb. me. i-/«',^^ oe. .y/^z^rt
(aryan \P sp'ck in lat. conspicio, =
ODU. stake DU. i-ZfriT/^, swed.
speculum, skr. \'^spa(). stake; cp. ofries. .tA?/' "stiff, G.
square sb. me. square fr. ofr. stachel 'a prick, goad'.
I'sguarre *a square'. stalk 1 sb. ME. stalkc, a dimin.
squire sb. me. squire =
es- form with suffixed k of me. ^-/c/Z?;

q u i r e. cp. OE. stela, ON. stil-kr 'a stalk',

squirrel sb. me. squiriliox sciirH OHG. G. jt///, also GR. rrrfAfo'i' 'a
fr. OFR. escurel (= fr. icureuW) ;
handle'.
source a lat. type scurellus stalk- vb. ME. stalke] k is a
{scuriolus) for LAT. sciurus 'a frequentative suffix ; cp. OE. styl-
squirrel'. lan to leap' (oe. *stealciari).
Stable 1 sb. me. stable fr. ofr. stall sb. ME. stal oe. steall fr.
establc (= fr. itable); source a Teut. base stalla- in on. stallr,
LAT. siabulum 'abode, stable'. OHG. jT/;?/ G. .?/(?//, DU. i-^^/ 'stall,
stable'^ adj. me. stable fr. ofr. stable (iTAL. stallo'\iVa.cfi — stalla
establc -^ lat. sta bills 'stable'. 'stable are of Teut. origin).
staff sb. me. staf (pi. staves) ARYAN base stadhlo- in' lat.
OE. stcrf (pi. std/as) ON. sta/r, = stabulum 'stal)le'.
DU. sta/, OHG. G. stab; cp. ohg. stallion sb. me. stalloun fr.
staben 'to be stiff' and the adj. ofr. estalon (fr. 6taloii) ital. =
eastfries. staf 'stiff', also lith. Stallone: of Teut. origin (teut.
stCbas 'staff — stdbas stobras; skr. stalla- 'stable' under stall).
^f stabh 'be stiff. stammer vb. me. stamere deriv.
stag sb. ME. stagge late oe. fr. OE. stdtnvr adj. 'stammering';
stagga 'a stag'. cp. DU. stainercn-stamelen, ohg.
stage sb. me. stage fr. ofr. stamalon; \r sta?n in ON. stamr
(Stage ^~ FR. itage (lat. type 'stammering' — stama vb. 'to
static uni) stammer', ohg. stamen 'stammer';
 : :

stamp state

cp. also GOTH, staimns 'stam- SKR. star, gr. doTj]Q, lat. Stella

mering'. Cogn. W. OSAX. OHG. (for '^sterulal). All equivalent.

stu?n G. stunivi 'dumb'. Starboard sb. me. sterbgrd short
Stamp vb. ME. sta7iipe (e. '^statn- for oe. steorbord] cp. on. stjorbordi
piari) = DU. stmnpen, onG. statnpfdji 'starboard' and oe. steor under
G. stamp/en (iTAL. stmnpare fr. steer'^.
iHaniper are of teut. origin) starch sb. me. '^sterche oe. stereo
TEUT. \P stamp cogn. w. or. arsii- (= umlaut-derivative
G. Starke) :

^fiv 'to stamp". with palatalisation of stark.

stanch, stau/u'/ivh. ^\^.stau/iche stare vb. me. stare oe. starian
vb. fr. OFR. estanchcr. = ON. star a, ohg. star en to stare';
Stand vb. me. stamie oe. standan derived fr. an adj. stara- in skr.
(prt. oe. me. StOiP) = GOTH. OSAX. iV/z/ra'fast, hard', GR. arfpfo'c hard':
standan, on. standa, OHG. stantan ARYAN \f sta 'to stand' in ohg.
"to stand': a strong vb., common stdn sten G. stehen, du. staan, lat.
to the Teut. languages teut. stare, GR. lordvai, SKR. stJid.
;

Sj'^stapstad; the nasal of the stark adj. me. stark oe. steare
verb is orig. characteristic of ^r— OSAX. MHG. G. stark; cp. on.
the present tense). (witli umlaut) sterkr and goth.
standard sb. me. standard (= gastaurknan "to become dry'
DU. sta/idaard^ fr. ofr. estandart ARYAN \^ strg in LiTH. strigti 'to
= FR. ita7idard (ital. stendardo become stiff".

fr. LA'i'. extender e spread out'). starling sb. me. Stirling short
stang sh. ME. stange loanword for oe. stdrling: dimin. formation
fr. ON. .y/w/i,'" gen. stangar] ident. of oe. stch- 'a starling" =^ ohg.
\v. org. stanga G. stange, uu. stdng stdra G. staar 'a starling' ;cogn.
and the umlauted oe. ste/ig 'pole, w. OE. steam =^- lat. stiirniis.

stake'; source the vb. Oe. stingan start vb. ME. sterte (oe. *steortan
'to stab, pierce' see sting.
; str. vb.) cp. odu. du. storteny
;

stanyell sb. (Shakesp.) oe. stdn- ohg. sturzen G. stiirzen: teut. y'"
li'l/a properly 'rock-yeller' cp. : stcrt start.
ye/I. Starve vb. me. starve oe. steorfan
staple sb. ME. stdpel oe. stdpol str. vb. 'die(ofhunger') =r du.
'a prop = DU. LG. stapel, ofries. ster7'en, osax. sterban, OHG. stcrban
stapul block'. G. sterben str. vb. 'to die'; cp.
star sb. me. stcrre oe. steorra ON. starfi 'stiffness', east-fries.
---. OHG. os.'\x. st'crro, odu. mlg. bestarfen 'be stiff". The original
stcrre: Teut. base sterron-', ident. ,
meaning of the teut. \^sterb was
w. GOTH, stairno ON. stjarna
, probably 'be stiff.

(hence me. sternc), OHG. sterno State sb. ME. estdt fr. ofr. estat
(g. stern ohg. stern'). Cogn. w. j
fr. itat ^= LAT. status.
 stny^ — step '99

Stay * vb. ME. state fr. ofr. estayer steer '

sb. me. ster oe. .y/e-'f?- =-
l-R. ctaycr. GOTH, ON. stjorr, OHG. OSAX.
stiar,

stay- sb. oe. skey. Teut. base j'/Zi^r G. DU. stier 'a bull' ident. ;

staga-, whence fr. itay; cp. DU. w. ON. pjorr (dan. /yr) aryan :

LG. stag. base (s)teiiro (osLOV. turii 'steer').

Stead sb. me. stcde oe. stcde fr. But Gk. vtiKQOc corresponds to
a Teut. base stadi- =^ goth. staps OIR. tarl> (aryan base tarwo-.,
'a stead, place', OHG. stat (o. stadt not Cdgn. w. steer).

'town), ON. stadr 'a place': ab- steer- vb. :me. siere oe. steoran
stract formation of the aryan v'" w. the umlauted byform stiran
sia 'to stand (see stare); cp. =^ OHG. stiuran G. steiier/i, DU.
LAT. statio, SKR. sihiti'di standing'. sturcn\ cp. on. styri 'a rudder';
steak sb. me. steike (late oe. non-umlauted root-form see
for a
staecan vb. to roast') : borrowed under starboard, teut. \^ ste/ir
fr. on. steik "a steak' -— steikja also in goth. stiurjan 'to confirm'.
'to roast'. stem sb. me. stem oe. stann stefn
steal vb. me. stele a stem of a tree': ablaut-relation
oe. ^/^Vcw str.
vb. =^ GOTH, stilaii on. stela, to
, on. stafii, OSAX. stamn =
OSAX. OHG. stelan o. stehlen uu. OHG. stain Q.stanivi du. statu: teut.
stelen: teut. \~ stcl, perhaps ident. ground -forms st'cmita- stattitia-.

w. GR. arsgtod^at —
oxeQidy.tiv cogn. w. iR. tamott\\(txii \~ sta .

'bereave'. 'to stand' under stare.

steam sb. me. strm oe. jAvw fr. stench sb. me. stench oe. stctic

a Teut. base stau-ma- {\i\:>. stoovi, a tuet. base

fr. stattk{w)i-; see
EAS'iFRiES. stom): \^ stau, not stink.
found elsewliere. step vb. OE. steeppan steppan str.
steed sb. .me. stede oe. steda 'a vb. cp. DU. stappen, OHG. stapfon
;

stallion': umlaut-derivative of oe. 'to step' and oe. jY<;^^ .y/c<'y'^ 'a
Stod = E. stud. step, pace'; probably related to
steel sb. ME. ste/e oe. jV*?/^ (style): osLOv. stopa foot-track'? The
umlaut- formation by the side of root seems to be nasalized in
the equival. OHG. stalial g. stahl, staitip.
DU. staal, ON. i'/'<//: Teut. base Step in stepfather ste p7nother
stalila- and (for oe. style') stalilja-; etc. ME. step-fader, -nioder short
ident. w. opruss. stakla- 'steel'. for OK. steop-feeder, -ntodor ; iilent.
steep adj. ME. step oe. stcap adj.; w. ON. stjtipfadir, -inodir -- OHG.
ident. w. OE. stcap ~-r on. staitp stiof-fater, -miioter G. stiefrater,
lu'aker' under stoup. — Umlaut- stiefnttittcr : Teut. base stetipa-,

dcriv. steeple me. stepel oe. stepel whence OHG. bist.tifen OE. dstypan
stypel (fr. a Teut. base staiipila-; vb. 'bereave, deprive (of pa-
cp. ON. stopull 'a steeple'). rents)'.
 :

200 stool

stern' adj. me. sterne oe. styrne: OSAX. stinkan G. du. stifiket?

Teut. base stinti- prop, sternu-, TEUT. \'~ stemj pre - teut. stengw
cogn. w. LAT. strenuiis. {tengw in GR. rayyog 'rancid').
stern 2 sb. ]\ie. sterne fr. on. stir vb. ME. stire oe. styrian vb.;
stjorn 'a steering'; see starboard ident. w. the ablauted ohg. storen
and steer vb. G. storen, DU. storen, ofries. stir a:
stew vb. ME. stilwe vb. fr. the west-teut. bases sturjanstaurjan;
sb. OFR. estnve =
G. stube', see \f star also in storm?
sio2>e. stirrup sb. me. stirop properly
steward sb. are. stiward (since sti-rgp OE. stij^-rdp; ident. w. OHG.
the I 2"' cent.)
cogn. w. oe. sti{-^- stega-reif G. stegreif{pv. steegreep),
;

linta 'house -holder'. The first ON. stig-reip. Second element of

element is ident. w. sty. the compound is teut. raipa- =
stick sb. ME. sticke oe. sticca =
roap; for the i^* element (Teut.
OHG. stecko G. stecken Teut. base stiga- \^stlg^ see stair.
:

stikkon-, derived fr. the verbal \f stitch sb. ME. sticche OE. slice
stik in OHG. stchhan o. stechen. early stici: Teut. base stiki- 'a
stiff adj. short for ime. oe. stif pricking' by the side of oe. stician
'stiff' =
on. stifr, du. stijf, G. 'to prick'; cf. OYLQ.st'ehhan G. stechen
stcif\ cogn. w. LITH. stipti 'to be- (ohg. stih G. stick sb. 'pricking'),
come stiff and LAT. stipes 'a pole'. OSAX. stekan du. steken. arvan ,

stile sb. ME. stile contracted \rstig in GR. ariy^ia ariCa cf. — ;

from OE. stigolxvA. stii^ele =

OHG. SKR, \'^tij 'be sharp'.
stigila 'a stile'; derived fr. the Stith sb. ME. stith borrowed fr.
TEUT. \^ stig under stair. ON. stedi 'an anvil'.
still adj. ME. OE. stille OHG. =
stock sb. ME. stock OE. stocc
OSAX. Stilli G. stilt, DU. Stil, OFKIES. 'trunk, log, pillory' = DU. stok,
stille; deriv. fr. the V:^V,i.\'~ stell OHG. G. stock, ON. stokkr: Teut.
'to stand firml)'' in the factitive base stokka- for stukka-; teut. \^
vb. OHG. G. stellen 'to place' and
DU. LG. stoken, me. stoke
sink in
in OHG. stollo 'post'. cogn. \v. skr. /«y 'push'.
'to stab
=
;

stilt sb. ME. stilte; ident. w. ohg. stone sb. ME. stpn oe. stdn
stelza G. strlze, DU. stelt\ all equi- GOTH, stains, ON. steinn, OHG. G.
valent. .y/^///, OSAX. iV(?/? DU. steen Cogn. :

sting vb. :me. sti/ige oe. stingan \v. OSLOV. stena 'a wall' — stentnu
str. vb. :— : GOTH. {us)stiggan, ON. rocky', GR. Cxwv oria 'pebble-
stiiiga; cp. OHG. stiingon stungen stone'. Cp. stanyel.
'to sting': teut. \'~ste//g under stool sb. ME. OE. Stpl GOTH. =
sta//g. stbls,ON. stdll, DU. stoel, OSAX. stol,
Stink vb. ME. stiuke oe. stiueaii OHG. i'/wr'/ G. stiihl: Teut. base
str. vb. =— GOTH, stigqan, OHG. stb-la- deriv. fr. the ARYAN \^st/id
 .

stoop — stravv-l)erry 20I

'to stand' under stead. Cp. also straight adj. me. str eight oe.
OSLOV. stolil 'table', gr. oTfjXt] (d)streht] part, of OE. streccean =
'column'. str etch.
stoop vb. ident. w. me. stoupe strain vb. me. streine fr. ofr.
OE. stiipian 'to curve downwards' estraindre LAT. stringer e and =
n= ODU. stuipen 'to bow', on. stilpa straiiuK. streitix. ofr. estreit (fr.
swED. stupa 'to fair. ctroit^ LAT. str ictus. =
stop vb. .ME. stoppe (oE. for- strand sb. me. oe. strand
stoppian\o stop up, close') ident. , shore' = ON. strgnd (gen.
w. DU. stopper!, OHG. stop/on G. strandat') 'margin, edge', du. lg.
stop/en and w. ital. stoppare 'to G. strand 'shore' (fr. itrain of
stop up with tow'. Source low Teut. origin).
LAT. stiippare (lat. stuppa 'oakum') strange adj. ivtE. straunge fr.
stork vb. ME. st07 k OE. store =
ofr. estrange (fr. itratige) source :

DU. stork, OHG. i-/cr/& G. storc/i, ON. i.AT. extraneus.

siorkr ; cogn. w. GR. rooyog 'a strangle vb. me. strangle vb. fr.
large bird'. OFR. estr angler =
lat. strangular e.
storm sb. me. oe. storm = on. strap sb. me. oe. strop ipp):
stoniir, DU. storm (oHG. G. stiirm^ loanword fr. LAT. struppus 'thong,
;

derived fr. \f star in stir or fillet', whence also du. lg. strop
cogn. w. LAT. sternere 'to strew'. and FR. ^tropc.
story sb. me. stork fr. ofr. estoire straw sb. me. straw oe. streaw
= LAT. historic. (with the byforms me. str( oe.
stoup stoop ME. .fA^/^: borrowed strc'a) Teut. base strawa- :on. =
fr. ON. stpup 'beaker, cup' =
stoop stra, DU. str00, OHG. stro G. stroh;
'a gallon': the sb. (teut. stmipa- cp. the vb. strew oe. strewan,

'beaker') rests on the adj. staupa- stre^an GOTH. straujan, OHG. =

=- steep. strouwen G. streuen, du. strooien
stout adj. me. stout h. ofr. estout; 'to strew'. TEUT. \f strau derived
ident. w. du. stout, ohg.. g. fr. the ARYAN \f ster in gr. ornosv-
st(>h 'proud : source lat. stultus I'vai and lat. sterno
OT()(6i'i'vjiii

'foolish'. (stravi — stratum), osLov. streti

stove sb. oe. stofa 'a bath' =r 'to spread out'; cp. esp. l.at.

OHG. stuba 'a bathing-room' (g. stramen 'straw'.

stuhe 'a room'), du. stoof; ident. straw-berry sb. me. straiv-berie
w. fr. dure and osLOV. istuba not cogn. w.
OE. streaw - berie ;
'a room'. Source and Probably connected w.
history straw.
uncertain. Cp. stew. LAT. fragurn 'straw-berry ARYAN :

stow vb. me. stpwe OE. stpwian base sraghwo- Teut. base =
'to restrain'; derived fr. OE. stow strawa-; the 2"^ elementin straw-

'a place' =
lith. stoi'a 'place'. berry might be explanatory.
 : .

202 stray — study

Stray vb. me. straie fr. OFR. estrif, which on a Teut. sb.
rests
csU-aier ; derived fr. lat. strata = osax. ohg. strit G. streit.
strid,
(j=z street). Strike vb. me. strike oe. strican
Streak sb. me. strike oe. strica str. vb. 'to rub, wipe' OFRIES. =
'a line'; cp. goth. striks 'a stroke strika, DU. strijken, OHG. strthhan
with the pen' and strike. G. streichen\ teut. \i~ strlk, kkyk^
\'~ strfg in lat. strigilis OSLOV.
stream sb. me. strcm oe. strca?>i
,

^T= OHG. stroiitn (g. stroni), DU.

strigq — stristi 'to shear'. Cp.
stroke.
strooni, ON. straumr Teut. base :

string sb. me. oe. streng fr. a

strau-nia-, derived fr. the ARYAN
TEUT. base strangi- in on. strengr,
\f sru 'to flow' =: SKR. \~ sru 'to DU. streng,
OHG. G. Strang; cogn.
flow'; cp. GR. Qieir, oiR. srut/i
'river' —sriiaim 'stream' (lat.
w. the adj. strong.
strive vb. me. strive fr. ofr.
flfmiai instead o^'^frit men: ARYAN
estrii'er vb. (ofr. estrj/ under
sron-nien-).
strife).
Street me. strete oe. stret street
Stroke sb. me. str ok and stroke
infl. strcete (whence on. strckti is
vb. OE. strdcian fr. \fstrik under
borrowed) ^- osax. strata, uu.
strike.
straat, ohg. strazza G. strasse :
strong adj. me. oe. strong fr.
"WEST-TEUX. strata^ fr. lat. strata
TEUT. base strangii- in OHG. strung
(sc. f'/i7) prop, 'a paved way',
DU.
whence ital. strada = fr. c'tn^e
strengi
anstrengen
G.
vb.) ;
streng
cogn.
(g.
w.
sich
LAT.
(OIK. srdth) 'a street'.
draw tight, compress
stringer e 'to .

strength sb. me. streugthe oe.

Stub sb. ME. stubbe with the
streiigduiGoiYi. *straggi^a) derived umlauted byform oe. stybb 'a
fr. strong. stub'; cp. LG. stubbe, du. stobbe,
stress sb. force' short for me. ON. stubbi and GR. OTVvoq 'a stub,
distresse fr. ofr. destrcsse. stump'. ARYAN \f stup, nasalized
Stretch vb. me. s/reec/ieoE. strec- in stump.
cean {\>ii.Yt. strehtunditr straig/it)\ stubble sb. ME. stable stnble fr.

ident. w. ohg. strecchen G. strecken, OFR. estouble j

; ident. OHG.
w.
DU. strekken: teut. type strakkjan; stiipfala DU. i
G. stoppel: source
cp. OHG. strackcn 'be straight and vulgar LAT. |
stap(i)la instead of
the DU. LG. strak 'straight' LAT. stipula 'stubble'.
adj.
(g. stracks 'immediately'). stud sb. short for ME. OE. stod
strew see under straic. 'a stud' (cp. the umlaut-deriva-
Stride vb. me. stride oe. stridan tion steed) ON. stod, OHG. =
vb. —^ mlg. strlden 'to stride' stuot. Cp. OSLOV. Russ. stado,
\'^ strtd. LITH. stodas a herd of horses
Strife sb. me. strif fr. ofr. Study vb. ME. siudie prop, stildle
 ;

stuff 203

vb. fr. OFR. estudier (fr. itndiei-) fr. OFR. sotil (fr. subtil) = LAT.
r = LAT. studere. subtilis.

stuff sb, fr. OFR. esioffe = FR. succeed vb. me. suefede fr. fr.
t'foffe (whence also G. staff', DU. succeder = lat. suceedere.
stof).
succour vb. ME. sucoure socourc
stump sb. ME. stump stomp\
fr. OFK. soccorre ^=^ j^xi.sueeurrere.
ident. w. DU. stomp, OHG. G. stiniipf:
connected w. stub:
such pron. me. suck earlier
probably
s7Liue/i swich OE. swylc swilc: Teut.
\^ stum />:
AKYAi^j st/i(m)p, also in
base stvulik in OHG. OSAX. sulik,
ON. stii/r sti'ifi 'a stump'.
sulih (g. by
soldi) ; as shown
Stun vb. ME. stiuie stone OE.
GOTH, swaleiks the l'^' element ,

sturnan resound''to cp. ; the

of the compound rests on so =^
umlauted on. stynja 'to groan",
OE. swd.
G. sto/un, DU. steiicir. KiviPsXi\f stm
sten in gr. oxivHV. OSLOV. stetijq, suck short for me. souke
vb.

SKR. Stan 'to groan, resound'. OE. silcan vb. with the byform
str.

Sturgeon me. stourl'eotm fr. fr. OE. OHG. siigan G. saugen ; cogn.
( sturgeon; source a teut. base W. LAT. SUgCre ARYAN sf SUg stlk.
:

sturjon- in OHG. sturio (g. stohr, sudden adj. me. sodein prop.
DU. steur^ = OE. styiia 'a stur- soda in fr. fr. soudain (LAT. type
geon'. Doubtful whetlicr cogn. '''subitanus for subitaneus 'sudden').
w. stir. suffer vb. ME. suffre soffre fr.

Stutter vb. fr. ME. stotc stute vb. FR. souff'rir (LAT. suffer re).
cp. G. stotteni 'to stammer'. All sugar sb. me. silgre siicre fr.
derivations of v^ staut in GOTH. FR. Sucre, whence also ODU. striker
siautan, on. staiita 'to beat, strike' DU. suiker; cp. G. zucker fr. ital.
=^ OHG. stoz^yan G. stossen. ARYAN zucchero.
\^ (s)tud in LAT. tundere 'to beat', sum sb. me. sumfnc somme fr.

SKR. \~ tud 'to strike'. FR. somme.

Sty' sb. ('sty for swine') me. summer me. suvier somer
sb.
stie OE. stij^ infl. jV/;^^ 'a pig-sty'; OE. siimor a Teut. hdiSQSumaru-
fr.

ident. w. ohg. stla 'a pig-sty', in OSAX. OHG. sumar g. sommer,

ON. j// (svin-stl) , SWED. (S7dn)stia DU. sooner, ON. sumar. Cogn. \v.
'a sty'. AVEST. ham, OiR. sam, cymr. ham
Sty^ sb. ('stv in the eye') cp. ha/, ARMEN. atnarn all equivalent. :

OE. stij^end; equivalent w. lg. Cp. also SKR. samd 'year'.

stlge, NORW. stig. summit sb. fr. fr. sommet (rests
subdue vb. me. subdue properly on LAT. summus).
sudl'ic fr. OFR. souduir — LAT. summon vb. me. somone fr.
subdiicerc. OFR. somoner (L.A.T. submonere 'to
subtle adj. ME. sotcl sutel sutil remind privately').
 d
;

204

sun sb. ME. sunfiesotmeoK. sitnne sward sb. me. swarde oe. swear
infl. sun?ian = GOTH, siintw, OHG. infl.swearde 'the skin of bacon
OSAX. simtia O. so/ine, DU. s<7;r. = ODU. zwaerde, mhg. swarte G.
TEUT. base sunnbn-. schwarte 'skin of bacon' ,on.
supper sb. me. i'^,?;- super fr. svgrdr 'skin'. The modern E.
FR. sottper. Cp. dinner. meaning 'green turf is due
sure adj. me. j-/7r properly i'^Z/r to Northern influence; cp. on.
fr. OFR. smr fr.
jr//fr (^ lat. j-/?/- jardar-svgrdr 'earth-sward', gras-
secf/rns, whence also sicker). svgrdr 'grass-sward (and mlg.
surgeon sb. me. surgen [surgein) gru'nswarde, dan. gr&tis7)(cr^.'
fr. OFR. cirurgicn (lat. type chi- swarm sb. me. swarm oe.
7'urpanus). —
Hence surgery me. swear fn = ON. svarmr , OHG.
siirgeric lat. chiritrgia.
\ sivarm G. schwarm (du. Z7verm) :

swaddle vb. me. szvathele OE, all equivalent. Cp. the skr.
siva'delian vb. derived fr. OE. \'~ svar 'to sound ?
:
,
swcedel 'bandage'; ident. w. the sw^art adj. me. swart oe. sweart
umlauted ohg. swedil 'bandage'; =
GOTH, swarts, ON. svartr, DU.
see swathe. zwart, OHG. swarz G. schwarz\
swain sb. me. yyjfvw/prop. swcin: Cogn. w. LAT. sordes (properly
borrowed in the 1 1^^ cent. fr. ON. '^svordes^ 'dirt': aryan \P sword.
sveinn; ident. w. oe. sis.Hln 'man, swath sb. ME. stvath oe. swce/^
warrior', OHG. sivein 'servant'. 'footprint, track' (with the by-
sw^allow sb. (the bird) me. form OE. swadu track'); cp.
sii'alowe OE. szvealwe =
OHG. MLG. swat swade, G. schwaden, —
sivalawa G. schivalbe; ident. w. DU. zwaad 'a row of mown grass':
OSAX. swala, ON. svala 'a swallow': Teut. base swapa.
Teut. base swahnjon-; if for swathe vb. me. swathe oe. swa-
^swa/gwon-, cogn. w. GR. rtAxv'wj'? dian; cp. swaddle.
swallow vb. ME. szvel(o)zve ear- swats (Scotch) 'beer' OK.szaata;
lier swelgen OE. stuelgan str. vb. derived fr. \f swot under sweet.
^ OSAX. OHG. swelgan {swelhan) swear vb. me. sw§'re oe. swerian
G. schwelgen, DU. zwelgen (on. (prt. ME. oe. swo?-) str. vb. =r
svelgja) Teut. verbal \'" swelh OHG. OSAX. swerian G. schworen,
:

SW'elg, ARYAN \'~ swelk. DU. zweren, on. sz'erja str. vb.
sw^amp sb. cogn. w. ohg. g. cp. GOTH, szvaran. The original
sump/, DAN. SWED. suvip 'a swamp'. meaning of the teut. \^ swar
swan sb. me. oe. S7m?i fr. a was probably 'to declare, as
TEUT. swana- =
on. svanr\ cp. shown by the derivative answer.
OHG. swana G. schwan DU. zwaan. sweat vb. short for me. szve/e
Cogn. w. LAT. sonare (properly oe. swcktan; derived fr. oe. swat
'^svonare^, SKR. \f^svan 'to sound'. ME. swgte (e. szvcat sb. influenced
 ;

sweep swoop 205

by the vb. S7C'eai) = DU. zwcet, swim vb. ME. S7e'wiwe oe. S7vim-
ON. S7'eiti, OHG. S7a£iz. vb.
G. schweiss: oSAX. OHG. ma/i str. =
TEUT, \i^ stvait {swit in G. schwiizen siuimniaii str. vb. G. ichiviiiunen',
OHG. swizzari) =
aryan \f swoid ident. w. on. symja (for orig.
swid in SKR. \'~ svid to sweat', *s70iifnjafi) 'to swim': teut.
GR. (J^jw'g 'sweat' Idiitv —
to \'~S7i'em (sum under sund).
sweat', LAT. i-?/^/*?;- (orig. *svoidos)
swine sb. me. oe. s7C'm =^
'sweat', LETT, sjvidrs 'sweat'. OSAX. OHG. s7mn G. sch7Joein DU.
sweep vb. ME. swepe oe. swdpan Z7i.njn ON. S7'in, GOTH. S7vein : ,

3^ p. sg. pres. t. stvdpd'lo sweep': Teut. base S7Vina-, properly sii-

TEUT. \^ swaip under s^uoop. -ina-, derived fr. aryan sti 'a
sweet adj. me. oe. sivetc adj. pig' in OE. OSAX. OHG. sii 'a sow'
with the non-umlauted adverb = LAT. sii-s, GR. i-q ov-g. The
OE. swote (me. Site adj. adv.) suffix -if/a- in teut. S7aina- is
ident. w. on. satr (orig. *svdti-), diminutive as shown under ,

osAx.s7m//, DU.s^W, oiiG.s(7a)tw:,p chicken, maiden. See also so7v.

