School of Engineering and Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Project proposal report submitted in partial fulfilment requirements for the

degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering

TITLE OF PROJECT

by

FULL FIRST NAMES & SURNAME AND STUDENT NUMBER

Supervisor: Type the name of your supervisor here

Date submitted (e.g. August 2014)

 DECLARATION

I, type your full first names and surname here, declare that the contents of this
project report represent my own unaided work, and that the report has not previously
been submitted for academic examination towards any qualification. Furthermore, it
represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the Technical University of
Mombasa.

Signed Date

ii
 ABSTRACT

Type your Abstract here in 1½-line spacing. Length: 1-2 pages maximum, preferably
1 page.

Captures the essence of the project by providing:

 Background against which project is executed

 Abbreviated problem statement
 Methods to be used
 Indications of expected results

Once you have written your abstract please delete the above explanations/guidelines

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank:

 Type name of person here, with brief explanation if necessary.

 Type name of person here, with brief explanation if necessary.
 Type name of person here, with brief explanation if necessary.
 Type name of person here, with brief explanation if necessary. Use as many
bullets as you wish (but within reason).

iv
 DEDICATION

This is optional, and may be omitted.

For (whomever)

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
If you are an accomplished user of Microsoft Word, you can type your project report using
STYLES, and generate an automatic Table of Contents. If not, use the template below. This
gives you an indication of section and sub-section numbering. Do the Table of Contents right
at the end, otherwise you will have to update it continuously. If you are typing each chapter in a
separate file, you might find it easier to collate the final thesis if you number your pages
according to each chapter, e.g., in Chapter 3, your page numbers will be 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, etc. In
Chapter 4 your page numbers will be 4-1, 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, etc.

Make sure that your headings are exactly the same as those in the text (use of sentence case
and title case also). Sentence case is less confusing, easier to use and looks more modern and
professional. Align page numbers on the right. Use single line-spacing.

Declaration ii
Abstract iii
Acknowledgements iv
Dedication v
Glossary viii

CHAPTER ONE: TYPE THE TITLE HERE

1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Heading: use sentence case, as in this example 2
1.1.2 Heading 3
1.1.2.1 Heading 5
1.1.2.2 Heading 6

CHAPTER TWO: TYPE THE TITLE HERE

2.1 Heading 7
2.2 Heading 8
2.2.1 Heading 11
2.2.2 Heading 15

Copy and paste the above for the rest of the chapters, changing the chapter
and section numbers accordingly.

REFERENCES 150

LIST OF FIGURES (these are numbered according to the chapter in which they appear)

Figure 4.1: Caption 75

Figure 4.2: Caption 82
Figure 5.1: Caption 101

LIST OF TABLES (these are numbered according to the chapter in which they appear)

Table 4.1: Caption 72

Table 4.2: Caption 79
Table 5.1: Caption 121

vi
APPENDIX/APENDICES 160
(Choose one. If you have only one appendix, don’t use Appendix A. List it as simply as
Appendix.)

Appendix A: Caption 161

Appendix B: Caption 163

Add C, D, E, etc.

vii
 GLOSSARY

List any terms, acronyms or abbreviations (with the appropriate caption) used here.
Use single-line spacing, with a line between each item.

Terms/Acronyms/ Definition/Explanation
Abbreviations

viii
ix
 CHAPTER ONE (12 point bold)
1.1 Introduction (12 point bold)
Ensure that MsWord is set and defaulted to English (UK). Your margins
should be 3cm (left) (as this allows for binding) and 2cm (right, top and
bottom). Type your project report in 1½-line spacing, 12-point, for all chapters.
(Items in the References, as well as information typed inside tables, are typed
in single-line spacing.) Use one space after all punctuation marks. Use
decimal subdivisions as indicated below. Note the use of the Harvard style of
reference citation. Footnotes should be used sparingly (use Microsoft Word:
Insert – Reference – Footnote), mainly to clarify concepts or add information
which does not pertain directly to the text. 1 Note the justified right-hand margin
in the text. NB. Do not justify right tables or the Bibliography/References, as
this will give you unnecessary white space. Press enter twice to move to the
next paragraph.

Purpose of introduction

 Used to convince the reader that your project is relevant

 Start with the broad field into which your problem falls in, but quickly
become more specific
 End by setting the scene for your project problem

1.2 Overall and Specific Objectives

 This project study seeks to investigate (develop, compare and contrast,
evaluate, explore, analyze, determine) the………………………………….

Example
This project study seeks to investigate the viability of a reverberation
chamber as an alternative or even possibly as a replacement to
traditional EMC measurement test facilities such as open area test sites
(OATS) and anechoic chambers (ACs).
 Provide project objectives or specifications (frequency, signal power,
distance of operation, signal voltage, etc)

1.3 Problem statement

1
Candidates writing a project report will find all manner of helpful assistance from
the library staff at the university library.

1
 Formulate a statement question or description that captures the essence of
the project.

For example “A solar panel in a fixed orientation between the dawn and
sunset extremes will see a ‘sun’ motion of 75o between either sides.

