KIDAPAWAN CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

Simplified Self-Learning Module in Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Quarter 4/Module 1

Name: _______________________________________________ Grade and Section: __________________

School: ______________________________________________ LRN: ______________________________
Teacher: _____________________________________________ Score: _____________________________

I. Competencies/Objectives
a. Discuss the different geological hazards
b. Analyze the causes of geological hazards
c. Recognize signs of impending geological hazards.
d. Interpret geological maps.
e. Apply mitigation strategies to prevent loss of lives and properties
II. Subject Matter/Topic
a. Rainfall-induced landslide and Sinkholes (DRR11/12-IIa-b-27)
b. Causes of sinkholes and rainfall-induced landslides (DRR11/12-IIa-b-28)
c. Signs of impending geological hazards (DRR11/12-IIa-b-29)
d. Geologic maps (DRR11/12-IIa-b-30)
e. Geologic mitigation strategies (DRR11/12-IIa-b-31)
III. Learning Resources
a. Rimando, R.E, RBS Disaster Risk Readiness and Risk Reduction, pp248-251,2016)
b. Google, usgs.gov
IV. Procedure

Day 1.
Activity 1. DIRECTION: Identify whether the given example is a geologic hazard or not. Write YES or NO before each given
example.
______1. Earthquakes
______2. Floods
______3. Rainfall-induced landslides
______4. Rapid-Sediment movement
______5. Subsidence

What is the difference between a sinkhole and ground subsidence?

Sinkholes are just one of many forms of ground collapse, or subsidence. Land subsidence is a gradual settling or sudden
sinking of the Earth’s surface owing to subsurface movement of earth materials. The principal causes of land subsidence are
aquifer-system compaction, drainage of organic soils, underground mining, hydrocompaction, natural compaction, sinkholes,
and thawing permafrost. Land subsidence can affect areas that are thousands of square miles in size.
A sinkhole is a depression in the ground that has no natural external surface drainage. Basically, this means that when it
rains, all of the water stays inside the sinkhole and typically drains into the subsurface. Sinkholes are most common in what
geologists call, “karst terrain.” These are regions where the type of rock below the land surface can naturally be dissolved by
groundwater circulating through them. Soluble rocks include salt beds and domes, gypsum, and limestone and other
carbonate rock.
What is the difference between a sinkhole and a pothole?
A sinkhole is a closed natural depression in the ground surface caused by removal of material below the ground and either
collapse or gradual subsidence of the surface into the resulting void. A pothole is usually a fairly small feature caused by
failure of paving materials, usually associated with roads, parking lots, and airports.
(What is the difference between a sinkhole and land subsidence? (usgs.gov)

Day 2: Ground Subsidence

What is Ground Subsidence?

 It is a relative lowering of the Earth’s surface usually with respect to the mean sea level. It can be a result of any of
the following: dissolution and collapse of limestone, excessive groundwater withdrawal, mining, and oil and gas
extraction, earthquakes, and change of season.
(Rimando, R.E, RBS Disaster Risk Readiness and Risk Reduction, pp248,2016)
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JP Laurel Quirino Drive, Kidapawan City Shiela Amor Catacutan
Tel. No. (064) 5724144/ (064) 5779654
Disaster Risk Reduction Management
Website: depedkidapawancity.com/
Grade XI & Grade XII
Email: kidapawan.city@deped.gov.ph
Activity 2. DIRECTION: Arrange the stages of cave formation/sinkhole collapse guided by the illustration below. Write
numbers 1-4 before each given description, number one (1) as the first stage.
1 2 3 4

Source:http://water.usgs.gov/edu/graphics/sinkholecollapse.gif

_______A. Spalling continues; the cohesive covering sediments form a structural arch.
_______B. Sediments spall into a cavity.
_______C. The cavity eventually breaches the ground surface, creating sudden and dramatic sinkholes.
_______D. The cavity migrates form a structural arch.