G. siiss: Teut. base swoti-, orig.
swing vb. ME. swinge oe. S7vin-
swotic- (cp. GOTH, silts sweet),
gan str. vb. == OSAX. OHG. S7uin-
ARYAN base swadii in skr. svddii, gan. G. sclnvingen.
GR. ftJt'? 'i]dic, LAT. siuwis (orig.
sw^inge me. —
S7venge OE. swencgean 'to beat,
*su(7itu-is). Cp. s7C'ats.
shake' causal of S7aing: teut.
swell vb. ME. S7vcllc OE. swcllun
\^s7C'eng sivang (s7£'aug7a in goth.
str.vb. =
OSAX. OHG. S7vcllan
afs7uagg7i<jan ?)
G. sc/i7iiellen, DU. Z7vellen, ON. szi'clla
str. vb. : TEUT. verbal \f swell
swink vb. ME. S7vinke oe. S7mn-
can .sir. vb. Ident. w. S7vingl
(also in goth. Hfs7vallems sb.).
swerve vb. me. S70crve OE. swoon vb. JIE. s7VOU7ie earlier
S7veorfan str. vb. to scrub, file"; S7vggnien; derived fr. the p. parti-
ident. w. oSAX. S7ver/an, DU. ciple OE. y:s7iwgen in a swoon'

Z7uer7'cn, goth. S7ihiirhan , ON. —

dswogen 'choked'; allied to
SV'crfa : TEUT. \/'" .J7f/tV7^ , ARYAN GOTH. gas7i>dgjan swogatjan 'to
\f sTverbh in RUss. sverhcti^ OSLOV. sigh', OE. s7C'pgan 'to sough, sigh :

svriiheti 'to itch'. ARYAN \'~S7C'0gh S7('dgh in LITH.

swift adj. ME. OE. j-7f'//? (oe. S7'agvti 'to sound'.

S7iHftT)\ p. participle of oe. STulfaii swoop vb. ME. swgpe oe. S7vdpan
'to move quickly' =^ on. i?^z/c/, (identical w. sweep).
formed by suffix (see ^A/,
/t* sw^ord sb. UE. swe'rd OE. s7veord
r<?/^/, loiid^. Cogn. w. DU. (s7t'urd) -
—
OSAX. OFRIES. s7C'erd,
Z7veveti, OHG. s7C''el>cn G. sclnveben. DU. Z7vaard, ON. sverd, OHG. S7vcrt
sw^ill vb. ME. .yrf'/Vi' oe. sunllan G. sch7oert: aryan base S7verdho-
(3** p. sg. pres. t. S7eult'd). (in LAT. sorhiis 'service-tree'?).
 -

table — taiT}'

table sb. ME. table fr. FR. table tame adj. me. tdtne oe. /</w
^^ LAT. tabula (whence OE. tcefcl (infl. DU.tdffia^ = on. tamr,
'chess-boai'd' =
—
OHG. zabal tatn, OHG. sam G. zahm: Teut.
board') ; cp. also G. DU. tafel. base tama- (hence derived GOTH.
tackle sb. me. takcl\ ident, w. tamjan 'to tame' ^^ ON. te?nja,
MLG. takel 'equipment (g. swed. OHG. zfmmefi). ARYAN \^ dom in
takel, DAN. takkel'). LAT. domare 'to tame', gr. d(X(.iav,
tadpole short for toad-poll. SKR. daindy 'to tame'.
tail sb. ME. tail oe. tmj^el =rrr tan vb. me. tatine oe. tanniaii
OHG. zagal 'a tail", ON. tagl vb.; cogn. w. FR. tan 'oak-bark'
'a tail', GOTH, tagl 'hair'. (lat. tannare in the 8 cent. '^

tailor sb. me. taillonr fr. OFR. -- FR. tanner; cp. DU. /a^;^'bark').
tailleor ^- FR. taillcur. Hence e. taivny fr. tanuL =
take vb. ME. take late OE. tang sb. (sea-weed) fr. dan.
(ii'^ cent.) taeaii borrowed fr. tang =^ ON. pang (pgngull).
ON. taka str. vb. taking the place tap sb. me. tappe oe. /<;?//<?

of OE. niman (under niinble)\ cp. 'a tap' =^ OHG. srt/^/f? G. zap/cn,
cast ^~:r ON. kasta supplanting- oe. DU. /<;/, ON. tappi (fr. /<?/£' /^/(;//
7veorpan (under warp). Ident. w. are Teut. loanwords).
GOTH. /tvCv?/; str. vb. 'to touch': TEUT. taper sb. me. taper oe. tdpor:
\f tik tak; pre-TEUT. \/~ ileg dag} properly */^?/>«;', loanword fr. lat.
tale sb. ME. tale OE. talu — papyrus, which appears in Rom.
DU. taal language ,OHG. zdla dialects as 'taper',
G. zahl; cp. ON. tal 'a tale'. Cp. tar sb. ME. terre; cp. oe. teoru
the TEUT. verb taljan in OE. (tyrwe) 'tar' and DU. (g.) teer,
tella?!. ME. telle E. tell - OHG. ON. tjara ident. w. lett. darwa
;

zcllan {c\\.GOYYL.talzjaii). Hence tar'. The group rests on Aryan

derived talk vb. me. talke vb. dei'U =^ tree; tar orig. 'tar-
(OE. '''talcian ''^talccia/i) ;
/' is wood'.
suffixed as in hark. Teut. base
tare sb. me. tare;
tall adj. me. tal; probably oe. tar{w)dn also in ODU. taruwe
j^eteel 'swift, prompt' with tVie l)y- DU. mlg. iarwe. Cogn. w. skr.
form geaiol{lic) 'swift'. Ident. w. dilrva (a kind of grass) and
OHG. gizal: Teut. base ga-tala-. LITH. dirva 'held'.
tallow ]VIE. talugh earlier *^?/// tarn sb. me. terne fr. on. tjgrn
^^ MLG. talch (g. tal^, du. talli), (g. tjarnar) 'a tarn, pool".
ON. tolgr. Cogn. \v. GOTH, tul- tarry vb. me. tcrie oe. terian
gus 'fast'? ter-^an 'to vex' du. lg. tergen = .
 tart — teen 207

tart sb. ME. tarte fr. Ofr. tarte zouf/i g. zaimi). Root the same
-^ FR. tourte (whence DU. taart, as in team '.

G. torte).
tear vb. me. tp-e oe. tcran str.
task sb. ME. ofr.
task{c) fr. vb. GOTH, gatairan to break'.
=::
tasque ^= fr. tache; source LAT. ARYAN \'~ der in skr. dar 'to burst,
taxare, whence
also tax. break asunder', gr. dioeiv to
tatter a Scand. loanword
sb. flay', LITH. diiii 'to flay'.
fr. ON. tgtrar pi. tatters'; already
tear sb. me. ter oe. tear: 'jeut.
ME. iatcTid 'ragged'.
ohg. zahar (g. ta/ir- in on. tar,
tattle vb. fr. ME. tatere vb.
zdhre) cp. onorthuaibr. teehher ;

taw, tcto vb. ME. iave; OE.

and according to Verner's law
tdwian teawian means prop, pre-
GOTH. tagr. ARYAN base dakru
pare and corresponds with uu.
in GR. ddy.iiv, WELSH daigr (per-
toiiwen to curry leather', ohg.
haps SKR. a(ru and lat. laerhna
zomven 'make, prepare', GOTH.
are cognate). All equivalent.
iaiijan 'do': teut. \~ tau\ see
tool. tease vb. (me. t(se) oe. tiksan
'to pullpieces to tease
to
tawny see tan.
,

tax vb. (wool) the non-umlauted

with
fr. fr. taxer r^- lat.
taxare; ident. w. task.
byform me. ipse (oe. '^tdsan or
*tdsian^. teut. strong verbal
tea sb. r^ FR. td, G. t/iec: source
CHINESE the word became
\~ tais in OHG. zeisan 'to tease'
td;

European in the 2'"'^ lialf of the

=— DU. teezen. —
Cogn. w. teasel
(plantnarae) me. tesel oe. tdsel
17''' cent.
— OHG. zeisila 'thistle'.
teach sb. me. tcche (prt. taughte)
OE. t(Bcean (prt. tcehte) cogn. w.
\
teat sb. me. tete fr. fr. tette\

token OE. tdcen] cp. ohg. zeigon ident. w. oe. //'// =— mhg. g.

G. zeigcn. akv.an \^ dik. zitze.

team^ sb. 'family me. tnn oe. ted vb. fr. ON. tedja\ ident. w.
tiam 'family, offspring' r^ mlg. OHG. G.(dial.) zetten 'to spread'. As
torn 'progeny' (with the um- shown by the p. participle goth.
lauted vb. teem \\^. ta?ie oe. un-gatass 'undisposed', there exi-
tanan tpnan to teem) Teut. sted also a str. vb. *tadjan. arvan
:

base tati{h))na- fr. \ftfih in GOth. \^dat in OR. datboiiai 1 divide,

tiuhan ohg., ziohan G. ziehen. distribute'.
ARYAN \f duk See
teem^ vb. 'to bring fortli' see
in LAT. diico.
the following word. team.
team'- sb. (team of oxen) me. teem- vb. to empty' see toom.
tnne Itane oe. \etyme 'team of teen sb. me. tcne oe. teona
oxen'; derived fr. teut. tau{h)tna- 'suffering, insult' =-= OSAX. tiono
'rein, bridle' (in ON. tauf/ir ohg. 'injur v'; cp. ofries. tiuna 'to hurt.'
 ;
:;

208 tell — that

tell vb. ME. telle (prt. tglde) oe. terror sb. fr. fr. terreur =
tellan (prt. idlde) under tale. lat. terror{em).
tempest sb. me. tempest fr.
test sb. meant properly in al-
OFR. tempeste = fr. tempcle. chemy 'a vessel for testing gold'
Source vulgar lat. tempesta for and rests on me. test{e) lat. =
te?npestas. testa, whence also FR. ttte ofr.
temple sb. me. tet/iple oe. tempel teste 'head' with the borrowed
fr. LAT. templii?)!. e. testy.
temples me. temples fr. ofr.
tether sb. sliort for me. teder
temples (fr. tempe^ plur. = lat.
doubtful, whether genuine Eng-
tevipora the temples'.
lish or of Scand. origin. Cp.
tempt vb.
OFR. tempter (fr. tenter)
me. tempte vb.
=^ lat.
fr.
ON. tjckir = OHG. ziotar "a tether :

Teut. base teiidra-.

teniptare.
a tetter sb. me. oe. teter fr.
ten num. me. 4'« rests on an
Teut. base tetru- =? aryan
unrecorded OE. '•teon, instead of
dedrii-. Cp. OHG. zitarok 'tetter'
which an umlauted tyn is found.
and SKR. dadru 'a kind of lep-
Teut. base tchun tehan in GOTH.
rosy', LiTH. dedervine 'tetter'.
tai/mn, osax. tehan, DU. //>«,

OHG. stVw/z G. zehn. Ident. w. than conj. me. thanne oe. panne
SKR. da(a, OR. tVfi'xa, lat. decern, = OHG. mhg. danne; derived fr.

ojR. ^/(^/V//. — The -teen the article the.

suffix
(in thirteen etc.) me. -/tvz^ OE. thane sb. me. thein (the modern
-tene -tyne is the inflected form spelling a instead of ai as —
of the numeral ten. —
The suffix in rain is of Scotch origin) —
-ty (in tiventy etc.) represents oe. pejpn: Teut. base p'egna- in
the sb. GOTH, tigus 'decade' (in ON. pegn, OSAX. thegan, ohg.
saihs tigjus =
ON. sextigir^ cp. OE. tliegan 'a thane, warrior' (in the
;

pritii sixtii =
OHG. drr^ug sehzug Bavarian dialect 'a male child').
G. dreissig scchzig. For the g Ident. w. GR. XHY.vov 'child'
in GOTH, tigiis cp. GR. ^iv.dq ARYAN \ftck in GR. TiKtio (aorist
'decade'. i-TfX-Ol).
tender adj. me. tcndre fr. fr. thank vb. me. thanke oe. pan-
tendre; source lat. tener. wk. vb. ^= OHG. cian poucian
tense sb. fr. ofr. tens (= FR. dankon G. DU. danken, on. pakka
temps) =
lat. tempus, 'to thank'. Root as in think.
tent sb. ME. tente {= DU. Z^;?/) that pron. me. that oe. pcet =
fr. ofr. tente =
vulgar lat. tenia; OSAX. that, OHG. daz G. das (dass)
c\). lat. tentoriiwi. ARYAN form to-d (fr. the stem
term sb. me. tcrjne fr. fr. terme; to under the) SKR. tad, GR. =
source lat. termimis. TO (for *TO-d) ; cp. LAT. istud illud
 tliatch — thine log

aluui show the d as neutral borrowed fr. ON. pykkr {pjgkkr) ;

ending. the corresponding OE. /?VVV would

thatch sb. properly and dia- have changed into me. *thicehe
lectical thak ME. thak or. j'cec E. *thiteh. Perhaps me. thieke
= OHG. dah G. dach, ON. pak: is blended w. oe. piece org. =
Teut. base paka-. Cp. the \vk. dieki G. dick DU. dik. Teut. base
vb. TEUT. pakjan in OE. peccean piqu- ^=r: ARYAN base Hgu- in
= OHG. dcckan G. dccken, DU. OHi. ting 'thick'.
dekken. ARYAN \^ teg in lat. thief sb. ME. thef (pi. thercs)
teg ere, cogn. \v.
\f steg in gr. OE. (pi. peofas)
peof goth. —
orayfi), skr. sthag, lith. 5'/^^/z piiibs, ON. pjofr, OHG. diob G.
'to cover'; cp. gr. reyog ov:'yo<; diet, DU. dief: Teut. base peiiba-,
'a roof', OIR. /("^'- 'a house'. by Verner's law changed fr.
thaw vb. ME. thdwe oe. pdwian original *peufa-;
as shown by ,

cp. OHG. douwcfi G. tanen, DU. OHG. dim'a 'theft'.

dooien, ON, peyja'. \'~ pan paw thigh sb. ME. thcigh earlier
properly *p(7gw, ARYAN \^ taq in theh OE. peoh 1org. diah, DU. =
GR. TTjutii' to melt? \dij, on. PJo: Teut. base peuha-,

the article ME. //Jt' late OE. /t' ARYAN base teuko- I
cogn. w. ,

(oE. influenced by the inflected lith. taitkas

j-t' 'fat of animals,
stem pa- in t/iat). ARYAN base marrow', OSLOV. tukU 'fat'.
to- in SKR. /«-OT =
GR. TC-r, thimble sb. me. thimbel short
SKR. ta-d GK. TO etc. Cp. than, for thitnel oe. Pyniel 'thumb-stall':
that, their, there, they. diminutive of OE. puma =
theft sb. ME. thefte short for /// li m b.
/^y?^ prop, pefthe: abstract deri- thin adj. me. thinne OE. pynne
vation fr. thief. Cp. the um- == OHG. dunni G. dimn, DU. dun,
lauted OE. pyfp infl. pyfpe 'theft' ON. pnnnr: Teut. base piumu-
= OFRIES. thillfthe. properly punu- pumv- ARYAN
,

their pron. me. their(e) borrowed base ionu in SKR. tanu, la'j-.
fr. ON. peira. —
then me. theTinc tenuis, cymr. teneu; cp. gr.
OE. pcrnne ident. w. than. — rm'unq (all equivalent), aryan
thence adv. me. thennes extended "V^ tm in SKR. /'iJ'^ 'to stretch',
for tlienne thanne =^ OE. patione o^.pennan, org. dennan G. dehnen,
prop, panon —
OHG. dannan. GOTH, panjan 'to stretch out',
(g. von dannen). —
there adv. thine thy pron. me. thin oe.
ME. there ther oe. per peer — //// — GOTH, peins, on. //>//,-,
OHG. dar (g. ihi). — they pron. OHG. din G. </«'//, DU. ^///'«; TEUT.
me. thei borrowed in the
they, pina- formed by suffix -ina- (cp.
il'*' cent.on. peir.
fr. SKR. tavakina 'thine') fr. teut.
thick adj. me. thieke probably pii = thou.
Knglish Etymology. 14
 ;

thing — thousand

thing sb. ME. thing oe. ping the stem pa- in //^a/. Cp.
^-= ON. ping, OHG. G. DU. iii7tg: GOTH, papro 'thence', ON. padra
Teut. base pinga- pcnga-\ pro- 'there'.
bably itient. w. QxOTVi. peihs 'time' thole sb. ME. thol oe. pol ill):
= LAT. teinpus (for "^tenquiisT). Teut. base polla- in on. pollr,
think vb. me. thenke [thenchen) DU. dol, G. rudderdolle. ary.\n
OE. pencean (3'^ sg. prs. t. pencp') base tilno- {= skr. tii}j.a 'quiver'
= GOTH, pdgkjan, ON', prkkja, for *tulnd) fr.
V~/^/ r= skr. \'^tid
OSAX. thcnkian, Ohg. dcikan G. 'to lift up', LAT. tollere.

denkcn. Cp. GOTH, pugkjan =1 thong sb. ME. thong orig. thwong
OSAX. thunkian, ohg. liunkan G. OE. pwong 'thong'; cp. ON. pvengi.
OE. pyncean 'to seem'. TEUT.
diliiken, \j'~ pwang.
AKYxy.\^ tongitmg) in lat. (Prae- thorn sb. me. thorn oe. porn
nestine) fongere 'to think'. sb. = ON. porn, OHG. G. (/c-t;/,
third .see three. DU. doom; cp. GOTH, paiirnns.
thirst vb. me. thirste oe. pyrstan Ident. w. OSLOV. //-///« 'thorn';
and thirst sb. from the vb. cp. SKR. trna "grass'.
the sb. is me. thiirst oe. pi/rst thorough ME. thorow oe. porh;
= TEUT. purS-tU- =
OHG. G. orig. preposition -= oe. purh,
durst, DU. dorst; OHG. duruh G. durch, goth.
cp. on. porsti,
GOTH, paurstei teut. pairh.
sb. 'thirst',
verbal \f^pers in GOTH, gapairsan thou jjron. me. /A^/^ oe. //^ =
'to be dry' —
paiirsus dry' GOTH. ///, OHG. //// (g. dll) '.

(oE. pyrre ^= ohg. i^/«r/7 G. ARYAN ground-form tii in lat.

diirr^. ARYAN \'~ters trs in skr. tu GR. XV, SKR. tu-am. , Cp.
/;'i 'to be thursty' — /"/'jvi 'gree- thine.
dy', GR. Ttgfffh'w, LAT. torreo. though conj. ME. though earlier
thirteen, thirty see three. thoh: Scand. loanword of the
this pron. ME. //?/> earlier ///^'j" 11"* cent. (on. po orig. *poh).
OE. /<'j- masc. — //j neutr. — /tw Corresponding to oe. pcah =
fem. ; ident. \v. OHG. ^/("-.j"^ G. GOTH, pduh cp. OHG. doh
; G.
dieser, du. ^/i^Si?. The article DU. doch.
the (teut. /«- under that) is thought sb. ME. thought OE.
extended by goth. sai lo', as lepoht: Teut. base ga-panhtu-,
shown by ON. (runic) sa-si this derived fr. \j^pank in pink.
here' (jrw'-j-/ fem.). thousand num. me. thousand
thistle sb. me. thistel oe. ptstel thouseiid OE. ptisend = OHG.
-- ON. pistil! DQ. c//iV^/, lg.
, diisunt G. tansend, du. duizend,
distet, OHG. ^fo/// G. distel. ON. pus and pilshund, GOTH. ///-

thither adv. me. thider oe. sundi; in the Lex Salica, we

pidcr (orig. pceder') ; derived fr. find thus-chunde\\\oy\?>'6Xv(^ . Teut.
 thrall — throng 21 I

base ptis-hund- compound of third me. thridde oe. pridda

,

hu7id =r hundred with an ARYAN corresponds to goth. prid/'a,

tils great, much' ON. pridi, DU. derde, ohg. dritto
(cp. skr. iuz'i

'much', tavas G. dritte\ cp. SKR. trtiya, L.A.T.

'might'). lith.
tiikstantis ^= OSLO v. tysqsta 'thou- iertius, osLov. tretiji. thir- —
sand' correspond to the Teut. teen ME. threttene short for oe.
word. preotene (pryttyne). thirty me.
thrall sb. me. thral (pi. thralles) thritty OE. prittr^ P^'^^^S ^= ohg.
late OE. prcell {prM) prop, prall driziic 0. dreissig (see under Z^*?;

fr. ON. prcell 'a thrall' (Teut. base about the oe. -/^j =^ o. -zig in
prahlla-^ cogn. w. ohg. drigil
\ zwanzig vierzig etc.). — thrice ME.
'a slave' and w. goth. pragjan //;r/^5- extended for an older form
'to run' =
OR. rox-yfiv 'to run'. prie OE. prii^a (priwa) ^^ OSAX.
thrash, thresh vb. me. thresshe /'-^;'^'i5' (thrhvo), ofries. thria ; see
OE. perscan str. vb. goth. = tjciee.
priskan, ohg. drcskan G. dreschett threshold sb. me. threshivoldo^.
(du. dorschen), ON. preskja. teut. perscwald mostly p'erscold; ident.
^f presk (iTAL. trescare is of w. ohg. drisctifili, ON. preskjgldr.
Teut. origin) cp. lith. traszkiti
; Probably not cognate \v. thrash.
'to rattle, clap'? thrice see three,
thrave sb. me. thrdve thrcve: a thrift sb. ME. thrift fr, ON. prift.
Scand. loanword cp. ON. prefi, The str. vb. thrive me. thrive
;

DAN. trave 'a number of sheaves is borrowed fr. on. prlfa-sk 'to
.

thread sb. me. thrcd oe. prml thrive'.

= ON. prddr, ohg. drat G. draht, throat sb. me. thrdte oe. prdtu
DU. draad. The dental is suffix. OHG. droi^ya mhg. droi^i^e'ihrote =
Derivative of \f pro. (pre) in oe. (g. erdrosseln 'to throttle') ident.
prdwan = throw. w. olg. strata, du. strof. akyan
threat sliort for me. pr{t ground - form
sb. (s)trudd-. rrAL.
oe. prrat; cogn. w, oe. priitian strozza 'gullet' is of teut. (Lango-
prcatian wk. vb. to threaten'; bard.) origin.
cogn. \v. oe. pr(a\an wk. vb. throe sb. 'pain' me. thrihce fr.
'to threaten' =
OHG. drewen the wk. vb. oe. pr(kaian^= ohg.
drotmien (g. droheti). druoen 'to suffer' (Teut. \f prpu<).
three num. me. thre oe. preo throne sb. for me. trdne fr.
(f. n. — //•/ ra.); ident. w. goth. OFR. {
trone.
prcis, ON. prir, du. ^/r/c, OHG. throng sb. me. throng oe. \eprgng
drl G. ^//-tv: ARYAN base the str. vb. oe. pringan
tri- in fr. =
SKR. A/ (nom. trayas), gr. r()tTg, OHG. dringan G. DU. dringen; ident.
LAT. //V'jT, OIR. //-/, OSLOV. RUSS. w. GOTH, preihan, ON. pryngva
//-/', i,ith. trys. —
The ortlinal 'to throng': teut. \r pring prenh,
14*

I
 ;

212 throstle tight

ARYAN V" trenk tr'enq in LITH. 'to sound', see under stuti). —
trenkti 'to shake'. thursday me. thorsday thursday
throstle sb. me. ihrdstil oe. late OE. puresdeei oe. pimresdcej^
prgstle cogn. w. lg. drdssl (oSAX.
; = OHG. donares-tag G. donnerstag,
*thrdsta/a fr. ^/ramsiala') and w. DU.
on. porsdagr. donder dag ,

ON. prgsir (goth. *frastiis) Early translation of lat. y^zw

'throstle'; cp. also lith. strdzdas teut. punara- was the god ^//^'.s'.

