# SuperCategory SubCategory Level Lexical Range guideword Can-do statement Example

1 ADJECTIVES combining A1 N/A FORM: COMBINING TWO ADJECTIVES WITH 'AND' Can use 'and' to join a limited range of common adjectives.
2 ADJECTIVES combining A2 N/A FORM: COMBINING TWO ADJECTIVES WITH 'BUT' Can use 'but' to join a limited range of common adjectives, after 'be'.
3 ADJECTIVES combining B1 N/A FORM: BEFORE THE NOUN Can use a comma to combine two adjectives used before the noun, following the usual order of adjective types.
4 ADJECTIVES combining B1 N/A FORM: COMBINING COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES WITH 'AND' Can use 'and' to join a limited range of comparative adjectives.► adjectives: comparatives
5 ADJECTIVES combining B1 N/A FORM: COMBINING MORE THAN TWO ADJECTIVES Can use commas and 'and' to join more than two adjectives, after 'be'.
6 ADJECTIVES combining B1 N/A FORM: COMBINING THE SAME COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE WITH 'AND' Can use 'and' to repeat a comparative adjective to indicate change over time, usually after 'become' or get. ► adjectives: comparatives
7 ADJECTIVES combining B1 1 FORM: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES Can use a limited range of compound adjectives ('good-looking', 'well-known')
8 ADJECTIVES combining B2 2 FORM: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES Can use an increasing range of compound adjectives ('up-to-date', 'state-of-the-art')
9 ADJECTIVES combining B2 N/A FORM: PHRASES MODIFYING NOUNS Can use adjective phrases to modify nouns.
10 ADJECTIVES combining C1 3 FORM: COMPOUND ADJECTIVES Can use a wide range of compound adjectives ('open-minded', 'above-mentioned', 'well-to-do', 'jaw-dropping')
11 ADJECTIVES combining C2 N/A FORM: COMBINING MULTIPLE ADJECTIVES Can combine more complex, lengthy strings of adjectives, joining the last two adjectives with 'and'.
12 ADJECTIVES combining C2 N/A USE: FOCUS Can use a list of adjectives in ellipted clauses before and after a noun, to give focus. ► focus
13 ADJECTIVES comparatives A2 N/A FORM: + -ER Can form comparative adjectives from adjectives of one syllable by adding '-er'.
14 ADJECTIVES comparatives A2 N/A FORM: + -IER Can form comparative adjectives with adjectives of two syllables ending in '-y' by changing the 'y' to an 'I' and adding '-er'.
15 ADJECTIVES comparatives A2 N/A FORM: BEFORE NOUNS Can use comparative adjectives attributively, before nouns.
16 ADJECTIVES comparatives A2 N/A FORM: COMPLEMENT OF 'BE' Can use comparative adjectives as a complement of 'be'.
17 ADJECTIVES comparatives A2 N/A FORM: DOUBLE CONSONANT + '-ER' Can form comparative adjectives with adjectives of one syllable with a short vowel, by doubling the final consonant and adding '-er'
18 ADJECTIVES comparatives A2 N/A FORM: ENDING IN '-E' + '-R' Can form comparative adjectives with adjectives of one syllable ending in 'e', by adding '-r'.
19 ADJECTIVES comparatives A2 N/A FORM: IRREGULAR Can form irregular comparative adjectives.
20 ADJECTIVES comparatives A2 N/A FORM: WITH 'MORE' Can form a range of comparative adjective phrases using 'more' + longer adjectives (usually three or more syllables).
21 ADJECTIVES comparatives A2 N/A FORM: WITH 'THAN' Can use a comparative adjective with 'than' to compare two nouns or noun phrases. ► comparative clauses
22 ADJECTIVES comparatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: WITH '(SO) MUCH' Can use '(so) much' to modify and intensify comparative adjectives used predicatively after a verb, usually 'be'.
23 ADJECTIVES comparatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'A (LITTLE) BIT' Can use 'a (little) bit' to modify comparative adjectives used predicatively after a verb, usually 'be'.
24 ADJECTIVES comparatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'AND' Can use 'and' to repeat a comparative adjective to indicate change over time, usually after 'become' or 'get'. ► adjectives: comparatives
25 ADJECTIVES comparatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'EVEN' Can use 'even' to modify and intensify comparative adjectives used predicatively after a verb, usually 'be' and 'get'.
26 ADJECTIVES comparatives B2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'A LOT' Can use 'a lot' to modify and intensify comparative adjectives used predicatively after a verb, usually 'be'.
27 ADJECTIVES comparatives B2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'MUCH' + NOUN Can use 'much' to modify and intensify comparative adjectives used attributively before countable and uncountable nouns.
28 ADJECTIVES comparatives B2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'SLIGHTLY' Can use 'slightly' to modify comparative adjectives to a small degree.
29 ADJECTIVES comparatives C2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'NO' OR 'NOT ANY' Can use 'no' / 'not any' with comparative adjectives to limit the scale of comparison. ► comparative clauses
30 ADJECTIVES comparatives C2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'NOT THAT MUCH' Can use 'not that much' to modify comparative adjectives to a small degree. ► comparative clauses Although she is not that much older than I am, one could think there were quite a few years between us. (Netherlands; C2 MASTERY; 1993; Dutch; Pass)
31 ADJECTIVES modifying A1 N/A FORM: WITH 'VERY' Can use 'very' with a limited range of common gradable adjectives.
32 ADJECTIVES modifying A2 N/A FORM: WITH DEGREE ADVERBS Can use adverbs of degree ('really', 'so', 'quite') with an increasing range of common gradable adjectives.
33 ADJECTIVES modifying A2 N/A FORM: WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE Can form adjective phrases with a very limited range of adjectives + a prepositional phrase.
34 ADJECTIVES modifying A2 N/A FORM: WITH 'TOO' Can use 'too' with common gradable adjectives.
35 ADJECTIVES modifying A2 N/A FORM: WITH 'TOO' + PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE Can use 'too' + adjective + prepositional phrase I bought them because I noticed that most of my clothes were too small for me. (Japan; A2 WAYSTAGE; 2008; Japanese; Pass)
36 ADJECTIVES modifying B1 N/A FORM: ADJECTIVE PHRASE + NOUN Can use adjective phrases attributively, before a noun.
37 ADJECTIVES modifying B1 N/A FORM: WITH 'ENOUGH' Can use 'enough' to modify adjectives.
38 ADJECTIVES modifying B1 N/A FORM: WITH 'QUITE A' Can form adjective phrases with 'quite a' + adjective.
39 ADJECTIVES modifying B1 N/A FORM: WITH 'TOO' + 'TO'-INFINITIVE Can use 'too' before adjectives followed by 'to'-infinitive.
40 ADJECTIVES modifying B2 N/A FORM: WITH 'ENOUGH' + 'TO'-INFINITIVE Can use 'enough' after adjectives followed by 'to'-infinitive
41 ADJECTIVES modifying B2 N/A FORM: WITH 'RATHER A' Can form adjective phrases with 'rather a' + adjective, often in formal contexts.
42 ADJECTIVES modifying C1 N/A FORM: WITH EXTREME ADVERBS Can modify gradable adjectives with extreme adverbs of degree ('absolutely', 'extremely', 'incredibly', 'totally') to intensify their meaning.
43 ADJECTIVES modifying C2 N/A FORM: COMPARISON Can use adjectives in 'as … as' and 'so … that' in comparative structures. ► comparative clauses
44 ADJECTIVES position A1 1 FORM: ATTRIBUTIVE (WITH NOUNS) Can use a limited range of adjectives attributively, before a noun. ► noun phrases
45 ADJECTIVES position A1 1 FORM: PREDICATIVE, WITH 'BE' Can use a limited range of adjectives predicatively, after 'be'.
46 ADJECTIVES position A2 1 FORM/USE: LIMITING ADJECTIVES Can use a limited range of adjectives ('main', 'only') that limit the noun that they go before.
47 ADJECTIVES position A2 2 FORM: PREDICATIVE, WITH 'BE' Can use an increasing range of adjectives predicatively, after 'be'.
48 ADJECTIVES position A2 1 FORM: PREDICATIVE, WITH LINKING VERBS Can use a limited range of adjectives predicatively, after linking verbs 'look' and 'feel'.
49 ADJECTIVES position B1 N/A FORM: ADJECTIVES WITH PREFIX 'A-' Can use adjectives with the prefix a- ('asleep', 'awake', 'alive', 'alone') predicatively only, after linking verbs.
50 ADJECTIVES position B1 2 FORM: ATTRIBUTIVE (WITH NOUNS)
51 ADJECTIVES position B1 N/A FORM: WITH 'MAKE' AS OBJECT COMPLEMENT Can use adjectives as object complement after 'make'.
52 ADJECTIVES position B1 N/A FORM: WITH PRONOUN Can use an adjective or adjective phrase after pronouns like 'something', 'nothing', 'somewhere', 'nowhere'.
53 ADJECTIVES position B2 1 FORM/USE: DEGREE ADJECTIVES BEFORE NOUNS Can use a limited range of degree adjectives ('real', 'absolute', 'complete') before a noun to express intensity.
54 ADJECTIVES position B2 N/A FORM: ATTRIBUTIVE ONLY, TIME ADJECTIVES Can use the adjectives 'present', 'future', 'former' before a noun.
55 ADJECTIVES position C1 N/A FORM: PAST PARTICPLE AS ADJECTIVE Can use the '–ed' form of a verb as an adjective, after a noun.
56 ADJECTIVES position C2 2 FORM/USE: DEGREE ADJECTIVES BEFORE NOUNS Can use an increasing range of adjectives before a noun to express intensity.
57 ADJECTIVES superlatives A1 N/A FORM: 'MY BEST FRIEND' Can use the irregular superlative adjective 'best' in the phrase 'my best friend'.
58 ADJECTIVES superlatives A2 1 FORM/USE: COMPLEX NOUN PHRASES Can form a limited range of complex noun phrases with a superlative adjective + prepositional phrase, to talk about something unique.► noun phrases ► clauses: comparison
59 ADJECTIVES superlatives A2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'IN' + NOUN Can use prepositional phrases with 'in' + singular name of a place after a superlative adjective.
60 ADJECTIVES superlatives A2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'OF' + NOUN Can use a limited range of prepositional phrases with 'of' after a superlative adjective, to refer to one thing within a set or part of a set.
61 ADJECTIVES superlatives A2 1 FORM: ELLIPSIS, WITH 'THE' Can use 'the' with a limited range of superlative adjectives without a following noun, when the noun is understood.
62 ADJECTIVES superlatives A2 N/A FORM: WITH '-EST' Can form superlative adjectives with adjectives of one syllable with a short vowel, by doubling the final consonant and adding '–est'.
63 ADJECTIVES superlatives A2 N/A FORM: WITH '-EST' Can form superlative adjectives by adding the suffix '-est', to adjectives of one syllable.
64 ADJECTIVES superlatives A2 N/A FORM: WITH '-EST' Can form superlative adjectives using the '-est' suffix, with adjectives of one syllable, and with two-syllable adjectives ending in -y.
65 ADJECTIVES superlatives A2 N/A FORM: WITH 'MY' OR 'YOUR' Can form a noun phrase with 'my' or 'your' + superlative adjective + noun, with a limited range of nouns and contexts. ► noun phrases
66 ADJECTIVES superlatives A2 N/A FORM: WITH '-ST' Can form superlative adjectives using the suffix '-st' to adjectives ending in '–e'.
67 ADJECTIVES superlatives A2 N/A FORM: WITH 'THE' Can form a noun phrase with 'the' + superlative adjective + noun. ► noun phrases
68 ADJECTIVES superlatives A2 N/A FORM: WITH 'THE MOST' Can form superlative adjective phrases using 'the most', with longer adjectives of two or more syllables.
69 ADJECTIVES superlatives B1 2 FORM/USE: COMPLEX NOUN PHRASES Can form an increasing range of complex noun phrases with a superlative adjective + prepositional phrase, to talk about something unique. ► noun phrases
70 ADJECTIVES superlatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'THE BEST' WITH NOUN AND PRESENT PERFECT Can use 'the best' before a noun + present perfect to talk about a unique experience.
71 ADJECTIVES superlatives B1 N/A FORM: 'ONE OF THE' Can use 'one of the' before a superlative adjective, followed by a plural noun. ► noun phrases
72 ADJECTIVES superlatives B1 N/A FORM: 'THE BEST' WITH NOUN AND 'TO-' INFINITIVE Can use 'the best' before a noun + 'to'-infinitive. ► clauses: comparative
73 ADJECTIVES superlatives B1 N/A FORM: WITH DETERMINERS Can form noun phrases with a range of determiners before a superlative adjective. ► noun phrases
74 ADJECTIVES superlatives B2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'BY FAR' Can use the premodifer 'by far' to make a superlative adjective stronger.
75 ADJECTIVES superlatives B2 2 FORM: ELLIPSIS, WITH 'THE' Can use '(one of) the' with an increasing range of superlative adjectives without a following noun, when the noun is understood.
76 ADJECTIVES superlatives B2 N/A FORM: WITH NOUN AND 'TO-' INFINITIVE Can use superlative adjectives before a noun + 'to'-infinitive. ► clauses: comparative
77 ADJECTIVES superlatives C1 N/A FORM/USE: WITH NOUN AND POSTMODFIER Can use a postmodifier to make the superlative stronger in the structure superlative + postmodifier + noun.
78 ADJECTIVES superlatives C1 N/A FORM/USE: WITH POSTMODFIER AND NOUN Can use a postmodifier to make the superlative stronger, in the structure superlative + noun + postmodifier ('possible', 'ever', 'by far').
79 ADJECTIVES superlatives C2 N/A FORM/USE: 'SLIGHTEST', 'FAINTEST' Can use 'the slightest', 'the faintest' with a specific range of nouns to express the least amount possible, most frequently following a negative verb form.
80 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A1 N/A USE: TIME Can use 'soon' in the phrases 'See you soon' and 'Get well soon', as a signing-off device.
