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The distinction between lexical and grammatical expressions

The word is a two-sided unity: it combines form and meaning. A sound or letter sequence
becomes a word only when it acquires meaning. Distinguish between lexical and grammatical
meaning.
Lexical meaning is the content of a word, reflecting in the mind and fixing in it the idea of
an object, property, process, phenomenon, etc.
The lexical commonality of words is enclosed, as a rule, in the root morpheme - the carrier
of a conceptual idea. The lexical meaning, therefore, represents the semantic side of the word
and is devoid of a standard (regular) expression.
A word may have several free meanings, which directly reflect various objects and
phenomena of reality (compare the heading - "headdress" and "heading in large print, common to
several articles").
If you try to "decompose" the numerous definitions of a word into their constituent
components, then three elements will clearly stand out:
1) an object for which a word is used (“a word is the most important structural and semantic
unit of a language, serving to name objects, processes, properties” - the definition of a word
proposed by OS Akhmanova);
2) a sound shell (the following definition: a word is a sound or a complex of sounds that
have meaning and are used in speech as an independent whole - A.V. Kalinin);
3) the concept of a named object that arises in the mind of a person (cf. a word is the shortest
unit of language that expresses the concept of an object, process, phenomenon of reality, their
properties or relations between them - D.E. Rosenthal).
All three elements are interconnected, forming the so-called semantic triangle, the top of
which is the phonetic shell of the word, and the two opposite angles are the object and concept.
The phonetic shell of a word (that is, the sequence of its sounds) is connected in the human mind
and in the language system, on the one hand, with the object of reality (phenomenon, process,
feature), and on the other, with the concept, with the idea of this object. The concept is the basis
for the formation of the meaning of the word. The concept expressed by the word corresponds
not to a separate, concrete object, but to a whole class of homogeneous objects, thus representing
the highest form of generalization.
The meaning of a word can be broader than a concept, since there is one concept in a word,
and there can be several meanings, especially for polysemous words (the word core, for example,
expressing the concept of "the inner part of something", has several meanings: 1) the inner part
of the fruit, enclosed in a hard shell (kernel of a nut) ', 2) the inner, central part of something (the
nucleus of an atom)', 3) the most important part of the cell of an animal and plant organism, etc.)
Grammatical meaning is a generalized, abstract linguistic meaning inherent in a number of
words, word forms, syntactic constructions and finding its regular expression in grammatical
forms.
The grammatical meaning differs from the lexical one by a higher level of abstraction, since
“This is an abstraction of signs and relationships” (AA Reformatsky). The grammatical meaning
is not individual, since it belongs to a whole class of words, united by a common morphological
properties and syntactic functions. Some particular grammatical meanings can change in a word
in its different grammatical forms (for example, a change in the meaning of number and case in
nouns or tense in verb forms, while the lexical meaning of the word remains unchanged for
them). Unlike the lexical meaning, the grammatical is not called by the word directly, directly,
but is expressed in it "along the way", in a strictly defined way, with the help of grammatical
means (affixes) specially assigned to it. It accompanies the lexical meaning of the word, being its
additional meaning.
The grammatical meaning of a word is often also referred to its derivational meaning (if the
word is derivative), since word formation is part of the grammatical structure of the language.
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Word-formation meaning is a generalized meaning inherent only in motivated words, expressed
by word-formation means.
Despite the fact that the grammatical meaning is, as it were, a side meaning of the word, it
plays an essential role in creating the integral meaning of the sentence (for example, I put a gift
from a friend ... and I put a gift to a friend ...,), changing the grammatical meaning of the case in
the word a friend leads to a change in the meaning of the sentence.
Grammatical and lexical meanings represent the main types of the content plan of linguistic
units. In the word, they appear in unity, and for some categories of words they are simply
indivisible. For example, about the semantics of pronouns, it can be argued that it has an
intermediate, transitional nature between vocabulary and grammar.
The functional classification of word elements - morphemes - is based on the opposition of
lexical and grammatical meanings. However, division into roots, prefixes, suffixes, inflections,
etc. requires a more detailed differentiation of meanings.
Some grammatical meaning can over time, losing its obligation and narrowing the scope of
its application, turn into a lexical one.
In general, despite all borderline and transitional cases, lexical and grammatical meanings
retain their global opposition in the language system.
Not all words have lexical meaning, that is, internal meaning, but only those that can express
concepts. Such words are called full-valued or independent. From a grammatical point of view,
these include: nouns, adjectives, numbers, verbs, adverbs, pronouns.