'throstle'. of thunder, corresponding to

through adv. ident. w. thorough: ON. porr 'Thor'.
ME. thuruJi OE. />urh =^ ohg. duruh thus adv. ME. thus oe. pus =--
G. durch, DU. dorch, goth. palrh. OSAX. OFRIES. thus, DU. dus
throw vb. ME. thrmve oe. corresponding to OHG. sus. Forms
prduian str. vb. 'to twist, turn of the article the.
^= OHG. drden G. drehen (du. tick (of a bed) sb. not found
draaieti) : teui". sT pre (also in in ME. nor oe., probably bq^rowed
thread) =^ aryan \'~trc{tere) in fr. DU. ti/h = OHG. ziehha G. zieche
—
;

GR. XQfi-(A.a 'a hole' xtQBiv source lat. theca, whence also
"to pierce' — xiohXQOv 'auger'. FR. taie 'a tick'.
thrush sb. (a bird's name) me. ticket sb. fr. FR. etiquette.
thrush short for OE. prysce (teut. tickle vb. ME. tikele.
base priiskjoti) ; cogn. w. ohg. tide sb. ME. tide 'season' oe.
drosca (base prauskon-^. //// (gen. //V/<?) 'time, hour' ^ on.
thud sb. (Scotch) short for tid, OSAX. tid, DU. tijd, OHG. zit
OE. pgden 'whirlwind'. G. zeit: Teut. base ti-di-, cogn.
thumb sb. ME. thombc ihnvd^e w. OE. ti-nia = time. — Hence
older piime OE. pilma = ohg. tidings ME. tidinges older form
dumo G. daumeti, du. duit/i, swed. tithende fr. on. tidindi 'tidings' (:^
tumvie (on. piimall 'the thumb DU. tijding, G. zeitung).
of a glove') teut. hase pu-f/iatt-.
: tie vb. ME. tie OE. tiitm td^an
It rests on an ARYAN adj. tu-nw- wk. vb. to tie, connect'; derived
'thick, strong in avest. tiima fr. OE. teag 'bond, chain, rope'
(SKR. tiitufnd) 'strong'; cp. lat. = Teut. base taugo: s^'^tinigtauh
tunicre 'to swell'. ARYAN \^ tu. teuh 'to pull, draw', cogn. w.
thunder me. thunder older
sb. LAT. diicere 'to lead'; cp. ohg.
form thoncr thuner Oe. punor =^ ziohan G. Ziehen, OE. teon (prt.
OHG. donar G. doiiner, du. donder t^ah').

(cp. ON. porr for *potir the god tight adj. ME. tij^ht borrowed
of thunder). ARYAN \'~ tsn ton in fr.ON. pittr (therefore also me.
LAT. tonare —
tonitru, skr. tan thiyii)—- mhg. dihte (g. dieht) :

"to sound', OE. punumio resound, Teut. base pihii- pinhti-. Cogn.
creak' (by form \f sten in skr. sta7i w. thicks
 —

tike — today 213

tike sb, ME. tike fr. on. tik 'a = base tundrjon- in ohg. zuntira
bitch'. G. zunder\ cp. du. tinder, on.
tile sb. ME. tile Teut. verbal \^ land tiind
contraction fr. tiindr.

OE. ti-^ele — ti\le\ in GOTH, tandjan, OHG. ziintan G.

source lat.
tegula, whence also ohg. ziagal ziinden, oe. ontendan 'to kindle'.
G. ziegel, DU. tegel tichel (cp. fr. tine (of a fork) sb. me. oe. ti??d
tuile, ITAL. tegolci). 'prong, spike' ^^= on. tindr 'a
till vb. ME. tile older tilien OE. spike', MHG. zint: Teut. base tinda-

tilian 'to till land, to work'; cogn. tender-. Probably connected w.

w. OHG. zilon G. zielen 'to aim tooth (Teut. base tanp-').
at', OSAX. tilon tiloian, du. teleii tire vb. me. tire oe. tyran with
'to till, cultivate' (cp. GOTH, ga- the non-umlauted byform me. tere
tils adj. 'fitting'). OE. tear inn.
till prepos. xME. oe. /// (in tit see titmotise.
Northumbr. dialect) — on. /// tithe sb. ME. tithe; prop, ordinal
-

'till, to'. Cogn. w. GOTH, gatils OE. ti'^eda {teogoda teopa) 'tenth';
and OHG. zilon under till vb. see teti.
tilt sb. late me. telt 'a covering' titlark see titmouse.
for an earlier form teld (under title sb. ME. title fr. ofr. title
the influence of tent^ =^ oe. =-- FR. litre: source i.at. titulus.
letehl 'a covering, tent' ; ident. w. titmouse sb. (a bird's name)
OHG. zelt gizclt G. zelt "tent", odu. not connected w. mouse; the
telt ghetelt \Qn\! , oisi. tjalil: Teut. second element of the compound
base /elila- ga-tdda-.ME. mpse oe. nuise ^^r: du. mees., is

timber OHG. meisa g. 7neise 'a titmouse'

sb. me. oe. timber 'ma-
terial for building'; cp. GOTH. (FR. m/sa7ige is of Teut. origin).
timrjan 'to build', ohg. zimbar The first element of titmoiise
'material for building, edifice Cas of titlark) is ON. tit 'a. small
G zimmer 'room' , OSAx. ti7nbar bird'.
'edifice', du. ti?nmer, on. timb?-. to prep. ME. OE. to prep. adv.
Cognate w. gr. da/iietv 'to build' =- OSAX. to adv. ( — // prep.), OHG.
— douo^ edifice', lat. domus zuo adv. f zi prep.); cp. DU.
'house', OSLOV. il(>f/i/i 'house', skr. toe, G zit.

da»/(i-. toad sb. ME. tpde oe. tdd-iie

time sb. ME. tif/ie oe. t/ma = (see tadpole^; there are no
ON. timi time': Teut. base ti-niou- further connections.
fr. the \'~ ti in tide. toast vb. ME. ipste fr. ofr. toste
tin sb. me. oe. tin on. d.an. = ^— LAT. tosta (fr. the vb. tor r ere).
DU. tin, OHG. zin G. zinn: common today ME. to day oe. to dce^e =
Teul. base tina-. OSAX. te dage. — For tonight —
tinder sb. me. tinder oe. tvndre: tomorrow = me. to tiight — to
 .

214 toe tower

moriue oe. to nwrgne cp. osax. probably derived fr. the teut.
te naht 'tonight'. \/~ tau\o make' (see under tazc).

toe sb. ME. to (pi. tori) OE. id toom adj. me. oe. torn loanword
(pi. tail) oldest form tdhcE = fr. on. tomr 'empty'; cp. osax.
OHG. zeha G. zehc: Tent, base ton/i tbmig, OHG. zuoniig 'empty'.
taihon; cp. DU. teen, ON. td.
tooth sb. me. toth (pi. teth) oe.
together adv. ]me. tggedere oe.
top (pi. tep) fr. a Teut. base tanp-
togiedrc; cogn. w. gather. in osax. du. tand, ohg. zaiid (zan
token sb. me. token or. tdcen:
G. zahn), ON. tpnn ; ablaut-varia-
Teut. base taikna- in ohg. zeihhan tion GOTH, tunpiis. ARYAN base
G.zeichen, osax. tckan, du. tecken;
dont- d?nt- in skr. dat — danta,
cp. GOTH, taikns (base taikni-). GR. odnvr- (nOoi'c,'), 'LkT.deni- {iiens)y
Pre -Teut. base do'igno- doigni- LITH. dantis. ARYAN \^ ed 'to eat'
cogn. w. GR. dfrTyua by the side see under ^<;/; the form of the
of Of/V.i'f/u. ARYAN \'^ dik (dig) in
Aryan word (cp. sooth) is'^resent
LAX. ^//^-i? ( — dlgnus ~ prodigmm). participle.
E. teach OE. tdcean belongs to
topi c;b. j^£E. OE. top (pp) ^= ox.
the same root.
toll sb. ME. OE. tol (II) = OHG. toppr
tuft
, DU.
of hair')
top
:
(oHG. G. zopf a
Teut. base toppa-
Zol (II) G. ZOll, OSAX. DU. /tf/; cp.
---
tuppa-.
OSAX. tolna OE. /6'//'/t' 'toll'.

Source lat. tclonium in a vulgar top'- sb. (a child's toy) ME. OE.

form toloneujn for teloneum. Cp. top (pp); phonetically differing

OE. tolnire ohg. zolandri = lat. fr. the equiv. lg. dop, ohg. topfo
G. top/.
tolonarius (tclonarius)
tomb sb. ME. A.'w/''^ toumbe fr. torch sb. JIE. torche fr. fr.
FR. torn be = LAT. iumba. torche, whence also du. toorts.
tomorrow see today. touch vb. ME. toiiche fr. fr.
tongs sb. ME OE. Zf'/z^'-^ (tange) toucher, whence also DU. toetsen.
-- OHG. zanga g. zange, DU. A^w^'', tough adj. me. tough ge. toh fr.
ON. /fi/;^: Teut. base tango-n- fr. TEUT. '^tanhu-, whence also DU.
the ARYAN \f~ dak in skk. ^/c?^- — taai, OHG. zdhi G. zdhe. Perhaps
GR. (Va'xj'ttv 'to bite'. cogn. w. OE. letpng adj. 'incon-
tongue ME. tongc tunge oe. tnnge tact with' — letenge 'close to'.

=z GOTH, tuggo, OHG. zunga G. towel sb. ME. touail fr. OFR.
zunge DU. /(^w^.
, Teut. base toaillc := FR. touaille. Source an
tungbn- fr. pre -teut. ddnghd- in old Teut. word cp. ohg. dwahilla ;

OLAT. dingua (= LAT. lingtid). G. zivehle 'towel', teut. \fpuhih

tonight see today. in GOTH, pwahan =- 0£. p7o(an
too ident. \v. /c*. str. vb. 'to wash'.

tool sb. ME. OE. /p''/ = ON. /ti/; tower sb. MK. tour late oe.
 . ; -;

town — truncheon 215

(11"' cent.) tilr fr. fr. tour. treat vb. fr. fr. tralter = lat.
Source lax. iu/ris. tractarc.
town sb. ME. totm oe. inn; the tree sb. :me. tre oe. treo = goth.
original meaning fence' is seen Teut.
//'/?/,OSAX. tn'o, on. /;-^:
in OE. iyiid/i base trewa-, derived fr. an aryan
\vk. vb. 'to fence,
enclose Cp. on. fi'm, du. tuin, dru doru in skr. di u daru 'wood',
.

OHG. sihi G. zaun 'fence, Viedge'. GR. iigrq 'oak' Soqv spear', —
Cogn. w. OIR. (hm 'fortress' (in OSLOV. drirva drevo 'wood' —
CELT, place-names as in Augusto- cogn w. tar and trough.
diiiiiini) tripe sb. me. tripe =r du. ////
trace sb. me. trd(c fr. fr. trace fr. FR. tripe.
(source lat. tractiarc). trouble vb. short for me. trouble:
trade sb. original meaning 'path' loanword fr. fr. troubler.
fr. the vb. tread. trough sb. me. trogh oe. troh
trail vb. me. traile late oe. trog == ON. OHG. G. DU. trog:
trce-^lian fr. ofr. trailler, whence Teut. base
pro- tioga- tiuga-,
also uu. LG. treilen. bably derived fr. ARYAN dru-
traitor sb. me. traitour fr. ofr. 'wood' under tree.
traitor (i-r. traitre) =r lat. tra- trout sb. me. troute (for troughief)
ditorievi). oe, truht: early loanword fr.

tramp, trample vb. me. iranipe LAT. triicta — - FR. truite.

= LG. trampen trampcln; cp. truant sb. me. triiant prop.
GOTH, trwipan to tread. triiauud fr. fr. tiuand a vaga-
trap sb. me. trappc late oe. bond'.
trccppeloanword fr. trappe
truce sb. ME. treii'cs plural form
fr.
source OHG. trappa. of ME. trewe 'truce' -— oe. treojva
travel vb. me. travaille fr. fr. 'confidence, faith'. Derivative
travaillcr. of the adj. true me. trewc ok.
treachery sb. me. tr(c}uric ~^etreoive ^e try we — ohg. t,iuwi -

triccherie fr. fr. tricheric (iR. gitriuwi G. (ge)treu. osax. trimv.\

t richer vb.). cp. GOTH, tri^gws ON. trvggr —
tread vb. :\ie. tr^de oe. tredan 'true'. Cogn. w. OPRUSS. dru7C'is
str. vb. =
osax. tredan, du. tredcti, 'belief druwit 'to believe. —
OHG. tr'ctan g. tretcn; cp. goth. ARYAN \f dru. See truth and
trudan, on. troda 'to tread'. trust.
TKUT.\~ tr'cd trod. trump sb. me. trumpe trompe
treason sb. me. traisoim fr. ofr. fr. FR. trompe, wlience also ODU.
traison -— fr. tra/iiso/i: source trompe.
LAT. ii aditioincfn). truncheon sb. me. trounchoi/n
treasure sb. me. trespr fr. fr. tronchoun fr. ofr. tronchon ---

tresor :=.- lat. thesaurus. FR. iron(otu

2l6 trust twine

trust sb. ME. h'nst fr. on. trgust turn vb. short for me. tourne
'confidence' (= ohg. trost G. late OE. tilrnian fr. fr. tourner.
trost 'consolation'): Teut. base turtle sb. me. oe. turtle (=
trausta- fr. an ARYAN base drouz- OHG. turtulatuba G. turteltmcbe)
da- ; coj^n. w. ir. druit (base fr. l.at. turtJir.

druzdi-) 'firm, trustwortli)''. tusk sb. me. tusk tuseh short

truth ME. treuthe treowp for oe. tusc {tusc); probably Teut.
OE.
'faitli, fidelity': abstract forma- base tunska-, derived fr. teut.
tion to ti-jie. tunp- {tanp-) tooth. =
try vb. ME. trie fr. fr. trier. twelve num. me. oe. twelf (infl.
tub sb. ME. tubbe =
DU. tobbe, me. twelve oe. twelfe) ^= goth.
LG. ttibbe 'a tub' cogn. w. ohg. twalif, ohg. zwelif q. zwblf, OSAX.
;

ziibar G. zuber. Source lat. tubus t7velif, DU. twaalf. The word
'a pipe, tube? rests on the num. two; the 2"*^
tuck vb. ME. tukke =
OHG. zockbn element (cp. lith. dvylikd WtXve)
zuckcn : intensive formation of \/" occurs again in GOTH, ainlif ^
tuh in GOTH, tiuhan =
ohg. ziohan ohg. einlif (see eleven). —
(see under tie). twenty me. twenty oe. twenti]^
Tuesday sb. me. Tiwesday oe probably contracted for *twe-
Tiwcsdce-^ -- ON. Tysdagr, G. (Ale- lentil^ ohg. zweinzug (g. zwanzig,=
mann.j Zistag: translation of lat. DU. twintig). - twice adv. me. -

Martis dies. The Teut. god Thv tunes prop, twie OE. twiyi {tiimva
corresponds to Mars. OE. Tiw tu-wd) .
—
ON. Tyr rests on Aryan deiicos twig sb. ME. tti'ig pi. twigges;
'god' (in skr. deva cogn. w. OE. twi (pi. twiyi), OHG.
, lat. ^^/^//.f;

cp. ON. tnnrr 'the gods'). zwi and also w. ohg. zitng G.
tumble vb. ME. tumble tomble zweig, DU. twijg. Probably con-
fr. OE. tu/>ibia/t to dance, tumble'; nected w. the numeral two
cp. DU. tninielen fr. ODU. tiimen. (aryan stem dwi-).
tun sb. ME. tuime tohiie oe. tunne tw^ins pi. ME. twinnes oe.
-^ DU. /i?/?; ident. w. ohg. tunna ytwinnas; ident. v^. on. tvinnr
G. /<?//«^ and FR. tonne. Source 'two and two'; cp. OHG. zwini-
and history of the group not ling G. zimlling, DU. tweeting 'a
cleared up yet. twin' and lith. dvynii 'twins'. All
turbot tiirbut fr. fr. derived fr. the ARYAN stem c/zw-
,-
sb. _ME.
turbot. see two.
turf sb. ME. ///// torf ok. ///;/" twine vb. me. twine vb. fr. the

= ON. torf, ohg. zurba, DU. turf sb. OE. twin 'linen, a twisted
'peat Teut. base turb- torb- fr.
: thread' = DU. tivijji, which is

an ARYAN base drbh- djrbh-; cp. ident. w. mho. g. zwirn du. ,

.SKR. darbha 'bunch of a-rass'. tweern: Teut. base twizna- fr.

 ;

twinckle — up 217

under ticist), cogn.

\'~t2tns (see G. zwicken (cp. OHG. zwecchon)= :

w. the num. i7cio. Teut. ground-form *twikkJon}

twinckle vb. me. twincle oe. twitter vb. me. twitere ohg. =
twincUan. zwizziron G. ziiitschern perh. a ;

twist vb. ME. twisic vb. fr. oe. reduplicated west -teut. ^twi-
twist 'rope' =: odu. twist
sb. ttmron? (teut. \'^t7£ns?).
'thread' teut. \^ tivis as in G.
; tw^o num. orig. twain masc.
:
—
zwirn 'thread'; see twine. two f. n. =
ME. twein two OE. —
twit vb. short for me. at-wlte tweT^en —
iwd (tii n. for ^iwii orig.
OE. cet-witan str. vb. 'to reproach'; *twp) cp. OHG. zwene
; zwd — —
cp. OE. ed-wit sb. 'reproach' and zivei, OSAX. twene two (two) —
GOTH, idweitjan vb. 'to reproach', — twe, GOTH, twai twos —
t7va. —
OHG. firwiT^T^an G. verweisen, DU. ARYAN Stem duo- divo- in lat.
verwijten 'to reproach' and OE. duo, GR. (Jd'o (but Jff/'Jfxa for
wite, OSAX. tvlti, OHG. wh^T^i 'pu- *J/ojc)fXM), SKR. dua dva.
f
nishment', GO'^'A. raweitan str. vb. tyrant sb. me. tiraunt (with
twitch vb. ME. twicche (without excrescent / as in pageant) fr.
palatalisation twicke) OE. twiccian OFR. tiran =-- LAi'. tyranmis.

u
udder sb. me. tidder short for late OE. un- OE. <?;/- = goth.
OE. uder = ORG. iitar (g. euter), and-, OHG. ////- G. ent-.

ODU. OFRIES. OSAX. uder ; ARYAN uncle sb. -ME. une/e onclc fr. fr.
base tidhr- in SKR. udhar, lat. 07icle (^= LAT. avunculus^. Cp.
iiber; cp. GR. ovihto. All equi- also aunt, nevew, niece.
valent. under prep. me. oe. under -=
ugly adj. ME. us^ly fr. ON. uggligr GOTH. OSAX. undar on. undir, ,

'dreadful' ; cp. ON. ugga 'to fear'. DU. onder ohg. untar G. untcr.
,

umpire prop, tiumpire (as auger Two prepositions are

different
for orig. nauger) ME. nom?ipere fr. blended form: lat. inter,
in this
OFR. nonper. SKR. antar and lat. ////)-a skr.
un-^ prefix (of adjectives) me. ad/ids.
OE. ////- :^ G. ohg. GOTH. U?l- up prep. adv. me. up oe. z^/)/;

ident. w. lat. in-, GR. av- a-, ident. w. ohg. tif G. aw/", osAX.
SKR. a/!- a- : ARYAN ground-form tip; goth.
cp. the ablaut-relation
pn-,cogn. w. SKR. na , Cogn. w. oe. ufan 'from
lat. ne, iup.
GOTH. OHG. ni, OE. ne 'not'. above' OHG. ohana osax. otnxna=
un 2 prefix (of verbs) me. un- 'from above'. See above and
2l8 urchin very

and over. 2ipon me. upo?i OE. use sb. ME. /Vi'^ fr. FR. ?IS =-
upp-on; cp. ON. upp a. LAT. us us.
urchin sb. me. irchoun fr. ofr. usquebaugh sb. fr. ir. nisge
irt'fOfi (fr. hcrisso/i) ; source a beatha 'water of life'; ident. w.
vulgar LAT. ericio{7tcm). ^=^ lat. zvhisky.
crkius 'hedge-hog (the genume utmost short for ME. oiitemeste
E. word was OE. i^el = OHG. OE. umlaut) ytemest; ident.
(w.
4'^// G. igr/, cogn, w. or. ^^Tiwc). w. outmost.
us pron. ME. us (07(s) OE. lis for utter vb. ME. uttre outre derived
TEUT. U/iS- in G. OHG. GOTH. UHS, fr. ME. outc vb. 'to put out' OE.
OSAX. i/s , DU. ous. Cp. 6'«r liiian 'to put out\ Source out.
and 7l'(\

vain adj. aie. 7'ciin. fr. fr. rain OHG. fa?! G. fass, DU. vat: Teut.
= LAT. 7'(h!US. base fata-. Cogn. w. 'LYIh. pudas
vale sb. ME. vdl fr. FR. va/e 'a pot' and OHG. fa'z^'^on G. fassen
and valley me. valeie fr. fk. vallce. 'to contain'.
Source lat. 7'aUis. vaunt vb. short for ME. avaunte
valiant adj. ;me. vaUauiit fr. vb. fr. OFR. avanter (fr. vanter^
FR. vaillaiit. :r:= late lat. vanitarc.
valley see vale. veal sb. ME. vel fr. ofr. v'eel

van ident. w. fan. (fr. vcait); source lat. viiellus

vane sb. (a wether-cock) me. 'a little calf.
(Kent.) vane — (else) fane OE. veil sb. ME. veile fr. ONFR. veile
fdna rztr OHG. fano {gund-fano) = lat. velum.
G. fahne, DU. vaan., GOTH, fana: vein sb. jme. veine fr. fr. veiiie

Teut. base f'anan-, c<ign. w. -----

LAT. vena.
LAT. pannus 'cloth'. me. veneisoun fr. venison sb.
vanish vb. me. vanisshe fr. lat. venatio{nein).
OFR. veneis07i —-
OFR. vanir {vaniss-)\ source lat. venom sb. me. venbn fr. OFR.
evanescere. vcnim -=^ lat. venemmi.
vanquish vb. me. venquisshe verse sb. me. vers fr. fr. vers;
fr. OFK. I'einquir (vcinquiss-) OE. ME. fers is loanword fr. lat.
=r FR. vai/iere; source lat. znn- versus with the medieval pro-
eere. nunciation of LAT. V as /".
vat sb. ME. (Kent.) vat (else) —
very adj. :\ie. verrei verrai fr.
fat OE. feet =^ OSAX. on. fat, OFR. V(rai (fr. vrai) source ;
 :

vessel wade 219

a LAT. type veracus for lat.

j
vinewed adj. (the initial v
verac-c7n.
'

instead of /' is due to Kentish

vessel sb. me. ^rsse/ fr. ofr. influence) fr. oe. fynegian 'to
veissel (fr. vaisseaji) = lat. become mouldy' (y)'/?/';^ 'mouldy').
vascclltini (vas cuius — 7'as).
vintage sb. transformed fr. me.
vetch sb.ME. vecche fr. ofr. vcche vinddge,
which rests on FR. ver,~
(fr. vesce) =
lat. vicia, whence daiige LAT. 7'indemja (whence =
also OHG. wicka G. wicke DU. wik. OHG. wiutitttnta vintage').
vex vb. ME. vcxe fr. fr. vexer
viol sb. fr. fr. viole -- ital.
:= LAT. vexarc.
SPAN. viola\ source a late lat.
vial {phi a I) sb. me. 7'iole fr. fr.
viiula, whence also fiddle.
yf(7/^ (ofr. viole).
virgin sb. me. virgine fr. ofr.
vice sb. me. e'4"^ fr. fr. rvVt'

= LAT. vitinm.
virgine.

victory sb. me. victorie fr. OFR. virtue si), me. vertil fr. fr. vertu.

vie tor ic = fk. victoire. visage sb. me. visage fr. fr.
victuals sb. (me. 7<i((rinr) fr. visage. — vision sb. me. visioun
OFR. vitaille in the spelling vic- fr. FR. vision.
iuaille. Source lat. victualia. vixen sb. (?- instead of/due to
view sb. fr. FR. vue. Kentish influence) oe. */yxen
vigil sb. ME. vigilc fr. FR. vigile Teut. base fuhsinjo-
{g. /iielisin)^
=• lat. vigilia. derived fr. teut. fnhs- folu-
vigor sb. I\1E. 7'i^onr fr. ofr. under fox {-injo- being fem.
vigour (fr. vigeur^ = lat. sufflx as in G. got/in, grdjin etc.).
vigor-evi.
voice
vile adj. -Me. ?•// fr. fr, f// = (fr. Voix^
sb. ME. vois
= LAT.
fr.