This may lead to approximately of 75 o solar energy being lost in the morning
and evening. When the solar panel orientation is made to rotate according to
the sun rays position, its efficiency in terms of power delivery is increased by
approximately 30% - 60%.”

Or

Example

Can measurements made in a reverberation chamber be equated to OATS

measurements?

Provide supporting reasons as to why your answer is not only yes but is viable
as well.

1.4 Assumptions and delimitations

- All assumptions that have a bearing on the problem should be openly and
unreservedly set forth.

- Ask yourself what am I taking for granted with respect to the problem?

- You must precisely state what you do not intend to do – stated as

limitations.

- All irrelevances to the problem must be firmly ruled out in the statement of
delimitations.

Assumption (a typical example for a solar tracking project)

- It is assumed that no shadows cast upon the solar panel. Any shadows
can greatly affect the output of electric current. It is therefore important
to ensure that during day time at the site for the installation of the
system, no shadows from trees, buildings or other tall objects such as
poles are cast onto the solar panels.

2
 - Solar trackers should be strongly fitted in areas experiencing strong
blowing winds.

Limitations (a typical example for a solar tracking project)

- Panels are tilted assuming summer angles as opposed to spring / fall

angles.

1.4.1

1.4.2

1.4.3

1.4.3.1

1.4.3.2

1.4.3.3
 Bullet (single spacing)
 Bullet
 Bullet

Figures comprise photographs, diagrams, graphs, bar charts, pie charts, etc. They are
all termed “Figures”, and are captioned below the figure (Microsoft Word: Insert –
Reference – Caption). If the caption is longer than one line, it should be typed in single
line-spacing. Figures taken (or adapted) from a source should be acknowledged as in
the example below, and should appear in the Bibliography/References. Leave at least
two spaces (press enter twice) above and below a figure, to separate it from the text.

Figure 1.1: Add caption below the figure (10-point bold)

Use single-line spacing and sentence case with no full stop
Centre, or align left

(Adapted from Bloggs, 1999:34)

3
Tables comprise text and figures in tabular form. Tables are typed in single line-
spacing, with left justification. Figures should be aligned to the right, as in the
example below. If you have a great deal of text, use a smaller (but legible) font, e.g. 9-
or 10-point. Acknowledge tables taken from another source as for figures, above.
Leave at least two spaces (press enter twice) above and below a table, to separate it
from the text.

Table 1.1: Add caption above the table (10-point bold), single-line spacing, sentence case, and
no full stop
Heading Heading Heading Heading Rands
Remember to Use a smaller font if Eight-point is Use right 1 234
justify left and use you have a great generally too small to justification for 130
single spacing. deal of text. This is be read comfortably. figures, as in the 18 987
Check your 9-point Arial. next table. 120 764
punctuation at the Remember to right 123
end and be align the caption,
consistent. also.
Text of tables Very wide tables
should not should be
“overflow” onto the “landscaped” –
next page, but remember to use
should be enclosed
in a new row and
a wide-enough
column. margin for
binding.

Equations
E = mc2 Equation 4.1

1.5 Significance and Motivation of Study

 Why is it important to undertake this project?

 Who will benefit or to whom will it be important?

4
 CHAPTER TWO (12 point bold)

2.1 Literature review or survey

 Consult materials – books, technical magazines, technical papers and
journals that are relevant to your investigations.

 Start with most recent sources and work your way back.

 The whole idea of literature review is to prove from the works of others
that there is a knowledge gap and that there are practicable benefits in
filling this gap.

5
 CHAPTER THREE (12 point bold)

3.1 Methodology

 Understanding the fundamentals behind the problem

 Explore possible solution strategies (appreciate pros and cons)

 Select the most viable solution with reasons

 Implement it, record results and compare with set objectives

 Add new knowledge to existing body of knowledge

 Conclude as to the success rate of the undertaking and recommend

future modifications or improvements.

3.2 Project Costing

 Circuit Components
 Data collection
 Housing
 Typing
 Printing
 Photocopy
 Binding
 Miscellaneous/incidentals

3.3 Project Time Management

Gantt chart diagram that details all the activities to be undertaken

between now and December 2014 and the time duration each activity will
take. Below is an illustration of some typical activities. You can also
come up with your own unique Gantt chart provided it brings out the
essential idea as explained above.

 Concept Paper
o Abstract
o Problem statement
o Proposed solution and outcomes
o Preparation and submission of concept paper

6
 Proposal Paper
o Research/Literature review
o Improved Abstract
o Improved Objectives
o Improved methodology
o Preparation and submission of Proposal paper
 60% Progress Report
o More research/Literature review
o A more improved abstract
o Clearer and better objectives
o A more improved methodology
o A demonstration of 60% deliverables already achieved.
o An indication of the objectives yet to be achieved and extent
of the work remaining.
 Final Report
o Final abstract
o Final literature review
o Final methodology
 Design
 Implementation
 Results
 Conclusions
 Recommendations
o Final References List
o Final list of figures
o Final list of tables
o Final Appendices List

7
 BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
Type your Bibliography (all sources consulted) or References (only sources cited) in a
table using invisible gridlines. This enables you to sort alphabetically, using Microsoft
Word: Table – Sort. Use single-line spacing, with one line space between items. The
examples below cover most types of documents you will encounter. Pay careful
attention to spacing (one space after all punctuation marks) and to the use of title case
and sentence case in titles of books, sub-titles of books, journal articles, and journal
titles. Do not justify the right margin. Consult Harvard style citation.