Service words, modal words and interjections of concepts do not denote, and they are not
associated with objects of reality. These words have special meanings: they express to find
relationships and feelings to something: certainly, fortunately, etc. At the heart of the lexical
meaning, which only full-valued words have, is a concept, but there is no equality between the
lexical meaning and the concept ... A concept is a copy of an object of reality in our thinking.
The concept in a word is always one, and there can be several meanings. For example, green can
have the following meanings:
• Green pencil (color characteristic);
• Green fruit (degree of ripeness, compare: ripe fruit);
• Green face (characteristic of ill health, degree of fatigue);
• Green age (degree of social maturity).
Only if the word is a term, the concept coincides with the meaning. For example: suffix,
root, phoneme, etc. The main difference between a concept and a meaning is that a concept is a
copy, an exact designation, and the meaning always includes an emotionally expressive
coloration (modality). For example: the word sun - there is a diminutive-caressing shade; the
word grandmother is dismissive. The concept of these shades cannot be (compare: the use of the
words morpheme, phoneme is illiterate).
In any word, there is also a grammatical meaning. Grammatical meanings complement
lexical meanings and reflect the belonging of a word to a certain grammatical category. The
grammatical categories are the values of gender, number, case, declension, voice, type, etc.
Grammatical meanings help to classify the vocabulary of the Russian language. For example, the
words airplane, school, walking have nothing in common in terms of lexical meaning, that is,
content, but they have the same grammatical meanings and allow them to be attributed to nouns
in the singular, nominative form.
Not a single word in Russian is left without grammatical meaning. Lexical meanings in all
languages are formed in exactly the same way (subject -> concept -> sound shell -> name).
Grammatical meanings are formed in different ways in different languages. That is why in
Russian there are 6 cases, in German - 4 cases, and in French and English they do not exist at all.
The carrier of the lexical meaning is the stem of the word. For example: tall, height. The
grammatical meaning is expressed using endings, suffixes, prefixes, accents, auxiliary words.
For example, in the word side, the ending -а indicates that this is a feminine noun, singular,
nominative, 1 declension. When the lexical meaning changes, the grammatical meaning of the
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word also changes. This is especially noticeable in the transition from one part of speech to
another (on horseback, around, dining room - these words now have different grammatical
meanings than before).
Thus, a word, which is a unity of form and content, that is, the unity of a sound shell and
meaning, thereby represents a unity of lexical and grammatical meanings. Each word, naming a
particular object or phenomenon, always informs. For example: Pick this flower for me. The
word flower performs two functions in this sentence: it designates a specific object that I need at
a given moment, and it designates an object in general, that is, an object with some specific
features, thanks to which a person recognizes it among other objects. Thus, each word performs
two functions in the language:
1.Nominative, name;
2. Generalizing (one word designates a number of similar objects).
On two key and obligatory functions of the word, a third function can be superimposed -
evaluative (emotionally expressive). For example: a flower.
As an element of the linguistic system, the word obeys grammatical laws and has
grammatical meaning. The grammatical meaning, according to the definition of the Linguistic
Encyclopedic Dictionary, is the meaning expressed by an inflectional morpheme (grammatical
indicator). A.A. Potebnya wrote about the “immediate” and “further” meaning of the word:
“What is the meaning of the word? Obviously, linguistics considers the meaning of words only
up to a certain limit. Otherwise, linguistics would contain the content of all other sciences. ...The
fact. that the meaning of a word means two different things, of which one, subject to linguistics,
we will call the closest, and the other, which is the subject of other sciences, the further meaning
of the word. Only one immediate meaning of the word constitutes the actual content of thought
”.
Grammatical meanings find their morphological or syntactic expression in the language.
They are expressed mainly in the form of the word, which is formed:
a) internal inflection: towrite - tobewritten (meanings of a perfect and imperfect form);
b) stress: topresent - present
c) in an analytical way. I read - I will read (values of time), beautiful— more beautiful -
most beautiful (values of degree of comparison);
f) mixed (synthetic and analytical way): toschool - atschool (expressed by the preposition
and case form).