7>0X.
ofr. vois

lat. -,'iUs.
villain sb. me. vilciii fr. ofr.
voutch vb. ME. vouche fr. ofk.
viltin = lat. villanus.
voucher (=; lat. vocare).

vine sb. me. vine fr. fr. ev^v/^? vow sb. ME. vou fr. ofr. vou
= LAT. vinea. Cp. wine. (fr. VOeu') LAT. votutn. =
vinegar sb. me. vinegre fr. fr. voyage sb. fr. fr. voyage; cp.
vinaigrc —- LAT. vinutn acre. For ME. vid'ge 7't'dge fr. ofr. veiage.
the 2'^^' element cp. eager. Source l.vt. viaticum.

w
wade vb. :me. wade oe. loddan 1 uu. waden, ohg. watan str. vb.
(prt. Wiht) str. vb. = ON. vada, I (g. waten wk. vb.) teut. \~wad^ :
220 wafer wand

ARYAN V^ 7vddh ill LAT. vddere vb.). Cp. also OE. weccean, OHG.
'to go'. weckan, OSAx. ivekkian, du. wekken,
wafer sb. me. wd/re fr. ofr. GOTH. wakja?i 'to awake', aryan
waufre = fr. gaiifre; ident. \^weg in LAT. vegere 'to excite,
w. DU. wafel, G. waffel (oSAX. arouse' (z'igil 'awake ) and skr.
^wd/Icz). The group prop, meant e^4''(7j(' 'to incite'. See 7vatch
'honey comb' as in fr. and is (and 7vait).
derived fr. a Teut. word (OHG. walk vb. ME. 7ualke\ intensive
aiabo G. wabe\ \^web in tveave). formation (cp. lurk, stalk) of
^vag vb. ME. wagge (oe. *wag- OE. 7veallian 'to wander' — OHG.
giati) derived fr. \fweg (in oe. tvallon G. 7vallen.
wagian 'to move wag') see wall sb. ME. 7(7^'/ (pi. 7cial/es)
, ;

way. OE. yc'^i?// (pi. 7i>eallas) =- du.

wage sb. ME. wage fr. ofr. ?(;'<?/, OSAX. 7c/t?/ (pi. zvallos) not ;

^oage (fr. gage source a vul- found in ohg. (but ti. a't?//
\

gar LAT. tvad'mm for lat. vadium borrowed fr. LG.). Source lat.
(influenced by a teut. - goth. vallum 'a rampart'.
"(Oadi 'a pledge' under wed^. wall-eyed adj. fr. oe. 7vealde/i-
waggon ^b. fr. du. ivagen; i'^e ~- ON. vald-eygdr 'wall-eyed'?
ident. w. waiu. wallow vb. ME. wahve OE. 7veal-
wail vb. ME. waile wcile; derived 7vian 'to wallow'; cp. GOTH. 7oal-
fr. ME. wei 'woe' (loanword fr. wisoft 'to wallow' and zvahvjan
ON. vci; see 70 oe). 'to roll'. Cogn. w. lat. volvere
wain sb. me. wain oe. wceyi: hH^IV)
(gR. 'to roll'. ARYAN
Teut. base wagnu- in ohg. wagan \fwehv woht),
G. DU. icagefi (on. vagii) ; ARYAN walnut sb. me. 7valnote walnute
\'~7Lii'g/i as in lat. vehiculum, OE. 7vealh-hnutu = ON. valhnot,
GR. o/jK, oiR. fin 'wain'. See DU. 7valnooi G. 7valnuss (not found
way. in OHG.). The former element
waist sb. AiE. 7vdst\ doubtful (teut. 7valha-) see under Welsh
whether allied to ^oaxl {7valnut prop, meant 'French
wait vb. ME. waitc fr. ofr. nut'; cp. lat. nux Gallica =
waiter \ source a vulgar lat. FR. gauge).
vb. wactare, der. fr. OHG. wahta walrus sb. ^=^ du. 7valrus 7val-
= GOTH, wahtito 'a watching'. ros, G. 7valross, dan. hvalros; cp.
For the root see wake and ON. hrosshvalr (whence oe. hors-
waic/i. hwo'l): lit. 'a horse-whale'. See
wake vb. me. wake oe. wdcian whale.
-= OSAX. wakojan, du* waken, wan adj. me. 7ciau(/in) oe. 7C'an7i
ON. r'a^^rt", OHG. itiahhen G. 7vachen (7Vonn).
wk. vb. (only GOTH, waka/i str. wand sb. me. zcand fr. on.
 . :

wander — was 221

vgnd (gen. vandar) = goth. oe. wckrloga 'traitor' (= OSAX.

wandus 'a rod'. Cogn. w. LITH. tvdrlogo) : compound of oe. wckr
or w. tvind vb. ?
7va))tal 'faith, agreement and -loga 'a

wander vb. me. wa/uh'e oe. liar' (OE. leogan under lie ').

wandrian; cp. MHG. G. wandern warm adj. me. warm oe. wearm
waHdcln (oHG. wantalori) 'to = OSAX. OHG. G. DU. warvi, ON.
wander'. Cogn. w. wend vb. varmr (cp. GOTh. warmjan 'to

wane vb. me. ^vdne oe. wdnian make warm') Teut. base wart?ia-
:

= OHG. wanon, on. ?w«« 'to for ARYAN base ghw'ernio- in gr.
wane, diminish' derived fr. teut.
: dnjunc ((feof.icg) = LAT. fornms
wana- 'lacking' in oe. wan, ON. 'warm'.
vanr, oHG. wan GOTH, wans , warn vb. me. warne oh. wear-
'lacking' (cp. DU. wanJwop 'de- nian war{e)nian ^= OHG. warnon
spair' and G. walunuitz 'want of G. warnen 'to warn'.
wits'). Cogn. w. SKR. ima 'wan- warp sb. me. warp oe. wcarp
ting'. — w^ant weorpan me. werpe
sb. me. 7vant fr. derived fr. OE.
ON. vant neutr. of vanr lacking, ^^ GOTH. str. vb. 'to throw'
deficient'. —
wanton me. wan- tvairpaii osAX. wapan du. , ,

toun prop, wantgwcn for '"^wan- werpcn, OHG. werfan G. werfen

togen : oe. iogen is participle of str. vb. 'to throw'. ARYAN
teon (see team) to educate'. \/~7i:'<?r^r(."' in SKR. vrj\o remove',
war me. (since 12'*^ cent.)
sb. OSLOV. iresti (vrugq) 'to throw'.
werre = du.
werrc fr. ofr. werre warrant sb. me. waraunt fr.
(fr. guerre) source ohg. we, ra
;
OFR. war ant (fr. gar ant).
'vexation' (ohg. osax. werran wart sb. ME. werte'. umlauted
str. vb. 'to bring into confusion byform of OE. wcarte on. =
or disorder'). varta, odu. warte, OHG. zvarza
ward sb. iME. ward oe. tveard G. warze. Perhaps cogn. w. OE.
'watciiman, guardian' :=^ osax. wearr 'callosity, wart' and l\t.
ward, ORG. G. wart (on. vgrdr verruca 'wart'.
for *wardus) ARYAN \j~ war see
: w^ary adj. extension of me.
under wary. — w^arden sb. war OE. wa'r 'cautious, aware'
me. warddn fr. OFR. wardein = GOTH, zvars, OSAX. war 'cau-
(gardein) ident. w. guardian; tious'(oHG. giwar G. geiciahr)
see guard. w^ardrobe me. — ARYAN V~ avr also in GR. naar
wardergbe fr. OFR. warderobe (fr. 'to observe'.
garderobc) (I, he) were (we) me.
was —
Avare sb. me. 7C'drc oe. 7cidru was-were OE. wces-weron (wceroh):
'merchandise' =^ du. jcaar G. forms of the preterite of oe.
ware, ON. z^ara. wesan — du. wezen, ohg. wesan, :

warlock sb. for me. warhnve GOTH, wisafi (g. wesen sb. 'a
 :

222 wash

being'). ARYAN \~7oes in SKR. uks 'grow up, get strong',

SKR.
vas 'to stay in a place'. GR. ds^fiv 'wax'. Cp. ox.
wash vb. ME. wasshe OE. wascan wax sb. ME. 7£>ax oe. 7c>eax =
^= ON. vaska, OHG. 7vascan G. ON. 7'ax, OHG. zf^^c/ij' G. wacks,
waschen. ARYAN \<'^wask in IR. DU. 7fvm-. Cogn. w. LITH. wasz-
kas, OSLOV. RUSS. voskti.
faiscim, w. gwasgu 'I press'.
wdps way sb. me. way wey wei OE.
^A/'asp sb. me. 7£'rt;j;z!'^ oe.
fr. a Teut. base wafsa- in OHG.
7^^j =
OSAX. OHG. l&eg G. DU.
weg, ON. 7'^<^T, GOTH. 7vigs 'wav'
wafsa; cogn. w. lat. ?^^</<'7, lith.
Teut. base wega- (allied to lat.
7Y?/.y« 'breeze', OSLOV. ?wc^'^vasp'.
via 'way'), derived fr. the teut.
ARYAN \r7vebh in weave; ivasp
sfw'eg in oe. wegan 'to carry'
orig. weaver'.
=
OHG. wegan 'to move', goth.
waste adj. ME. rcf/j-/ fr. OFR. gawigan; ident. w. lat. vehere
wast (cp. FR. ^c?^v- 'to make 'to carry', GR. hx^n>, sR:r. vah
waste'). Source lat. vastus, 'to carry': ARYAN sfwegh also
influenced by teut. wosii 'waste' in wai/i.
(oE. weste, OHG. wnosti G. wilst WQ
pron. ME. OE. 2ve :r= goth.
fr. an aryan wastu- in oiR. fas,
7(iU'is, OHG. G. 7<y/V-, OSAX. wi;
LAT. vastus 'waste'). ident. w. SKR. vay-am 'we' ARYAN :

watch vb. ME. zvacche OE. *w(sc- ground-form icei fr. a stem 7ae- in
can the pres. partic. waccende)
(in ON. vdiT 'our'.
7= OE. 7vdcian under tvake. weak adj. ME. -weik fr. ON.
^Arater sb. me. ludter oe. wceter veikr veykr; ident. w. OE. ladc
:r=r oSAX. watav DU. watcv, OHG.
, ME. wok = DU. week, OSAX. 7£'d'^,

wa--iir G. wasser: west-teut. OHG. 7^/^ G. weich. TEUT. \f Wlk

=^
base watera-; ident. w. goth. in OE. wican 'to give way
7i''a/^, ON. {-v;///. Cogn. w. ?i7t7 OSAX. wlkan, ON. vikja , OHG.
and outside of teut., w. gr. 7vihhan G. iveichen. Cogn. w.
SKR. ?^^/(a;/Z, OSLOV. RUSS. GR. £iX5/«' 'to give way', lat.
rjfriO,
vnda 'water'. ud. 7'/m- 'change', aryan \f7vig 7vik.
ARYAN \'~wod:
wattle sb. me. watel OE. watol weal sb. :me. wele oe. ai'tVrt
hurdle, tile'. (7veoIa) 'prosperity riches' ^^- ,

'happiness riches'
wave sb. derived fr. the wk. OSAX. 7£/£Vtf ,

vb. wave me. lodve oe. ivdfian (oHG. 7vela wola G. —

7vohl 'wel-

'wave, fluctuate'; cp. ox. vdfa fare). Cogn. w. well ^.nd will.
'to vibrate to and fro'.
—
w^ealth ME. 7velthe extension
wax sb. me. waxe OE. weaxan of weal = DU. 7veelde.
str. vb. = wahsan wean sb. me. 7vnie oe. 7oeuian
OHG. OSAX.
G.wachsen^ T>\5.wassen\ cp. GOTH. 'to wean a child prop, 'to ac-
wahsjan. ARYAN sTweks uks in custom'; ident. w. osAX. wennian.
 .

weapon — week

(g. geicidhneii) , on. venja \o ac- tveevil) also in gr. v(fij-vffoc a

custom'. Derived web'
fr. the
vr^aii'fiv 'weave'.
adj. w^eb — —
waiia- in on. vanr 'accustomed' me. oe. 7iieb (bb) fr. teut. 7oabja-
(cp. oug. giwon OE. 5<?7iw;; 'usual'). in OHG. 7i>eppi, du. 7t'f/^, on. ?'o^r
weapon sb. me. wcpen oe. wxpcn "a web'.
= ON. viipn, OSAX. wapan, du. wed vb. prop, 'to engage' me.
wapcn OHG. waffan o. eco/^i? 7iiedde OE. 7veddiaii
,
goth. gn- =
(goth. wepna plur.). 7vadjdn 'to pledge' ON. vedja. ,

wear vb. me. were oe. iterian Derived fr. the sb. OE. 7i<t:dd ^
wk. vb. 'to clothe' =
GOTH. goth. 7vadi, OHG. 7vetti 'a pledge'
ii.'asjan to clothe', OHG. %vp-ian, and cogn. w. lat. vas vadis 'a —
on. ewy^r 'to cloth': teut. \~7vaz pledge'. Further relations see
was (also in goth. was-ti 'gar- under gage and 7vage. w^ed- —
ment'), ARYAN \fw^;s in LAT. f'^J"-
lock ME. 7uedlflk OE. 7vedldc (oe.
^V 'garment', G&.erj-d^tjJ^ clothing', lac gift, offering).
ivvvf.li 'I clothe', SKR. Vi7S 'to
wedge me. 7vegge oe. ec^^C'
sb.
clothe .
=r OHG. wecki (g. 7C'eck), DU. 7^'z]^,
weary me. 7c<(Ty oe. 7veni
adj.
ON. veggr : Teut. base 7vagja-;
(7C<(crii) r=
OSAX. 7vbrig 'tired',
cogn. w. LiTH. 7oagis, LETT. 7C'adsis
OHG. 7vuorag 'intoxicated': TEUT.
'a wedge.
\'~7fvr? or wozl
w^easand sb. me. wcsend oe.
wedlock see 7iied.

7i.'ci>scnd umlauted byform of OE.

WednesdayME. 7vednes-day um-
7vdscnd 'throat, gullet' ofries. =
lauted byform of OE. PVodttes-dcei
LG. 7tiddnesdach, du. 7voensdag\ =
waseride 'windpipe', OHG. 7aeisiwt
prop, 'day of Woden': translation
'veins
of LAT. Mercurii dies. Tlie Teut.
w^easel sb. me. 7Lihci oe. 7vesule
— OHG. 7ciisula G. 7mesel, du. ivezel
:
god Woden (ohg. PViiota/i, on.
I

Odiiui) is identified w. Mercurius.

'weasel'. Perhaps cogn. w. lat. I

7'isio 'bad smell', whence ofr. weed ^ sb. (plantname) me. 7ved
7' o is on foumart'. oe. 7oeod -T= OSAX. 7(.vV'^/ 'weed'.
\

weather sb. :\ie. 7vc'der oe. 7ij'edcr w^eed - sb. 'garment me. 7s.iede

= ON.
i

r^ OSAX. 7vedar, du. 7vedei', OHG. I

oe. 7i.>ed 7V:ed (infl. -^) 7>dd,
7v'etar G. 7vetter, OSAX. «'c?//, OHG. 7vdt 'clothing,
on. vcdr : Teut. '

base 7aedra-, aryan base 7aedhro- garment': Teut. base 7vi-di- fr.
in OSLOV. 7<edrit clear' (weather) an ARYAN \f 7oe to weave' in
-— vedro 'clear weather. SKR. 7!d 'to weave'. !

weave sb. .me. 7c>i;7>e oe. 7v'efan week sb. me. 7veke 7oike oe. 7oicu '

str. vb. -r ON. 7'cfa, DU. we7'en, -= os.\x. 7t<ika, on. vika, OHG. I

OHG. 7C''eban g. 7i.iebcii. aryan -y^ 7&ehha 7vohha G. 7voche 'week'; cp. I

7vehh uhh (see 70 asp, 7vafer and GOTH. 7viko 'order, succession'. I
 ; . .

224 ween — were

Derived \^ %vtk in OE. wican vlaga 'humidity', lith. vilgyii

fr.

'to way' see under iveak. 'to moisten', aryan \fiv3lg.

give
ween vb. me. wene oe. wenan well adv. me. oe. wel du. =
(prop, wd'iion) 'to hope, expect' zee/, OSAX. we/, ON. z>e/; cp. ohg.
== GOTH. wenja7i, on. vcma, ohg. we/a wo/a G. wo/i/ (goth. zoai/a).
wdn(n)a/i G. wdhnen: derived fr. Origin doubtful, but connection
oe. wen (tadti) sb. hope' = ohg. w. wea/ and wit/ certain.
wan G. wahjty ON. zuin, goth. well sb. ME. we//e oe. zve//e
wens: Teut. base wan-. zve//ii (zay//e zuy/Za): Teut. base
zva//Jbn- umlaut-relation of oe.
weep vb. prop, me.
:

wepe
a
wcp) OE. wepan zvivpan
(prt.
str. vb.
Zi'ea//an str. vb. 'boil, flow' =
(prt. toeop') =
GOTH, wopjan \vk.
OSAX. OHG. zval/an str. vb. 'boil,
flow'. ARYAN \fwe/ zva/ in OE.
vb., OSAX. wopian, OHG. wuoff'an
MHG. tvilefen 'lament', on. dpa
zvy/m 'boiling, flowing' = skr.
lirini 'flood', OHG. wt'//a ^. zve//e
(orig. *vdpa) teut. \r
ivop.
'to cry',
'wave' = OSLOV. v/ima, lith.
Z'i/iiis 'wave'.
w^eevil sb. me. ivevel wivel oe.
Welsh adj. me. zvels/i oe.
7vifel =
osAX. wibil, ohg. e/:'//;//,
zvylisc umlauted fr. a teut.
ON. yjill: derived fr. the teut. zva/}ns/ia-\
derived fr. OE. Wea/Zi
\fweb in weave; cp. lith. wa- 'foreigner', prop, 'a Celt' (cp.
balas 'weevil', —
From the same wa/nuf). The corresponding
root also weft me oe. zveft =^
adj. OHG. zva/liisc — sb. Wa/a/i
ON. viptr.
means an inhabitant of a Ro-
weight sb. ME. wcixjit fr. on. mance country, teut. Wa/ha-
vcbU orig. *vcehi\ cp. oe. wiht rests on the Celtic tribe name
'weight' fr. OE. wegan (see way>). Vo/cue.
weird sb. 'fate' cp. me. zuii-de wen sb. me. zveit oe. zvenn 'tu-
oe. wyrd 'fate' .=: on. tird, osax. mor' — DU. zven, LG. wene: Teut.
wurd 'fate'. Derived fr. teut. base wanja- (perhaps cogn. w.
w'erpan ^^- OE. weordan, OSAX. zv u n df)
w'erdan, ohg. w'erdan G. werden, wench sb. me. zvenc/ie older
ON. vcrda, goth. wahpan 'to be- wenc/ie/ prop, 'infant'; ablaut-re-
come'. ARYAN \j^wert\\\ lat. fV7-- lation of oe. zvince/ 'child
/f / f to turn', SKK. rr/ 'to turn'. wend vb. (only in the prt. zvcnt)
welkin me. zaende prt. zvenie oe. zvcndan
sb. me. welkne welken fr.

umlauted byform of me. wolkne wcnde\ orig. meaning 'to prt.

OE. woken 'cloud' osax. ohg. =
turn' goth. zoandjan, osAX. =
wolkan, OSAX. wulka, ohg. wolka wendian, ohg. zven tan g. wenden.
G. wolke 'cloud'. Perhaps cogn. Causal of wind.
w. OSI.OV. vlfignkii 'humid' — were see zvas.
 :

west — whey 225

west Sb. ME. OE. west = ON. h(7v)uosto G. husten, DU. //^^nV

7'CStr, DU. G, 7ai'St (fR. fllU'St of 'coughing', teut. \r /;7i'r7j,- =r

Teut. origin). ARYAN \/~ kds in SKR. Xvpy, IK.

wet adj. short for ME. w^'t OE. casad, LITH. Zwt'// 'to cough".
7t'tV uuet = ON. vdir, ofries. 7e>ei: whelk sb. cp. ME. 7vitk oe. 7ciiolc

Teut. base weta- fr. the same 7veolc (older wiluc) 'whelk' = DU.
root as water. 7vulk 7oelk 7villok. Ident. w. ofr.
wether weder
sb. me. to ether oe. 7{.ielke.

z:- GOTH. 7viprus, ON. vcdr, OSAX. whelp sb. ME. 7vhelp oe. h7i.ielp

7oit/iar 7vcthctr, DU. 7vcder 7v:er, 'whelp, cub' = on. hv'elpr , DU.
OHG. widar G. 7vidder. Cogn. w. 7i<elp, OHG. h7&clf 7v'elf.

LAT. vitulus 'calf and skr. 7}atsa when conj. me. 7iihen o^.hwcenuc
'calf. fr. stem hwa- in 7uho.
whale sb. me. 7i.'Iial (pi. 70/idles) whence adv. me. 7vkenne-s prop.
OE. /i7me/{p\. hwdlas) = on. hvalr, hwanone older
tvhanene OE.
OHG. 7<:'a/ (g. walfisch, du. OHG. hwandn.
7Ci^//- hwanoti =
{•7V(;/z = ON. hvalfiskr). Cogn. w. w^herepron.-adv. me. wMr{e)o^.
GR. 71 £'Ar'»(^ 'monster'. Cp. 7valriis. hwdr (me. whore late oe. hnuir)
w^hat pron. me. 7vhat OE. h7vcet =
OSAX. OHG. h7mr mhg. 7C'dr g.
= OHG. /^7<:'a5 G. 7e>dS, DU. 7iV7/, 700, DU. 7vaar: teut. base h7CHr
OSAX. hwat; cp. the Teut. stem (cp. GOTH. har)\ derived fr.
/wv?- under who. stem h7va- under ivho.
wheat sb. me. 7vh(te whet
vb. ME. 7vhette oe. h7vettan
oe. hivcete
= GOTH, hwaiteis, ON. sharpen' := ON. hvetja
hveiti, DU. 'to DU. ,

7fv/V^, OHG. 7veizzi G. wcizeti. Cogn. 7vetten, ohg. hwezzan G. 7vetzen

w. 7vhite =
teut. h7vita- (in me. 'to shaipen': Teut. ground-form
we find 7i'/«'/^ 'wheat' by the side h7vatjan. Cogn. w. on. hi'atr,
of 7vh(te). OSAX. h7vat, OHG. hwa-^ 'sharp'
w^heel sb. me. 7oh(l oe. hweol TEUT. \fh7vat.
(w. tlie byform hive07ool hweogol) whether pron. me. 7vhether oe.
= ON. hjdl {{or *h7'Jdl) —
hzh'I, DU. h7vceder 'which of two' GOTH. =
rwV/ (ofries fiat): teut. base hapar ; corresponding by ab-
h7veiila- (for h7v'cg7vla-) and laut to OHG. hwcdar 'which of
h7veh7vla-, ARYAN base qeqlo- in two'. GR. Tivre()og (skr. katara)
SRK. cakra 'wheel', GR. xt'xAoc 'which of two" is more closely
'wheel'. By the side of the re- allied to goth. oe. The word
duplicatetl word qe-ql-o- cp. is orig. comparative to stem
OSLOV. kolo 'wheel'. h7va- (h7C'L-) in 70 ho.
w^heeze vb. me. 7ohcse oe. hivesan w^hey sb. me. 7i>hey oe. /m-r/^
(for *h7c<d'saii) 'to wheeze'; cogn. DU. LG. = 7tiei (byform meg.
w. oe. hivosia , on. //^ijV/, oiKJ. huy hole du. hid).
English Etymology. 15
 .

226 vhich wide

which pron. me. which oe. hwylc w^ho pron. me. who prop, who
(prehistoric form ^hwilic) = OE. hwd = GOTH. ba-s\ cp.
GOTH, hikiks, OSAX. hwilik] OHG. hw'e-r G. 7vcr : stem hwa-
cp. OHG. hyelih o. welch: Teut. what and hoic and
hwc-, also in
base hwilika- (hwelika-) and for in which, whither, whether.
OHG. hwdih a base hwalika- AkYAN base qo- in lat. quo-d,
Derived fr. stem hwa- hw'e- under SKR. ka-s who', Lrrn. ka-s who'.
who. whole adj. me. hpl oe. ha I
while sb. me. while oe. hwil (hence the abstract formation
infl. hwile ^
goth. h-eila, ohg. health) goth. hails, on. heill =
OSAX. hwila, G. wcile, DU. wijl. (see hail), ohg. g. heil, osax.
ON. hvila 'bed (cp. OHG. hwilm hel, DU, heel: Teut. base haila-
'to rest') points to connection \v. (whence derived Jiailaga- ^:^-

LAT. c/iiietus 'quiet' and OSLOV. holy). Ident. w. osi.ov. cclii

pociii 'to rest'. ARYAN \'~ qt. 'complete, whole' (ground-form

whine vb. me. whine oe. hwinati kailo-) ; cp. OPRUSS. kailustikan
str. vb. 'to make a shrill sound' health'.
= ON hvina 'to whiz\ whore sb. me. oe. hore 'pro-
whisky ident. w, usque Imugh. stitute' ^
ON. hora, OHG. huora
whisper vb. me. whispere oe. 'adulteress'; cp. goth. hirs
hwispriau 'to murmur' ; cp. OHG. 'adulterer'. Aryan -yT kdr 'to

hwispalon G. wispeln. Sou.nd-imi- love' in oir. cara 'friend' —

tation ? or cogn. w. whistle? caraim I love (Gallo-LAT. carisa
wYdsXXe. vb. me. whistle oe. 'prostitute') and lat. t^f^/v/jr 'dear.
Jnc'istUati; perh. akin to icihisper. why pron. me. whi oe. hwi -
whit ident. w. wight. on. /??'/: instrum. of the stem hwa-
w^hite adj. (short in Whit- in what.
snuday lit. 'white Sunday') ME. wick sb. short for me. 7vek(
whit OE. hivit = GOTH, h'eits, oe. weoce = ohg. wiohha. 'LG.weke,
ON. hvitr, OHG. hzoiT, g. 7C'eiss: DU. wiek: Teut. base weukon,
Teut. base hwita-, cogn. w. skr. perhaps reduplicated for ?i't'-
(veta 'white' — \'~ (7>it 'to shine'. zvkon, as made probable by the
ARYAN s/^ k7C'i(i kwit. See also equiv. oe. wecca G. (tlial.) =
wheat and whittle. 7C'icke cogn. w. mhg. G. wickel?
;

whither pron. IVIE. whider OE. w^icked adj. extended for me.
hwider; cp. GOTH, hadre whither wicke. ;

derived fr. the stem Imva- hw'e- wicket sb. MK. wikiH fr. ONER.
in who. wiket (fr. guichet), whence also
whittle sb. short for me. whitel ODU. wiket (du. winket).
OE. hwitel 'blanket derived fr.; w^ide adj. me. oe. wid on. =
IV hit c. Vidr, OSAX. Wld, DU. wijd, OHG.
 widow 2.27

icU G.7i>dt: TEUT. ?t'/(/(?-, lat. sik'aticiis fr. lat.

perhaps sau7>a^e =
participle of a lost verbal v^ siha 'wood'. w^ilderness (cp.
un. —
widow sb. i\iR. 7vi(he.ie oe. widewe DU. G. 7vilde7-uis) extension of
(wiuimce) =
goth. widnwo, ohg. :me. 7C'ilda'ne 'a desert.
witawa G. witwc, OSAX. widozva, -wile sb. ME. (fr. 12'^ cent.) 7c>llc
DU. wcdiiwe. Ident. w. the equiv. fr. OFR. 7Ciile (glide) ident. w. ;

SKR. 7'idh(17'a, LAT. Vidua, OSLOV. guile.

vidova, OIR. fedh: ARYAN base will vb. ME. 7tnlle (prt. 7volde)
7C'idha7va. OE. 7villan (prt. 7vo/de) = goth.
wield vb. :\IE. ycvA/c oe. ~^e7veldan 7viljan, on. oSAX.
7'ilja, 7villian,

{y7vyldan) wk. vb. fr. a teut. DU. Tinllen: Teut. base

7oilJan
'^gaivaldjan. Derived fr. the str. (prop. Tveljaii) ident. w. osAX.
;

vb. OE. 7(.idldan 7i.<caldan ^= GOTH. 7vcllian, OHG. 7vellan (g. 7Vollen)
OSAX. 7C'ald(1/!, OHG. 7i.Hiltan (g. fr. a teut. 7valjari. ARYAN \f
7i.<altcn) 'to govern". ARYAN \f 7vel u id in lat. vcl-le, osLOV. voliti,
7tv// in LAT. 7'alere\o be strong'; LITH. velyti. All equivalent.
ij). also OSLOV. 7'IcJSt/, LITH.Perhaps cogn. w. rtv/Zand 7vcal\
valdyti 'to govern'. also goth. 7tialjan 'to choose'
wife sb. ME. OE. 7vif ON. = =
OHG. 7vellan G. 7C'ahle>i, ohg.
7'if, OS.\X. tmf, DU. 7C'2j/, OHG. 7t''«/<? G. tvahl 'choosing', skr.
71-7/^ G. 7(iieil>: Teut. base 7viba-. \^7!ar vr 'choose'. Cp. the
No equiv. connections outside following word.
of TEUT. (ati older word for 'wife' will sb. ME. 7ville oe. 7villa =
sec under quccii). —
woman OSAX. OHG. 7Vlllio, DU. 7vil G. ,

ME. 7uuvimixn prop. 7i.i'ntnnan (pi. 7ville, GOTH, vilja, ON. vili: Teut.
7C'it/imcn) ok. 7inf~mann (pi. 7vif- base 7mljan- for 7V'cljan-, derived

vtcnn) lit. a wife-man'. fr, \f7vcl in 7vill vb. cp. osLOV. ;

wight sb. ME. 7viyit OE. 7viht volja sb. 'will'.