Causes of Ground Subsidence

1. Carbonate dissolution and collapse. This is common in the Philippines which has an abundance of limestone
terrains due to its geographic setting and extensive coastlines. Acidic rainwater in nature is formed by the mixing of
Carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere. When Acid rainwater seeps into the ground, limestone
dissolved little by little and create voids.
2. Excessive groundwater withdrawal. The pressure of the fluids filling up voids in permeable sedimentary rocks
supports the overlying rock layers and the ground surface. But when fluids are withdrawn in an area, by deep well
pumps for domestic and industrial consumption at a rate surpasses the rate of replenishment, the fluid pressure will
not be maintained and will result in compaction of the sedimentary rock layers and lowering of the ground surface
level.
3. Extraction of oil and natural gas. Withdrawal of these fluids is mainly anthropogenic but can also be caused by
natural processes as by outflow through springs.
4. Underground mining methods.
5. Isostatic rebound. Earth’s crust which is floating on the athenosphere, reacts to the addition or removal of load on
its surface. If a large mass is removed,through weathering and erosion or melting of large ice sheet glaciers, uplift
takes place. On the other, areas which receive large deposits of sediments like valleys and bodies of water tend to
become even lower in elevation.
6. Change in season. During wet season, clays in the soil tend to expand and shrink again during dry season. This
happens over the entire area covered with significant amount of clay soil and causes the ground to expand and
contract alternatingly. Buildings and other property resting on this type of ground may suffer cracking and
foundation failure if these are not designed to cope with such situations.

 Source:(Rimando, R.E, RBS Disaster Risk Readiness and Risk Reduction,pp248-251,2016)

Day 3: Rainfall-induced landslide

The most frequent and widespread damaging landslides in the U.S. are induced (started) by prolonged or heavy
rainfall. The majority of rainfall-induced landslides are shallow (less than a few meters deep), small, and move rapidly.
Many rainfall-induced landslides transform into debris flows (fast-moving slurries of water, soil, and rock) as they travel down
steep slopes, especially those that enter stream channels where they may mix with additional water and
sediment). Research at the USGS to improve understanding and predictive tools for rainfall-induced landslides relies on a
network of hillside hydrologic monitoring stations to provide data about response of soil moisture and water pressures in the
shallow subsurface to rainfall and snowmelt. These data provide observations informing conceptual models as well as
ground truth for testing numerical models of rainfall infiltration, subsurface flow, and slope instability. The monitoring network
also provides opportunities to evaluate approaches for landslide early warning. Landslide warning systems exist in several
countries and a few areas of the U.S. The USGS collaborates with the National Weather Service on a prototype debris-flow
warning system for post-fire debris flows in southern California. Since the 1980’s, prediction of rainfall-induced landslides
has relied on maps of landslide susceptibility and catalogs of landslide occurrence and corresponding rainfall amounts
(rainfall thresholds). Due to their incomplete description of conditions needed to induce landslides, conventional rainfall
thresholds have considerable uncertainty. For example, in the case of Seattle, Washington, when rainfall exceeds existing
thresholds there is only a 10% to 70% chance of landslide occurrence. USGS research seeks to improve the reliability of
landslide warning criteria through field monitoring efforts to better define the relationships between landslide timing, soil
moisture or pore-water pressure conditions, rainfall intensity, and other factors that influence occurrence of landslides.
Numerical modeling efforts also underway provide additional insight and are expected to help extend landslide warning tools
to areas where detailed historical landslide information is unavailable.
Source: Overview of Rainfall-Induced Landslides (usgs.gov)

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Activity 3.
DIRECTION: Answer the following:

A. List the three (3) numerical models being tested by the predictive tools for rainfall-induced landslides according to the
USGS.
1.__________________________2. ___________________________3. ____________________________

B. Where does rainfall-induced landslides prediction has relied since 1980’s according to USGS?
1.___________________________________________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________________________________________

Day 4: Geologic map.

Activity 4. DIRECTION: Interpret the hazard map and provide what is being asked.

1. Specific place you or your relatives/friends living in Kidapawan City: __________________________

2. Level of landslide the place susceptible to landslide: _______________________________________

I. Assessment
DIRECTION: Choose one geologic hazard and develop a family emergency plan to guide you and your family on
what to do before, during, and after the occurrence of the said event to prevent loss of lives and properties
(separate long bond paper).

CRITERIA
CONTENT 20 points
CREATIVITY 20points
TOTAL 40 points

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