Basis:

Theorem: Let 𝑆 = 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , , , , 𝑣𝑛 be a set of vectors in a vector space 𝑉

and 𝑊 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛(𝑆). Then some subset of 𝑆 is a basis for 𝑊.

Procedure for finding a basis for 𝑾 = 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏(𝑺):

Algorithm 1 (Row Space algorithm)
Step 1: Form the matrix M whose rows are given vectors.
Step 2: Row reduce M to echelon form.
Step 3: Output the nonzero rows of the echelon matrix.
 Basis:
Algorithm 4.2 (Casting-out algorithm)
Step 1. Form the matrix M whose columns are the given vectors.
Step 2. Row reduce M to echelon form.
Step 3. For each column in the echelon matrix without a pivot, delete
(cast out) the vector from the list S of given vectors.
Step 4. Output the remaining vectors in S (which correspond to
columns with pivots).
 Basis:
Example: Let 𝑆 = 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , 𝑣4 , 𝑣5 be a set of vectors in 𝑅4 .
𝑣1 = 1,2, −2,1 , 𝑣2 = −3,0, −4,3 , 𝑣3 = 2,1,1, −1
𝑣4 = −3,3, −9,6 , 𝑣5 = 9,3,7, −6
Find a subset of 𝑆 that is a basis for 𝑊 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑆 .
Solution: Algorithm 1 (Row Space algorithm)
Step 1: Form the matrix M whose rows are given vectors.
1 2 −2 1
−3 0 − 4 3
𝑀= 2 1 1 −1
−3 3 − 9 6
9 3 7 −6
 Basis:
Step 2: The reduced row echelon form4 is
1 0 −1
3
−5
0 1 1
3
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Step 3: Output the nonzero rows of the echelon matrix.
4 −5
𝑢1 = 1,0, , −1 , 𝑢2 = 0,1, , 1 are basis for W.
3 3
 Basis:
Example: Let 𝑆 = 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , 𝑣4 , 𝑣5 be a set of vectors in 𝑅4 .
𝑣1 = 1,2, −2,1 , 𝑣2 = −3,0, −4,3 , 𝑣3 = 2,1,1, −1
𝑣4 = −3,3, −9,6 , 𝑣5 = 9,3,7, −6
Find a subset of 𝑆 that is a basis for 𝑊 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑆 .
Solution: Algorithm 4.2 (Casting-out algorithm)
Step 1: Form the matrix M whose columns are the given vectors

1 −3 2 −3 9
2 0 1 3 3
𝑀=
−2 − 4 1 −9 7
1 3 −1 6 −6
 Basis:
Step 2. Row reduce M to echelon form.

1 3 3
1 0
2 2 2
1 3 5
𝑀= 0 1 − −
2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Step 3. For each column in the echelon matrix without a pivot, delete (cast out) the
vector from the list S of given vectors.
𝒗𝟑 , 𝒗𝟒 , 𝒗𝟓 are without pivots.
Step 4. Output the remaining vectors in S (which correspond to columns with
pivots).
{𝑣1 , 𝑣2 } is a basis of W.
 Practice Questions:
Book: Linear Algebra, 4th Edition (2009) Lipschutz-Lipson (uploaded @ LMS)

Row Space & Column Space: Page # 144 Questions: 4.41

Basis for Subspace: Page # 141 Questions: 4.30 & 4.31
Basis for Subspace: Page # 158 Questions: 4.97