'thing, creature, being' =r oHG. willow sb. ME. 7C'i/7c>e oe. 7C'yIig
OSAX. 7viht thing, being' (g. du. (infi. '^7vils^'e?); ident. w. i)U. tvi/g
7cicht)\ cp. GOTH. 7vaihts ODU.
'tiling' LG. 7vilge osAX. ivilgia,

and ON, vdttr being, thing'. Teut. MHG. 7(.'/4'^<'.

base 7Vihti- for ivchti ident. w. - wimple sb. me. oe. 7C'i»t/>el oe.
OSLOV. vesti 'thing': aryan base 7vi7ipel 'neck covering' rT= du. g.
7vekti-. OHG. 7vimpal. Source and
7C'h/ipel

wild adj. ME. OE. unknown (OFR. guimple

7iiilde fr. a history
TKur. 7L'ii/>ja- (plop. 7C'clpja-) =
FR. giiimpe are of TEUT. origin ;
GOrH. 7C'///(/S, ON. ?'////', OSAX. see gimp).
OHG. 7C'/7d/ G. DU. 7cu7d. Probably win vb. me. 7vinnc oe. 7viniian
connected w. 7vold oe. 7vcold str. vb. =
GOTH. Jvi/imm 'to =
= OHG. G. 7i'ald 'wood', as FK. suffer', OHG. OSAX. 7C'in>iivi 'to
15'
 5

221 wind

struggle' (g. gewinnen, ViXS.itnnneti), str. vb. (g. win ken) 'to give a
ON. vinna: Teut. verbal \f wenn, sign' ^
ME. winke str. vb. 'wink'.
cogn. w. SKR. van 'obtain, ac- winnow vb. me. windive oe.
quire'. zmndivian; ident. w. OHG. ivintbn
wind sb. ME. OE. wind ^^ OSAX. (for *7vini7von) 'to winnow'; cp.
DU. wind, OHG. wint wind, on. GOTH, winpi-skaiirb 'a winnowing
o.
vindr, goth. winds: Teut. base fan', LAT. vetitilare 'to winnow'.
winda- prop, zviindo- =
Aryan All cogn. w. wind sb.
base wento- m
lat. vcntus, skr. w^insome adj. me. win-som oe.
vata 'wind'. Derived fr. the wynn-su?n ohg. wun7ii-sam (o. =
ARYAN V" zve in oe. tvdwan =
wonnc-sarn) derived fr. oe. 7C'ynn :

GOTH, waian, du. waaicn, ohg. =

OSAX. OHG. 7C'//nnia (cp. G.
WiUTi G. wehen 'to blow'; cp. lith. 7vonne) 'joy'.
vi'Jds 'wind', OSLOV. vctru 'wind' w^inter sb. me. oe. 7vinter =
— vejati 'to blow', skr. sj'^va 'to GOTH. 7mntriis, OSAX. OHG. 7vintar
blow', GR. arirrjc 'wind'. Cp. DU. G. 7ainter, ON. veitr: Teut.
wi n doiv. base winir-. Perhaps cogn. w.
wind windan
vb. ME. windc oe. CELT, vindo- 'white' in oiR. find
str. vb. =
GOTH. OSAX. windan, 'white' ?

ON. vinda, ohg. win tan G. du. wipe vb. ]ME. zvipc OE. 7vipian\
7vinden TEUT. \fwend wand. —
: cp. LGo 7vip sb. 'wisp of straw'
windlass sb. (machine forraising and GOTH, vipja 'garland' —
iieavy weights) transformed fr. 7veipan 'wreathe', teut. \^ 7tnp.

ME. windas loanword fr. ON.

: wire sb. me. oe. 7vir =
on.
vind-ass prop, 'a winding pole'. virr, LG. FRIES. 7mr; cogn. w.
window sb. me. windgwe bor- OHG. 7viara 'wire and lat. viriae
rowed fr. ON. vind-auga 'window', 'armlets of metal', which ac-
Ht. 'wind-eye'. See wind sb. and cording to Plinius' Hist. Nat. 1
eye (on. aiiga). is a Celtic word.

wine sb. me. oe. icin goth. = wise adj. me. oe. 7vis on. =
wein, ON. vin, osAX. ohg. unn ViSS, GOTH, weis, OSAX. OHG. 7VIS

g. wein DU. wijn : Teut. base (oHG. 7visi G. 7vcise) DU. 7vijs. ,

wina-, early loanword fr. lat. Teut. base wha- (for 7vit-to-),
znnuni (cp. vine and vintage), derived fr. the ARYAN \f 7vld in
whence also ital. vino fr. GR. okV«, skr vcda —
GOTH. 7Vait, =
vin and OSLOV. vino. OE. 7i.uit, OHG. 7vci-^ G. 7veiss. See
OIR. ////,

wing sb. ME. winge short for 7f'/A

older wenge: loanword fr. ON. wise sb. ME. OE. 7inse =^ osAX.
vdngr. OHGt wha G. 7veise, du. ec^'i':
wink vb. me. winke OE. wincian Teut. base 7cnsd-n- (fr. ^//w^' ital.
wk. vb. 'blink, wink' OHG. winkan ^^wa of Teut. origin). Probably
;
 ,'ish wolf 229

connected w. the ARYAN \'~wid 7vidcrfliia 'adversary') = on. vid

'to know' under 7(i'ise 7C'it. — 7'idr,OSAX. 7vith 7vidcr, ohg. 7mdar
wish vb. ME. 7cuss/ie short for G. 7s.'idcr, GOTH. 7vi/ra.
OE. loysccan fr. a Teut. base wither vb. me. 7vidre vb. fr.
WHiiskjan = OHG. wimsc{i)an G. 7V eat her (me. 7s.i(der).
wUnschcii, DU. wcnschen, on. mkja withy sb. me. 7vitfn oe. 7i.'idi~^
'to wish'; cp. SKR. ranch 'to wish': 'willow cogn. w. OHG. 7i''ida G.
;

ARYAN \fw3nsk'^ 7ocide, on. vidja and gr. 'txsu,

wisp sb. ME. wisp (not found LITH. zil-vitis, POL. wit7va, pruss.
in OE.) perh. ident. w. ON. Tisk,
;
7vit7ao 'a willow', aryan \/~7v'i in
OHG. wise G. wisch 'wisp of straw'? LAT. vi-tis vimen and OSLOV.
wit vb. ]ME. ivite OE. witan 'to viti — LITH. 7'yti 'to twine, plait'.

know' =
GOTH. OSAX. witan, on. witness sb. me. 7vitnessc oe.
vita, DU. weten, ohg. wi7^z,an G. 7mtness ("infl. -e) 'testimony'; as
wissen. The l^' and 3^ p. sing, were GOTH. 7veit7vdds and on. 7'itni 'wit-

ME. W;?? OE. 7£'c7/ =r GOTH. Wait, ness', derived fr. the teut. \,^ 7C'//

ON. m/, OSAX. ?CV/, OHG. weiT, G. 'to know'; see wit vb.
wciss, corresponding to skr. veda wizard sb. me. zcisard trans-
'I know, he knows', gr. o?Ja Oft)f. formed (under the influence of
See also witticss. ME. w/s = 7c>ise) fr. '^7vischard:
wit sb. JME. Wit (tt) OE. (lC}7Ciitt loanword
ofr. 7i.'ischard (guis- fr.

'intellect, understanding' =r oSAX. chard) 'prudent, cunning".

giwit, OHG. 7i72s/ (g. 7c>itz) 'under- woad sb. ME. 7i<gd oe. 7i<ad =
Standing', ON. znt 'intellect': de- DU. 7veede ohg. 7veit g. 7vaid: ,

rived fr. 7vit vb. Teut. base 7vaida-, pre -Teut.

witch sb. ME. icicc/w OE. iviccea 7vaita-; cp. lat. vitnun 'woad'.
'wizard' —
7C'iccc witch' ident. AATOe inter] ME. 7(.h} oe. 70d in-
; .

w. FRIES. LG. wicke 'witch' LG. ter]. GOTH. 7Vai, on. 7V7, OHG. =
zvickcr 'wizard' (lg. 7vicken vb. 'to OSAX. 7ve G. 7veh du. 7e.iee. Idcnt.
predict' =
OE. 7viccian 'use witch- w. LAT. 7me interj. woe': grountl-
craft) and probably cogn. w. oe. form AkViVN ivai.
wij^iian 'practise divination —
wold sb. .ME. 7Vgld OE. 7C'dld
7viiUre 'diviner' =
ODU. wijche- {7v(ald in 'Weald of Kent") fr.
lare, DU. mlg. 7vichelcn 'practise a Teut. base 7valpu- ; cj). o.sax.
divination', teut. \P ^vikk 7vig. OHG. G. 7aa/dwood', I3U. 7Ciond
witch-elm sb. me. 7vicchc short 'wood', ON. 7ud/r plain, field :

for oi';. 7iiucc 'elm' fr. a Teut. pre-TEUT. 7Cia/tH-s, c;()gn. w. .'^kk.
base icikjo//.-. 7'dta (for *7'dita?) 'garden'? See
with prep. ]Mi-:. 7C'it/i oe. 7c>iti wild.
prep, 'against' short for ividcr w^olf sb. ME. 7C'ol/ (pi. 7volves)
(in compounds like oe. 7vidersaca OE. 7iimlf fpl. 7i'ulfaS) = GOTH.
230

ivjilfs, ON. osax. word, DU. woord, ohg. g. wort:

tllfr (for *vu!fi-) ,

7Cin//; cp. OHG. G. Teut. Teut. base worda-, pre-Teut.

rc'fl//:

base 7vidfa- wolfa-, aryan base base wardho- in lax. verbufn,

uolqo- in SKR. vrka, OR. Ai'xoc, OPRUSS. wirds\yox:d\ lith. vardas
LAX. lupus, LITH. vilkas OSLOV. 'name', ary.an \^ wer {wre) in
,

vltiku. All equivalent. GR. sigsir 'to say' — Qtjua 'word'?

woman see wife. work sb. i\iE. 7i:ier/i oe. we ore
womb sb. ME. Wimihe oE. ivdmb =
OSAX. OHG. tverk'G. DU. zverk,
{UHmth) 'stomach' =
GOTH. ohg. on. 7ierk ; Teut. base werku-,
waniba, on. tuunb, DU. iva/u 'belly, ARYAN base w'ergo- in GR. soyov.
stomach' Teut. base ^vaDibo-.
: ARYAN \f 7eierg in GR. j'i&C'f//' 'to
wonder sb. me. wonder oe. do' ooyavov 'instrument', skk. —
ivnndor =
osAX. wniidar^ OHG. vrjana 'labor cp. Q,oiYL.7vailrkjan, ;

lonntar G. wundcr ON. undf. OHG. 7vurkan

, oe. 7vyr^eafi vb. =
Teut. base wundia-. 'to work". See 7vright.
wont adj. for :\IE. ivoncd p. par- world sb. me. 7vorld 7vcrld oe.
ticiple of ME. wonc OE. wunian 7vorold 7veorold osax. 7v'ero!d, =
'to be used to'; cp. OE. r^ewuna DU. 7i>ereld, ohg. 7v'eralt (nvorolt)

'custom, use' and ON. vanr, ohg. G. 7oelt, on. v'ergld. First element
giwoii G. gc7C'idi/it 'accustomed. of tVie compound {7ver-ald-) is
.See wean. TEUT. man' in GOTH. 7i'air,
7C'era-

woo vb. j\iE. Wijwc OE. 7vogian oSAX. OHG. oe. 7iier, ON. ZUTr
'to woo'; no further relations (aryan base 7C'Iro- in L.A.T. 7'ir,
known. 'I'EUT. \^7coi^\ SKR. 7ura, LITH. f'/vv/jT 'man).
wood sb. ME. 7Ciode OE. Wudu 2'"^ part of the compound is

ox'vjc^.widu =^ON. wood', TEUT. aid/" in (JOTH. aids world',

"oidr 'tree,

OHG. wiiu 'wood' (also in ohg. OE. i'ld (eld) 'period, age'.
witu-Iiopfd G. wide-hopf): Teut. worm sb. ME. 7iwrm for 7iiurfn
base widu-, pre-Teut. base widlm- prop. 7virm OE. 7oyrm fr. a Teut.
in CELT, vidii- (gall. Vidu-CassesY, base 7vur7ni- in oSAX. OHG. G.
cp. OIR. fid 'tree'. 7VU 711, GOTH. 7vaurms\ ident. w.
wool sb. JNIE. wollv OE. wull intl. LAT. vermis 'worm'; cp. ON. ormr
7vulle =
GOTH, wulla, on. uU (for *7(.'orf>h!z) and GR. (lonng
(for ''tHiIl') ; cp. OHG wolla G. (for /(;o'.»Oj,').

icudle: Teut. base liuillo loollo, wormwood sb. transformed fr.

ARYAN base wj'/td in SKR. liriia, OE. 7ver7n(id {7Von/i()d) =
OHG.
osLOV. 7'lu/ia, LiTH. 7'ilnii 'wool'; 7V'er77iuota (7c>or77!Uofa). Formation
cogn. w. LAT. z'iilus velius 'fleece' and origin unknown.
and SKR. \'~ 7'/' (var) to cover'. w^orse compar. adj. me. 7C'orse
word sb. ME. OE. 7VOI-d ^ GOTH. 7vurse older 7i<irse OE. 7vyrsa =
waurd, ON. c;/7/(for '^vord), osax. OSAX. 7cirso fr. a Teut. base
 worship — wrinkle 231

whsizatt- m goth. wairstza = str. vb. = GOTH. 7vrikan ('to

OHG. 7(iirsiro. — 7ciorst superl. persecute'), osAX. 7tireka>i, du.

ME. 7c>(>rs/i ivursti- orig. -icirstcohg. rehhati (for *7C'r'c/i-
7crrken,
OE. -ivyrsta fr. a TEur. superl. ha/i) G. riichen 'to revenge.
7oirsist(JJ!- in goth. 7oairsis(d, ARYAN \f7vreg urg in lat. urgcre
OSAX. OHG. jmrsisfo. 'to urge', SICK, f'/y 'to remcn'c'.
^A/orship sb. me. 7vorschip older w^reath sb. me. 7vr{the oe.
7onypschipc OE. nieordscipc: derived 7i.'rdp cogn. w. 7vrithe. ;

fr. 7vorth. wren sb. me. 7vrenne oe. 7vrenna\

wort' si), (a ])lant) me. 7vort ident. w. oSAX. wrendio and pro-
wiiri older 7i'v>7 OE. 7vyrt fr. a bably w. OHG. OSAX. {7v)ren!W a
Teut. base wiirti- in GOTH, ivailits, stallion' (medieval lat. 7varannio^.
ON. urt, OSAX. 7i.nirt, ohg. g. 7vurz wrench sb. me. 7(.<rench 'deceit'
'plant, herb': ARYAN \"7V3rd in OE. 7cnnc 'deceit, trick' fr. a
LAT. radix (for *2Taciii'-) see Teut. base 7vranki- (also in
under roof. MHG. rank 'trick' G. rdnke plur.).
wort- sb. (a kind of drink) The modern E. meaning 'twist,
ME. ic'ort 7C'uri for 7C'irt OE. 7C>yri sprain' seems to be older than
for *7i'iri =
ON. rvV//-, mhg. 7i'/rs the metaphorical sense in me.
wort': TEUT. ground-form 7inrtiz OK. and g. See also 7vrong.
(pre-TEUT. base zverdcs- 7ii'erdo<;'). \A/retch sb. me. zvn'cche oe.
worth adj. me. 7vorih 7vurth 7vreccca 'outlaw, exile' ;=: OHG.
OK. 7vyrde\ umlauted byform of osxTi.7vrekkio (g. recke 'warrior');
OE. 7i.<eorp =
GOTH. 7vairps, derived fr. \'~7vrek in goth. 7i.<rikan
OSAX. 7v'erth, on. 7''erdr, ohg. "persecute' (see 7vrealz).
7C'cri/ (g. 7f'<;7): ident. w. lith. wright sb. aiE. ivrighte oe.
7'crl(7s, OPRUSS. 7oerts 'worthy'. 7vyrhta =
osAX. 70urhtio, ohg.
\vound sb. ME. 7vounde oe. 7Vurhto (mhg. -Tviirhte) 'worker';
7i'v/7/^/infl. 7vundc = oSAX. 7vunda, derived fr. teut. 7vurht-ivjan-\ cp.
OHG. 7VHiita ON. iind
g. 7vunde, goth. 7vaurst7vja 'worker' by the
(for *7uind) Teut. base 7vundd-.
: side oi 7vaurst7(.' 'work'. For the
Cogn. w. the adj. goth. 7vunds root see 7vork.
=r OE. IC'lilld, OSAX. 7VUnd, OHG. wring vb. ME. 7vri/ige. oe. 7vrin-
7(.<nni g. 7<:'«W. teut. \'~zvun, gan str. vb. 'to press out' =
ARYAN \f7v3n in GOTH. 7mnnan DU. LG. 7t>ritigen, OHG. ringan, (for
to suffer, feel pain' (see 70 in)} *7i'ri/igan) 'to press out' (g. ringai).
wrath sb. me. 7vrathtlic sliort wrinkle sb. me. 7vrinkcl oe.
for OK. zarcpppu (Teut. base tvrinkle ODU. 7vrinckcl\ cogn. =
7C'i (lipipp ,: umlaut-abstract ofOE. w. MHG. riiuke and ohg. riinza
7crd/> adj. = 7i.<roth. (for *7tirunka — '^7vrunkza).
wreak vb. :me. 7vri'k( oe. 7Circcan wrist sb. ME. 7:<rist oe. 7oyrst
 ?

232 ye

= MHG. G. rist [ior *7vrisi), on. rist I

wrong
me. wrong (wrang) adj.
SWED. Z'r/jiV 'instep, wrist'; cent.) wrang bor-
perhaps late OE. (ii ''

cogn. w. G. reihenMRG. rlhe 'wrist ? rowed fr. ON. rafigr (older

write vb. me. write oe. writan *z'ra7igr) 'wrong, unjust' prop,
str. vb, =
OSAX. wntan, on. 'awry, perverse'. Probably fr.
rita 'to write'. Orig. sense 'to the same root as ivrench (teut.
engrave, scratch, tear, split' in \f~wrank ivrangY
OSAX. 7vritan =
ohg. riT^'z.an w^roth adj. short for me. wroth
(for '"^wriyi^aii) G. reissen. Cp. OE. wrap (see also wrath^ =
GOTH. 7&ri/s a stroke of a pen'. O.SAX. wrethy on. vrddr reidr,
TEUT. \^'~writ. ODU. wrced 'wroth'; orig. sense
writhe vb. me. writhe oe. wi idan in OHG. reid (for ^tvreid) 'curled'.
str. vb. 'to twist' ^ OHG. ridan, \Pwrip 'to twist' in -aireath and
ON. rida str. vb. 'to wind, twist'. writhe. ^

Cogn. w. wroth. wry fr. me. wrie vb. 'to twist'.

yacht sb. fr. prop.

t>u. jaclit =
OHG. garwa G. gar he, du.
jachtschip; du. jacht corresponds ge?-w 'millefolium'.
to G. jagd 'hunting (ohg. jagon yawl vb. me. iconic by the
G. jagen 'to chase). side of goulc vb. (change of j
yard' sb. me. ^erd prop. i(rd oe. and unexplained) source ON. .i,"- ;

leard 'fence, enclosure' =

on. gaula (gpiila) 'to bellow'.
gardr Teut. base gar da
: - =
ar Y an yawn vb. me. gdne gone OE.
hdi?,(ighorto- in lat. hortus [GK.;(6p- gdnian (the phonology of the
TO^) 'garden'. Allied to garden. ME. word is dark) — ohg. geiiion
yard'' sb. (a measure) me. (g. gdhncn) derived fr. oe. to- ;

ycrde oe. yrd {jjrd) 'rod, rood' ytian str. vb. 'to yawn' ON. =
^ OHG. gcrta G. gertc 'a rod, gina; cogn. w. ohg. gicn giwcn
switch'; cp. GOTH, ^azds 'a stick, 'to yawn': akyan \f~ght in lat.
goad' -= ON. gaddr 'goad' and hiarc, OSLOV. zijati, lith. zioti
LAT. hasta 'a sj^ear' (common 'to yawn'.
base ghazdha-). ye pron. me. j^e OE. le fr. a
yarn sb. me. icrn prop. i(rn oe. prehistoric jiz — DU. gij, osax.
^earn ;= on. ohg. g. garii (du. gi, ohg. /; (for *Jir) G. ////;
garen^ perhaps cogn. w. O'i^.gp, n oldest TEUT. form jdz in goth.
;

'guts' and lith. sa;vA/ 'entrail' jiis 'ye . Ident. w. .skr. yiiy-ani
yarrow sb. me. i^arwe oe. -^ear^ve 'ye': auyan stem iw -yu.
 . .

year — yolk 233

yea adv. me. ,5/ OE. ^ed (for rests on the equiv. oe. atnore =.
*^£e) = osAX. OHG. Jd G.ja 'yes'; OHG. amero G. ammer.
oldest form goth. ja 'yes'. — yelp vb. ME. jflpe OE. yilpan
yes ME. yes oe. j^ese for *y:<i- (ylpa/i) str. vb. 'to boast' = ON.
swd prop, 'yea so' fcp. me. nese gjalpa, OHG. gclpfan.
fiir fie-swa).
yes see yea.
yean older ean vb. me. aic
yesterday adv. me. -yesterday
oe. ea/iian (j^e-eania/i) 'to yean':
OE. leostrandcei (lystrandcsi) prop,
derived fr. a TEUT. aima- (for only geostra{n)
agwna-) 'lamb' =
lat. agniis,
ohg. gestarim =
G. gestern, du. gisteren (gister-
OIR. lian: ARYAN base aghno-.
avond)\ cp. goth. gistra-dagis
year vb. me. yr oe. ler dear with the sense of 'tomorrow'.
for *lcBr) ^= OHG. y^-'' G. yV?/«', Teut. base g'estra-, cogn. w. on.
DU. ja(ir,OK. (fr, Gom.jer: Teut. /-^<ri/- and lat. heri\ gr. /."^tg
hase jera-; cogn. w. the ablauted and SKR. //iv/j- yesterday' point
GK. (bong 'year' wga 'season' — to an ARYAN base ghyes 'yester-
and w. AVEST. ydre 'year day
yearn vb. 'desire' me. yerut fr. yet adv. me. jft short for oe.
ME. yc'rn oe. j,eorn 'desirous' "^it (lyt, pi); ident. w. ofries.
(whence also the umlauted oe. ieia eia 'yet'.
li'rnan 'desire'} =
GOTH, gairns,
yew vb. me. ew oe. eoio in<
oSAX. OHG. gan 'desirous': teut. n=
OHG. iwa g. eibe, ON. yr: Teut.
\r g'er in OHG. g'crbn G. begehrcn iwa-, ident. w. base
— OHG. g'er 'desirous' — girl (g.
— OHG. iha
oe. eoh 'yew'
yew', fr. //"(whence
gier) sb. 'desire', aryan \fgher borrowed DU.
ijf) is of Teuf
in SKR. hary vb. 'desire'.
origin. Cp. also cymr. yw 'yew'.
yell vb. ME. y:llc oe. ylllan yield vb. me. ^elde oe. leldan
ij^illan) = OHG. gcllan G. gellen, {pldan) str. vb. 'to pay* =
goth.
DU. gillen, ON. gjalla 'to resound'. gildan, ON. gjalda , OHG. g'eltan
Cp. si any ell. str. vb. 'to pay': teut. \^ gild.
yellow adj. me. lelwe oe. \eolo yoke sb. me. 10k (pi. ipkes) oe.
(infl. leolw-) a Teut. base 5^^V (pi. leo'cu)
fr. GOTH. y«/^, =
g'elwa- in osAX. oho. ^f/c g. ^^'/<^, ON. ok (for */'<?>^), DU. Juk, OHG.
DU. geel: aryan base ghelwo- in /(?/! G. yi^^r^: Teut. base joka-,
LAT. hclvus 'light yellow', aryan ARYAN base jicgo- in lat. jiiguin
\~ghcl also in ON. ^'///r 'yellow', GR. Lvyov, SKK.yugd'yoke. aryan
GR. ;ifXf«{;o'c 'green', OSLOV. zelenu yfjug in GR. Cfvyi'vui, lat.
'yellow'; from the same root jungere, skr. jv^/ 'to yoke'.
also gold (and glow}). —
yolk sb. me. iplke (iclke) oe.
yellow-hammer la bird's name) ^eoleca for teut. g'el{%v)ukaii- :

234 yon
derived fr. teut. gelwa- r= yel-
low.
yon pron. me. ion ion OE. lepn
(see beyond); cogn. w. goth.
jains, OHG. jener G. jener.
yore adv. me. ig7'e oe, ^edra
{\>Tow. jara) prop, 'of years' gen.
plur. of OE. ^edr := year.
yow pron. me. ^ow ace. dat.
of '^e (= ]'('), OE. cow ace. dat.
of ^c (— j('); ident. \^. oho.
OSAX. <7/; OHG. iir. ARY.'^N base
/w under ye.
young adj. me. y)ng V"ig oe.
yong (prop, jung) ^= GOTH, juggs,
OSAX. OHG. G.Jling, T)\i.JOng, ON.
////i,'/' (for *jungr): TEUT. Junga-,
contracted fr. juwungo- = lat.
JHvenciis, SKR. yiwafa 'young
ARYAN base Jiiwynko- (ablauted
byform in CYMk. ieuanc 'young').
Cogn. w. 'Lk.'X. jtivcnis, SK.K. yiwan,
osi.ov.jnn/}, wrn. Jdunas young'.
:
— yule
— youth sb. ME. y)uthe older
piwede for yigede oe. jugod (^eo-
god) =OSAX. jiigud fr. a base
jugunf- in oUG. jugtmd G. Jugend:
teut. jiigunp- probably for jii-
wunp- cp. LAT. jiivcn-t-a (and
GOTH, junda contracted for *;«-
wundd) derived fr. AKYA.'^juwen-
\
in LAT. juvenis, skr. ynvan etc.
yule sb. me. ipl fr. on. jdl\
ident. \v. oe. j^dol (contracted
fr. leoliol) "Christmas'. Cogn. \v.
GOTH. 'november'
Jiuleis =
on.
ylir (oe. Giiili in Beda). Teut.
base jenla- (in on. jot) diwd jiul-
ja- (in GOTH, j'nikis) oe. leohhol
:
'Christmas' points to teut. j'ehw-
la- (by the side of jeula- for
jegwla-); probably related to
ON. // 'snow-storm' (teut. base
jehwld). Hence Yule 'the time
of snow-storms' and goth. jiuleis
'the month of snow-storms'.
 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg i

ber beiitfd)en 6prad)e

Hon
^ricbn'd) l\lu^e,
orb. !Pr©f«nor btv bcutf^en ©pradie an btr Hiii>-eiptat gteiburii i. 99r.