81 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A1 1 USE: PLACE Can use a limited range of adverbs ('here', 'there') to indicate place.
82 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A1 1 USE: FREQUENCY Can use a limited range of adverbs ('always', 'sometimes') to talk about frequency.
83 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A1 N/A USE: 'VERY' WITH ADJECTIVES Can use 'very' to make adjectives stronger.
84 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A1 N/A USE: DEGREE WITH VERBS Can use 'really' and 'very much' with verbs expressing preference ('like', 'love'), for emphasis.
85 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A2 1 USE: TIME Can use a limited range of adverbs ('yesterday', 'just', 'now', 'already',) to refer to the timing of an event.
86 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A2 2 USE: FREQUENCY Can use an increasing range of adverbs ('usually', 'often', 'never', 'weekly') to talk about frequency.
87 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A2 1 USE: DEGREE, WITH ADJECTIVES Can use a limited range of degree adverbs ('so', 'quite', 'too') to modify adjectives.
88 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A2 1 USE: DEGREE WITH VERBS Can use a limited range of adverbs and adverb phrases ('so much', 'a lot') with verbs to indicate degree or intensity. ► determiners
89 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A2 1 USE: MANNER Can use a limited range of manner adverbs and adverb phrases to modify how something happens.
90 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A2 1 USE: LINKING Can use a limited range of adverbs ('also', 'so', 'however') to show a relationship between two clauses or sentences.
91 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A2 1 USE: FOCUS Can use a limited range of adverbs ('only', 'just') to focus on or point to something.
92 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A2 1 USE: SEQUENCING Can use a limited range of adverbs and adverb phrases ('first', 'then', 'after that') to order segments of discourse.
93 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A2 1 USE: CERTAINTY Can use a limited range of adverbs ('maybe', 'perhaps') to indicate degrees of certainty.
94 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers A2 1 USE: STANCE Can use a limited range of adverbs ('actually', 'unfortunately', 'of course', 'I’m sorry') to indicate an attitude or viewpoint.
95 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B1 2 USE: TIME Can use an increasing range of adverbs to refer to the timing of an event.
96 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B1 2 USE: PLACE Can use an increasing range of adverbs and adverb phrases ('near', 'far away', 'upstairs', 'downstairs') to indicate place.
97 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B1 2 USE: DEGREE WITH VERBS Can use an increasing range of degree adverbs ('a little', 'a bit') with verbs to indicate degree or intensity. ► determiners
98 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B1 N/A USE: DEGREE, 'REALLY REALLY' Can use 'really really' with verbs and adjectives for emphasis.
99 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B1 2 USE: MANNER Can use an increasing range of manner adverbs and adverb phrases to modify how something happens.
100 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B1 2 USE: LINKING Can use an increasing range of adverbs ('therefore', 'furthermore', 'otherwise') to show a relationship between two clauses or sentences.
101 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B1 2 USE: FOCUS Can use an increasing range of focusing adverbs ('particularly', 'especially') to point to or highlight something. ► adverbs: position
102 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B1 2 USE: ORGANISING Can use adverbs as discourse markers to organise text. ► adverbs: position ► Discourse markers
103 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B1 2 USE: CERTAINTY Can use an increasing range of adverbs to indicate degrees of certainty.
104 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B1 2 USE: STANCE Can use an increasing range of adverbs ('completely', 'obviously', 'clearly', 'actually', 'luckily', 'honestly', 'sadly', 'basically', 'obviously', 'hopefully') to indicate an attitude or viewpoint.
105 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B2 3 USE: TIME Can use a wide range of adverbs and adverb phrases to refer to the timing of an event.
106 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers B2 3 USE: MANNER Can use a wide range of manner adverbs to modify how something happpens.
107 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers C1 3 USE: DEGREE, WITH ADJECTIVES Can use a wide range of adverbs with adjectives to express degree or intensity.
108 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers C1 3 USE: CERTAINTY Can use a wide range of adverbs to indicate degrees of certainty.
109 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers C1 3 USE: STANCE Can use a wide range of stance adverbs (simply, truly, surely, apparently, naturally, surprisingly, inevitably, literally, exceptionally, frankly, clearly, amazingly, wisely, admittedly) to indicate an attitude or viewpoint, often in clause initial position.
110 ADVERBS adverbs as modifiers C2 N/A USE: DISTANCING Can use adverbs mid clause, to distance the writer from what they are saying.
111 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings A1 N/A FORM: 'VERY' + ADJECTIVES Can use 'very' to modify common gradable adjectives.
112 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings A1 N/A FORM: 'VERY' + TIME ADVERBS Can use 'very' to modify time adverbs. ► adverb phrases
113 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings A1 N/A FORM: DEGREE and TIME, MODIFYING VERBS Can use degree and time adverbs to modify verbs.
114 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings A1 N/A FORM: PLACE, COMPLEMENT Can use place adverbs ('here', 'there') as complements of verbs.
115 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings A2 N/A FORM: DEGREE, MODIFYING ADJECTIVES Can use a range of degree adverbs to modify common gradable adjectives.
116 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings A2 1 FORM: MANNER, MODIFYING VERBS Can use a limited range of manner adverbs to modify verbs.
117 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings A2 N/A FORM: TIME and SEQUENCING, MODIFYING CLAUSES Can use time and sequencing adverbs to modify clauses and sentences.
118 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings B1 1 FORM: DEGREE, MODIFYING ADVERBS Can use a limited range of degree adverbs to modify adverbs. ► adverb phrases: form
119 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings B1 2 FORM: MANNER, MODIFYING VERBS Can use an increasing range of manner adverbs to modify verbs.
120 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings B1 2 FORM/USE: MODIFYING CLAUSES, STANCE Can use adverbs to modify clauses and sentences to indicate stance or attitude.
121 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings B2 N/A FORM: DEGREE, MODIFYING NOUN PHRASES Can use degree adverbs to modify noun phrases. ► noun phrases
122 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings B2 N/A FORM: DEGREE, MODIFYING PRONOUNS Can use degree adverbs to modify pronouns. ► pronouns
123 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings B2 N/A FORM: DEGREE, MODIFYING DETERMINERS Can use degree adverbs ('almost', 'very') to modify determiners. ► determiners
124 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings C1 2 FORM: DEGREE, MODIFYING ADVERBS Can use an increasing range of degree adverbs to modify a range of adverb types. ► adjectives ► adverb phrases: form
125 ADVERBS adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings C1 N/A FORM: DEGREE, MODIFYING COMPARATIVES Can use degree adverbs ('slightly', 'a bit', 'much') to modify comparatives.
126 ADVERBS position A1 1 FORM: DEGREE, BEFORE ADJECTIVES Can use a limited range of degree adverbs before an adjective.
127 ADVERBS position A1 N/A FORM: FREQUENCY, MID POSITION Can use frequency adverbs in the usual mid position, between the subject and the main verb.
128 ADVERBS position A1 N/A FORM: FRONT POSITION Can use a limited range of adverbs in front position.
129 ADVERBS position A1 N/A FORM: 'REALLY,' MID POSITION Can use 'really' in the usual mid-position, between the subject and the main verb.
130 ADVERBS position A1 N/A FORM: TIME, END POSITION Can use time adverbs in the usual end position.
131 ADVERBS position A1 1 FORM: PLACE, END POSITION Can use place adverbs in the usual end position.
132 ADVERBS position A2 2 FORM: DEGREE, BEFORE ADJECTIVES Can use an increasing range of degree adverbs before an adjective.
133 ADVERBS position A2 2 FORM: FRONT POSITION Can use an increasing range of adverbs in front position.
134 ADVERBS position A2 N/A FORM: MID POSITION Can use adverbs in mid position between the subject and the main verb and after modal verbs, auxiliary verbs and 'be'.
135 ADVERBS position A2 2 FORM: END POSITION, MANNER Can use manner adverbs in the usual end position.
136 ADVERBS position A2 2 FORM: DEGREE, END POSITION Can use degree adverbs in end position.
137 ADVERBS position A2 1 FORM: SENTENCE ADVERB, FRONT POSITION Can use evaluative, viewpoint and sequencing adverbs outside the clause, in front position, as a cohesive device to link to a previous statement in a preceding clause.
138 ADVERBS position B2 N/A FORM/USE: FRONT POSITION, INVERSION WITH 'NEVER' Can use 'never' in front position followed by an inverted subject (most commonly 'I') + main verb verb, to give focus.
139 ADVERBS position C2 N/A FORM/USE: FRONT POSITION, INVERSION, WITH 'HARDLY' Can use 'hardly' in front position followed by an inverted subject and verb, to give focus.
140 ADVERBS position C2 N/A FORM/USE: MID POSITION, DISTANCING Can use adverbs in mid position, to distance the writer from what they are saying.
141 ADVERBS adverb phrases - form A1 N/A FORM: 'VERY' + ADVERB Can modify adverbs of time and degree with 'very'.
142 ADVERBS adverb phrases - form A2 1 FORM: ADVERB + ADVERB Can modify a limited range of adverbs of time, degree, and manner with other adverbs.
143 ADVERBS adverb phrases - form B1 2 FORM: ADVERB + ADVERB Can modify an increasing range of adverbs with other adverbs.► adverbs and adverb phrases: types and meanings
144 ADVERBS adverb phrases - form B2 N/A FORM: COMPARATIVE Can modify an adverb with a comparative structure.
145 ADVERBS adverb phrases - form C1 3 FORM: ADVERB + ADVERB Can modify a wide range of adverbs with other adverbs.
146 ADVERBS adverb phrases - form C1 N/A FORM/USE: ADVERB + 'ENOUGH' Can post-modify adverbs with 'enough to intensify'.
147 ADVERBS adverb phrases - form C1 N/A FORM/USE: ADVERBS + PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES, HIGHLIGHT Can post-modify adverbs with a complex prepositional phrase complement, to highlight information.
148 ADVERBS adverb phrases - form C2 N/A FORM: PRE- AND POST-MODIFIED ADVERBS Can form adverb phrases with modifiers before, and complements after, adverbs.
149 CLAUSES comparatives A2 N/A FORM: 'BE LIKE' + NOUN OR PRONOUN Can use 'be' + 'like' + noun or pronoun.
150 CLAUSES comparatives B1 N/A FORM: FINITE AFTER 'THAN' Can use 'than' + a finite clause forming the second part of a comparison after a comparative adjective
151 CLAUSES comparatives B1 1 FORM/USE: NON-FINITE AFTER 'THAN' Can use 'than' + a limited range of non-finite clauses (with -ing), forming the second part of a comparison after a comparative adjective
152 CLAUSES comparatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'AS … AS' Can use '(not) as' + adjective/adverb + 'as' to introduce a clause (often with a substitute auxiliary verb) to talk about two things being equal or unequal in some way.
153 CLAUSES comparatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'RATHER THAN' + PHRASE Can use 'rather than' + noun phrase or prepositional phrase to stress one element in a comparison.
154 CLAUSES comparatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'THE BEST (THAT)' Can use 'the best (that)' followed by a clause with the present perfect to talk about something unique.
155 CLAUSES comparatives B1 N/A FORM: 'TOO' + 'TO'-INFINITIVE Can use 'too' + adjective + 'to'-infinitive.
156 CLAUSES comparatives B1 N/A FORM: 'THE SAME' (+ NOUN) + 'AS' + PRONOUN OR NOUN Can use 'the same' (+ noun) + 'as' + pronoun or noun.
157 CLAUSES comparatives B1 N/A FORM: 'SO' + ADJECTIVE + 'THAT' CLAUSE Can use 'so' + adjective + 'that' clause.
158 CLAUSES comparatives B1 N/A FORM: SENSE VERBS + 'AS IF' OR 'AS THOUGH' + FINITE CLAUSE Can use verbs of the senses + 'as if' or 'as though' + finite clause.
159 CLAUSES comparatives B1 N/A FORM: LINKING VERB + 'LIKE' OR 'SIMILAR TO' Can use linking verbs + 'like' or 'similar to'.
160 CLAUSES comparatives B2 2 FORM: COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE + 'THAN' + NON-FINITE CLAUSE Can use 'than' + an increasing range of non-finite clauses (to-infinitive, reduced clause) forming the second part of a comparison after a comparative adjective.
161 CLAUSES comparatives B2 N/A FORM/USE: SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE (+ 'THAT') Can use a superlative adjective (+ noun) (+ 'that') followed by a clause to talk about something unique.
162 CLAUSES comparatives B2 N/A FORM: ADJECTIVE + 'ENOUGH' + 'TO'-INFINITIVE Can use 'enough' after adjectives followed by 'to'-infinitive.
163 CLAUSES comparatives B2 N/A FORM: 'THE SAME' (+ NOUN) + 'AS' + CLAUSE Can use 'the same' (+ noun) + 'as' + clause.
164 CLAUSES comparatives B2 N/A FORM: 'RATHER THAN' + NON-FINITE CLAUSE Can use 'rather than' + a non-finite clause to stress one element in a comparison.
165 CLAUSES comparatives B2 N/A FORM: 'AS IF' OR 'AS THOUGH' + FINITE CLAUSE Can use 'as if' or 'as though' + finite clause to introduce a second clause as a comparison.
166 CLAUSES comparatives C1 N/A FORM: SUPERLATIVE ADVERB 'BEST' + CLAUSE Can use 'the best' as a superlative adverb + pronoun + ellipted 'can' or 'could'.
167 CLAUSES comparatives C2 N/A FORM/USE: 'SO ... AS TO', FORMAL Can use 'so' + adjective + 'as' + 'to'-infinitive clause, usually in formal contexts.
168 CLAUSES comparatives C2 N/A FORM: 'AS IF' + NON-FINITE CLAUSE Can use 'as if' + non-finite clause to introduce a second clause as a comparison.
169 CLAUSES coordinated A1 N/A FORM: MAIN CLAUSE + MAIN CLAUSE Can combine two main declarative clauses using co-ordinating conjunctions ('and', 'but', 'or').