Brunner, H. 1972. Hieroglyphic writing: the Egyptian legacy. 3rd ed. New York:
Simon & Schuster.

http://www.teseq.com/en/service-support/technical- papers/03-RC design-

application EMC.pdf ( 15th May 2009)

Chase, J. 1979. Advertising in the modern world: an international survey.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Ellis, R. & Peters, J.P. 2000. Writing about literature. London: Macmillan.

Gardner, B.P. & Smith, G. (eds). 1984. Child psychology: an introductory guide for
parents and teachers. Harmondsworth: Penguin.

Henderson, R.S., Smith, P.G., Rossiter, I. & King, P.Q. 1987. The tenets of moral
philosophy. New York: Van Nostrand.

Pringle, G.S. 1982a. Aspects of style in the novels of J.M. Coetzee. College
English, 35(6):34-41.

Pringle, G.S. 1982b. The novels of J.M. Coetzee. Unpublished PhD thesis, Rhodes
University, Grahamstown.

Puttnam, R.A. 1981. The place of values in a world of facts. In Duff, A. & Smithson,
W.O. (eds). The nature of the physical universe. Oxford: Oxford University Press:
45-54.

Shuttleworth, M. 2004. Interview with the researcher on 4 August 2004.

South Africa. 1982. Atomic Energy Act, No. 92 of 1982. Pretoria: Government
Printer.

South Africa. Department of Education. 1995. A qualification structure for

universities in South Africa: Report 116. http://www.education.gov [25 October
2007].

South Africa. Department of Home Affairs. 1980. Guidelines for chairmen of

publications committees. Pretoria: Government Printer.

8
Stewart, M.T. 1988. Should privatisation prosper? SAA in the year 1990. Cape
Argus: 3, May 17.

Truter, M. 1995. The role of the court interpreter in the new South Africa. Tower of
Babel or Lingua Franca? Proceedings of the 1994 Conference of the South African
Institute of Translators, Bloemfontein, 18-23 June 1994. Johannesburg: The
Institute: 56-67.

APPENDIX/APPENDICES

If you have only one appendix, caption it Appendix.

If you have more than one (note the plural appendices), caption them
Appendices, and list them as Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.

Place the following type of information as appendices:

 Graphs

 Manufacturers’ data sheets

 Programming code

 Formulae

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A1: S11 measurements for Tx LPDA (0.4 – 4GHz)

Tx ANTENNA
0

-5

-10

-15
S11(dB)

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
Freq(GHz)

Measurements made at the High Frequency Lab in Stellenbosch

University on 19th August 2009.

9
 APPENDIX A2: S11 measurements for Rx LPDA (0.4 – 4 GHz)
Rx ANTENNA
0

-5

-10

-15

-20
S11(dB)

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
Freq(GHz)

Measurements made at the High Frequency Lab in Stellenbosch

University on 19th August 2009.

APPENDIX A3: LPDA specifications (extracted from

manufacturer’s data sheet)
Antenna type : HyperLog 7040
Design : Logarithmic –Periodic
Frequency range : 700MHz – 4GHz
Maximum transmission power : 100W CW (400MHz)
Nominal impedance : 50 ohm
VSWR (typical) : < 1:2
Gain (typical) : 4dBi
Antenna factor : 23-38 dB/m
Calibration points : 333 (10MHz steps)
RF connection : SMA socket (18GHz) or N socket
using an adapter
Dimensions (L/W/D): (340X200X25)mm
Weight : 270 g
Manufacturer : Aaronia AG (Germany)

10
 APPENDIX B1: Determining chamber gain at position1 (0.5m
above the floor)
clc
% Program to calculate the chamber gain correcting for antenna
% effects
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
array = [] % initializing the output array

% attb4c1: chamber gain at position1 before correcting for antenna

effects
% RX_S11: antenna mismatch for receiving antenna
% TX_S11: antenna mismatch for transmitting antenna
% 0.75: antenna efficiency for both receiving and transmitting antennas

for i =1:201;
array(i,1) = (attb4c1(i))/(RX_S11(i)*TX_S11(i)*(0.75^2))
end
plot(f,array(:,1),'b') % plotting frequency versus corrected chamber
attenuation
grid on

legend('Chamber gain pos1')

title('Corrected chamber gain for Pos1')
xlabel('Freq(GHz)')
ylabel('Chamber gain(dB)')

11
APPENDIX A: TITLE

12
APPENDIX B: TITLE

13