?iiiiftf oerlielfn-te uub |lQvk opriiifl)rtf SluOnge.

8ep8. XVI, 491 ©.. 1894. 21^. 10.-, m^albfi-g. geb. 3^. 12. -.
Der Verfasser des vorlieg'endeii Werkes hat es unternomraen, auf
Qrund der zerstreuteii EinzelforschuM^'ea und seiner eigenen niehijahrigen
Studien
eiii etymologisches Worterbuch des deutschen
Sprachschatzes auszuarbeiten, dag dem g-esreiiwiirtigeii Staiide der
Wissenschaft entspricht. Er hat es sich zur Aufgabe g-eniacht. Form und
Bedeutuiig jedes Wortes bis zu seiner Quelle zu verfolgeu, die Beziehungen
zu den klassischeu Sprachen in gieichem Masse betonend, wic das Ver-
wandtschaftsverlialtnis zu deu iibrigen germanischen und den romanischen
Spraclie SeJbst die Vergleichung niit den entferntoren oricntalischen
.

(Sanskrit und Zend), den keitisphen und slavischen Sprachen ist in alien
Kiillen h.jrangezogen, wo die Korsfhung eiue Verwandischaft fe^tzustellen
verniag und wo diese Verv/andtschaft zugleich Licbt auf die CJrzeit des
germanischen Lebens wirft.
Einc allgemoinc Einlciiung behaiidelt die Geschichte der deutschen
Spracbe in ihren Umrissen.
Die Verbesserungen der neuenAuflagebestehen in der
Verwcrtung der neuesten Forschungsergebnisse auf
dera Oebiete der germanischen Etymologie; die Ver-
iuderAufuahme einer grossen Anzahl solcher
mehrungeii
Fremdworter, welche geit demlG. Jahrh. aufgekomraen
slnd.und seitdeni eineu unzweif-ilhaften Bcstandtcil
der deu'^^schen Sprache ausntaclken. In den meisten
K alien ist es dera Verfasser gelungen, genau fest-
zustellen, wana und auf welchem Wege das einzelne
Fremdwort in unsere Sprache eingedrungen und damit
Machweisungen zu bieten, welche ausserdemsprach-
liclien, ein hohes culturgeschichtliohes Interessu
beanspruchen. (Ankiindigung des Verlegers.)

„Das Klugesche Worteibuch ninimt durch seine hervorragenden

Eigenschaften anerkanntermassen den ersten Platz umer alien ahnlicheu
Werken ein. Eine ncue Auflage bediirfte keiuer besonderen Empfehlung,
wenn nicht das bewahrte Hilfsmittel seit seinera ersten Erscheinen und
Tor allem seit der vierten Auflage in mebrfacher Beziehung ein veran-
dertes Aussehen erhalten hiitte. Dass die Forschungen der letzten
zehn Jahre, an denen Kiuge sc'ber einen bedeutenden Anteil gehabt hat,
gewissenhaft verwertet, dass zahllose Verbesserungen und Erganzungen
im einzclnen vorgenommen sind, braucht nicht besonders versiehert zu
werden jede Seice zeugt von dem unermiidlirhen Streben, zu bessern.
;

Unsicheres zu stiitzen oder durch Neucs zu ersetzen. ^moglichst viele

Ginzelheiten in den Zusiimmeiihaug der grossen Sprachbewegungeu ein-
zugliedern« . .
." Zeitichri/t d. a. d. SprachTereins I6gj Nr. 3.
 .

2 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

®eut[d)e Stut)entenfprad)e

*}5rofe|^ov an bev Uiiitietiitat {Ji"ciburg i. Sr.

3n I) a 1 1 : I. Ubcr hit Stubcntenf^jrotfic. ©tubeutcn unb

^^inlifter. — Sninfcnlitaiici. —
^liitife ©lenieiite. 93ui: —
fd)ifofe 3ool0(^ie. — 33ibli)d):t^eoIoc}i!clie 3fad)f!aiu]e. — 3m
SBoini be§ JRotroelfdi. — 'j'ansoftfiie (S-iiifliiffe. — ©raiinua:
tifd)e ©igenart. — Urfprmtg vtnb Serbreituiic).

II. aSorterfiud^ bcr i&tubentcnUjra^e.

8«. XII, 136 S. 1895. @ef)eftet W. 2.50, in i?einn)nnb

gcbunben aJi. 3.50.

„Beini Lesen dieses Buches fiihlt man sich oft von einein Hauche
frischen, friihlichen Studentenlebens beriihrt, und selbst das anscheinend
so trockene Wijrterbuch reizt durch seinen manchmal recht huraoristischeu
Inhalt zu einem herzlichen I,achen. Eg war in der That eine daiikbare,
fieilich audi recht schwierig-e Aufg'abe, das fUr die altere Zeit so sparliche
und vielfach sehr versteckte Material zu sammelu und daraus in grossen
Ziigen eine Geschichte der deulschen Studentensprache zu entwerfen, die
uni so grosseren Dank verdient, als sie nicht nur der erste umfassende
und auf wirklichem Quellenstudium beriihende Versuch der Art ist, son-
dern auch mit grossem Geschick sich auf jeneni Grenzgebiet zwischen
popularer und streng wissenschaftlicher Darstellung bewegt, das einzu-
haiten nicht jedem Gelehrten gegeben ist. Gerade auf diesem Gebiet hat
sich Kluge durch sein musterhaftes etymologisches Worterbuch grosse
Verdienste erworben denselben Weg betritt er jetzt init gleichem Erfolg
;

auch in der vorliegenden Schrift, die ihre Entstehung zumeist den Ar-
beiten zu jenem anderen Werke verdankt. ." . .

Li'ti'r. L'entralhlatt iSgj. Nr. 2S.

„Prof. Kluge hat mit vielem Fleisse, wis die zahlreich eingestreuten
Belegstellen beweisen, sowie gestiitzt auf eine ausgedehnte Lektiiro und
auf eigene Beobachtung die Sprache der Studenten in alter und neuer Zeit
nach ihreni Ursprung und ihrer Verbreitung dargestellt und seiner Ab-
handlung ein reichhaltiges Worterbuch der Studentensprache beigegeben.
Ist das Buch als Beitrag zur deutschen Spiachgeschichte und Lexiko-
graphie von grossem Werte, so ist es auch fur den Akademiker, der die
eigenartige Sprache seines Standes nach ihrer Entstehung und Geschichte
kennen und verstehen lernen will, ein iuteressantes Bucli und besonders
zu Dedikationszwecken geeignet, wofiir wir es bestens empfohlen haben
wollen." Akad. Alonatshefte JSps -^- i^^ni. "''•

In Kurze erscheint:

Kluge, Friedr., und Friedr. Lutz, English Ety-

mology. A select Glossary serving as an Intro-
duction to the history of the English language.
8". VIII, 234 S. M. 4. —
 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 3

Von Cutbcr bis Ccffing.

S p r a d) g e Ut t d) 1 1 i d? e 21 u ff d 15 e
boil

JITriESrirfj IRIunc
*Profef|ov on ber UniDerfitat jjreibuvi'! i. SSr.

3nt)alt: S^ird)eniprarf)C uitb i^o(^?^)3rall)e. —

gjiajrimilian unb jeiste
Sanjlci. - i.'uK)er unb bie beutjdie Spvad)e. - Sc^riftftefler unb ©uc^=
bruder. — (Scl)rift)pvnci)e unb 93tunbnrt in ber ©rf)lm'i,s. Cberbeutjcl)er -
unb mittclbeutici)cv aVort?d)ati. —9ciebcrbcutid) unb .'podibcutidi. Satein -
unb ^umaniymuS. - Cberbcutfrfjianb unb bit- rtntljolifen.
8". VI u. 150 i3. mit cinem )vinrtrf)cn. 1897. S^vcii Wd. 2.5(t, cictniubcii 3)11. ."S.oO.

„Sn§ tcbenbigc ^ntcveJie ber Oicliilbeteu bic bcutfcfje S^nirfie ""&

fitv
itjre @f)d)irf)te ift, n)ic mnu mit P5cnufltl)uunci Uia()vnet)nieu fdnn, auncn=
blirtltd) lebbaftcr benn jc. 2'ie Sdivift .Stluiics, in Uicldier bie Uiid)tiflften,
fiir bie iJAilbnng unjevcv neul)od)bentirt)en Sd)riitiprcid)c maBfiebenben
aiiomentc ciemcinbcrftilnbiid) fae)pn)d)eu luevbeu, bnvf bat)ev nuf einen
au?acbel)nteu baufbaren Seferfrei» ved)nen."
(@d)tuab. JJJcvfuv ll. 9(bt. i. 5?(. b. 9. S)e3. 1887.)

„Sd)iin ber ©eaenftnub nn Jid), ben l)ier cin nnd) Uieitercn Streiicn
bereitS' bnrd) jcin 'trefftidie-:- „tfti)nu>Uuii)d)ee' 'ilHivtevlindi ber beutjd)en
ebrnd}e" befanuter («elel)rter uiriU lilof, mit ber .S'lberlnifinfeit be§
^adjmanues, ionbevn and.) mit bent (ik'jri)id unb Weidjuinrt einev neUmnbten
Sd)riftfteUers bel)nnbelt hnt, jollte nml)! biunnd) (uuu'tlian jein, bem
3^iid)lein nnter ben nid)t iH'lthvten Arcunben bev bentidien 5|)rni^e
iiiebbaber unb - Miinfer An erloerben. Tenn bcifi bie >yrnrtcn, beren
it^cnntnuntunii ben onbiUt biijer 5dirijt au-jnind)t, in ben 'i^ereid) be§
^utevefjeC' bev biiber diebitbeten jiUlen, bvnudit beni nid)t erft bemiejen
Sn irerben, ber tucir,, mie treu lU'vabe bie Weidjidite niiierer 2prnd)e, me£)r
U'ol)! ali, irc(enb etU'as nnbere^s, ben Manipf unb ben 3ieii uujere-> '-iHilt;*=
turn's Uiieberibieflclt. Tieje ^Innnfiuui^, bun ber be*? iu'rfafjerv ^^ebaublung
unb S)nvftellunq bielfad) erft rcd)teS i.'id)t unb bode ill^arme empiangt,
ift eg, lourin biejeniqen yefer einen befonberen ;)iei,5 unb iADV.'jUiT be§
Cudjeg crbliden luer'ben, meldje iieluoljnt jinb, bie ucrtdiiebenartiiicn
a.*orfli1nflein nnjerm .suilturteben, tuic fie fid) in i.'itteratnr unb SVunft,
'^Solitifnub SKeliaiun tunbfieben, uidjt flefLinbert fiir fid), fonbern in il)rer
jfecc^felmivfunq ',u betrad)ten, bie ein,^iiic 9lrt, luie fid) nn* bod) erft bn»
iBerftciubnisi fiir Slk'rt nub irncinieite eincc> jeben ein,ielnen berjelbeii
erfdjliefit i\u liK-ld)em ©ciftc ber i^evfaffev feine ''Jlufciabe erfnfU i)nt,
bejcidinet er feiber, Inenn cr im i^inliuute fiiiit, bnj? nnd) fein 4<iid)[eiu
3cuflni-5 bnbini nbleflen fDltc, „lt)a'5 ben (Sntluidluun^flnnfl unfrer 9Jatiun
fleljemmt, Wa^ ibn bcfdileuniflt unb flefijrbevt" bnbe; ce Iniil 5eiflen,
lunrum ;^arob (iSrimm unfrc Sd)riftiprnd)e einen broteftnntifd)en 3)inleft
flcnannt l)nt, hinrum erft fcit 1580 i.'utl)cre Sbrari)e eine autovitatibe
Stellnnci erlansieu fonnte, Ivarum ber Weflenfnti bun 5d)riftfbrnd)C unb
TOunbnit erft nnd) ber ficiireid)en SScfnmbfunn be^o iiateinifdjcn au§=
gcfllid)en luovben ift."
..Jiidit mit bent '•Jlniprnd)e, cine bollftcinbinc («cfd)id)te ber beutid)cn
Sprad)e sn bieten, tritt .U Uuu' nuf, cr tnill in einer „;Kcibe unbcrbunbencr
9Uirfntu'" nnr „viinninieniaffen, lim-J ,'>iid)leute bor nub fcit ^nfob ftrimm
fiber ciii bmiv ibrtid)Hii)ienjd)attlid)e 'l>riib(enie ermiltelt baben." Tiefe
9Iuffiitie aber fiiiien jid) bon felbev ;,u eiiieni innerliib .'lUfammenbaniienbcn
@nn,U'"iii fi'bnf! mir bier in bev Jbnt, eine bi'dift an-,iel)enbe Xari'tellung
ber ycben'CnU')dlid)te unferc? ''Ja'ubLH'bbenttd) mm
feiueu 'Jlutnniicn nm bie
*Wcnbe be* fiinf.H'bnten unb fed),^ebnten ^'^nbrbunbevtC' bi'c ,^nr ^i^einiinbunii
fcincr ?(lleinbevrfd)nft um bie 93iitte bev iid)t',ebnten ^'^abvbunbevU- buv
" 188k.
ung ()nbcn ("5ie (>ireu,ibi'teu 'i)ir. 19.)

1*
 : ;

4 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Soeben erschien

Vorgeschichte
der

altgermanisehen Dialekte
von

Friedrich Kluge.
Zweite Auflage.
Mit einem Anhang.

Geschichte der gotischen Sprache.

Sonderabdruck aus der zweiten Auflage von Pauls Griindriss
der germanischen Philologie.

Lex. 8. VIII und S. 323—517 und lO S. Register. M. 4. 50.

Urteile der Presse:

Das grosste Interesse der Faohmanner diirfte unter deii verschie-
denen Aufsaizen dieser iieuen Lieferung- [des Gruudrisses] wohl Klu^es
Vorgeschichte der aUgermauischPn Dialekte erwecken, da es der erste in
Deutschland gemachte Versuch ist, niit Bpnutzuiig der in den letztea Jahr-
zehnten g-elung-eneu Entdeckung-en und ang-estellten Einzeluntersuehungen
ein Bild von der urgermanisohen Sprache und ihreu grossen Gruppeii zu
zeichnen Sehr dankenswert ist die Einleitung, in welcher die Be-
. . .

ziehungen der germanischen zu den Sprachen der benachbarten Volker

dargelegt werden, vor alleni die Liste der Entlehnungen aus dem Latei-
nischen, ebenso die Verwertung der germanischen Wijrter riimischer lu-
schriften, der malbergischen Glosse, denen man sonst nur selten in !^ram-
matischen Darstellungen begegnet.
Hehizel, Zeitschr. f. d. osterreicJi. Gymnasisn iSgo S. 440.
Mit Meisterschaft hat Kluge die noch schwerere Aufgabe gelost, die
„Vorgeschichte der altgermanisehen Dialekte", d. h. die aus der Sprach-
vergleiehung erschlos.fene alte.'.te (vorhistorische) Gestalt der germanischen
Sprache auf 100 Seiten so darzustellen, dass neben den als slcher zu be-
trachtendea Ergebnissen der bisherigen F<.rschung auch noch schwebende
Fragen und kiinftige Aufgaben beruhrt werd^.
L. Tobler, Litterahirhlatt f. germ. u. ro7n. Philologie iSgo S. ijj.
Kluge liefert eine Vorgeschichte der altgermanisehen Dialekte
dieser Abschnitt durfte fiir den Benutzer des Buches mit zu den voll-
kommensten gehiJren. Der Verfasser stellt hier zusamraen, was sich aus
der neuesten idg. Sprachforsehung nn einigermassen gesioherten Resul-
taten fiir die alteste Geschichte des Germanischen ergeben hat. Dabei
geht er auch solchen Fragen, welche bisher noch kaum angefasst worden
sind, niclit aus dem Wege und vermag uns hier recht schalzbari' Ergeb-
nisse seiner eigenen Forschung vorzulegen. Ref. erwahnt. ohne auf Einzel-
heiten einzugehen, die Ausfiihrungen viber den Einfluss fremder Sprachen
auf das Germanische, iiber den Accent, die Chronologic der Lautentwiek-
lung u. s. w.
von Bahder, Liter. Centralblatt iSgo, Sp. 282.

^
 :

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 5

Soelieii erschien

Worterbuch
der

Elsassischen Mundarten
bearbeitet von

E. MARTIN unci H. LIENHART

l.M AIJFTRAGE DER LANDESVERWALTUNG VON
ELSASS-LOTHRINGEN.
1. uiiil 2. Lieferung. Lex. -8°. Preis pro Lieferung M. 4.-

Dieses Worterbuch ist die Frucht jahrelangen Sammel-

eifers und angestrengter wissenschaftlicher Thatigkeit.
Es soil nach dem Vorbild des schweizerischen Idiotikons
den Sprachschatz der heiitigen elsassischen Mundarten,
soweit diese sich zuriick verfoleen lassen, zusammen-
fassen und nach dem gegenwartigen Stand der Sprach-
wissenschaft erklaren. Dabei wird die Eigentiimlichkeit
des elsassischen Volkes in Sitte und Glauben, wie sie
sich in Redensarten, Sprichwortern, Volks- und Kinder-
reimen kund gibt, so weit als moglich zur Darstellung
gebracht werden. Das sprachliche Gebiet vvurde nach
den Bezirksgrenzen von Ober- und Unterelsass abge-
steckt.
Das Worterbuch der elsassischen Mundarten wird
in ungefahr 6 I^ieferungen von je 10 Bogen zum Preise
von je M. 4.— erscheinen uid voraussichtlich schon im
Jahre 1898 vollstandig vorliegen.

„. . . Das Worterbuch ist keine Aufspeicheruug sprachwisscn-

elsiissische
schaftlicher Kiiritatcn. Es ist eine lebensvolle Darstellung- (lessen wie ,

das Volk spiioht. In sclilichteii Siiizen, in Kiagen und Antworteii, in

Anekdoleu und Gesohiohtchen kommt der naturliche Gedankenkreis des
Volkes /u Uniiiittelbarer (jeltung. Die Kinderspiele uud die Freuden der
Spinnstulieu iroteu mit ilircni Forjiielapparat auf. Die Mehrzahl der
Artikel spicgelu das eigentliche Volksleben wieder und gewahren liadurch
eiueii wahren Genuss. Weun man Artikel wie Esel oder Fucbs liest,
wird man bald vcrstehen lerneu dass in der Scblichthcit und Schmuck-
,

losigkeit der Artikel der Erforseher deutscheu Volkstums eine selir wert-
volle Quelle fiir das Elsass tindet . .
."

Strassiturger Post lS()7 Nr. 344.

 . .

6 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Deutsche Grammatik
Gotisch, Alt-, Mittel- imd Neuhochdeiitsch

W. Wilmanns
o. Professor der deutschen Sprache u. Litteratur a. d. Universilat Bonn.

Erste Abteilung Lautlehre. : 2. verbesserte Auflage.

gr. 8". XX, 425 S. 1897. M. 8.—. In Halb-
franz gebunden M. 10. —
Zweite Abteilung: Wortbildung. i.Halfte. gr. 8".
S. I
— 352. 1896, M. 6.50.
— 2. Halfte. gr. 8«. S. I— XVI u. 353 — 663. 1896.
M. 6.—.
Beide Hiilften zusanimen in einem Band , in Halbfranz ge-
bunden M. 15. — «

Das Werk wird in vier Abteilungen erscheinen: Lautlelire,

Wortbildung, Flexion, Syntax. Eine fiinfte, die Geschichte der
deutschen Sprache, wird sich vielleicht anschliessen.

„ .Es ist sehr erfreulich, dass wir nun ein Buch haben
. .

werden, welches wir niit gutem Gewissen demjenigen enipfehlen

konnen, der sich in das Studium der deutschen Sprachgeschichte
einarbeiten will, ohne die Moglichkeit zu haben, eine gute Vor-
lesung i'lber deutsche Grammatik zu horen; in Wilmanns wird
er hierzu einen zuverlassigen. auf der Hohe der jetzigen For-
schung stehenden Fiihrer finden. Aber auch deni Studierenden,
der schon deutsche Grammatik gehort hat, wird das Buch gute
Dienste leisten zur Wiederholung und zur Erganzung der etwa
in der Voilesung zu kurz gekommenen Partien. Jedoch auch
der Fachmann darf die Grammatik von W. nicht unberiick-
sichtigt lassen. Denn
Betracht kommenden Fragen sind
alle in
bier mit selbstandigem Urteil und unter voller Beherrschung der
Literatur erortert. Und nicht selten werden Schliisse gezogen,
(lie von der gewohnlichen Auffassung abweichen und zum Min-

desten zur eingehenden Erwiigung auflfordern, so dass niemand

ohne vielfache Anregung diese Lautlehre aus der Hand legen
wird. Besonders reich an neuen Auffassungen ist uns die Lehie
von den Konsonanten eischienen. Aber auch die i'lbrigen Teile
untei denen die bisher weriiger oft in Grammatiken dargestellt,
Lehre vom Wortaccent hervorzuheben ware verdienen Be- ,

achtung ..." PF, B., Literarisches Centralblatt i8^j Nr. ^o.

 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 7

Geschichte
der

Deutschen Litteratur
bis y.nm. Aiisgange des Mittelalteis
von
Rudolf Koegel,
ord. Prof, liir deutsche Sprache und Litteratur a. d. Uiiiversitiit Basel.

Erster Band Bis zur Mitte des elften Jahrhunderts.

:

Erster Teil: Die stabreimende Dichtung und die gotische

Prosa. 8". XXIll u. 34:-! S. 1894. M 10 —
Ergiinzinigslieft zu Band I: Die altsachsische Genesis. Ein
Beitrag zur Geschiclite der altdeutschen Dichtung und
Verskunst. 8». X, 71 S. l895- M. 1.80
Z we iter Teil: Die endreimende Dichtung und die Prosa
der althochdeutschen Zeit, 8^, XX, 652 S. 1897.
M. 16.—
Der II. (Schluss-) Band 1st in Vorbereitung.

r,
. Koegel hat eine Arbeit unternommen. die schon wegen ihres
.

grosseii dankbar begriisst werden muss. Denn es kanii die For-

Zieles
schuug auf demGebiete der altdeutschen Litteraturgeschichte nur wirksamst
unterstiitzen, weun jemand den ganzen vorhandenen Bestand von That-
sachen and Ansichten genau durchpriift und verzeichnet, dann aber auch
an alien schwierigen Punkten niit eigeiier Untersuchung einsetzt. Beides
hat K. in dem vorliegenden ersteu Bandf fiir die alteste Zeit deutschen
Geisteslebens gethan. Er heherrscht das bekannte Material vollstandig,
er hat nichts aufgenommen oder fortgclassen. ohne sieh dariiber sorgfaltig
Rechen.schaft zu geben. Kein Stein auf dfem Wege ist von ihm unumge-
wendet verblieben. K. hat aber auch den Stoff vermehrt, einnial iudem er
selbstandig alle Hilfsquellen (z. B. die Sammluugen der Capitularien,
Coneilbeschliisse u. s, w.) durchgearbeitet, neue Zeugnisse den alten bei-
gefugt, die alteu berichtigt h;,t, ferner daduroh, dass er aus dem Bereiche
der iibrigen germanischen Litferaturen herangezogen hat, was irgend Aus-
beute fiir die Aiifhellung der altesten deutschen Poesie versprach. In
alien diesen Dingen schreitet er auf den Pfaden Karl Miillenhotfs, dessen
."
Grosse kein anderes Buch als eben das seine besser wurdigen lehrt . .
.

Ar/ioH E. Schcnluiih i»i Qfsterreich I.iteraturblatt Ii,g4 N>: /d.