170 CLAUSES coordinated A1 N/A FORM: CLAUSE + CLAUSE, ELLIPTED SUBJECT Can omit the subject in a second main declarative clause when the subject is obvious or the same as the first clause.
171 CLAUSES coordinated A2 N/A FORM/USE: MULTIPLE MAIN CLAUSES, INSTRUCTIONS Can combine multiple main clauses, with commas and conjunctions expressing order, often to give instructions or directions.
172 CLAUSES coordinated B1 N/A FORM/USE: MULTIPLE MAIN CLAUSES, NARRATIVE Can combine multiple main clauses with a range of conjunctions, often in a narrative context.
173 CLAUSES coordinated B1 N/A FORM: 'EITHER … OR' Can combine two main clauses of the same type using 'either' in front or mid position, followed by 'or' to introduce the second clause.
174 CLAUSES coordinated B1 N/A FORM: COMBINING CLAUSES OF THE SAME TYPE Can combine clauses of the same type, main or subordinate, finite or non-finite, with conjunctions.
175 CLAUSES coordinated B2 N/A FORM/USE: 'NEITHER … NOR', EMPHASIS Can combine two main clauses of the same type using 'neither' in front or mid position, followed by 'nor' to introduce the second clause, for emphasis.
176 CLAUSES coordinated B2 N/A FORM/USE: 'NOT ONLY … BUT (ALSO)', FOCUS Can combine clauses using 'not only' in mid position of the first clause followed by … 'but (also)' to introduce the second clause, to give focus.
177 CLAUSES coordinated C1 N/A FORM/USE: 'NOT ONLY … BUT (ALSO)' WITH INVERSION, FOCUS Can combine clauses using 'not only' in front position followed by an inverted first clause + … 'but (also)' to introduce the second clause, to give focus.
178 CLAUSES coordinated C2 N/A FORM/USE: NEGATIVE CLAUSE + 'NOR', FOCUS Can combine a negative clause with an inverted clause with 'nor', to give focus.
179 CLAUSES declarative A1 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE DECLARATIVE Can form simple affirmative declarative clauses.
180 CLAUSES declarative A1 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE DECLARATIVE WITH 'BE' Can form a simple negative declarative clause with lexical 'be' + 'not' or 'n't'.
181 CLAUSES declarative A1 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE DECLARATIVE, LEXICAL VERBS Can form simple negative declarative clauses.
182 CLAUSES declarative A1 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE DECLARATIVE, MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS Can form an affirmative declarative clause with modal verbs.
183 CLAUSES declarative A2 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE DECLARATIVE WITH 'HAVE' Can form a simple negative declarative clause with auxiliary 'have' + 'not' or 'n't' and 'have' + 'not' or 'n't (got)'
184 CLAUSES declarative A2 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE DECLARATIVE, MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS Can form a simple negative declarative clause with modal verb + 'not' or 'n't'.
185 CLAUSES declarative B1 N/A FORM/USE: AUXILIARY 'DO', FOR EMPHASIS Can use the auxiliary verb 'do' in an affirmative declarative clause, for emphasis and affirmation.
186 CLAUSES imperatives A2 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can form an affirmative imperative with the base form of a main verb.
187 CLAUSES imperatives A2 N/A USE: INSTRUCTIONS Can use the imperative to give instructions.
188 CLAUSES imperatives A2 N/A USE: CLOSINGS Can use the imperative to give instructions, often at the end of a letter or when saying goodbye to someone.
189 CLAUSES imperatives A2 N/A FORM/USE: NEGATIVE Can form a negative imperative with the auxiliary verb 'do' + 'n't' + base form of a main verb, to give advice, instructions or orders.
190 CLAUSES imperatives A2 N/A FORM/USE: 'LET'S', SUGGESTION Can use 'let's' + base form of a main verb, for first person plural imperatives to make a suggestion.
191 CLAUSES imperatives A2 N/A USE: EMPHASISING AN INSTRUCTION Can use negative imperative after an instruction, for emphasis.
192 CLAUSES imperatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'DO', EMPHASIS Can use 'do' + base form of a main verb, for emphasis or in formal contexts.
193 CLAUSES imperatives B1 N/A USE: INVITATION Can use the imperative to make an offer or an invitation.
194 CLAUSES imperatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'LET ME', FOCUS Can use an imperative clause with 'let me' + base form of a main verb, as a focusing device, to introduce something
195 CLAUSES imperatives B2 N/A FORM/USE: 'LET'S NOT', SUGGESTION Can use 'let's not' + base form of a main verb to make a suggestion.
196 CLAUSES imperatives B2 N/A FORM/USE: 'DO NOT', EMPHASIS Can use 'do not' for emphasis or in formal contexts.
197 CLAUSES imperatives C1 N/A FORM/USE: 'LET' + THIRD PERSON PRONOUN, PERMISSION, ORDER Can use an imperative clause with 'let' + 'him/her/them' + base form of a main verb, to give permission or allow something or instruct someone to allow something.
198 CLAUSES imperatives C1 N/A FORM/USE: DON'T 'LET' + PRONOUN, PERMISSION, ORDER Can use an imperative clause with 'let' + 'him/her/them' + base form of a main verb, to disallow something or instruct someone to disallow something.
199 CLAUSES imperatives C1 N/A USE: POINTING, IN FORMAL CONTEXTS Can use imperatives to point within or to a document within formal contexts, often academic.
200 CLAUSES imperatives C1 N/A FORM/USE: IMPERATIVE + 'AND' CONDITIONAL Can use imperatives to introduce a condition followed by 'and' to introduce a consequence of the condition. See one of them and you'll want to see them all. (C1 EFFECTIVE OPERATIONAL PROFICIENCY; 1993; Swedish; Pass)
201 CLAUSES imperatives C2 N/A FORM/USE: 'LET' + THIRD PERSON PRONOUN, DEVOLVING RESPONSIBILITY Can use an imperative clause with 'let' + 'him/her/them' + base form of a main verb, to devolve responsibility.
202 CLAUSES imperatives C2 N/A FORM/USE: 'DON'T YOU …' Can use you with an imperative form to make an instruction stronger.
203 CLAUSES interrogatives A1 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE, WITH 'BE' Can form interrogative clauses with 'be'.
204 CLAUSES interrogatives A2 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE, WITH AUXILIARY 'BE/HAVE' Can form interrogative clauses ('yes/no' forms) with auxiliary 'be' and 'have'.
205 CLAUSES interrogatives A2 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE Can form interrogative clauses ('yes/no' forms) of main lexical verbs with auxiliary 'do'.
206 CLAUSES interrogatives A2 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE, WITH MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS Can form interrogative clauses ('yes/no' forms) with modal auxiliary verbs.
207 CLAUSES interrogatives A2 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE 'WH-' INTERROGATIVE Can form 'wh-' interrogative clauses with a 'wh-' word as object.
208 CLAUSES interrogatives A2 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE 'WH-' INTERROGATIVE Can form negative 'wh-' interrogative clauses.
209 CLAUSES interrogatives A2 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE Can form negative interrogative clauses.
210 CLAUSES interrogatives B1 N/A FORM: 'WH-' INTERROGATIVE, SUBJECT Can form questions with a 'wh-' word as subject, without an auxiliary verb.
211 CLAUSES interrogatives B1 N/A FORM: INTERROGATIVE + ADVERB Can form interrogative clauses with an adverb in mid position, between the subject and the main verb.
212 CLAUSES interrogatives B1 N/A FORM: 'WHICH', 'WHOSE'
213 CLAUSES interrogatives B2 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE + ADVERB Can form negative interrogative clauses with an adverb in mid position, between the subject and the main verb.
214 CLAUSES phrases/exclamations A2 N/A FORM: 'WHAT A …!' Can use 'What a' + noun phrase and 'What a' + noun phrase + clause.
215 CLAUSES phrases/exclamations A2 N/A FORM: 'WHAT A PITY' + ('THAT') CLAUSE Can use 'What a pity' + ('that') clause.
216 CLAUSES phrases/exclamations B1 N/A FORM: 'HOW' + ADJECTIVE Can use 'How' + adjective.
217 CLAUSES phrases/exclamations B1 N/A FORM: 'HOW' + ADJECTIVE + CLAUSE Can use 'How' + adjective + clause.
218 CLAUSES phrases/exclamations B2 N/A FORM/USE: NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE Can use the negative interrogative form of an auxiliary verb to express surprise or enthusiasm.
219 CLAUSES phrases/exclamations C2 N/A FORM: 'HOW' + CLAUSE Can use 'How' + clause.
220 CLAUSES phrases/exclamations C2 N/A FORM: 'HOW' + ADVERB + CLAUSE Can use 'How' + adverb + clause. How differently we were brought up by our mother. (Germany; C2 MASTERY; 1993; German; Pass)
221 CLAUSES relative A2 N/A FORM: NON-DEFINING, SUBJECT, WITH 'WHO' Can use a non-defining relative clause with 'who' as the subject.
222 CLAUSES relative A2 N/A FORM: DEFINING, SUBJECT, WITH 'WHO' Can use a defining relative clause with 'who' as the subject.
223 CLAUSES relative A2 N/A FORM: NON-DEFINING, SUBJECT, WITH 'WHICH' Can use a non-defining relative clause with 'which' as the subject,.
224 CLAUSES relative A2 N/A FORM: DEFINING, SUBJECT, WITH 'WHICH' Can use a defining relative clause with 'which' as the subject.
225 CLAUSES relative A2 N/A FORM: DEFINING, OBJECT, WITH 'THAT' Can use a defining relative clause with 'that' as the object.
226 CLAUSES relative A2 N/A FORM: NON-DEFINING, OBJECT, WITH 'WHICH' Can use a non-defining relative clause with 'which' as the object.
227 CLAUSES relative A2 N/A FORM: DEFINING, OBJECT, WITH 'WHICH' Can use a defining relative clause with 'which' as the object.
228 CLAUSES relative A2 N/A FORM: DEFINING, WITHOUT PRONOUN Can use a defining relative clause, without a relative pronoun.
229 CLAUSES relative B1 N/A FORM: NON-DEFINING, OBJECT, WITH 'WHO' Can use a non-defining relative clause with 'who' as the object.
230 CLAUSES relative B1 N/A FORM: DEFINING, OBJECT, WITH 'WHO/THAT' Can use a defining relative clause with 'who' or 'that' as the object.
231 CLAUSES relative B1 N/A FORM: WITH 'WHOSE NAME' Can use defining and non-defining relative clauses with 'whose name'.
232 CLAUSES relative B1 N/A FORM: WITH 'WHERE', PLACE Can use defining relative clauses with 'where' to define nouns referring to place.
233 CLAUSES relative B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'THE REASON WHY', FOCUS Can use defining relative clauses with 'why' after 'reason', to give an explanation and for focus.
234 CLAUSES relative B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'WHEN', FOCUS Can use defining relative clauses with 'when' to define nouns relating to time.
235 CLAUSES relative B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'THE' + NOUN + 'WHO/THAT', FOCUS Can use defining relative clauses, 'the person who/that, the thing that, the (only) one who/that' as a focusing device.
236 CLAUSES relative B2 N/A FORM: PRONOUN + PREPOSITION Can use defining relative clauses and non-defining relative clauses ending in a preposition, with 'who/which/that' as the complement of the preposition.
237 CLAUSES relative B2 N/A FORM: NON-DEFINING, WITH 'WHOSE' Can use non-defining relative clauses with 'whose', to give additional information.
238 CLAUSES relative B2 N/A FORM/USE: DEFINING, WITH 'WHOSE' Can use defining relative clauses with 'whose', to give more information about relationship.
239 CLAUSES relative B2 N/A FORM/USE: SENTENCE, EVALUATIVE Can use a relative clause to refer to a whole clause or sentence, often to express an opinion or evaluation or give a reason.
240 CLAUSES subordinated A1 N/A FORM/USE: 'BECAUSE', REASONS Can use a finite subordinate clause with 'because', after a main clause, to introduce reasons.
241 CLAUSES subordinated A2 N/A FORM/USE: 'IF' CLAUSES, CONDITIONS Can use a finite subordinate clause with 'if', before or after a main clause, to introduce conditions. ► clauses: conditionals
242 CLAUSES subordinated A2 N/A FORM/USE: TIME Can use a finite subordinate clause with time conjunctions, before or after a main clause.
243 CLAUSES subordinated A2 N/A FORM/USE: PURPOSE Can use a non-finite subordinate clause with 'to', to introduce purpose.
244 CLAUSES subordinated B1 N/A FORM/USE: REASON Can use a finite subordinate clause with conjunctions to introduce reasons, after a main clause.
245 CLAUSES subordinated B1 N/A FORM/USE: PURPOSE, RESULT Can use a finite subordinate clause with conjunctions ('so (that), in order that') to introduce purpose and result, after a main clause.
246 CLAUSES subordinated B1 N/A FORM/USE: CONTRAST Can use a finite subordinate clause with conjunctions ('even though, (al)though, while if') to introduce contrast, before or after a main clause.
247 CLAUSES subordinated B1 N/A FORM/USE: NON-FINITE WITH '-ING' Can use a non-finite subordinate clause with 'before' and 'after' + '-ing', before or after a main clause, to refer to time.
248 CLAUSES subordinated B2 N/A FORM/USE: NON-FINITE WITH '-ING' Can use a non-finite subordinate clause with 'after' + 'having/being' + '-ed' form, before a main clause, to refer to past time.
249 CLAUSES subordinated B2 N/A FORM/USE: CONDITIONS Can use a finite subordinate clause, before or after a main clause, with conjunctions to introduce conditions. ► clauses: conditionals
250 CLAUSES subordinated C1 N/A FORM: NON-FINITE AFTER 'IF' Can use non-finite clauses after 'if'. . ► 'clauses: conditionals'
251 CLAUSES subordinated B2 N/A FORM/USE: '-ING' CLAUSE Can use a non-finite clause, introduced by '-ing' before a main clause, to give more information.