The lexical meaning of a word, as defined by the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary,
usually means its subject-material content, designed according to the laws of the grammar of a
given language and which is an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this
language. The socially fixed content of a word can be homogeneous. The lexical commonality of
words is enclosed, as a rule, in the root morpheme - the carrier of a conceptual idea. The lexical
meaning, therefore, represents the semantic side of the word and is devoid of a standard (regular)
expression. According to the classical definition of VV Vinogradov, the lexical meaning of a
word is “subject-material content, formed according to the laws of the grammar of a given
language and which is an element of the general semantic system of the dictionary of this
language”. According to V.V. Vinogradov, the lexical meaning of a word is considered in
different directions:
1-word is not only the name of an object or objects, but also an expression of meaning, and
sometimes a whole system of meanings: foot (foot) - tofoot (to go) - footofcliff (foot) - footofbed
(end)
2-interactions of lexical meanings with grammatical ones for various types of prepositions,
conjunctions, particles and other categories of service words: the verb tobe
a) be after 1-want I am after a new job.
2-chase The dog is after a cat.
b) be at He is always at me, no matter what I do.
3-nominative meaning of the word:
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a) subject (nominative) value (lose a key - lose one's temper)
b) the defining (conceptual) meaning of the meaning constitutes the content of the meaning.
The defining meaning is inseparable from the objective meaning of the word. In the dictionary
entry of the explanatory dictionary, when defining a word, its defining meaning is described. The
nominative and defining components of meaning are required elements of the meaning of
significant words. Changing these components necessarily entails a change in the meaning of the
word. Depending on the nature of the subject and defining meanings in the semantic
classification of vocabulary, groups of conceptually related (single-field) lexical units are
distinguished (see the section "Semantic classification of vocabulary"), as well as the class of
words whose meanings correspond to scientifically developed concepts, ie. a class of terms, as
opposed to words that convey an everyday idea of an object and are used in everyday situations
of verbal communication.
c) emotional value -
soldier-warrior (respect.)
gentleman-gent (joking.)
fabulous-fab (familiar)
head-skull (joking)
d) system-determined associative meaning (associative meaning) is a formally fixed in the
language indication of the connection of the object called by the word with other objects and the
given word with other elements of the linguistic system. Associative links, which are not
formally expressed in the language, are not an element of meaning. For example, although the
concept of north is usually associated with the concept of cold, it cannot be said that the word
north has an associative meaning.
If we look at the difference between grammatical and lexical meaning, we will see:
1-grammatical meanings are not universal, less numerous, form a closed, more clearly
structured class.
2-grammatical meanings, in contrast to lexical ones, are expressed in a mandatory,
"compulsory" order. For example, an English speaker - from the category of certainty of a noun,
number, time. At the same time, for example, in Japanese, the category of number is not
grammatical, since it is expressed optionally at the request of the speaker. The idea of the
obligatory nature of grammatical meanings goes back to the works of F. Boas and R.O.
Yakobson. According to the informal definition given by A. A. Zaliznyak, grammatical
meanings are those meanings "the expression of which is mandatory for all word forms of a
given class of lexemes".
3-lexical and grammatical meanings differ in terms of the ways and means of their formal
expression.
4-grammatical meanings may not have full correspondence in the extra-linguistic sphere (for
example, the categories of number, time usually correspond to reality in one way or another,
while the feminine noun stool and the masculine noun stool are motivated only by their endings).
5- lexical meaning can be explained:
- descriptively, a characteristic of the distinctive features of an object, action, phenomenon;
-through a cognate word;
-selection of synonyms.
But despite all the differences, the lexical meaning is closely related to the grammatical, so
that sometimes they make up a strong unity. For example, the suffix -ness (darkness, boyishness,
happiness) has the grammatical meaning of an abstract noun, while simultaneously denoting the
concept of the quality or state of an object (lexical meaning). It is necessary, however, to
remember that the grammatical meaning is inherent in only one specific word form, while the
lexical meaning is assigned to the entire set of word forms of a given word. Thus, the lexical
meaning of the verb be remains common for the word forms am, is, are, was and were; word
forms boy, boy's and boys are the same in terms of lexical meaning, despite different
grammatical ones. The lexical meaning is most clearly manifested in full-valued words, least of
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all in incomplete, service ones, since their function is a connection between words, and not the
transmission of concepts. The severity of the lexical meaning can be different. For example, in
the expression in the box, the preposition in has a clear 'lexical meaning, and in the combination
give in, its meaning is vague and directly dependent on the verb. It is impossible to give a single,
now generally accepted definition of the lexical meaning of the word, since this issue has not yet
been resolved due to its complexity and a huge variety of approaches to the problem.