„Koegel bietet Meistern wie Jiingeru der Gcrraanistik eine reiche,
willkomniene Gabe mit seinem Werke vor allem aber sei es der Auf-
;

merksamkeit der Lehrer des Deutschen an hoheren Schulen empfohlen,

fur die es ein unentbehrlichcs llilfsmittel werden wird durch seinen eigenen
Jnhalt, durch die wohlausgewahlten bibliographischen Fingerzeige und
nicht zum weiiigsten durch die Art und Weise, wie es den kleinsten Frag-
menten ein vielseitiges Interesse abzugewinnen uiid sic in grossen geschicht-
Ifchen Zusammenhang zu stellen versteht Wie es mit warmer Teilnahme
fiir den Gogonstand gearbeitet ist, wird es gcwiss auch, wie der Verfasser
wiinscht, Freudo an der nationalon Wissenschaft weckcn und mittelbar
auch zur Belebung des deutschen Liieraturunterrichts in wissenschaftlich-
oationalem Sinne beitragen."
Beila^e zJ4r Allgem. Zeitung iSg4 Nr. zSl,
8 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

ber

©nglififien Sitteratur
toon

^crn^ijrb ten BrinF.

®rfter ^anb: 33ii^ 311 Siclifti ^itiiftrctcii.
80. VIII, 470 @. 1877.
(aSergriffen ; neiie 2(uflage tit 2Sorbereitung.)

3nl)alt: I. Slid). S?di ber ©roberiing II. S3ud). ®u

Ueliergong§scit. III. 23iid). bt§ Srecl).
^soit 2me§
IV.
33iid). $8orfptcl ber 3kforntatioii iinb ber 9f{eiiaifjnitce.

Biiieiter 23anb: 23t§ jur 9icformatioii.

§eraii§gegcbcn Don pilots |5rnii&l.

8«». XV u. 658 @. 1893, m. 13.- geb. 5K. 15.—.,

,<;n{)a(t: IV. iBitd). ber
Steformatioit iinb ber
SSorfpiet
Sfeiiniffmtce f jDi^f^t^tJnna). V. 33iid). Saiicoflcr iiiib glorf.
VI a3ud). 3)ie Sftiiaiffaiice big s" ©iirrcij's Xob.
S)QrQU§ etitjedt; bie 2. ,<pn(fte.

8». XV u. e. 358-058. 1893. ^l 6.50.

„Die Fortsetzung: zeig:t aile die glanzeiideii Eigenschaften dcs ersten

Baiules nach meiner Ansicht iibch in erhijhtem Masse; giiindliche Qelohr-
samkeit, weiten Blick, eiiidringenden Scharfsiim, feines asthetisches Qe-
fiih) iind gesohmackvolle Darstellung."

Berlin. Jiilins Zupitza, Deutsche Litteraturzeitung' 1889 Nr. 19.

Bernhard ten Brink's Litteraturgeschichte ist ohne Zweifel

das grossartig'ste Werk. das je eineni enylischen Philolog-en geluiigen ist.
Mehr noch es ist eine so meisterhafte Le>stung, dass es jedem Litteralur-
;

historiker zum Muster dieuen kanii. Und dies Urfheil iiat seine voile
Kraft trotz der unvollendeten Gestalt des Werkes. Ware es deni Vcr-
fasser vergonnt gewesen, es in derselben Weise zu Ende zu bringen, 80
wiirde es leicht die hervorrageudste unter alien Gesammtlitteratur-
gescbichteii geworden seia .... Museum, iSg^, Nr. 7.

Die Bearbeitung der zwei weiteren Bande hat Herr

Professor Dr. Alois Brandl ubernommen.
 :

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 9

Soeben erschien

Deutsche Heldensagen
von

Otto Luitpold Jiriczek,

Privatdozetu an der Universitiit Hreslau.

Erster Band: Or. 8"., XII, 326 Seiten. M. 8.—.

Der zweile Band ist in Vorbereitung.

Der Vei fasser behandelt eine Reihe von deutschen I leldtnsagcii,

nichl ingrundiissartigeiForm.sondein nioiiographiscli iinteiMaupt-

betoiiung der entvvickelungsgeschichtlichen Detailproblenie. Das

Buch will weniger" den Stoff der Sagen reproduzieren und iiber
die Resultate der bisherigen Foischung referieren, als vieliiiebr

bei deni Bekaniiten einsetzen und die Detailforschung , soweit

es sich im Rahmen einer grosseren Gesamtdarstellung thun liess,

fordern, doch ist durch stete Ri'icksichtnahnie auf den Stand der
Forschung und durch cursorische Vorfiihrung des StofFes fi'ir

die Ubeisichtlichkeit und leichte Orientierung gesorgt, so dass

es in seiner Anlage eine gewisse Vollstandigkeit erstrebt und
nicht in Einzelheiten aufgeht. Nach dem Wunsche und der
Absicht des Verfassers soil es nicht IjIoss fi'ir den engsten Kteis
spezieller Fachgenossen auf dem Gebiete der Sagenforscluing
bestiuinit scin , sondein audi den BediJrfnissen von Benutzern
entgegenkoinmen, denen an eingehenderer Orientierung iiber die

hier behandelten Problenie der Stoffgeschichte deutscher Helden-

sagen gelfgen Der vorliegende Band behandelt die Wieland-
ist.

sage, die Ermanarichsage und den grossen Komplex der Dietricli-

sageii. Der zweite Band wird den Ortnit-Wnlfdietrichcyclus
und eine Reihe von deutschen Heldensagen aus der Sphare des
Brautwerbungsniotives behandein und in einem Schlussabschnitte
sich niit einigen allgenieinen Problemen der Stoffgeschichte be-
schai'tigen. Kin ausfiihrliches Register iiber das ganze WerW
wird iiiit deiu zweitcn Bande t'ol'ren.
 :

lo Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Unter der Presse:

Gi'iiiidfiss der piaiiisclen Pliilologie

unter Mitwiikung von
K. von Amira, W. Arndt, O. Behaghel, A. Brandl O. Bremer, ,

H. Jellinghaus, K. Th. von Inama-Sternegg, Kr. Kalund, Fr. KaufF-

mann, F. Kluge, R. Koegel, R. v. Liliencron, K. Luick, J. A. Lundell,
J. Meier, E. Mogk, A. Noreen, J. Schipper, H. Schiick, A. Schultz,
Th. Siebs. E. Sievers, B. Symons, F. Vogt, Ph. Wegener, J. te
Winkel, J. Wright
herausgegeben
von

ord. Professor der

H E.R MANN PAUL
und
dentschen Sprache Literatur an der
Universuat Miinchen.

Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage in drei Banden.

Diese neue Auflage soliebenso wie die erste in Lieferungen

zu je M. 4. — erscheinen und im Laufe des Jahres 1898 voll-
st.indig vverden.

INHALT:
1. Abschn. : BEGRIFF UND AUFGABE DER GER-
MANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE.
II. Abschn.; GESCHICHTE DER GERMANISCHEN
PHILOLOGIE.
III. Abschn.; METHODENLEHRE.
IV. Abschn.: SCHRIFTKUNDE.
V. Abschn.; SPRACHGESCHICHTE.
(Mit Anhang: Die Behandlung der lebeiiden Mundarten.)
VI. Absch.n. LITERATURGESCHICHTE.
:

(Mit Anhang: Obersicht uber die aus inundlichet- Uber-

lieferung gescliopften Samnilungen der
Volkspoesie.)
VII. Abschn.: ME'IRIK.
VIII. Abschn. WIRTSCHAFT.
:

LX. Abschn.; RECHT.

X. Abschn KRIEGSVVESEN.
:

XI. Abschn. MYTHOLOGIE.

:

XII. Abschn.; SITTE.

II. lid (Mit Anhang: Die Behandknig der volk.stiMiilichen
Sitte der Gegenwart.)
XIIL Abschn.: KUNST.
XIV. Abschn.: HELDENSAGE.
XV. Abschn.: ETHNOGRAPHIE.
NAMEN-. SACH- UND WORTVERZEICHNIS.
Bis jetzt erschienen
I. Band, l.— 3. Lief, und III. Bd.. l. Lief, a M. 4.—.
 — .

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. i i

GFiniiriss der
unter Mitwirkung von
G. Baist, Th. Braga, H. Bresslau, T. Casini, J. Cornu, C. Decurtins,
W. Deecke, Th. Gartner, M. Gaster, G. Gerland, G. Jacobsthal,
F. Kluge, Gust. Meyer, W. Meyer, C. Michaelis de Vasconcellos,
A. Morel-Fatio, Fr. d'Ovidio, M. Philippson, A. Schultz, W. Schum,
Ch. Seybold, E. Stengel, A. Stimming, H. Suchier, H. Tiktin, A.
Tobler, V/. Windelband, E. Windisch
herausgegeben von
gustavgrOber,
o. 6. Professor der romanischeii Philologie an der Universitcit Strassburg]

Plan des Werkes:

1. einfOhrung in die ROMANISCHE PHILOLUGIE.
geschichte der romanischen philologie.
ihre aufgabe und gliederung.
II. ANLEITUNG ZUR PHILOLOGISCHEN FORSCHUNG.
DIE QUELLEN DER ROMANISCHEN PHILOLOGIE.
I. Bd. DIE BEHANDLUNG DER QUELLEN.
III. DARSTELLUNG DER ROMAN. PHILOLOGIE.
ROMANISCHE SPRACHWISSENSCHAFT.
a. Die vorromanischen Volkssprachen der romanischen L.Hnder,
b. Die romanischen Spracfien.
LEHRE VON DER ROMANISCHEN SPRACHKUNST.
IJ.Bd. LITTERATURGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.
i.Abt. Die latein. Litteratur. — Die franzos. Lilteratur.
II. Bd. Die provengalische Litteratur. — Die catalanische Litteratur. —
s.Abt. Die portugiesische Litteratur. — Die spanische Litteralur.
Die italienische Litteralur. — Die ratoromanische Litteratur. —
Die rumanische Litteratur.

IV. GRENZWISSENSCHAFTEN.
11. Bd. GESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.
3.Abt.
CULTURGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.
KUNSTGESCHICHTE DER ROMANISCHEN VOLKER.
DIE WISSENSCHAFTEN IN DEN ROMAN. LANDERN.

Bis jetzt sind erscliienen:

I. Band, Lex.-8". XH u. 853 S. init 4 Tafeln u. 13 Karten. 1888. I'reis
M. 14. — , in Halbfranzband M. i6.— :

Aucb noch in einzelnen Lieferungen zu M. 4. — M. 4. — und M. 6.

,

zu haben.
I. Band, 2. Abteilung, Lex. 8°. VIII, 496 S. 1897. Preis M. 8. — ,
in
Halbfranzband: M. 10.

Audi iiocli in 4 Lioferungen a M. 2. zu hnben. —

II. Band, i. Abteilung, i. Lieferung, 16 Bogen. 1893. M. 4.—.
,, 2. ,, II ,, 1893. M 2.80.

„ 3. „ 16 ,. 1898. M. 4.—.
3. „ I. „ 8 „ 1895. M. 2.-.
3. „ 2. „ 8 „ 1897. M. 2.-.
 1 2 Verlag v on KARL TRUBNER J. in Strassburg.

(jFuiii'iss (ler iraiiisckii Ptiiiologie

unter Mitwirkung von
F. K. Andreas, Chr. Bartholomae, C, H. Ethe K. F. ,

Geldner, P. Horn, H. Hiibschmann, A. V. W. Jackson,

F. Justi, Th. Noldeke, C. Salemann, A. ^Socin, F. H. Weiss-
bach, E. W. West und V. Zukovskij
herausgegeben von
Wilh. Geiger und Ernst Kuhn.
Der Grundriss der iranischen Philologie wird in Lieferungen von
Jurchschnittl. lo Bogen in mogliclist kurzen Zwischenraumen erscheinen.
I'ie Kaufer verpflichten sich miiidestens zur Abnahme eiiies Handes.
Einzelne Lieferungen werden nicht abgegeben.
Flan des Werkes;
EiNLEiTUNG. GESCHICHTE DER IRANISCHEN PHILO-
LOGIE Prof. Dr. E. Ktihn.
I. Abschnitt. SPRACHGESCHICHTE.
1) Vorgeschichte der Iran. Sprachen Prof. Dr. Chr. Bar-
I. Bil.
i.Abt. tholomae.
2) Awestasprache und Altpersisch Prof. Dr. Chr. Bartholomew.
3) Mittelpersisch Akademiker Dr. C. Salemann.
4) Neupersische Schriftsprache Privatdozent Dr. P. Horn.
5) Die ubrigen modernen Sprachen und Dialekte.
A. Afj'^anisch, B. BalucI Prof. Dr. W. Geiger. C. Kur-
r.Abt. disch Prof. Dr. A. Socin. D. Ossetisch Prof. Dr.
H. Hubschmann. E. Pamirdialekte, F. Mazandarani,
Gilaki etc. Akademiker Dr. C Salemann. G. Dia-
lekte in Persien Prof. V. Ztikovskij.
n. Abschnitt. LITTERATUR.
1)Awestalitteratur Prof. Dr. K. F. Gelcimr.
2) Die altpersischen Inschriften Dr. F. H. Weissbach.
3) Die Pahlavilitteratur Dr. E. IV. West.
4) Das Iran. Nationalepos Prof. Dr. Th. Noldeke.
5) Neupersische Litteratur Prof. Dr. C. H. Ethe.
\\\. Abschnitt. GESCHICHTE UND KULTUR.
1) Grundlagen. Geographic von Iran Prof. Dr. W. Geiger.
2) Geschichte Irans von den altesten Zeiten bis zuiii Aus-
gang der Sasaniden Prof. Dr. F. Justi.
3) 'Geschichte Irans in islamitischer Zeit Privatdozent t)r.
P. Horn.
4) Die Irsnische Religion Prof. Dr. A. V. IV. Jackson.
5) Munzen, Gemmen Privatdozent Dr. P. Horn.
6) Schriftkunde Dr. F. K. Andreas.

Bis jetzt erschienen : I. Band, 1. Lief. M. 8. — , 2. Liefg. M. 4.50,

II. „ 1., 2. u. 3. Liefg. a M. 8.—.
Noldeke, Das ira n isclie Nationalepos. (Separatabdruck').
IV, 82 S. I8yt). M. 4.50
 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 13

Grundriss
der

indo-arischen Philologie
und

Altertumskunde.
Herausgegeben von

Georg Biihler,
K. K..Hofrat und ovd. Professor des Sanskrit an der Universitat Wicn.

In diesem Werk soil zum ersten Mai der Yersuch g-emacht werden,
einen Gesamtuberblick iiber die einzelnen Gebiete der indo-arischen Philo-
logie und Altertumskunde in knapper und systeraatischer Darstpllung- zu
geben. Die Mehrzahl der Gegenstande wird daniit Uberhaupt zum ersten
Mai eine zusamnienhangende abgerundete Behandlung- erfahren deshalb ;

darf von dom Werk reicher Gewinn f'iir die Wissenschaft selbst erhotft
werden, trotzdeni es in erster Linie fiir Lernende bestiramt ist.
Gegen dreissig- Gelehrte aus Deutschland Osterreich England,
, ,

Holland, Indien und Anierika haben sich mit Hofrat G. Biihler in AVien
vereinigt, um diese Aufgabe zu liisen wobei ein Tell der Mitarbeiter ihre
,

Beitrage deutsch die Ubrigen sie englisch abfassen werden. (Siehe uach-
,

folgenden Plan.)
Besteht schon in der raumlichen Entfernung vieler Mitarbeiter eine
grossere Schwierigkeit als bei anderen ahnlichen Unternehmungen, so
schien es auch geboten. die Unzutraglichkeit der meisten Samnielwerke,
wclehe durch den unberechenbareu Ablieferungsterniin der einzelnen Bei-
trage entsleht, dadurch /u vornieiden, dass die einzelnen Abschnilte gleich
naoh ihrer Ablieferung einzeln gedruckt und ausgegebeu werden. Durch
einen gemeiusamen Xitel und ein ausfiihrliches Naiuen- und Saeliregister
am Schluss jedes Bandes werden die einzelnen Ilefte zu einem geniein-
schaftlichon Ganzen zusammengcfasst
Das Werk wird aus drei Banden Eex.-8"
ini ungefahren Umfang von
je UOO
Seiten bcstehen, in der Ausstattung dcs in demselben Verlag er-
scheinendeu Griindrissi:s der irani.schen I'hilologie. Der Subskriptions-
preis des ganzen Werkes betragt durchschnittlich C5 Pf pro Druckbogcn
von 16 Seiten der Preis der einzelnen Hefte durchschnittlich 80 Pf. pro
;

Druckbogen. Auch fiir die Tafeln und Karten wird den Subskribenten eine
durchschnittliche Erniassigiing von 20 " auf den Einzelpreis zugesichert.
'„

Uber die Eintcilung des Werkes giebt der nachfolgende Plan Auskunft.

Band I. Allgemeines und Sprache.

1) Ge.scliiclite der indo-:u"ischen Philologie und Alteitiimskuiide
von Ernst Kukn.
2) Urgescliichte der iiido-ari.schen Sprachen von R. Meringer.
'X) a. Die indischen Systeuie der Graiiimatik'. Phonetik mid
Etyiiiologie von B. Liebich.
*b. Die indischen Worterhi'icher (Ko.sa) von Th. Zachariac.
Stih.skr.-Picis M. 2.—. Einzel-Preis M. 2.50.
4) riianiniatik dei- vetlischen Dialekte sow C. R.Lanman. (engl.)
^^ Graniinatik des klassischen Sanskrit der Giaimuatikcr, der
Litleratiirmid der Inschriften sovvie dei" Mischdialekte
(epischer und nordbuddhistischer) von 0. Franke.
Fortsetzung 3. niichste Seite.
 : ..

14 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Grundriss der indo-arlschen Philologie und Altertumskunde (Fortsetzung)
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lilV, Konrads von Wiirzburg Klage der Kunst. Hrsg. von Eugen
Joseph. 8. X, 92 S. 1885. M. 2 -
LV, 1. Das friesische Bauernhaus in seiner Entwicklung wahrend
der letzten vier Jahrhunderte. Von Otto Lasius. Mit 38
Holzschn. 8. 34 S. 1885. M. 3 —
LV, 2. Die deutschen Haustypen von RudolfHenning. 8. 34 S.^
1880 M. 1 -
LVl. Die galante Lyrik. Von Max Freiherr v. Waldberg.
8. XII. 152 S. 1885. M. 4 —
LVII. Die altdeutscbe Exodus hrsg. V. Ernst Ross manu. 8. 150 S.
1886. M. 3 -
LVIII, Grundlagen des mittelhochdeutschen Strophenbaus von
Richard M. Meyer. 8. XII, 136 S. 1886. M. 3 —
LIX. Ueber die Sprache deP>^"Wandalen. Ein Beitrag zur gernia-
nischen Namen- u. Dialectforschung von Fer d in and Wr ede.
8. VI, 119 S. 1886. M. 3 —
LX. 'Die Poetik Gottscheds und der Schweizer. Litterar.-hlstor.
untersucht von Franz Servaes. 8. X, 178 S. 1887. M. 3 50
LXI. Der Vers in Shaksperes Dramen von Goswin Konig.
8. VIII, 138 S. 1888, M. 3 50
LXII. Beowulf. Untersuchungen von B. ten B rink. 8. VJII. 247 S.
1888. M. 6 —
LXllI. Geschichte der Ablaute der starken Zeitworter innerhalb des
Siidenglischen von K. D. Biilbring. 8. 140 S. 1889. M. 3 50
LXIV. Zur Lautlehre der griechischen, lateinischen und romanischen
Lehnworte ira Alteuglischen von A. Pogatsoher. 8. XII,
220 S. 1888. M. 5 -
LXV Neue Fragmente des Gedichts van den vos Reinaerde und das
Bruchstiick van here Wisselauwe, herausgeg. von Ernst
Martin, 8. 73 S. 1880. M. 2 —
LXVI. Kaspar Scheldt, der Lehrer Fischarts, Abriss der grobla-
nischen Litteratur in Dcutschlaud von Adolf Hauffcn,
8. 135 1889.
S. M. 3 —
LXVII. Ulrichs von Hutten deutsche Schriften, Untersuchungen mit
einer NachJese zu Huttens Werken v. S. Szamatolskl. 8.
IX, 180 S. 1891. M. 4 —
LXVIII. Uber die Sprache der Ostgoten in Italien von Ferd. Wrede.
8. 208 S. 1891. M. 4 -
 -

Verlag von KARL J. TROBNER in Strassburg. 23

Quellen und Forschungen (ferner).

LXIX. Prothese und Aphaerese deg H im Althochdeutschen von

H. Garke. 8. X, 126 S. 1891. M. 3 —
LXX. Studien z. Gesch. d. italien. Novelle in der engl. Literatur
des XVI. Jahrh. von E. K o e p p e 1. 8. 100 S. 1892. M. 2 50
LXXI. Judith. Studies in metre, language and style with a view to
determining- the date of this old-english fragment and the home
of its author. By T. Greg. Foster. 8. X, 103 S. 1892. M. B
LXXII. Der althochdeutsche Isidor. Facsimileausgabe des Pariser
Codex nebst kritischera Text der Pariser und Monseer Bruch-
stiicke. Mit Einleitung, grammatischer Darstellung und einem
ausfiihrlichen Glossar herausgegeben von Georg A. Hench
8. XIX, 195 S. mit 22 Tafeln 1893. M. 20. —
LXXIII. Zur Entwickelung der historischen Dichtung bei den Angel-
sachsen von Daniel Abe gg. 8. XII, 126 S. 1894. M. 3 -
LXXIV. Studien iiber das deutsche Volksbuch Lucidarius und seine
Bearbeitungen in fremden Sprachen. Von Karl Schor-
bach. 8. XII, 277 S. 1894. M. 6 50
LXXV. Die Spraehe der Langobarden. Von Wilh. Bruckner.
8. XVI, 338 S. 1895. M. 8 —
LXXVI. Huchown's Pistel of swete Susan. Kritische Ausgabe von
HansKoster. 8. 98 S. 1895. M. 3 —
LXXVII. Studien iiber die altesten deutschen Pastnachtsspiele. Von
Victor Michel s. 8. XII, 248 S. 1896. M. 6 50
LXXVIII. Place Names in the English Bede and the Localisation of the
Mss. By Thomas Miller. 8. 80S. 1896. M. 2 -
LXXIX. Die Fruhzeit des deutschen Minnesangs von Eugeu Joseph.
I. Die Lieder des Kurenbergers. 8». Vlll, 88 S. 1896. M. 2. 50
LXXX. Quellen zur Geschichte des vorshakespeareschen Dramas Von
Alois B r a n d I ca. 40 Bogen (unter der Presse).
LXXXI. William Browne. His Britannias Pastoral's and the Pastoral
Poetry of the Elizabethan age. Von Frederic W. Moor-
man. X, 159 S. 1897 M. 4 50
JLXXXII. Quellenstudien zu den Dramen George Chapman's, Philip
Massinger's U)d John Ford's. Von E mil Koeppel. IX,
229 S. 1897. Mk. 6 -
LXXXIII Lydgate's Fabula duorum mercatorum aus dem Xachlasse des
Ilerrn Professor Dr. J. Zupitza, Litt. D. nach samtlichen
Handschriften herausgegeben von Dr. Gustav Schleich.
VIII, XCI, 154 S. 1897. M 6. 50

Becker, Ph. Aug., Jean L em a ire, der erste humanistische

Dichter Frankreichs. XII, 390 S.
Kl. 8. l89,3- M. 12.—

Fischer, Rudolph, Professor der engl. Philologie an der

Universitat Innsbruck, Zur K unst en t ick u n g der w 1

englischen TragSdie von ihren ersten Anfangen bis zu

Shakespeare. 8. XIII, 192 S. l893. M. 5- —
Kahle, Bernh., Die Spraehe derSkai;den, auf Grund
der Binnen- und Endreime, verbunden mit einem Rimarium.
8. VIII. 308 S. 1892. M. 7.—
Solmsen, Dr. Felix, Studien zur lateinischen Laut-
geschichte. 8. VIII. 200 S. l894- M. 5.50
Tappolet, Ernst, Ober die rom anise hen Verwandt-
a f t s n a m e n.
s cli Mit besonderer BerUcksichtigung der fran-
zosischen und italienischen Mundarten. Ein Beitrag zur ver-
gleichenden Lexikologie. 8. VII, 178 S. mit 2 Karten.
1895. ^^- ^•--
 .

24 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

5I?affpere>
giinf 3[^oiiefungen au§ bent ^^adjfafe
Don

^crn^arb reii J£>rinF.

gjJit bem 23tlbni6 be§ 93erfafferg, rabiert boii 2B. trau^fopf

©rflc unb jhjeite ^luflagc,

tleiu 8». 166 @. 1893. 2R. 2.-, gebuuben 3??. 3. -

3n{)oIt: ®rfte SBorlefiing; S)er ®icf)ter unb ber aJJenfd). —

3roeite SBorlefung: S)ie 3«itfol9e fon ©{)af)pere§ SBerfeii.
— 2)ritte i^orlefunij: ©^affpere al§ ®ramotifer. SSierte- —
23odefung: @f)affpere al§ tomifdier jDtdjter. j^itnfte —
58orIciung: ®{)affpere oI§ Svagiter.

„Es ist ein hoher und herrlicher Geist, der aus dieseii
Vortragen spricht. Flaminende Begeisterung philosophische ,

Bildung uiid strenge Wissenschaftlichkeit, feinstes Verstandniss

und Naclifijhlen des Dichters das sind die Vorziige
, die sicli ,

hier miteinander vereinen."

Seemanns Litterar. Jahresbericht 1893.

„Bedarf es eines Beispiels die Art von Wissenschaft,

fijr

wie wir sie uns denken so , nur im Augenblick auf das

sei
kostliche Buch i'lber „Shakspere" verwiesen, das aus deni
Nachlasse von ten Brink, eines der hervorragendsten Gelehrten
unserer Zeit, durch die Sorgfalt Edward Schroders zuganglicli
geworden ist. Was psychologische Synthese und nachfi'ihlende
Aestlietik zu leisten vermag, dari'iber helehrt dieses kleine Werk
besser, als es der weitlaufigsten Theorie gelange."

Anton E. Schonhach in Vom Fels zum Meer 1893/94 Heft 1.

Dieses Buch ten Brinks ist bei Schonhach (Uber Lcaen

und BiLdung, 4. Aufl.) unter den besfen deutschen Prosawerken
genannt.
 — .

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 25

Geschichte der Musik

in

England.
Von
Dr. ^A^ilibald Nagel.

Erster Teil. 8". VII, 154 S. 1894. M. 4.