252 CLAUSES subordinated C1 N/A FORM/USE: INVERSION Can introduce a subordinate clause with inverted 'should/had/were' + subject + verb, in formal contexts.
253 CLAUSES subordinated C1 N/A FORM/USE: NON-FINITE WITH '-ED' CLAUSES, FOCUS Can use a non-finite subordinate clause with an '-ed' form, before a main clause, to give focus.
254 CLAUSES subordinated C1 N/A FORM/USE: 'NOT' + '-ING' CLAUSE Can use a non-finite clause, introduced by 'not' + '-ing', to give more information.
255 CLAUSES subordinated C2 N/A FORM/USE: NON-FINITE AFTER 'ALTHOUGH', 'THOUGH' Can use non-finite clauses after subordinating conjunctions '(although, though)', to express contrast.
256 CLAUSES subordinated C2 N/A FORM/USE: 'WERE' + PRONOUN + 'TO' INFINITIVE, FORMAL Can use 'Were' + pronoun + 'to' infinitive to introduce a condition, in formal contexts.
257 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating A1 N/A FORM: WORD + WORD Can use single word conjunctions ('and, but, or') to connect single nouns and adjectives.
258 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating A1 N/A FORM: PHRASE + PHRASE Can use single word conjunctions ('and, but, or') to combine phrases.
259 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating A1 N/A FORM: CLAUSE + CLAUSE Can use single word conjunctions ('and, but, or') to combine clauses.
260 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating A1 N/A FORM: SENTENCE + SENTENCE Can use single word conjunctions ('and, but, or') to combine sentences.
261 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating A1 N/A USE: LISTING Can use 'and' and 'or' before the final item in a list.
262 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating A1 N/A USE: 'BUT', CONCESSIVE Can use 'but' to add an unexpected contrast.
263 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating B1 N/A FORM: COMPLEX ADDING Can use a range of conjunctions ('and, but, or, so, then') to combine more complex strings of clauses and sentences.
264 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating B1 N/A FORM: 'PLUS' WITH NOUNS Can use 'plus' as coordinating conjunction, often in relation to numbers.
265 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'PLUS' WITH CLAUSES Can use 'plus' to connect clauses and sentences, often to point out a positive addition or advantage.
266 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating B1 N/A FORM: 'EITHER … OR' Can use 'either … or' to connect two words, phrases or clauses.
267 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'BOTH … AND' WITH NOUNS Can use 'both … and' to combine noun phrases, to give emphasis.
268 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating B2 N/A FORM/USE: 'NEITHER … NOR' Can use 'neither … nor' to connect two words, phrases or clauses, often to give emphasis or focus.
269 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating B2 N/A FORM/USE: 'BOTH … AND' WITH PHRASES AND CLAUSES Can use 'both … and' to combine phrases and clauses, often for emphasis.
270 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating C1 N/A FORM/USE: 'YET', CONCESSIVE Can use '(and) yet' to combine phrases and clauses to introduce a contrast, often unexpected.
271 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating C1 N/A FORM: 'EITHER … OR' Can use 'either … or' to combine more complex strings of clauses and sentences. And finally, about the present, you have two options; either you get something typical from your country, which they may like because you know how much they like collecting things from all over the world, or I get something from the wedding list store and sent it to them with your name on it and we can sort it out when you arrive here. (Spain; C1 EFFECTIVE OPERATIONAL PROFICIENCY; 1998; Catalan; Pass)
272 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating C1 N/A FORM/USE: 'NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO' Can use 'not only … but also' to combine phrases and clauses, often for focus or emphasis.
273 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating C1 N/A FORM/USE: 'NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO' WITH INVERSION Can use inverted auxiliary 'do' + the subject after 'not only', to give focus.
274 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating C2 N/A FORM/USE: 'NEITHER' Can use 'Neither' or 'Nor' + inverted auxiliary or 'be' + subject to add to a previous related negative clause, to focus on an additional negative factor.
275 CONJUNCTIONS coordinating C2 N/A FORM/USE: 'AND YET', CONCESSIVE Can use 'And yet' to combine sentences to introduce a contrast, often unexpected, sometimes in a formal context.
276 CONJUNCTIONS subordinating A1 N/A FORM: 'BECAUSE' Can use 'because' as a subordinating conjunction to introduce a subordinate clause.
277 CONJUNCTIONS subordinating A2 1 FORM: SIMPLE Can use a limited range of simple subordinating conjunctions '(if, when, so, while)' to introduce a subordinate clause.
278 CONJUNCTIONS subordinating B1 2 FORM: SIMPLE Can use an increasing range of simple subordinating conjunctions ('as, after, before since, until, although, whether, so (that), though') to introduce a subordinate clause.
279 CONJUNCTIONS subordinating B2 3 FORM: SIMPLE Can use a wide range of simple subordinating conjunctions ('once, whereas, unless, except (that) provided (that)'), to introduce a subordinate clause.
280 CONJUNCTIONS subordinating B2 N/A FORM: COMPLEX Can use more complex subordinating conjunctions ('as long as, as soon as, in order that, despite the fact that, due to the fact that, as if, as though') to introduce a subordinate clause.
281 CONJUNCTIONS subordinating C1 N/A FORM/USE: FOCUS Can use 'whatever', 'wherever', 'however', etc. as a subordinating conjunction, at the beginning of a sentence, to give focus.
282 CONJUNCTIONS subordinating C2 N/A FORM/USE: 'IN THAT' Can use 'in that' as a subordinating conjunction, to give greater in-depth explanation, often in formal contexts.
283 DETERMINERS articles A1 N/A FORM: WITH NOUNS Can use articles 'the', 'a' and 'an' before nouns. ► noun phrases
284 DETERMINERS articles A1 1 FORM: 'A' + ADJECTIVES Can use 'a' and 'an' before adjectives in a noun phrase. ► adjectives ► noun phrases
285 DETERMINERS articles A1 N/A FORM: 'A' + 'VERY' + ADJECTIVES Can use 'a' + 'very' + adjectives in basic noun phrases. ► adverbs ► noun phrases
286 DETERMINERS articles A1 1 FORM: PREPOSITION + 'THE' + NOUN Can use 'the' in prepositional phrases relating to time.
287 DETERMINERS articles A1 1 FORM: PREPOSITION + NO ARTICLE Can use no article before a limited range of nouns in some fixed expressions with prepositions.
288 DETERMINERS articles A1 1 FORM/USE: NO ARTICLE Can use no article before a limited range of singular, plural and uncountable nouns when referring to things in general.
289 DETERMINERS articles A2 N/A FORM/USE: 'THE' + ADJECTIVES, SPECIFYING Can use 'the' + adjectives in a noun phrase, to specify.
290 DETERMINERS articles A2 N/A FORM: 'THE' + SUPERLATIVES Can form a noun phrase with 'the' + superlative adjectives + noun.
291 DETERMINERS articles B1 N/A FORM: 'ANOTHER' Can use 'another' with singular nouns. ► pronouns ► determiners
292 DETERMINERS articles B1 2 FORM: PREPOSITION + NO ARTICLE Can use no article before an increasing range of nouns in some fixed expressions with prepositions.
293 DETERMINERS articles B1 2 FORM/USE: NO ARTICLE Can use no article before an increasing range of singular and plural nouns when referring to things in general.
294 DETERMINERS articles B1 N/A USE: ONE MORE (WITH 'ANOTHER') Can use 'another' to talk about something additional.
295 DETERMINERS articles B1 N/A USE: DIFFERENT (WITH 'ANOTHER') Can use 'another' to talk about something different.
296 DETERMINERS articles B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'THE OTHER' Can use 'the other' with a singular noun to refer to the second or the opposite of two things, and with a plural noun to refer to one of a set of things. ► pronouns ► noun phrases
297 DETERMINERS articles B2 N/A FORM/USE: 'THE MORE … THE MORE …' Can use the in comparative phrases 'more', 'less', 'worse', 'better … the more', 'less', 'worse …' to talk about one thing that is affected by another. ► comparative clauses
298 DETERMINERS demonstratives A1 1 FORM: 'THIS' WITH SINGULAR NOUNS Can use 'this' with singular nouns. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
299 DETERMINERS demonstratives A1 1 USE: 'THIS', POINTING Can use 'this' in a limited range of contexts to refer to places from the speaker's or writer's point of view. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
300 DETERMINERS demonstratives A1 N/A USE: 'THIS', FUTURE Can use 'this' with time and date words to refer to 'the one that's coming'.
301 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 2 FORM: 'THIS' WITH UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Can use 'this' with uncountable nouns. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
302 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 2 USE: 'THIS' POINTING Can use 'this' in an increasing range of contexts to refer to places and things from the speaker's or writer's point of view. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
303 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 N/A USE: POINTING Can use 'this' in an increasing range of contexts to refer to places and things from the speaker's or writer's point of view. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
304 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 1 USE: 'THIS', ALREADY MENTIONED Can use 'this' to refer to something with immediate relevance which has already been mentioned. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
305 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 N/A FORM: 'THAT' Can use 'that' with singular nouns. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
306 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 N/A USE: 'THAT', POINTING Can use 'that' to talk about or point to things which are further away in time and space from the speaker or writer
307 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 N/A USE: 'THAT', ALREADY MENTIONED Can use 'that' to refer to something which has already been mentioned. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
308 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 2 FORM: 'THESE' Can use 'these' with plural nouns. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
309 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 N/A USE: 'THESE' POINTING Can use 'these' to refer to places and things from the speaker's or writer's point of view.
310 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 1 USE: 'THESE', ALREADY MENTIONED Can use 'these' to refer to things with immediate relevance or which have already been mentioned. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
311 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 2 FORM: 'THOSE' Can use 'those' with plural nouns. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
312 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 N/A USE: 'THOSE', ALREADY MENTIONED Can use 'those' to refer to things which have already been mentioned. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
313 DETERMINERS demonstratives A2 N/A USE: 'THOSE' POINTING Can use 'those' to talk about or point to things which the speaker or writer perceives to be further away in time and space.
314 DETERMINERS demonstratives B1 N/A USE: 'THIS', PAST Can use 'this' with time and date words to refer to the past.
315 DETERMINERS demonstratives C2 N/A USE: 'THIS', IN NARRATIVES Can use 'this' with nouns and noun phrases in a narrative to create a sense of immediacy.
316 DETERMINERS demonstratives C2 N/A FORM/USE: 'THIS' WITH NOUN AND POSSESSIVE Can use 'this' + noun + 'of' + possessive pronoun to highlight something, often in a positive way.
317 DETERMINERS demonstratives C2 N/A USE: EMOTIONAL DISTANCE Can use 'that' and 'those' to convey emotional distance, often to express disapproval.
318 DETERMINERS possessives A1 N/A FORM: WITH NOUNS Can use possessive determiners 'my', 'your', 'his', 'her' and 'our' before nouns. ► noun phrases ► possessive pronouns
319 DETERMINERS possessives A2 N/A FORM: SINGULAR NOUN +''S' Can use ''s' after singular or proper nouns to indicate possession.
320 DETERMINERS possessives A2 N/A FORM: WITH QUANTIFYING DETERMINERS + 'OF' Can use quantifying determiners + possessive determiners + 'of' + noun. ► noun phrases
321 DETERMINERS possessives B1 N/A FORM: 'THEIR' Can use possessive determiner 'their'. ► noun phrases ► possessive pronouns
322 DETERMINERS possessives B1 N/A FORM: IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUN + ''S' Can use ''s' after irregular plural nouns to indicate possession.
323 DETERMINERS possessives B2 N/A FORM: 'ITS' Can use possessive determiner 'its' before nouns to refer to a singular inanimate subject or object.
324 DETERMINERS possessives B2 N/A USE: GENERIC 'THEIR' Can use 'their' before nouns to refer to a generic body or group of people expressed as a singular subject. ► generic pronouns
325 DETERMINERS possessives B2 N/A FORM: PLURAL NOUN + 'S'' Can use 's'' after plural nouns to indicate possession.
326 DETERMINERS possessives B2 N/A FORM: OF + NOUN PHRASE ''S' Can use ''s' after a noun phrase with of to indicate possession. Actually, I know a great one and they can make a little discount for us because the owner is a friend of my father's . (Albania; B2 VANTAGE; 2009; Albanian; Pass)
327 DETERMINERS possessives C1 N/A FORM: 'ONE'S' Can use 'one's' to indicate possession, referring to people in general.
328 DETERMINERS possessives C2 N/A FORM: SINGULAR NOUN ENDING IN 'S' + APOSTROPHE Can use an apostrophe after singular nouns ending in 's', to indicate possession. However, I believe that in order to maintain its popularity, the programme should keep some of the series' aspects the same, but alter some others. (Greece; C2 MASTERY; 2009; Greek; Pass)
329 DETERMINERS possessives C2 N/A FORM: ''S' WITH ELLIPTED NOUN Can use ''s' without a following noun when the noun has already been mentioned or is obvious in the context.
330 DETERMINERS possessives C2 N/A FORM: ''S + 'S' Can use two possessive ''s' constructions in the same noun phrase.
331 DETERMINERS quantity A1 1 FORM: WITH PLURAL NOUNS Can use a limited range of quantifying determiners with plural nouns ('some', 'lots of', 'a lot of' and numbers).
332 DETERMINERS quantity A1 1 FORM: WITH SINGULAR NOUNS Can use a limited range of quantifying determiners with singular nouns ('a', 'every').► determiners: articles
333 DETERMINERS quantity A2 2 FORM: WITH PLURAL NOUNS Can use an increasing range of quantifying determiners with plural nouns ('all', 'both', 'a few').
334 DETERMINERS quantity A2 N/A FORM: WITH PLURAL AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Can use a range of quantifying determiners ('some', 'any', 'no', 'more', 'a lot of') with both pl
 749 PAST past continuous B1 2 FORM: WITH ADVERBS Can use the past continuous with an increasing range of adverbs in the normal mid position.
750 PAST past continuous B1 N/A USE: REASON Can use the past continuous to give a reason for something, often with 'because'.
751 PAST past continuous B1 N/A USE: REPEATED EVENTS Can use the past continuous to talk about ongoing repeated events in the past, often with 'always'.
752 PAST past continuous B2 3 FORM: WITH ADVERBS Can use the past continuous with a wide range of adverbs in the normal mid position.
753 PAST past continuous B2 N/A USE: POLITENESS Can use the past continuous to make a request or suggestions more polite or less direct.
754 PAST past continuous C2 N/A USE: UNDESIRED EVENTS Can use the past continuous with 'always' or 'constantly' to talk about repeated events which are undesired or uncontrolled.
755 PAST past perfect continuous B1 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can use the affirmative form.
756 PAST past perfect continuous B1 N/A USE: BACKGROUND EVENTS Can use the past perfect continuous talk about a background action or event which began before a point in the past and was still continuing up to a point in the past when the main event happened.
757 PAST past perfect continuous B1 N/A USE: CONTINUING EVENTS IN THE PAST Can use the past perfect continuous to talk about an action or event which began before a point in the past and was still continuing up to that point, often with 'for' or 'since', to give background information.
758 PAST past perfect continuous B2 N/A FORM/USE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION WITH RELATIVE CLAUSE Can use the past perfect continuous in a relative clause to give background information. ► relative clauses
759 PAST past perfect continuous B2 N/A FORM/USE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION WITH TIME CONJUNCTION Can use the past perfect continuous after a time conjunction to give background information.
760 PAST past perfect continuous B2 1 FORM: NEGATIVE Can use the negative form.
761 PAST past perfect continuous B2 N/A FORM: WITH ADVERBS Can use the past perfect continuous with adverbs in the normal mid position.
762 PAST past perfect continuous B2 N/A USE: RESULTS Can use the past perfect continuous to talk about events which started before a time in the past and which finished, but where the effects or results were still important at a point in the past.
763 PAST past perfect continuous C2 N/A FORM: QUESTIONS Can use the question form.
764 PAST past perfect simple B1 N/A FORM/USE: AFTER 'IF' CLAUSES Can use the past perfect simple in 'if'-clauses to talk about imagined situations in the past, often with regret. ► 'if'-clauses
765 PAST past perfect simple B1 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can use the affirmative form.
766 PAST past perfect simple B1 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE Can use negative forms.
767 PAST past perfect simple B1 1 FORM: WITH ADVERBS Can use the past perfect simple with a limited range of adverbs (including 'never', 'ever', 'just', 'always', 'already') in the normal mid-position. ► adverbs
768 PAST past perfect simple B1 N/A USE: TIME UP TO THEN Can use the past perfect simple to talk about a time before another time in the past.
769 PAST past perfect simple B2 N/A FORM/USE: AFTER 'BECAUSE', EXPLANATIONS Can use the past perfect simple after 'because' to give explanatory information.
770 PAST past perfect simple B2 N/A FORM/USE: AFTER 'IF ONLY' AND 'WISH', IMAGINED PAST Can use the affirmative form after 'if only', and the affirmative and negative forms after 'wish' to talk about regret.
771 PAST past perfect simple B2 N/A FORM/USE: INVERSION WITH 'NEVER (BEFORE)' Can invert the subject and auxiliary verb after 'never (before)' to talk about a unique event, often in formal contexts.
772 PAST past perfect simple B2 N/A FORM/USE: INVERSION WITH 'NO SOONER ... THAN' Can invert the subject and auxiliary verb with 'no sooner ... than' to talk about something that happened immediately before something else, often in formal contexts.
773 PAST past perfect simple B2 N/A FORM: ELLIPSIS Can leave out the subject before the past perfect simple where it is understood from the previous clause.
774 PAST past perfect simple B2 N/A FORM: QUESTIONS Can use question forms.
775 PAST past perfect simple B2 3 FORM: WITH ADVERBS Can use the past perfect simple with a wide range of adverbs (including 'finally', 'recently', 'simply') in the normal mid-position. ► adverbs
776 PAST past perfect simple B2 N/A USE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION, RELATIVE CLAUSE Can use the past perfect simple in relative clauses to give background information. ► relative clauses
777 PAST past perfect simple B2 N/A USE: CHANGE OF SITUATION Can use the past perfect simple to talk about situations which changed.
778 PAST past perfect simple B2 N/A USE: REPORTS OF QUESTIONS Can use the past perfect simple to report questions, where the main verb in the reporting clause is in the past simple. ► reported speech
779 PAST past perfect simple B2 N/A USE: REPORTS OF STATEMENTS Can use the past perfect simple to report statements, where the main verb in the reporting clause is in the past simple. ► reported speech
780 PAST past perfect simple C1 N/A FORM/USE: INVERSION, IMAGINED PAST Can invert the subject and affirmative auxiliary verb to talk about imagined situations in the past, often with regret, in formal contexts.
781 PAST past perfect simple C2 N/A FORM/USE: AFTER 'IF ONLY', IMAGINED PAST Can use the negative form after 'if only' to express regret.
782 PAST past perfect simple C2 N/A FORM: FIXED EXPRESSIONS 'HAD IT NOT BEEN FOR', 'IF IT HADN'T BEEN FOR' Can use 'had it not been for' and 'if it hadn't been for' with a modal form for giving reasons.
783 PAST past perfect simple C2 N/A FORM: INVERSION WITH 'HARDLY ... WHEN' Can invert the subject and affirmative auxiliary verb with 'hardly ... when' to talk about something that happened immediately before something else, in formal contexts.
784 PAST past simple A1 1 FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can use the affirmative form with a limited range of regular and irregular verbs.
785 PAST past simple A1 N/A USE: EVERYDAY EVENTS AND STATES Can use the past simple to talk about everyday events or states.
786 PAST past simple A2 2 FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can use the affirmative form with an increasing range of verbs.
787 PAST past simple A2 1 FORM: NEGATIVE Can use the negative form with a limited range of regular and irregular verbs.
788 PAST past simple A2 1 FORM: QUESTIONS Can use 'yes/no' and 'wh-' question forms with 'you' with a limited range of verbs.
789 PAST past simple A2 N/A FORM: WITH 'WHEN' Can use 'when' + past simple in subordinate clauses.
790 PAST past simple B1 3 FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can use the affirmative form with a wide range of verbs.
791 PAST past simple B1 2 FORM: NEGATIVE Can use the negative form with an increasing range of verbs.
792 PAST past simple B1 1 FORM: QUESTIONS Can use 'yes/no', 'wh-', tag and negative question forms with a limited range of verbs.
793 PAST past simple B1 N/A USE: HABITUAL STATES OR ACTIONS Can use the past simple to talk about habitual states or actions.
794 PAST past simple B1 N/A USE: IMAGINED SITUATIONS AFTER 'IF' Can use the past simple after 'if' to talk about the possible result of an imagined situation in the present or future.
795 PAST past simple B1 N/A USE: ORDERING OF PAST EVENTS Can use the past simple to order sequences of events in the past, in the context of narratives.
796 PAST past simple B1 N/A USE: REGRET Can use the past simple with 'wish (that)' to express regret that things are not different.
797 PAST past simple B2 1 FORM: NEGATIVE Can use the negative form with a wide range of regular and irregular verbs.
798 PAST past simple B2 2 FORM: QUESTIONS Can use 'yes/no', 'wh-', tag and negative question forms with an increasing range of verbs.
799 PAST past simple B2 N/A FORM: WITH SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS Can use the past simple with a range of subordinating conjunctions, including 'as soon as', 'before', 'if', 'once', 'since', 'so', 'until', 'when', 'while'.
800 PAST past simple B2 N/A FORM: WITH TIME ADJUNCTS Can use a range of time adjuncts with the past simple.
801 PAST past simple B2 N/A USE: POLITENESS AFTER 'IF' Can use the past simple after 'if' as a politeness structure, especially in letters and emails.
802 PAST past simple B2 N/A USE: POLITENESS: 'I WONDERED' AND 'I WANTED' Can use the past simple with 'I wondered' and 'I wanted' as politeness structures, when making polite requests and thanking.
803 PAST past simple C1 N/A FORM: INVERSION WITH 'NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO' Can use the inverted form of the past simple with auxiliary 'do', in the phrase 'not only ... but also'.
804 PAST past simple C1 3 FORM: QUESTIONS Can use 'yes/no', 'wh-', tag and negative question forms with a wide range of verbs. ► Questions
805 PAST past simple C1 N/A USE: COMPLEX ORDERING OF PAST EVENTS Can use the past simple to order sequences of events in the past in a complex way.
806 PAST past simple C1 N/A USE: FOR EMPHASIS, WITH 'DID' Can use the past simple with 'did' for emphasis.
807 PAST past simple C1 N/A USE: POLITENESS: 'I THOUGHT' Can use the past simple 'I thought' as a politeness structure to sound less direct.
808 PAST present perfect continuous B1 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can use the affirmative form.
809 PAST present perfect continuous B1 1 FORM: QUESTIONS Can use the question form with a limited range of verbs.
810 PAST present perfect continuous B1 N/A USE: REPEATED CONTINUING EVENTS Can use the present perfect continuous to talk about repeated activities which began in the past and are still continuing.
811 PAST present perfect continuous B1 N/A USE: SINGLE CONTINUING EVENT Can use the present perfect continuous to talk about a single activity or state that began in the past and is still continuing, often with 'for' or 'since'.
812 PAST present perfect continuous B2 1 FORM: NEGATIVE Can use the negative form.
813 PAST present perfect continuous B2 2 FORM: WITH ADVERBS Can use the present perfect continuous with adverbs in the normal mid position.
814 PAST present perfect continuous B2 N/A USE: RECENT PAST Can use the present perfect continuous to focus on a finished activity in the recent past but where the effects or results are still important or relevant. They might be slippery when it has been snowing. (Sweden; B2 VANTAGE; 1993; Swedish; Pass)
815 PAST present perfect continuous C2 N/A FORM/USE: INVERSION Can invert the subject and affirmative auxiliary verb with 'not only ... but' as a focusing device. ► focus ► inversion
816 PAST present perfect simple A2 N/A FORM/USE: TIME WITH 'FOR' Can use the negative form with 'for' to talk about a past event or action which hasn't occurred again in the period of time up to now.
817 PAST present perfect simple A2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'YET' Can use the negative form with 'yet' to talk about events which are expected to be completed at some point in the future.
818 PAST present perfect simple A2 1 FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can use the affirmative form 'have' + '-ed' with pronouns 'I' and 'we', and with a limited range of verbs.
819 PAST present perfect simple A2 1 FORM: NEGATIVE Can use the negative form 'haven't' + '-ed' with 'I' with a limited range of verbs.
820 PAST present perfect simple A2 1 FORM: QUESTIONS Can use the question form 'have you' + '-ed' with with a limited range of verbs.
821 PAST present perfect simple A2 1 FORM: WITH ADVERBS Can use the present perfect simple with a limited range of adverbs in the normal mid position.
822 PAST present perfect simple A2 N/A USE: EXPERIENCES Can use the present perfect simple to talk about experiences up to now.
823 PAST present perfect simple B1 N/A FORM/USE: DURATION WITH 'SINCE' Can use the present perfect simple with 'since' to talk about duration.
824 PAST present perfect simple B1 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'ALREADY' Can use the present perfect simple with 'already' to emphasise that something is done, often before the expected time. ► adverbs
825 PAST present perfect simple B1 2 FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can use the affirmative forms with a range of pronouns and nouns and an increasing range of verbs.
826 PAST present perfect simple B1 2 FORM: NEGATIVE Can use the negative forms with a range of pronouns and an increasing range of verbs.
827 PAST present perfect simple B1 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS Can use the negative question form.
828 PAST present perfect simple B1 2 FORM: WITH ADVERBS Can use the present perfect simple with an increasing range of adverbs in the normal mid position.
829 PAST present perfect simple B1 N/A USE: RECENT PAST Can use the present perfect simple to refer to a finished event or state in the recent past, that has a present relevance, often with 'just'. ► adverbs
830 PAST present perfect simple B1 N/A USE: UNFINISHED Can use the present perfect simple to refer to a state or period of time which is unlimited or indefinite.
831 PAST present perfect simple B1 N/A USE: WITH SUPERLATIVE Can use the present perfect simple with a superlative adjective to talk about a unique experience. ► adjectives: superlatives
832 PAST present perfect simple B2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'STILL' Can use the negative form of the present perfect simple with 'still' to emphasise that something that was expected to happen continues not to happen. ► adverbs
833 PAST present perfect simple B2 2 FORM: QUESTIONS Can use the question form with an increasing range of verbs.
834 PAST present perfect simple C1 3 FORM: NEGATIVE Can use the full negative forms with a wide range of verbs, often in formal contexts.
835 PAST present perfect simple C2 N/A USE: NEWSWORTHY Can use the present perfect simple to introduce news. A new shopping centre has opened in our town. (Russia; C2 MASTERY; 2005; Russian; Pass)
836 PREPOSITIONS prepositions A1 1 FORM: SIMPLE Can use a limited range of simple (single-word) prepositions.
837 PREPOSITIONS prepositions A1 N/A FORM: PREPOSITION + NOUN PHRASE Can form prepositional phrases with a preposition and a noun phrase.
838 PREPOSITIONS prepositions A2 2 FORM: SIMPLE Can use an increasing range of simple (single-word) prepositions.
839 PREPOSITIONS prepositions A2 1 FORM: COMPLEX Can use a limited range of complex prepositions.
840 PREPOSITIONS prepositions A2 N/A FORM: 'JUST' + PREPOSITION Can use 'just' to modify prepositions.
841 PREPOSITIONS prepositions A2 N/A FORM: + '-ING' Can form prepositional phrases using the '-ing' form of verbs as complements.
842 PREPOSITIONS prepositions A2 N/A FORM: STRANDING Can end a 'wh-' question with a preposition, where the preposition is stranded from its complement.