Zweiter Teil. 80. VII, 304 S. 1897. M. 8. —
„. . Das Ergebnis der Untersuchungen N.'s lasst "sich in
.

den Satz zusammenfassen: die Entwickeiung der englischen Musik

zeigt viel starker als in anderen Landern volkstiimliche Einflilsse.
Sie aussern sich gleich stark in den Theorien der englischen Trac-
tatisten, wie in den Conipositionen, soweit sie erhalten oder
heschriebfen sind. Sie aussern sich, mochten wir hinzufiigen, auch
in der neuesten Zeit und das ist der Standpunkt, von dem aus
die englische Musik auch nach dem Tode Handel's Bedeutung
gewinnt. ..." Literarisches Centralhlatt i8g4. Nr. 32.
„Anfangs 1893 begab sich Dr. Wilibald Nagel, der geist-
volle und scharfsinnige Musikgelehrte, der bekanntiich vor einigen
Jahren sein Domizil in Zurich genommen hat, nach England, um
fi'ir seine damals schon begonnene Musikgeschichte dieses Landes
an Ort und Stelle weitere Studien zu machen und das Werk zum
Abschluss zu bringen. Von dieser hochverdienstlichen, wissen-
schaftlich l)edeutsanaen Arbeit, welche mit H. Purcells^Leben,
d. h. mit dem Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts und dem epochemachen-
den, aber bereits durch Chrysander ausfuhriich dargestellten Auf-
treten Hiindels in England ihren Abschluss finden soil, liegt nun
der erste ohne die Anmerkungen 128 Seiten umfassende Teil vor.
Derselbe behandelt ini Wesentlichen die Musikgeschichte des Mittel-
alters d. h. die Zeit von den ersten Anfangen musikalischer Kunst-
pflege in deivi Inselreich bis inigefiihr Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts
und beweist nicht wie griindlich der Autor die Quellen be-
nur.
herrscht, sondern auch wie erfolgreich er heniiiht gewesen ist,
wissenschaftliche Genauigkeit]undScharfe mit moglichst anziehen-
der und gemeinverstandlicher Darstellung zu verbinden
Doch man lese das Buch sell)st, das eine bis dahin ziemlich dunkel
gebliebene Fartie der Musikgeschichte in das ihr gebuhrende Licht
setzt uiul wesentlich dazu beitragen wird, das lang verbreitete Vor-
urteil zu zerstreuen, als wiire den Engliindern von jeher der Sinn
fiir holiere Musik abgi'gangen und batten sie keinen wesentlichen

Teil an deren kiinstlerischer Entwicklung genommen".

A. A^. Schweizcrische 3/usikzeitwig 1894. Nr. ij.
26 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

itl^e, %ar\ ($rof. a. b. Unttj. QaUt a, ©.). ^ovb l^ijron.

SJrittc berb. Sluflafle. gr. 8o. VI, 516 ©. 1886. 2J?. 7.50
geb. 3JL 9-
3 bait:
It I. f^amitie imb ^iiibbeih @d)ule unb — II.
lluioerfitat. —
III.D^eiufteab 3lbbet). IV.®te$i[ncr= -
fabrt. -V. Sonbon. -
VI. S)ie Q-he. VII. 'S)te -
6d)ltiei3 unb SScitebig. —
VIII. StaDeittia, $ifa,
©eniia. — IX. ©riedienfanb. — X. Qnx (ii)axaU
terifti!. — XL 93l)roii'§ ©teCuitfl iu ber yUteratur.
- XII. mad)h-m "lib 3lbfcblii'ffe. — 2lnbangc:
I. Ser ^rojefe gcgeit SSiniam £orb Si)roii. —
II. '2)te Fugitive Pieces. —
III. 2J?r§. ©pciicer
©mitb. — IV. ebaraftertftif Don ber ©rafiii 21I»
brijgt. — V. S)ie a^enucbtuug ber llJemoireu.

J^ranbl, 7{\0\e (S)3rof.a.b.Unit).(StraBburg),Snnniel9Iai|lor

Oioltribge unb bic englifd)e Homontik. 8°. xil, 437 3.
1886. 23rofd)irt Wl. 1-, geb. 3K. 8.-
Snbalt: I.^aJ). S?tnber= unb i^imbeniabre (1772-90)*
- II. ^at). 5luf ber Uniuerfitat (1791-94). —
III. tap. $anttfofratie. 23ri[tol (1795-96). -
IV. tap. 5n D^etber StomeQ. SBorbstuortb (3foti.
1796 bi§ ©cptember 1798). —
V. tap. 5)ie beutfrf)e
Sfieife. SBallenftein (8ept. 1798 bi§ i?(pril 1800).
- VI. tap. 2ln ben ©een. tranf nnb unftat.
(©ommer 1800 bl§ §erbft 1810). VII. tap. 3n —
§ammerftnttb nnb ©aloe. 9(e[tbetifcbe ."gaupt^
leiftungen (§erb[t 1810 bi§ S-rubJabr 1816).

lOxmUvoxt^, ^„ ^ercij ^yflflje Sljelleij. 8». xii, 387 a

1884. m. 6.-
Hrei cnglifd)? Didjterinncn. Sobanna Saillte. --
(JItfabctb SSorret SSrolontng. — ©eorge (5Itot. (Sffa^S.
8<». 244 @. 1885, 9J?. 4.—

©chipper, ^. (5)3rof. o. b. t f. Uuib. in SBienj, Pilliam

^unbflr. ©etn £cben unb feinc @ebtd)te in 5Inarbfen
nnb auggetDciblten Ueberfe^nngen nebft etnent Slbrife ber
altld)ottii"d)cn ^43oefte. (Sin iyeitracj jnr [d)ottifd)--eugItidien
2itteratnr= unb tulturgeid)td)te. 8". XVIII, 412 8.
1884. 33rofd)irt m. 7.—, geb. m. 8.-
Die Dichtung'en William Dunbars, des genialsten, eiiiem Chaucer
ebenbiirtigen, Dichters des sohottischen Volkes, siuU bisher in Deutschlnil(t
go gut wie unbekannt geblieben.
 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 27

<Soeben erfdiien:

(£ngltfd?e 5prad?fd?Tit^ei\
(Sebraurf) Icidjevlitier, anftbfeiger, oft iinanftanbicicr 33?ortc nub
JRebcnSavtcii Don 6citen ennUfd} l'pred)enber S/cutfcftev.

C^tu ()nmoriftifcf)cr 2?ortvnfl gebalten ini Sonboner bentid}cn

2[tbendnm

O'Clarus Hiebslac, Esq., M. A.

Fellow of the German Athenaeum in London etc.

iWHt cincni SliilHing iiber bentfdie )^-amiIicnnamen in ©nginnb,

9?cr[)nUnng§regc[n in englifc()er ©clcHfdmft, 2:itel, SInrebe,
Sviefnbrcffen , englifdje Stbtiirgnngen.

iMerte 2(uflage.
8". X, 156 ®. 1896. 2;?. 2.-,

„In der Form eines humoristischen Vortrag's wird hier eine will-
kommene Belehrung' Allen geboten, die sich mit England in irg-end einer
Weise beschafiigen, sei es sprachlich, brieflieh. gescliaftlich oder in person-
lichem Umgang-. Das Hauptgewicht ist auf die Sprachschnitzer gelegt,
d. h. auf die Kfennzeichen liicherlicher, anstossiger, oft unanstandiger
Worte uud Redensarten, die von englisch sprechenden Deutschen gebraucht
warden. Derlei findet man in keiner Grainmatik nur langerer, mit grosser
;

Aufmerksamkeit verbundener Aufenthalt in England kann iiber die Schwie-

rigkeiten in diesem Punkte hinweglielfen. Um so dankenswerther ist die
AnleitUDg dazu in dem vorliegenden Werkchen. Dasselbe enthalt aber
auch noch eino willkommene Zugabe eine Studie uber deutsche Familien-
:

namen in England, Verhaltungsmassregeln in der englisehen Gesellschaft.

Titel, Anrede und Briefadressen, sowie ein Yerzeichniss der gebrauch-
lichsten englisehen Abkiirzungen, lauter Dinge, in denen sich der Deutsche
nicht leicht zureeht findet und iiber die er sonst nirgends die Belehrung
80 nahe beisaramen hat wie in diesem Biichlein. Moge auch dessen dritte
Auflage recht viel beniitzt warden."
Frankfurter Zeiluiig iSid Nr. 2^4.
„In diesem Biichelchen weist der Verfasser seine Landsleute auf die
Gefabr bin, die in dem Gebrauch lacherlicher, anstossiger, oft unanstan-
diger englischer Worte und Redensarten oder in der unrichtigen Aus-
sprachc einzelner Buchstaben und Worte liegt, die er in ausserst humc-
ristischer, wenn auch mitunter etwas drastiscber Weise durch zahlreiche
Beispiele illustrirt und es so Allen, die in der englisehen Spraehe noch
nicht ganz sattelfest sind, ermiiglicbt, nianch arge Bocke, manch peinliche
Verlegenheiten zu vermeiden. Und ganz vortrelTlich hat dor Verfasser es
verstanden, seine durchaus nicht leichle Aufirabe zu losen. und indem er
eine sehr delicate Sache in huinoristischeni Gewande behandelte, ist es ibm
gelungen, auch das etwa Anstossige raundgerecht zu machen, ohne das
Anstandsgefiihl zu verletzen ... Im Ganzen bildet das Biichelchen einen
ausserst werthvollen Beilrag zur englisehen Spraehkunde, und konnen
wir dem Verfasser zu dem Geschick, mit welchem er seine schwierige
Aufgabe gelost hat, sowie zu der grundlicbeil Kenntniss der englisehen
Spraehe, Sitten und Qebraucbe, die er in dem Scbriftchen entwickeU, nur
gratuliren. T.ondoner Zeiiung 1S86 Nr. 14^1.
 . .

!8 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Saramlung
indogermanischer Worterbilcher.
1. Hubschmann, H., Etymologic und Lautlehre dej
ossetischen Sprache. 8". VIII u. 151 S. 1887
M 4.-
II. Feist, S., Grundriss der gotischen Etymologic
8" XVI u. 167 S. 1888. M. 5--
III. Meyer, G^istav, Etymologise hcs WSrtcrbuch dei
albancsischen Sprache. 8". 524 S. l8yi. M. 12.—
IV. Ham, Paid, Grundriss der neupersischcn Ety
mo logic. 8". XXV, 386 S. 1893- M. 15.—
V. Leumann, E. u. J., Etymologischcs Sanskrit
wortcrhuch (unter der Prcsse).

Grammatik
der

Oskisch-Urabrischoii Dialekte
von

R. von Planta.
Erster Band ; Einleitung und Lautlehre. 8". VIII u. 600 S.
1892. M. 15 —
Zweiter Band: Formcnlchie, Syntax, Sammking der In-
und Glossen, Anhang, Giossar. 8". XX, 765 S. 1897.
schriften
M. 20 —
Nachdem die Sprachwissenschaft die oskisch-umbrischen Dialekte
liiiigere Zeit ziemlicl-abseits hat liegfen lassen, herrscht jetzt auf diesem
Forschung-sgebiet wieder ein erfreulich reg-es Leben. Fast gleichzeitig- siud
drei grossere Arbeiteii erschienen, die sich mit der Lautgeschichte dieser
Mundarten besohaftigen. Davoii ist die umfassendste und bedeutendste das
uns vorliegende Buch eines jungea Schweizers. Die Einleitung giebt zu-
iiachst einen geschichtlichen Ueberbliek iiber die Erforschung der oskisch-
umbrischen Mundarten ilarauf wird die Stellung der letzteren ini Kreis
;

der altilalischen Sprachen uud ihr Verhaltnis unter sich bebandelt waiter ;

warden die Denkmaler (hauptsiichlieh Inschriften) aufgezahlt und charak-

tcrisicrt. Im ersien Kapitel der Lautlehre werden die Alphabete der In-
schriften und die orthographischen Fragen (Bezeiehnung der Consonanten-
dehnung, der Vocalliinge etc.) erbrtert. Darauf folgt die Darstcllung der
Lauterscheinun^en, die sowohl dem slatistisch-descriptiven als auch dem
entwickelungsgeschichtlichen Betrachtungsstandpunkt gerecht wird. . . .

Wir behalten uns vor, auf das Werk nach Erscheiuen des zweiten
Bandes etwas ausfiihrlicher zuriickzukommen. Fiir jetzt sei nur noch be-
merkt, dass wir es mit einer auf griindlichstem Studinm beruhenden, durch-
aus soliden und in manchan Beziehungen geradezu musterhaften Arbeit zu
thun haben, die als ein die gcsammte bisherige Forschung zusamnien-
fassendes Handbuch fiir joden, der sich mit den altitalischen Sprachen
bcschiiftigt, unentbehrlich sein wird.

Literarisches C^niralblatt iSgS Nr. lo.

 Verlag von KARL J.
TRUBNER in Strassburg. 29

(gfjaQS uttb <3tubien

©prad^gefd^ic^te unb 3l5oIf§funbe

^rofeRot an btr UnictriltSt ®r«j.

I. 23anb. 8«. VIII, 412 ©. 1885. Tl. 1.—, geb. 3??. 8.-.
Sttbalt: Swr©^ra^flcjc^td^te. I. 2)a§ inboiicnnauifdie
Uvbolf. II. 3)le ctru§ftfd)C ©prad)frafle. III. lleber ©pracfte
unb i^iterntur ber Stibaitefeu. IV. Sa? I)eutige @ried)ifd).
V. Sonftanttn SatfiaS imb bie ©labenfratje in ©rtecbenlaiib.
3urt)ci9lcid^enben9Jittrf^enfuubc. I. Joltlore. II. 2)larcften=
for^d)uurt nub 5(Itcrt{)um§n)t[fcnfcf)aft. III. 3regt)ptiidje 3Jidrd&en.
IV. 2h-afaifd)c aJJard)en. V. Stmor unb ^ft)c^e. VI. S)ie Qitellen
be§ 2)ecamevone. VII. @ubf[nDif(^e 2}Jdrd)en. VIII. 2)er Dtatten^
fdngcrtton.'oamelii. IX. ®er Lottie be§3:obe§. X.9ii|3baii2BtnHe.
3ut flienntnife beS 2Joif81icbc8. I. Snbifdie iMerseilen.
II. 9'ieugried)ifd)e 2>oIf§poene. HI. ©tubien iiber 'i>a% 8d)naber=
^ii^jfel. 1. 3ur 2itevatitr ber ©d)iiaberl)iipfel. 2. 33terjeile unb

nie^rftvopl)ifd)e§ fiieb. 3. Uebet ben Skturetngang be§ ©d)naber=

i)upfel§. — Stnmerfuugen.
II. fflonb. 8«. VI, 380®. 1893. 3J?. 6.-, geb. 3^.7.-.
Snt)alt: %xa\\i 2?opp.
I. —
II. ©eorg ©iirtiu^. —
III. SStUfptad&e unb aBeltfpradien. —
IV. ®tru5fi)d)e§ an§
2legi)ptcn. —
V. ®te Shtsipradie be§ @vied)tfdien. VI. SQon —
ber fd)Ie[ifd)en 5Dlnnbart. —
VII. 3nv S^nrafteriftif ber inbtt'dicn
gtteratur. 1. SlUgemeine ©runblagen. 2. S)er 3?eba. 3. jRalU
bafa. — VIII. 3igeunerpI)Uologte. —
IX. a^oif^Iieber nn§
^Biemont. —
X. Sfeugricdiifc^e ^od)jeitabraud)e. XT. 3nr —
SSolf'Jtuube ber 3(Ipeiilanber. — XII. f^iimilrfi^ 2>olfi4iteratur.
— XIII. 2)a§ 9{aubent)cfen auf ber ^i^altanfialbinfel. —
XIV. Sine ffiefd)td)te ber bt)santinifd)eu fiiteratur. — XV.
Srt^en im a^Mttetalter. XVI. 2)a§ bentige (i5vied)enlaub. -
—
XVII. ®ried)tfdie Dkiieniomente. 1. %o\\ iS^orfu nad) 5(t[)eii.
2. 2ltl)en. 3. 3m Saube ber ^elopiben. - XVIII. 3ante. —
XIX. 23on 'Sriubifi nad) Secce. 2, Scccc.
5(pnlifd)e JJcifetage. 1.

3. S?n(iniern, 4. Xarent. —
XX. 23ei ben iHlbauefen 3taHen^'.
— XXI. %a% Subilaum ber UniPerfitdt in 5?o(ogiia. 9hi= —
merfuugeu.
Der wissenschaftliche Wert eines Werkes von Gustav Meyer
1st stets iiber allem Zweifel erhaben ; das vorliegende ist aber ver-
moge seiner glanzenden Darstellung von Anton Schonbac'i fiir
wUrdig befunden worden, in seinem Buche „Uber Lesen und Bildung,
4. Auflage" unter den Werken aufgefiihrt zu werden, die einen Ehren-
platz in dcm geistigen Haushalt jedes Qebildeten verdienen.
 • .

30 Veri.ag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Haridbiich
der

neugriechischen Volkssprache.
Grammatik, Texte und Glossar.
Von
Dr. A. Thumb,
a. o. Professor an der Universitat Freiburg i. Dr

80. XXV, 240 S. mit einer Schrifttafel. 1896. Broschiit M. 6. —

in Leinwand gebunden M. 7- —
„Endlich einmal eine brauchbare Grammatik der neugriechischen
Volkssprache, ein Buch, das nicht jenes aus alien moglichen Formen zu-
sammeng-ebraute Kauderwelsch der Zeitung'en und Biicher, soudern die in
gesetzmassiger Entwicklung entstandene lebendige Sprache der Gegen-
wart lehrt! Th. hat es verstanden, den wichtigsten Sprachstoff auf sehr
kuappem Raume mitzuteilen, indent er sich auf die Verzeichnung der That-
sachen mit den unentbehrlichsten Erklarungeu beschrankte die gram- ;

matische Abteilung des Handbuches umfasst nur 124 Seiten dann folgeii ;

gemeinneugriechisehe und dialektische Texte in Poesie und Prosa (S. 127 bis

194), endlich ein Glossar (S. 19"j-239). Hundertmal bin ich nach einem
praktischen Handbuch der neugriechischen Volkssprache gefragt wordeS,
und stets war ich in Verlegenheit, was ich den Leuten eigentlich nennen
sollte ;die gleiche Verlegenheit driickte mich jedesmal, wenn ich eine \ or-
lesung iiber neugriechische Grammatik hielt und den Zuhiirern zur Ver-
einfachung und Erleichterung deS Unterrichts etwas Gedrucktes in die
Hand geben wollte. Wer die Not so an eigenster Haut gefiihlt hat, wird
dem Verfasser fiir seine schone Arbeit doppelt dankbar sein und gerno
darauf verzichten, ihm einzelue Unebenheiten aufzumutzen. Mochte nun
auch eine historische Grammatik des Neugriechischen, die dem byzan-
tinischen Studienkreise noch naher liegen wurde uns bald
, bescheerl
werden !" A". K. {Byzantinische Ziitschrift i^QS >• ^•^o).

Berneker, Dr. Erich, Die preussische Sprache. Grammatik,

Texte. etymologisches Worterbuch. 8". XII u. 335 S.
1896. M._ 8.-
Luick, Karl, Untersuchungen zur engllschen Lautgeschichte.
80. XVIU, 334 S. 1896. M. 9- -
Viljoen, W. J., Beitrage zur Geschichte der Cap-hoUan-
dischen Sprache. H". 58 S. 1896. M. 1.50.
Wiedemann, Dr. Oskar, Handbuch der litauischen Sprache.
Grammatik. Texte, Worterbuch. 80. XVI, 350 S. 1897.
M. 9 —
In Vorbereitung .sind:

Fortunatow, Philipp F., (Prof. a. d. Univ. Moskau) Vor- .

lesungen iiber die Lautlehre der altslavischen (alt-

kirclienslavischen) Sprache. Deutsch von Dr. Kricli
Berneker. 8". ca. 18 Bogen.
Simonyi, Sigmund (Prof. a. d. Universitat Budapest), Die
ungariches Sprache. Geschiclite und Grammatik. 8".

ca. 30 Bogen.
 1.

Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg. 3

Griechische Geschichte
Julius Beloch.
I. Band: Bis auf die sophistische Bewegung und den
peloponnesischen Krieg. gr. 8". XII, 637 S 1893.
Broschiit M. 7.50. in Halbfran/, gebunden y.50.
II. Band Bis auf Aristoteles und die Eroberung Asiens.
:

Mit Gesanitregister und einer Karte. gr. 8". XIII, 720 S.

1897. Broschiit M. 9. — in Halbfrz. gelninden M. 11.—.
,

I. u. II. Band coniplet in 2 Halbfranzbande gebunden M. 20. —

„ . . . Das Gauze ist fliessend geschrieben, von durchsich-
tiger Klarheit, gleich abgerundet in Foini und Fassung. So tiitt
das Buch mit deni Anspruch auf, dem deutschen Publilcuni zu
bieten, was noch nicht besitzt: eine von v\'iiklich
es bis jetzt
liistorischem Geist getragene und zugleich lesbare Geschichte
Grieclienlands.. Kef. steht nicht an zu erkliiren, dass es dicsen
Anspruch in weitem Unifang
erfijllt. Durch einen freien und
weiten Blick, durch urafassende historische Kenntnisse, durch
grilndliche Durcharbeitung des Materials war der Verf. fiir seine
Aufgabe vorbereitet. Von der Selbstanrligkeit und der vor keiner
Consequenz zuri'ickschreckenden Energie seines historischen Ur-
teils hat er schon friiher vielfach Proben abgelegt ." . ,

Eduard Meyer im Literarischen Centralblatt i8g4, Nr. 4.

Der eigentliche Vorzug des Werkes liegt auf dem Ge-
biete der Darsteilung der wirtscha ft lichen und
social en Grundlagen desLebens. in denen B. die
materiellen Grundlagen erkennt, auf denen sich die grossartigen
Umwalzungen, auch der geistigen und politischen Entwickelung
vollzogen. Da B. gerade in dieser Beziehung das Material be-
herrscht , vv'ie nicht leicht ein anderer Forscher, so durfte man
hierin von seiner Darsteilung Ausfiihrliches und Vorzijgliches
erwarten ....
Glanzpunkte sind der VII. Abschnitt: Die
Umwalzung im Wirtschaftsleben (vom 7- zum 6. Jahrh.) und der
XU.: Der wirtschaftliche Aufschwung nach den Perserkriegen
.... Ueber die Bevolkerungsverhaltnisse, ijber die Getrcide-
einfuhr, iiber das Aufhoren der Natural- und den Beginn der
Geldwirtschaft, die Ertriignisse der Industrie und des Handels,
fiber Zinsen, ArbeitsRihne etc. erhalten wir die eingehendsten
Aufschliisse und wundern uns, wie diese wichtigen Dinge
bei der Darsteilung der griechisch en Geschic hte l)is-
her unberiicksichtigt l)leiben konnten.
... Die Form Atx Darsteilung ist eine ausserordentlich
gewandte und fliessende.
Bl. f. d. Gy7n}iasialschidwescn, XXX. Jahrg. S. 6ji u.
ff.
 .

^2 Verlag von KARL J. TRUBNER in Strassburg.

Soeben erschien: Gresch.ich.te

Griechischen Plastik
Maxime Collignon
Mitglied des Instituts, Professor an der Faculte des Lettres in Paris.

Erster Band Anfange -- Friiharchaische Kunst - Reifer Arcbaismus

:
—
Die grosser! Meister des V. Jahrhunderts. Ins Deutsche ubertragen
und niit Anmerkungen begleitet von Eduard Thraemer, a. o.
Professor an der Universitat Strassburg. Mit 12 Tateln in Chromo-
lithngraphie oder Heliogravure und 281 Abb. im Text. Lex. 8°. XV,
592 S. 189". Broschirt M. 20. - in eleg. Halbl'ranzband M. 25. -
,
.

Zweiter Band: Der Einfluss der grossen Meister des V. Jahrhunderts —

Das IV. Jahrhundert. — Die hellenistische Zeit. — Die griechische
Kunst unter romischer Herrschaft. Ins Deutsche iibertragen von Fritz
Baiimgarten, Professor am Gymnasium zu Freiburg i B. Mit
12 Tafelu in Chromolithographie oder Heliograviire und 377 Ab-
bildungen im Text. Lex. 8°. XII, 763 S. 1898. Broschirt M. 24. - ,

in eleg. Halbfranzband M. 30. —

„Collignon's Histoire de la
sculpture grecque, hat mit Recht
. . .

uberall eine sehr gunstige Auf-

nahme gefunden. Der Verf. steht
von vorn herein auf dem Boden,
der dureh die umwalzenden Ent-
deckungen der letzten Jahrzehnte
geschaffen ist, und betrachtet von
dieseni neu gewonnenen Stand-
punkte aus audi die alteren That-
sachen und Forschungsergebnisse.
Er beherrscht die einschlagigeLite-
ratur, in der die deutsche Forsch-
ung einen bedeutenden Platz ein-
nimmt, und weiss die Streit-
fragen oder die Thatsachen in
geschmackvoller Form und ohne
ermiiuonde Breite darzustellen.
Eine grosse Anzahl gut aus-
gefiihrter Textillustrationen, nach
zum grossten Teil neu ange-
fertigten Zeichnungen, dient dem
Texte zu anschaulicher Belebung
und bietet eiue vornehme Zierde des Buches, sehr verschieden von jenen oft
nichtssagenden Umrissen, welchen wir in ahnlichen Biichern so oft be-
gegnen. So war es ein glucklioher Gedanke, Collignon's Werk dem
deutschen Publikum, nlcht bios dem gelehrten, durch eine deutsche Ueber-
setzung naher zu bi-ingen. Der Uebersetzer, Dr. Ed. Thraemer, hat seine
nicht ganz einfache Aufgabe vortrefflich gelost: die Darstellung liest
sich sehr gut und man wird nicht leicht daran erinnert, dass man eine
Uebersetzung vor sich hat. Hier und da ist ein leichtes thatsachliches
Versehen stillschweigend berichtigt, anderswo durch einen (als solcher
bezeichneten) Zusatz ein Hinweis auf entgegenstehende AutTassuugen, auf
neuerdings bekannt gewordene Thatsachen, auf neu erschienene Literatur
gegeben . . Im Ganzen jedoch handelt es sich um eine Uebersetzung,
.

nicht um eine durchgehende Bearbeitung des Originalwerkes, so dass der

Leser Uberall Collignon's Auffassungen ohue frenide Aenderungen kennen
lernt .... /s. yLiter. Ceutralblatt i^4g. Nr. JS-/
 O
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