843 PREPOSITIONS prepositions B1 3 FORM: SIMPLE Can use a wide range of simple (single word) prepositions.
844 PREPOSITIONS prepositions B1 2 FORM: COMPLEX Can use an increasing range of complex prepositions.
845 PREPOSITIONS prepositions B1 N/A FORM: 'ADVERB' + PREPOSITION Can use adverbs of degree to modify prepositions and prepositional phrases.
846 PREPOSITIONS prepositions B1 N/A FORM: STRANDING Can end a reported question clause and a relative clause with a preposition, where the preposition is stranded from its complement. ► Clauses: relative
847 PREPOSITIONS prepositions B2 3 FORM: COMPLEX Can use a wide range of complex prepositions.
848 PREPOSITIONS prepositions B2 N/A FORM/USE: PREPOSITION + 'WH-'WORD Can use preposition + relative pronoun as complement, to avoid preposition stranding, often in formal contexts. ► Clauses: relative
849 PREPOSITIONS prepositions B2 N/A FORM/USE: FORMAL Can use less frequent simple prepositions, often in a more formal, literary or business context.
850 PREPOSITIONS prepositions C1 N/A FORM/USE: FORMAL Can use less frequent complex prepositions, often in a more formal, literary or business context.
851 PRESENT present continuous A1 N/A FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can use the affirmative form.
852 PRESENT present continuous A1 1 USE: EVENTS IN PROGRESS Can use the present continuous with a limited range of verbs to talk about situations and events in progress.
853 PRESENT present continuous A2 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE Can use the negative form.
854 PRESENT present continuous A2 N/A FORM: QUESTIONS Can use 'wh-' questions, especially in the context of letters and emails.
855 PRESENT present continuous A2 1 FORM/USE: WITH ADVERBS OF INDEFINITE FREQUENCY Can use the present continuous with a limited range of adverbs of indefinite frequency, often to talk about surprising or undesirable situations or events (especially with 'always').
856 PRESENT present continuous A2 2 USE: EVENTS IN PROGRESS Can use the present continuous with an increasing range of verbs to talk about situations and events in progress.
857 PRESENT present continuous A2 1 USE: TEMPORARY SITUATIONS Can use the present continuous with a limited range of verbs to talk about temporary situations.
858 PRESENT present continuous B1 N/A USE: TEMPORARY REPEATED ACTIONS Can use the present continuous to describe temporary actions which are repeated or regular.
859 PRESENT present continuous B1 3 USE: EVENTS IN PROGRESS Can use the present continuous with a wide range of verbs to talk about situations and events in progress.
860 PRESENT present continuous B1 3 USE: TEMPORARY SITUATIONS Can use the present continuous with a wide range of verbs to talk about temporary situations.
861 PRESENT present continuous B2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH ADVERBS OF INDEFINITE FREQUENCY Can use the present continuous with an increasing range of adverbs of indefinite frequency, often to talk about surprising or undesirable situations or events.
862 PRESENT present continuous C1 N/A USE: RHETORICAL QUESTIONS Can use question forms to ask rhetorical questions.
863 PRESENT present continuous C2 3 FORM/USE: WITH ADVERBS OF INDEFINITE FREQUENCY Can use the present continuous with a wide range of adverbs of indefinite frequency, often to talk about surprising or undesirable situations or events.
864 PRESENT present continuous C2 N/A USE: POLITENESS Can use the present continuous with verbs that are not usually used in this form to make statements and requests sound less direct.
865 PRESENT present simple A1 1 FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can use the affirmative form with a limited range of regular and irregular verbs.
866 PRESENT present simple A1 1 FORM: NEGATIVE Can use the negative form with a limited range of regular and irregular verbs.
867 PRESENT present simple A1 N/A FORM: WITH 'REALLY' Can use the present simple with the adverb 'really' as an intensifier. ► adverbs
868 PRESENT present simple A1 N/A USE: HABITS AND GENERAL FACTS Can use the present simple to talk about repeated events or habits, and general facts.
869 PRESENT present simple A2 N/A FORM/USE: REAL AND IMAGINED SITUATIONS AFTER 'IF' Can use the present simple after 'if' to talk about real and imagined situations.
870 PRESENT present simple A2 2 FORM: AFFIRMATIVE Can use the affirmative form with an increasing range of regular and irregular verbs.
871 PRESENT present simple A2 N/A FORM: INDIRECT QUESTIONS Can form indirect questions with 'Do you know' + 'how', 'where', 'why', or 'what' ...?'
872 PRESENT present simple A2 2 FORM: NEGATIVE Can use the negative form with an increasing range of regular and irregular verbs.
873 PRESENT present simple A2 N/A FORM: QUESTIONS Can use 'yes/no' and 'wh-' question forms with 'you'.
874 PRESENT present simple A2 N/A FORM: WITH ADVERBS OF INDEFINITE FREQUENCY Can use the present simple with adverbs of indefinite frequency. ► adverbs
875 PRESENT present simple A2 N/A USE: INSTRUCTIONS AND DIRECTIONS Can use the present simple to give instructions and directions.
876 PRESENT present simple A2 1 USE: MENTAL PROCESS VERBS Can use the present simple with a limited range of mental process verbs including 'think', 'hope', 'know'.
877 PRESENT present simple A2 N/A USE: SUGGESTIONS Can use the present simple with 'why don't you...?', 'why don't we...?' and 'if you want or if you like' to make suggestions.
878 PRESENT present simple B1 N/A FORM/USE: NEGATIVE TAG QUESTIONS Can use 'don't you think' or 'don't you agree' to look for agreement or an opinion.
879 PRESENT present simple B1 N/A FORM: QUESTIONS Can use 'yes/no' and 'wh-' question forms with a wide range of subjects.
880 PRESENT present simple B1 2 USE: MENTAL PROCESS VERBS Can use the present simple with an increasing a range of mental process verbs, including 'remember', 'understand', 'believe'.
881 PRESENT present simple B1 1 USE: REPORTING VERBS Can use the present simple with a limited range of reporting verbs, including 'say', 'show'.
882 PRESENT present simple B1 1 USE: SPEECH ACT VERBS Can use the present simple with a limited range of speech act verbs, including 'suggest', 'apologise', 'recommend'.
883 PRESENT present simple B2 N/A FORM: INVERSION WITH 'NOT ONLY ... BUT ALSO' Can use the inverted form of the past simple with auxiliary 'do', in the phrase 'not only ... but also'.
884 PRESENT present simple B2 3 USE: SPEECH ACT VERBS Can use the present simple with a wide range of speech act verbs, including '(dis)agree', 'accept', 'advise'.
885 PRESENT present simple B2 N/A USE: STORIES AND COMMENTARIES Can use the present simple to summarise events or plot in a story or piece of history, often to give immediate dramatic interest.
886 PRESENT present simple C1 N/A FORM/USE: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS, PERSUASION Can use the negative question form as a persuasion strategy.
887 PRESENT present simple C1 N/A FORM/USE: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS, OPINION Can use the negative question form to check opinions.
888 PRESENT present simple C1 3 USE: REPORTING VERBS Can use the present simple with a wide range of reporting verbs, especially in academic contexts, including 'demonstrate', 'illustrate'.
889 PRONOUNS possessive A2 N/A FORM: + 'OF MINE' Can use the possessive pronoun 'mine' after 'of' in the phrases 'a friend of mine' and 'friends of mine'.
890 PRONOUNS possessive A2 N/A FORM: 'MINE' Can use the possessive pronoun 'mine', with singular and plural reference, in subject and object positions, and complement positions after 'be' and after prepositions.
891 PRONOUNS possessive A2 N/A FORM: 'YOURS' AS OBJECT Can use the possessive pronoun 'yours', with singular reference, in object positions, and complement positions after 'be' and after prepositions.
892 PRONOUNS possessive B1 N/A FORM: + 'OF YOURS' Can use the possessive pronoun 'yours' after noun + 'of'.
893 PRONOUNS possessive B1 N/A FORM: COMPARATIVE CLAUSES WITH 'MINE', 'YOURS' Can use the possessive pronouns 'mine' and 'yours', with singular reference, in comparative clauses after '(not) as ... as'.
894 PRONOUNS possessive B1 N/A FORM: 'YOURS' AS SUBJECT Can use the possessive pronoun 'yours', with singular reference, in subject position.
895 PRONOUNS possessive B1 N/A General comment
896 PRONOUNS possessive B2 N/A FORM: + 'OF OURS' Can use the possessive pronoun 'ours' after noun + 'of'.
897 PRONOUNS possessive B2 N/A FORM: COMPARATIVE CLAUSES WITH 'OURS', 'HERS' Can use the possessive pronouns 'hers' and 'ours' in comparative clauses.
898 PRONOUNS possessive B2 N/A FORM: 'HERS' AS OBJECT Can use the possessive pronoun 'hers', with singular reference, in object positions, and complement positions after 'be' and after prepositions.
899 PRONOUNS possessive B2 N/A FORM: 'OURS' AS OBJECT Can use the possessive pronoun 'ours' with singular and plural reference, in object positions, and complement positions after 'be' and after prepositions.
900 PRONOUNS possessive B2 N/A FORM: 'OURS' AS SUBJECT Can use the possessive pronoun 'ours', with singular and plural reference, in subject position.
901 PRONOUNS possessive B2 N/A FORM: 'THEIRS' AS OBJECT Can use the possessive pronoun 'theirs', with singular and plural reference, in object positions, and complement positions after 'be' and after prepositions.
902 PRONOUNS possessive C1 N/A FORM: 'OURS' AS SUBJECT Can use the possessive pronoun 'ours', in subject position.
903 PRONOUNS possessive C2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'THAT ... OF' Can use 'that ... of' + possessive pronouns to express an attitude about someone or something, often in humorous or sarcastic contexts.
904 PRONOUNS possessive C2 N/A FORM: 'HERS' AS SUBJECT Can use the possessive pronoun 'hers' with singular reference, in subject position.
905 PRONOUNS possessive C2 N/A FORM: 'HIS' Can use the possessive pronoun 'his', with singular and plural reference, in subject and object position, and complement positions after 'be' and after prepositions.
906 PRONOUNS possessive C2 N/A FORM: OF 'THEIRS', 'HERS', 'HIS' Can use the possessive pronouns 'hers', 'theirs' and 'his' after noun + 'of'.
907 PRONOUNS possessive C2 N/A FORM: 'THEIRS' AS SUBJECT Can use the possessive pronoun 'theirs', with singular and plural reference, in subject position.
908 PRONOUNS reflexive A2 1 FORM: SAME SUBJECT AND OBJECT. Can use a limited range of singular reflexive pronouns ('myself', 'yourself') with a limited range of verbs ('enjoy', 'buy') to refer to actions where the subject and object of the verb are the same.
909 PRONOUNS reflexive B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'BY' + SINGULAR Can use the singular reflexive pronouns 'myself', 'yourself', 'himself' and 'herself' with 'by' to mean alone, without any help.
910 PRONOUNS reflexive B1 2 FORM: SAME SUBJECT AND OBJECT, SINGULAR Can use an increasing range of singular reflexive pronouns with an increasing range of verbs to refer to actions where the subject and object of the verb are the same.
911 PRONOUNS reflexive B1 N/A FORM: SINGULAR, AFTER PREPOSITIONS Can use the singular reflexive pronouns 'myself', 'yourself', 'himself' and 'herself' after prepositions where the object of the preposition is the same as the subject of the verb.
912 PRONOUNS reflexive B1 N/A USE: SINGULAR, FOR EMPHASIS Can use the singular reflexive pronouns 'myself', 'yourself', 'himself' and 'herself' for emphasis.
913 PRONOUNS reflexive B2 N/A FORM/USE: 'BY' + PLURAL Can use plural reflexive pronouns with 'by' to mean alone, without any help.
914 PRONOUNS reflexive B2 N/A FORM: 'BY ITSELF' Can use the reflexive pronoun 'itself' with 'by' to mean alone or without any help.
915 PRONOUNS reflexive B2 N/A FORM: PLURAL, AFTER PREPOSITIONS Can use plural reflexive pronouns after prepositions where the object of the preposition is the same as the subject of the verb.
916 PRONOUNS reflexive B2 N/A FORM: SAME SUBJECT AND OBJECT, PLURAL Can use plural reflexive pronouns to refer to actions where the subject and object of the verb are the same.
917 PRONOUNS reflexive B2 N/A USE: 'IN ITSELF', INTENSIFYING Can use the fixed expression 'in itself' as an intensifier .
918 PRONOUNS reflexive B2 N/A USE: 'ITSELF', FOR EMPHASIS Can use the singular pronoun 'itself' for emphasis.
919 PRONOUNS reflexive B2 N/A USE: PLURAL, FOR EMPHASIS Can use plural reflexive pronouns for emphasis.
920 PRONOUNS reflexive B2 N/A USE: 'YOURSELVES', FOR POLITENESS Can use the plural reflexive pronoun 'yourselves' for politeness.
921 PRONOUNS reflexive C2 N/A USE: DISCOURSE MARKERS Can use 'as for myself' as a discourse marker to introduce or focus on a personal opinion.
922 PRONOUNS subject/ object A1 2 FORM: (OBJECT) 'IT' Can use the pronoun 'it' as a direct object to refer to an object or situation already referred to.
923 PRONOUNS subject/ object A1 2 FORM: (OBJECT) 'ME', 'YOU', 'HER', 'HIM', 'US', 'THEM' Can use the pronouns 'me', 'you', 'him', 'her', 'us' and 'them' in the direct object position after a transitive verb.
924 PRONOUNS subject/ object A1 N/A FORM: (OBJECT) WITH PREPOSITION Can use the object pronouns 'me', 'you', 'him', 'her', 'it', 'us' and 'them' in the object position after prepositions.
925 PRONOUNS subject/ object A1 3 FORM: (SUBJECT) 'IT' FOR FIRST PERSON Can use the pronoun 'it' before 'be' to refer to a first person speaker or writer.
926 PRONOUNS subject/ object A1 N/A FORM: (SUBJECT) QUESTIONS Can use the pronouns 'I', 'you', 'we' and 'they' after an auxiliary or modal verb in question forms.
927 PRONOUNS subject/ object A1 N/A FORM: (SUBJECT) QUESTIONS WITH 'BE' Can use the pronouns 'you' and 'it' after 'be' in question forms.
928 PRONOUNS subject/ object A1 N/A FORM: (SUBJECT) STATEMENTS Can use the pronouns 'I', 'you', 'he', 'she', 'it', 'we' and 'they' in the subject position before a verb in statements.
929 PRONOUNS subject/ object A2 N/A FORM: (SUBJECT) ELLIPSIS AFTER 'HOPE' Can leave out the subject pronoun with 'hope'. ► ellipsis
930 PRONOUNS subject/ object A2 N/A FORM: (SUBJECT) EMPTY 'IT' Can use 'it' as an empty subject when there is nothing else to put in subject position, particularly with weather or time.
931 PRONOUNS subject/ object B1 1 FORM: (SUBJECT) USING 'IT' TO INTRODUCE Can use dummy 'it' as a subject to introduce something the speaker or writer is going to refer to.
932 PRONOUNS subject/ object B2 N/A FORM: (OBJECT) USING 'IT' TO INTRODUCE Can use 'it' as an object with 'make' to introduce something the speaker or writer is going to refer to.
933 PRONOUNS subject/ object B2 N/A FORM: (SUBJECT) ELLIPSIS Can leave out the subject pronoun with a limited range of verbs, in informal contexts. ► ellipsis
934 PRONOUNS subject/ object B2 N/A FORM: (SUBJECT) EMPTY 'IT' Can use dummy 'it' with 'appears', 'feels', 'looks' and 'seems'.
935 PRONOUNS subject/ object B2 3 FORM: (SUBJECT) 'ONE' Can use 'one' as a generic personal pronoun in the subject position to mean people in general. ► generic pronouns If one doesn't live close enough to walk to work, one can choose to get there by bicycle or by car. (First Certificate in English; B2; Swedish)
936 PRONOUNS subject/ object C1 N/A FORM/USE: (SUBJECT) 'IT' + PASSIVE Can use 'it' with the passive voice where the subject is unknown or unimportant, often in formal contexts. ► passives
937 PRONOUNS subject/ object C2 N/A FORM: (SUBJECT) CLEFT CONSTRUCTIONS WITH 'IT' Can form a cleft construction beginning with 'it' to emphasise the subject of the main clause. ► clauses It was my father who took all this away from me. (Certificate of Proficiency in English; C2; Greek)
938 PRONOUNS demonstratives A2 N/A FORM: 'THIS' Can use 'this' as a pronoun with singular reference.
939 PRONOUNS demonstratives A2 N/A USE: 'THIS' POINTING Can use 'this' as a pronoun to point to or identify single things or entities which are about to follow and have immediate relevance.
940 PRONOUNS demonstratives A2 N/A USE: 'THIS', ALREADY MENTIONED Can use 'this' as a pronoun to refer back to single things or groups of plural things which have already been mentioned.
941 PRONOUNS demonstratives A2 N/A USE: 'THIS', NOW Can use 'this' as a pronoun to refer to something that is happening now.
942 PRONOUNS demonstratives A2 N/A FORM: 'THAT' Can use 'that' as a pronoun with singular reference.
943 PRONOUNS demonstratives A2 N/A USE: 'THAT', ALREADY MENTIONED Can use 'that' as a pronoun to refer back to something which has already been mentioned.
944 PRONOUNS demonstratives A2 N/A FORM/USE: RESPONSE TOKENS WITH 'THAT'S' Can use 'that's' + adjective to respond to something.
945 PRONOUNS demonstratives A2 N/A USE: CLOSING Can use 'that's all' to end a letter.
946 PRONOUNS demonstratives B1 N/A USE: 'THIS', ALREADY MENTIONED Can use 'this' as a pronoun to refer back to whole clauses or sentences, especially to highlight or continue an important topic.
947 PRONOUNS demonstratives B1 N/A FORM: 'THESE' Can use 'these' as a pronoun with plural reference. ► noun phrases
948 PRONOUNS demonstratives B1 N/A USE: 'THESE', ALREADY MENTIONED Can use 'these' as a pronoun to refer to something with immediate relevance which has already been mentioned. ► noun phrases ► pronouns: demonstrative
949 PRONOUNS demonstratives B1 N/A FORM: 'THOSE' Can use 'those' as a pronoun with plural reference. ► noun phrases
950 PRONOUNS demonstratives B1 N/A USE: 'THOSE', ALREADY MENTIONED Can use 'those' as a pronoun to refer to things which have already been mentioned. ► noun phrases
951 PRONOUNS demonstratives B1 N/A FORM: MODIFYING Can use quantifying determiners + 'of' with demonstrative pronouns ► determiners: demonstrative
952 PRONOUNS demonstratives B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'THIS ONE', 'THAT ONE' SUBSTITUTION Can use 'this one', 'that one' as a substitute for countable singular nouns that have previously been mentioned.
953 PRONOUNS demonstratives B2 N/A FORM/USE: 'THESE ONES', 'THOSE ONES' SUBSTITUTION Can use 'these ones', 'those ones' as a substitute for plural countable nouns that have previously been mentioned.
954 PRONOUNS demonstratives B2 N/A FORM/USE: 'THOSE', SUBSTITUTION Can use 'those' as a substitute, followed by a relative clause or '-ed' or '-ing'.
955 PRONOUNS demonstratives C1 N/A FORM: 'THAT OF', 'THOSE OF' Can use 'that of' and 'those of' as a possessive form, in formal and professional contexts.
956 PRONOUNS quantity A2 N/A FORM: 'SOME' AND 'ANY' Can use pronouns 'some' and 'any', to refer to quantity.
957 PRONOUNS quantity A2 N/A FORM: 'SOME' AS SUBJECT AND OBJECT Can use 'some' as a subject and object to refer back to a plural or uncountable noun.
958 PRONOUNS quantity A2 N/A FORM: 'ANY' AS OBJECT Can use 'any' as an object in a negative clause to refer back to a plural or uncountable noun.
959 PRONOUNS quantity A2 1 FORM: WITH 'OF' + OBJECT PRONOUN Can use a limited range of pronouns ('all', 'both') with 'of' followed by an object pronoun, to refer to quantity.
960 PRONOUNS quantity B1 N/A FORM: SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS, 'BOTH', 'A FEW', 'ANOTHER' Can use 'both', 'a few', 'another' as subject and object pronouns.
961 PRONOUNS quantity B1 2 FORM: WITH 'OF' + OBJECT PRONOUN Can use an increasing range of pronouns ('some', 'a few', 'any', 'each') with 'of' followed by an object pronoun.
962 PRONOUNS quantity B2 N/A FORM: SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS, 'EACH', 'SEVERAL', 'NEITHER', 'ENOUGH' Can use pronouns 'each', 'either', 'enough', 'neither', 'several' as subject and object pronouns.
963 PRONOUNS quantity B2 3 FORM: WITH 'OF' + OBJECT PRONOUN Can use a wide range of pronouns ('neither', 'either', 'none') with 'of' followed by an object pronoun.
964 PRONOUNS quantity C1 N/A FORM: 'NONE', SUBSTITUTION Can use pronouns 'none' to substitute for subject and object pronouns. ► pronouns: substitution
965 PRONOUNS quantity C1 N/A USE: FORMAL Can use 'few', 'many', 'most', 'others' to refer to people in formal written contexts, often reports or surveys.
966 PRONOUNS quantity C1 N/A FORM: MODIFIED Can modify 'few' and 'many' with 'very', 'too', 'so' as intensifiers.
967 PRONOUNS quantity C1 N/A FORM: RELATIVE PRONOUNS Can use 'some of', 'many of' to modify relative pronouns in a relative clause.
968 PRONOUNS quantity C2 N/A FORM: 'A LOT' AND 'MUCH' Can use 'a lot' and 'much' as a subject pronouns. ► focus
969 PRONOUNS quantity C2 N/A FORM/USE: 'MANY ARE THE' + NOUN, FOR FOCUS Can form complex noun phrases using an inverted form 'Many' + 'are' + noun phrase, followed by a relative clause, as a focusing device. ► focus
970 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none A2 N/A FORM: 'ONE' Can use 'one' as a pronoun to substitute for singular countable nouns which have already been mentioned or are obvious from the context.
971 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none A2 N/A FORM: PRE-MODIFYING Can use determiners + premodifers + 'one'.
972 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none A2 N/A FORM/USE: POSTMODIFYING, SPECIFYING Can use 'the one' and 'the' + pre-modifier + 'one' with a complement, to refer to something specific.
973 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none B1 N/A FORM: 'WHICH ONE' Can use 'one' after 'which' in indirect questions to refer to one of two or more options.
974 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none B1 N/A FORM: 'THIS ONE', 'THAT ONE' Can use 'this one', 'that one' to refer to a singular countable noun. ► pronouns: demonstratives
975 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none B1 N/A FORM: 'ONES' Can use 'ones' as a pronoun to substitute for plural nouns which have already been mentioned or are obvious from the context.
976 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none B1 N/A FORM: PRE-MODIFYING Can use determiners + premodifers + 'ones'.
977 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none B1 N/A FORM/USE: POSTMODIFYING, SPECIFYING Can use 'the ones' with a complement, to refer to something specific.
978 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none B1 N/A FORM/USE: PREMODIFIER + 'ONES', GENERAL REFERENCE Can use premodifiers with 'ones', to refer to something in general.
979 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none B2 N/A FORM: 'THESE ONES', 'THOSE ONES' Can use 'these ones', 'those ones' as a substitute for plural countable nouns which have already been mentioned or are obvious from the context.
980 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none C1 N/A FORM: 'NONE' Can use 'none' as a pronoun. ► determiners: quantity ► pronouns: quantity
981 PRONOUNS substitution, one, ones, none C2 N/A FORM/USE: 'THE ONE(S) THAT', FOR FOCUS Can use 'The one(s) that' + clause in subject position, for focus. ► focus
982 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc A1 1 FORM: OBJECT Can use a limited range of indefinite pronouns as objects.
983 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc A1 N/A FORM: 'EVERYTHING', SUBJECT Can use 'everything' as subject, with a singular verb.
984 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc A2 2 FORM: OBJECT OR COMPLEMENT Can use an increasing range of indefinite pronouns as objects or complements of prepositions.
985 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc A2 1 FORM: SUBJECT Can use a limited range of indefinite pronouns ('someone', 'everyone') as subjects, with a singular verb.
986 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc A2 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE + 'ANYTHING' Can use 'anything' after a negative verb form.
987 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc A2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH ADJECTIVE, SPECIFYING Can modify 'something' or 'anything' with an adjective, to make it more specific.
988 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc A2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH 'TO' INFINITIVE, SPECIFYING Can modify 'something' or 'anything' with 'to' infinitive, to make it more specific.
989 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc A2 N/A FORM: WITH 'ELSE' Can use indefinite pronouns with 'else'.
990 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc A2 N/A USE: 'SOMETHING' IN VAGUE EXPRESSIONS Can use 'something' in vague expressions, to refer to things in a non-specific way.
991 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc B1 2 FORM: SUBJECT Can use an increasing range of indefinite pronouns ('something', 'nobody') as subjects, with a singular verb.
992 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc B1 3 FORM: OBJECT OR COMPLEMENT Can use a wide range of indefinite pronouns as objects or complements.
993 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc B1 N/A FORM/USE: PREMODIFIERS, INTENSIFYING Can use premodifiers with indefinite pronouns, often to intensify.
994 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc B2 3 FORM: SUBJECT Can use the full range of indefinite pronouns as subjects, with a singular verb.
995 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc B2 N/A FORM/USE: WITH RELATIVE CLAUSES, FOCUS Can use indefinite pronouns with a relative clause to form complex noun phrases, to give focus.
996 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc B2 N/A USE: VAGUE EXPRESSIONS Can use indefinite pronouns in vague expressions to refer to things in a non-specific way.
997 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc C1 N/A FORM/USE: 'ANYTHING', FOCUS Can use 'anything' with post-modifiers to form complex noun phrases as subjects with a singular verb, to give focus.
998 PRONOUNS indefinite - thing, -one, -body etc C1 N/A FORM/USE: 'ANYTHING', ELLIPSIS Can use 'anything' in an ellipted clause, ('if there is anything ...').
999 PRONOUNS generic use A2 N/A USE: 'YOU', GENERAL Can use 'you' to refer to people in general.
1000 PRONOUNS generic use B1 N/A USE: 'ONE', GENERAL, FORMAL Can use 'one' to refer to people in general, in formal contexts.
1001 PRONOUNS generic use B2 N/A USE: 'WE', 'US', GENERAL Can use 'we' and 'us' to refer to people in general.
1002 PRONOUNS generic use B2 N/A FORM/USE: GENDER NEUTRAL Can use 'they/them' to refer back to indefinite pronouns when we do not know the number or gender.
1003 PRONOUNS generic use B2 N/A FORM/USE: GENDER NEUTRAL Can use 'he/she', 'he' or 'she' or 'they' to refer back to gender neutral singular nouns or indefinite pronouns when we are not sure of the gender.
1004 PRONOUNS reciprocal B1 N/A FORM: 'EACH OTHER' Can use 'each other' as the object of a verb or complement of a preposition to talk about the mutual behaviour of two or more people.
1005 PRONOUNS reciprocal B2 N/A FORM/USE: 'ONE ANOTHER', FORMAL Can use 'one another' as the object of a verb or complement of a preposition to talk about the mutual behaviour of two or more people, often in formal contexts.
1006 PRONOUNS reciprocal C1 N/A FORM: 'EACH ...' + 'THE OTHER(S)', AS COMPLEMENT Can use 'each' (+ noun or pronoun) as subject followed by 'the other(s)' a complement of a preposition, to refer to two related things. ► pronouns: quantity
1007 PRONOUNS reciprocal C2 N/A FORM: 'EACH ... THE OTHER(S)', AS OBJECT Can use 'each' (+ noun or pronoun) as subject followed by 'the other(s)' as object , to refer to two related things. ► pronouns: quantity
1008 QUESTIONS alternatives A2 N/A FORM: WORD + WORD Can form alternative questions with two words from the same class combined with 'or'.
1009 QUESTIONS alternatives B1 N/A FORM: PHRASE + PHRASE Can form alternative questions with two phrases combined with 'or'.
1010 QUESTIONS alternatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'OR SOMETHING ELSE', VAGUE Can form alternative question with 'or something else' as the second alternative to a noun phrase, to refer to something non-specific.
1011 QUESTIONS alternatives B1 N/A FORM: CLAUSE + CLAUSE Can form alternative questions with two clauses combined with 'or'.
1012 QUESTIONS alternatives B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'OR NOT' Can form alternative questions using 'or not' to substitute for a clause, sometimes to express annoyance or impatience.
1013 QUESTIONS alternatives C1 N/A FORM/USE: STRONG ALTERNATIVE Can form alternative questions using an extreme alternative to give greater pragmatic force. Is this new industry a blessing for the region or the exact opposite? (Netherlands; C1 EFFECTIVE OPERATIONAL PROFICIENCY; 2004; Dutch; Pass)
1014 QUESTIONS alternatives C1 N/A FORM/USE: ELLIPTED MODAL, HEDGING Can form alternative questions with two clauses and ellipsis in the second clause, often as a hedging device.
1015 QUESTIONS alternatives C2 N/A FORM: ELLIPSIS Can form alternative questions with two or more clauses and ellipsis in the second or third clause.
1016 QUESTIONS tags A2 1 FORM: QUESTION TAGS Can use a limited range of question tags.
1017 QUESTIONS tags B1 2 FORM: NEGATIVE MAIN CLAUSES + AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION TAGS Can use an increasing range of affirmative 'be', 'do' and 'have' tags with negative main clauses.
1018 QUESTIONS tags B1 2 FORM: AFFIRMATIVE MAIN CLAUSES + NEGATIVE QUESTION TAGS Can use an increasing range of 'be', 'do', 'have' and modal verb tags with negative main clauses.
1019 QUESTIONS tags B1 2 FORM: AFFIRMATIVE MAIN CLAUSES + AFFIRMATIVE QUESTION TAGS Can use an increasing range of affirmative tags with affirmative clauses.
1020 QUESTIONS tags B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'RIGHT' AS AN INFORMAL TAG Can use 'right' as a tag in informal contexts.
1021 QUESTIONS tags B2 N/A FORM/USE: TAGS WITH IMPERATIVES AS SOFTENERS Can use an affirmative or negative tag after an imperative clause to soften the imperative.
1022 QUESTIONS tags C1 N/A FORM: TAGS WITH 'THERE' + 'BE' Can use affirmative and negative forms of question tags with 'there' + 'be'.
1023 QUESTIONS wh- A2 N/A FORM: MAIN VERB 'BE' Can use 'wh-'words + main verb 'be' + subject to form 'wh-' questions.
1024 QUESTIONS wh- A2 N/A FORM: WITH AUXILIARY 'DO' Can use 'wh-'words + auxiliary 'do' + subject + main verb to form 'wh-'questions. ► present simple; ► past simple
1025 QUESTIONS wh- A2 N/A FORM: WITH AUXILIARY 'HAVE' Can use 'wh-'words + auxiliary 'have' to form 'wh-'questions. ► present perfect ► past perfect
1026 QUESTIONS wh- A2 N/A FORM: WITH AUXILIARY 'BE' Can use 'wh-'words + auxiliary 'be' to form 'wh-'questions. ► present continuous ► past continuous
1027 QUESTIONS wh- A2 N/A FORM: MODAL VERBS Can use 'wh-'words + modal verbs + subject + main verb to form 'wh-'questions.
1028 QUESTIONS wh- A2 N/A FORM/USE: NEGATIVE QUESTONS, SUGGESTIONS Can use negative question 'why don't' + pronoun + verb, to make a suggestion or invitation.
1029 QUESTIONS wh- B1 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS WITH MODALS Can use 'wh-'words + the negative form of modal verbs + subject + main verb to form 'wh-'questions.
1030 QUESTIONS wh- B2 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS WITH MAIN VERBS Can use 'wh-'words + the negative form of auxiliary 'do' + subject + main verb to form 'wh-'questions.
1031 QUESTIONS wh- C1 N/A USE: FOCUS Can use 'wh-'questions as a focusing device, often in a narrative or argument.
1032 QUESTIONS yes/no A1 1 FORM: MODAL VERBS Can use a limited range of modal verbs + subject + main verb to form 'yes/no' questions. ► can
1033 QUESTIONS yes/no A2 N/A FORM: MAIN VERB 'BE' Can use main verb 'be' + subject to form 'yes/no' questions.
1034 QUESTIONS yes/no A2 2 FORM: MODAL VERBS Can use an increasing range of modal verbs + subject + main verb to form 'yes/no' questions.
1035 QUESTIONS yes/no A2 N/A FORM: LEXICAL VERBS WITH 'DO' Can use auxiliary 'do' + subject + main verb to form 'yes/no' questions.
1036 QUESTIONS yes/no A2 N/A FORM: AUXILIARY 'BE' Can use auxiliary 'be' + subject + the '-ing' form (continuous form) to form 'yes/no' questions.
1037 QUESTIONS yes/no A2 N/A FORM: AUXILIARY 'HAVE' Can use auxiliary 'have' + subject + the '-ed' form to form 'yes/no' questions. ► present perfect
1038 QUESTIONS yes/no B1 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS WITH 'BE' Can use main verb 'be' + 'n't' to form negative 'yes/no' questions.
1039 QUESTIONS yes/no B1 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS, AUXILIARY VERBS Can use auxiliary 'do' and 'have' + 'n't' + subject + main verb to form negative 'yes/no' questions.
1040 QUESTIONS yes/no B1 N/A FORM: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS MODAL VERBS Can use modal verbs + 'not' + subject + main verb to form 'yes/no' questions.
1041 QUESTIONS yes/no B1 N/A USE: SEEKING AGREEMENT Can use negative 'yes/no' questions to involve the listener or reader by seeking agreement.
1042 QUESTIONS yes/no C2 N/A FORM/USE: NEGATIVE QUESTIONS WITH 'NOT', EMPHASIS Can form negative questions with uncontracted 'not' to emphasise a point in an argument.
1043 VERBS phrasal-prepositional A2 N/A FORM/USE: 'LOOK FORWARD TO' Can use 'look forward to' as a fixed expression followed by an '-ing' form or noun phrase, usually at the end of correspondence.
1044 VERBS phrasal-prepositional B1 1 FORM: VERB + PARTICLE + PREPOSITION + OBJECT Can use a limited range of verbs + particle + preposition + noun or pronoun.
1045 VERBS phrasal-prepositional B2 2 FORM: VERB + PARTICLE + PREPOSITION + OBJECT Can use an increasing range of verb + particle + preposition + noun or pronoun.
1046 VERBS phrasal-prepositional C1 N/A FORM: PHRASAL-PREPOSITIONAL VERB, STRANDED PREPOSITION Can use verb + particle + preposition, where the preposition is separated from its complement. ► Prepositions
1047 VERBS phrasal-prepositional C2 N/A FORM: VERB + DIRECT OBJECT + PARTICLE + PREPOSITION + OBJECT Can use a direct object with some prepositional verbs as well as an object of the preposition. It is widely accepted that being a loyal and trusted individual means that the people around us can trust us or let us in on a secret. (Greece; C2 MASTERY; 2009; Greek; Pass)
1048 VERBS prepositional A1 1 FORM: VERB + PREPOSITION + OBJECT Can use a limited range of prepositional verbs followed by noun or pronoun objects.
1049 VERBS prepositional B1 2 FORM: VERB + PREPOSITION + OBJECT Can use an increasing range of prepositional verbs followed by noun or pronoun objects.
1050 VERBS prepositional B2 N/A FORM: PREPOSITIONAL VERB, STRANDED PREPOSITION Can use verb + preposition, where the preposition is separated from its complement.
1051 VERBS prepositional B2 N/A FORM: VERB + ADVERB + PREPOSITION Can use an adverb between the verb and the preposition.
1052 VERBS patterns_that clauses A2 1 FORM: REPORTING VERBS + DIRECT OBJECT 'THAT'-CLAUSE Can use a limited range of verbs, typically reporting, with a 'that'-clause as the direct object.
1053 VERBS patterns_that clauses A2 N/A FORM: VERBS + DIRECT OBJECT CLAUSE WITHOUT 'THAT' Can use reporting verbs, especially mental process verbs, with a clause as the direct object, without 'that', especially in informal contexts.
1054 VERBS patterns_that clauses A2 N/A FORM: VERBS + INDIRECT OBJECT CLAUSE Can use verbs, typically reporting verbs, followed by a noun or pronoun as the indirect object and a clause with or without 'that', as the direct object.
1055 VERBS patterns_that clauses B1 2 FORM: REPORTING VERBS + DIRECT OBJECT 'THAT'-CLAUSE Can use an increasing range of verbs, typically reporting or mental process verbs, with a 'that'-clause as the direct object.
1056 VERBS patterns_that clauses B1 N/A FORM: VERBS + PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE + 'THAT'-CLAUSE Can use some reporting verbs with a prepositional phrase followed by a 'that'-clause as the direct object.
1057 VERBS phrasal A2 1 FORM: NO OBJECT Can use a limited range of phrasal verbs without an object.
1058 VERBS phrasal A2 1 FORM: VERB + PRONOUN + PARTICLE Can use a limited range of phrasal verbs + object pronoun + particle.
1059 VERBS phrasal B1 2 FORM: NO OBJECT Can use an increasing range of phrasal verbs without an object.
1060 VERBS phrasal B1 1 FORM: VERB + PARTICLE + OBJECT Can use a limited range of phrasal verbs + particle + object.
1061 VERBS phrasal B1 2 FORM: VERB + PRONOUN + PARTICLE Can use an increasing range of phrasal verbs + object pronoun + particle.
1062 VERBS phrasal B2 3 FORM: NO OBJECT Can use a wide range of phrasal verbs without an object.
1063 VERBS phrasal B2 3 FORM: VERB + PARTICLE + OBJECT Can use a wide range of phrasal verbs + particle + object.
1064 VERBS phrasal B2 N/A FORM: VERB + NOUN + PARTICLE Can use phrasal verbs + nouns as object + particle.
1065 VERBS phrasal C1 3 FORM: VERB + PRONOUN + PARTICLE Can use a wide range of phrasal verbs + object pronoun + particle.
1066 VERBS types A1 N/A FORM: MAIN VERBS Can use regular and irregular main verbs in simple verb phrases. ► present simple ► past simple
1067 VERBS types A1 N/A FORM: LINKING VERB, 'BE' Can use linking verb 'be'.
1068 VERBS types A1 N/A FORM: AUXILIARY VERB 'BE' Can use auxiliary verb 'be'. ► present continuous
1069 VERBS types A1 1 FORM: MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS Can use a limited range of modal auxiliary verbs ('can', 'will', 'would').
1070 VERBS types A2 N/A FORM: AUXILIARY VERBS 'HAVE' AND 'DO' Can use auxiliary verbs 'have' and 'do'.
1071 VERBS types A2 N/A FORM: LINKING VERBS + ADJECTIVE Can use linking verbs with adjective complements.
1072 VERBS types A2 2 FORM: MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS Can use an increasing range of modal auxiliary verbs.
1073 VERBS types A2 N/A FORM: SEMI-MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS, 'HAVE (GOT) TO' Can use semi-modal auxiliary verb 'have (got) to'.
1074 VERBS types B1 N/A FORM: SEMI-MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS, 'USED TO', 'OUGHT TO' Can use semi-modal auxiliary verbs, 'used to' and 'ought to'.
1075 VERBS types B2 N/A FORM: SEMI-MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS, 'DARE', 'NEED' Can use semi-modal auxiliary verbs, 'dare' and 'need'.
1076 VERBS patterns_with to and -ing A1 1 FORM: VERB + 'TO'-INFINITIVE Can use a limited range of verbs followed by a 'to'- infinitive.
1077 VERBS patterns_with to and -ing A1 N/A FORM: 'LIKE' + 'TO'-INFINITIVE OR + '-ING' Can use 'like' followed either by a 'to'-infinitive or an '-ing' form, with no change in meaning.
1078 VERBS patterns_with to and -ing A1 N/A FORM: 'WOULD LIKE TO' Can use 'would like to' + infinitive.
1079 VERBS patterns_with to and -ing A2 2 FORM: VERB + 'TO'- INFINITIVE Can use an increasing range of verbs followed by a 'to'-infinitive.
1080 VERBS patterns_with to and -ing A2 N/A FORM: VERBS + 'TO'-INFINITIVE OR + '-ING' Can use verbs expressing preference followed either by a 'to'-infinitive or an '-ing' form, with no change in meaning.
1081 VERBS patterns_with to and -ing A2 N/A FORM/USE: 'WOULD LOVE' + 'TO' Can use 'would love to' followed by the 'to'-infinitive to give emphasis.
1082 VERBS patterns_with to and -ing A2 N/A FORM: 'ENJOY' + '-ING' Can use 'enjoy' followed by the '-ing' form.
1083 VERBS patterns_with to and -ing B1 3 FORM: VERB + 'TO-' INFINITIVE Can use a wide range of verbs followed by a 'to-' infinitive.
1084 VERBS patterns_with to and -ing B1 N/A FORM/USE: 'WOULD PREFER' + 'TO', POLITENESS Can use 'would prefer' + 'to' infinitive, often for politeness.
1085 VERBS patterns_with to and -ing B1 1 FORM: VERB + '-ING' FORM Can use a limited range of verbs followed by an '-ing' form.
1086 VERBS patterns_with t